M U

1. L do chn ti
Chng ta c th nhn n hn mt thng nhng khng th nhn kht hn mt
ngy. n gin, nc l ngun ti nguyn v cng cn thit cho s sng. Chng gi
vai tr quan trng trong vic vn chuyn oxy v cc cht dinh dng i khp cc b
phn trong c th. C th ni Nc l khong sn qu hn tt c cc loi khong
sn.
t nc ta ang trong qu trnh y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha
nn nhu cu s dng nc cho pht trin kinh t, phc v dn sinh ngy cng ln
trong khi ngun nc c hn. Tnh trng nhim nc, suy thi, cn kit ngun
nc ang din ra ph bin v nghim trng e da n cuc sng ca ngi dn.
Trong , nc bi kim loi nng l mt trong nhng vn cp bch ang c
nh nc v x hi quan tm. Ng c kim loi nng s dn n nhiu bnh him
ngho nh ph phi, suy thn, ung th..
gp thm thng tin v hm lng kim loi nng trong nc thi cng
nghip chng ti thc hin ti Nghin cu xc nh ng thi hm lng ch
v cacdimi trong nc thi khu cng nghip Ha Khnh, qun Lin Chiu,
thnh ph Nng bng phng php ph hp th nguyn t
2. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti
Kt qu ca ti nhm gp phn xy dng mt phng php thch hp cho
vic xc nh tng hm lng ch v cadimi trong nc thi cng nghip ph hp
vi iu kin ca phng th nghim Vit Nam.
Trn c s nh gi v mc nhim bi kim loi nng trong khu vc
kho st. ng thi, phc v cho vn nh gi mc an ton v hm lng ch
v cadimi ti nhng a im ly mu.

CHNG 1

TNG QUAN
1.1. Tng quan v nc
1.1.1. Gii thiu v nc [9]
Nc l chic ni ca s sng. Din tch nc trn Tri t l rt ln. Khong
4 - 5 t nm v trc, khi Tri t va mi ra i, b mt ca n khng h c git
nc no, khng c c mt s sng. V sau Tri t ngui dn i, hi nc trong
kh quyn mi ng li thnh nc, ma xung chy vo ch trng, lu ngy tch
li, dn tr thnh h v bin nguyn thy. Nhng cht sng u tin ny mm trong
bin, l bin nguyn thy. Nc bao gm c bin, h, sng, m, nc ngm,
lch sui (di dng cht lng) v bng h (di dng cht rn). Theo c tnh ca
cc nh khoa hc, tng lng nc trn b mt Tri t vo khong 1,4 t km 3,
trong bin chim 97,3%, nc di dng bng h trn mt t chim 2,7%.
Nc trong kh quyn so vi 2 loi trn qu nh khng ng k. Di nh nng Mt
tri, nc khng ngng vn ng tun hon. Nc trn mt t bc hi thnh hi
nc trong kh quyn, hi nc trong kh quyn vi mt iu kin thch hp no
ngng ng li thnh nc ma ri xung mt t v bin. Nc trn mt t hi t
li thnh sui, thnh sng chy ra h, ra bin hoc thm xung t, qua cc khe nt
ca cc nham thch tr thnh nc ngm, hoc trc tip bc hi tr li kh quyn.
Trong qu trnh tun hon nc, kh quyn l cng c vn chuyn ch yu ca
nc. Nh c tun hon nc trn Tri t vi quy m ln, khng ngng khng
ngh nn mi lm cho mt t bin i thng xuyn, vn vt sinh si ny n.
1.1.2. nhim mi trng nc [2,9]
1.1.2.1. Khi nim
nhim nc l s thay i v tnh cht v thnh phn ca nc, c hi cho
cuc sng sinh hot bnh thng ca con ngi v sinh vt bi s c mt ca mt
hay nhiu ha cht l vt qu ngng chu ng ca sinh vt. Hin chng Chu
u v nc nh ngha nhim nc: L s bin i ni chung do con ngi
i vi cht lng nc lm nhim nc v gy nguy him cho con ngi, cho

nng nghip, cho cng nghip, nui c, ngh ngi, gii tr, i vi ng vt nui v
cc loi hoang di.
1.1.2.2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng nc
Ngun gc gy nhim nc c th l do t nhin nh ma, tuyt tan, gi bo,
l lt a vo mi trng nc cht thi bn, cc sinh vt v vi sinh vt c hi k c
xc cht ca chng. Hay do ngun gc nhn to nh t vic x nc thi sinh hot,
cng nghip, giao thng vn ti, thuc tr su dit c v phn bn nng nghip...
vo mi trng nc (hnh 1.1).
Cn c vo cc tc nhn gy nhim, ngi ta phn ra cc loi nhim nc:
nhim v c, hu c, nhim ha cht, nhim sinh hc, nhim bi cc tc
nhn vt l.
Theo v tr khng gian, ngi ta phn bit: nhim sng, nhim h,
nhim bin, nhim nc mt, nhim nc ngm.

Hnh 1.1. Nc thi cng nghip cha x l trc tip ra sng

1.2. Gii thiu v ch [2, 5, 7]
1.2.1. Tnh cht vt l

Ch l nguyn t thuc nhm V trong bng h thng tun hon. Ch c hai

trng thi oxy ha bn chnh l +2 v +4 v c 4 ng v bn l 204Pb, 206Pb,208Pb.
Trong mi trng n tn ti ch yu dng ion trong cc hp cht v c v hu c.
Ch l kim loi mu xm thm, rt mm, d lt mng, c cu trc kiu
lp phng tm din, s th t l 82 trong bng h thng tun ho (hnh 1.2).

Hnh 1.2. Ch
Mt s hng s vt l ca ch c biu din trn bng 1.1.
Bng 1.1. Hng s vt l ca Pb
Hng s vt l
Cu hnh electron

Pb
[Xe]4f 5d106s26p2
14

Nng lng ion ho th nht (eV)

7,42

Bn knh nguyn t (A0)

1,75

Th in cc chun (V)

-0,126

Khi lng nguyn t (vc)

207,21

Nhit nng chy (0C)

327,4

Nhit si (0C)

1740

Cu trc tinh th

Lp phng tm din

1.2.2. Tnh cht ha hc

 nhit thng ch b oxi ha khng kh to thnh lp oxt bn, mng

bao ph bn ngoi kim loi.Bn vi nc do c mng oxit bo v, khi c mt oxi,
ch c th tng tc vi nc to thnh hyroxit:
2Pb + O2 + 2H2O 2Pb(OH)2
Ch c th in cc m nn v nguyn tc n tan c trong cc axit.
Nhng thc t ch ch tng tc trn b mt vi dung dch axt clohiric long v
axit sunfuric di 80% v b bao bc bi lp mui kh tan (PbCl2 v PbSO4)
nhng vi dung dch m c hn ca cc axit , ch c th tan v mui kh tan
ca lp bo v chuyn thnh hp cht tan :
PbCl2 + 2HCl H2PbCl4
PbSO4 + H2SO4 Pb(HSO4)2
3Pb + 8HNO3(long) 3Pb(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O
Ch c th tan trong axit axetic khi c mt oxi v cc axit hu c khc:
2Pb + 4CH3COOH + O2 2Pb(CH3COO)2
1.2.3.Cc hp cht ca ch
1.2.3.1. Cc oxit ch
Ch c hai oxit l PbO, PbO2 v hai oxit hn hp l ch meta planbat Pb2O3
(hay PbO.PbO2 ), ch orthoplanbat PbO4 (2PbO.PbO2 )
Monooxit PbO l cht rn c hai dng : PbO - mu v PbO mu
vng , PbO tan cht t trong nc nn Pb c th tng tc vi nc khi c mt oxi
. PbO tan trong axit v tan trong kim mnh, khi un nng trong khng kh b
xi ha thnh Pb3O4
- ioxit PbO2 l cht rn mu nu en , c tnh lng tnh nhng tan trong
kim d hn trong axit . Khi un nng PbO2 mt dn oxi bin thnh cc oxit trong
ch c s oxy ha thp hn :
PbO 2

2 9 0 - 3 2 0 C

Pb2O 3

3 9 0 - 4 2 0 C

Pb3O4

5 3 0 - 5 5 0 C

PbO

Li dng kh nng oxi ha mnh ca PbO2 ngi ta ch ra acquy ch.Ch

orthoplanbat (Pb3O4) hay cn gi l minium , l hp cht ca Pb c cc s oxi ha

+2 , + 4 . N l cht bt mu da cam c dng ch yu l sn xut thy

tinh pha l , men s v st , lm cht mu cho sn (sn trang tr v sn bo
v cho kim loi khng b r).
Tt c cc ihalogen c th kt hp vi halogenua kim loi kim MX to
thnh hp cht phc kiu M2[PbX4]. S to phc ny gii thch kh nng d ha tan
ca ch ihalogenua trong dung dch m c ca axit halogenhiric
V mui ca chng :
PbI2 + 2KI K2[PbI4]
PbCl2 + 2HCl H2[PbCl4]
1.2.3.2. Cc hidroxyt ch
Pb(OH) 2 l cht lng tnh. Khi tan trong axit, n to thnh mui ca cation
Pb2+ :
Pb(OH)2 + 2HCl PbCl2 + 2H2O
Pb tan trong dung dch kim mnh, n to thnh mui hiroxoplombit:
Pb(OH)2 + 2KOH K2[Pb(OH)4]
Mui hiroxoplombit d tan trong nc b thy phn mnh nn ch bn
trong dung dch kim d.
1.2.3.3. Cc mui ch
Cc mui Pb (II) thng l tinh th c cu trc phc tp, khng tan trong
nc tr Pb(NO3)2 v Pb(CH3COO)2.
Ion Pb (II) c th to nhiu phc vi hp cht hu c nh
AmoniPyrilodyn
Dithiocacbamat (APDC), in hnh l vi ithizon pH= 8,5- 9,5 to
phc mu gch.
Cc ihalogenua ch u l cht rn khng mu, tr PbI2 mu vng, tan t
trong nc lnh nhng tan nhiu trong nc nng.
Tt c cc ihalogenua c th kt hp vi halogenua kim loi kim MX
to thnh hp cht phc kiu M2[PbX4]. S to phc ny gii thch kh nng d
ho tan ca ch ihalogenua trong dung dch m c ca axit halogenhidric v

mui ca chng.
PbI2 + 2KI K2[PbI4]
PbCl2 + 2HCl H2[PbCl4]
1.2.4. Vai tr, chc nng v s nhim c ch
Ch v cc hp cht ca ch c ng dng rng ri trong cuc sng ca
con ngi. Ch l thnh phn chnh to nn pin, c quy, s dng cho xe, ch c
s dng nh cht nhum trng trong sn v c s dng nh thnh phn mu
trong trng men. Ch c dng trong dy cp in, u n v cc ng dn trong
cng nghip ho hc. Nhng lng ch ln c dng iu ch nhiu hp kim
quan trng nh thic hn, hp kim ch in, hp kim trcCh cn c dng
lm cc tm ngn chng phng x ht nhn do ch hp th tt cc tia phng x
v tia Rnghen (tng ca phng th nghim phng x c lt bng gch ch
mi vin thng nng hn 10kg).
Ch l kim loi c nhiu ng dng quan trng trong cng nghip, do
cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip khai thc ch bin, mc nhim
ch ngy cng trm trng.
Ch xm nhp qua ng tiu ho do n ung nhng rau, qu, thc phm,
ngun nc b nhim ch, qua ng h hp...Ch l mt thnh phn khng
cn thit ca khu phn n. Trung bnh liu lng ch do thc n, thc ung cung
cp cho khu phn hng ngy t 0,0033 n 0,005 mg/kg th trng. Ngha l
trung bnh mt ngy, mt ngi ln n vo c th t 0,25 n 0,35mg ch.
Vi liu lng hm lng ch tch ly s tng dn theo tui, nhng cho n
nay cha c g chng t rng s tch ly liu lng c th gy ng c i vi
ngi bnh thng khe mnh.
Liu lng ti a ch c th chp nhn hng ngy cho ngi, do thc n
cung cp, c tm thi quy nh l 0,005mg/kg th trng. Ng c cp tnh do
ch thng t gp. Ng c trng din l do n phi thc n c cha mt lng
ch, tuy t nhng lin tc hng ngy. Ch cn hng ngy c th hp th t 1 mg ch
tr ln, sau mt vi nm, s c nhng triu chng c hiu: hi th thi, sng li
vi vin en li, da vng, au bng d di, to bn, au khp xng, bi lit chi

trn (tay b bin dng), mch yu, nc tiu t, trong nc tiu c poephyrin, ph
n d b sy thai.
Ch c nhiu nh hng c hi n cc c quan, t chc trong c th con
ngi. c bit khi xm nhp vo c th, ch c th ph v mt cch mnh lit cc
chc nng chnh ca c th v t y dn n cc bin chng rng, t nn ma
n ri lon thn kinh hay t vong.
1.3. Gii thiu v cadimi [2,5,7]
1.3.1. Tnh cht vt l
Cadimi l cc kim loi mu trng bc nhng trong khng kh m, chng dn
dn b bao ph bi mng oxit nn mt nh kim (hnh 1.3).
Cadimi c 8 ng v, trong

112

Cd chim 24.2%. c bit

113

Cd c thit

din bt notron rt ln nn c dng lm thanh iu chnh dng notron trong l

phn ng ht nhn.

Hnh 1.3. Cadimi

Mt s hng s vt l ca cadimi c biu din trn bng 1.2
Bng 1.2: Hng s vt l ca Cd
Hng s vt l
Cu hnh electron
Nng lng ion ho th nht (eV)

Cd
[Kr]4d105s2
8,99

Bn knh nguyn t (A0)

1,56

Th in cc chun (V)

- 0,402

Khi lng nguyn t (vc)

112,411

Nhit nng chy (0C)

321,07

Nhit si (0C)

767

Cu trc tinh th

Lc gic b cht

1.3.2. Tnh cht ha hc

* nhit thng cadimi b oxi ha khng kh to thnh lp oxt bn,
mng bao ph bn ngoi kim loi.
* Cadimi tc dng c vi cc phi kim nh halogen to thnh
ihalogenua, tc dng vi lu hunh v cc nguyn t khng kim loi khc
nh
photpho, selen ...
Cd + X2 CdX2 (X=halogen)
* nhit thng cadimi bn vi nc do c mng oxit bo v.
Nhng nhit cao cadimi kh hi nc bin thnh oxit
Cd + H2O CdO + H2
* Cadimi tc dng d dng vi axit khng phi l cht oxi ha, gii
phng kh hiro. V d:
Cd + 2HCl CdCl2 + H2
Trong dung dch th :
2Cd + 2H3O+ + 2H2O 2[Cd(H2O)2]2+ + H2
1.3.3. Cc hp cht ca cadimi
1.3.3.1. Cc oxit
CdO c mu t vng n nu gn nh en ty thuc vo qu trnh ch ho
o
nhit , nng chy 1813 C, c th thng hoa, khng phn hy khi un nng, hi
CdO rt c.
CdO khng tan trong nc ch tan trong axit v kim nng chy:

CdO + 2KOH(Nng chy) K2CdO2 + 2H2O

CdO c th iu ch cch t chy kim loi trong khng kh hoc nhit
phn hiroxit hay cc mui cacbonat, nitrat:
2Cd + O2 2CdO
Cd(OH)2 CdO + H2O
CdCO3 CdO + CO2
1.3.3.2. Cc hyroxit
Cd(OH)2 l kt ta nhy, t tan trong nc v c mu trng, khi un nng
d mt nc bin thnh oxit.
Cd(OH)2 khng th hin r tnh lng tnh, tan trong dung dch axit, khng
tan trong dung dch kim m ch tan trong kim nng chy
Khi tan trong axit, n to thnh mui ca cation Cd2+
Cd(OH)2 +2HCl CdCl2 + 2H2O
Cd ch tan trong kim nng chy
Cd tan trong dung dch NH3 to thnh hp cht phc:
Cd(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cd(NH3)4](OH)2
1.3.3.3. Cc mui ca Cadimi
a s cc mui Cadimi(II) u khng mu. Cc mui sunfat v nitrat ca
cadimi u tan ch c mui sunfua, cacbonat ca chng l t tan trong nc
Cc mui clorua b hirat ho to nn cc axit tng ng v chng l cc
axit tng i mnh
Ngoi ra, cadimi(II) cn to ra rt nhiu phc cht:
Cadimi(II): c kh nng to phc mnh vi nhiu thuc th hu c cng
nh v c. Cc phc ca Cd2+ vi halogenua, SCN , CN , NH3u l cc
phc tan. Cc phc ca cadimi(II) to vi cc thuc th hu c c mu c trng
v d nh phc vi dithizon to ra cadimi-dithizonnat c mu tm, vi
EDTA, Cd2+ to phc bn vi lg = 16,6.
Cc ihalogenua ca cadimi l cht dng tinh th mu trng, c nhit

nng chy v nhit si kh cao.

1.3.4. Vai tr, chc nng v s nhim c Cadimi
t, ct, , than , cc loi phn phosphate u c cha cadimium .
Cadimium c trch ly t cc k ngh khai thc cc m ng, ch v km. Nh
tnh cht t b r st nn c s dng trong vic sn xut pin, acquy, m kn,
hp kim alliage, que a hn v trong k ngh sn xut cht nha polyvinyl clorua
(P.V.C),trong cadimium c s dng nh cht lm n nh. Bi l do ny,
chi tr em v cc lon hp lm bng cht do PVC u c cha cadimium.
Cadimium cng c dng trong nhng loi nc men, sn c bit trong k
ngh lm s, chn, a... C th mt s ng dng ca Cadimi nh sau:
* M in (chim 7 %): Cadimi c m ln b mt cht in phn hoc my
mc to ra b mt sng bng v chng n mn.
* Cc cht mu (chim 15 %): Cadimi sunfua (CdS) cho mu t vng ti
cam v cadimisunfoselenit cho mu t hng ti v nu sm. Tt c cc cht
mu ny u c dng trong cng nghip nha, gm s, sn v cc cht ph
ngoi.
* Cc ph gia n nh nha (chim 10%): Cadimi stearat c s dng nh
mt cht n nh trong qu trnh sn xut nha polyvinyl clorua (PVC). Chng n
nh cc lin kt i trong polime bng cch th ch cc nhm allyl c nh
du trn nguyn t clorua khng bn. Thm cc mui bari (hoc cc mui km),
cc hp cht epoxy, cc este photphat hu c bo v polime khi clo tha hoc
cc lp clorua. Tuy nhin, cc cht n nh da trn nn Cd khng c s dng
trong sn xut PVC do cha thc phm.
* Sn xut pin (chim 67 %): Cd c s dng rng ri trong sn xut pin, c
tc dng o ngc hon ton cc phn ng in ha trong mt khong rng
nhit , tc thi hi thp, v d thu hi t cc pin cht. Ngi tiu dng s
dng cc pin ny trong cc hot ng nh: my nh rng, co ru, khoan v ca
tay, cc thit b y hc, thit b iu khin thng tin, cc dng c chiu sng khn
cp, my bay, v tinh nhn to v tn la, v cc trang b c bn cho cc vng a
cc.

Bn cnh nhng tc dng trn, cadimi l mt nguyn t rt c. Cadimi thng

c tm thy trong cc khong vt c cha km, cn trong kh quyn v nc
cadimi xm nhp qua ngun t nhin (nh bi ni la, bi i dng, la rng v
cc b phong ha, c bit l ni la) v ngun nhn to (nh cng nghip
luyn kim, lc du). Cadimi xm nhp vo c th con ngi ch yu qua thc n
thc vt, c trng trn t giu cadimi hoc ti bng nc c cha
nhiu cadimi, nhng ht th bi cadimi thng xuyn c th lm hi phi, trong
phi cadimi s thm vo mu v c phn phi i khp ni. Phn ln cadimi xm
nhp vo c th con ngi c gi li thn v c o thi, cn mt phn t
(khong 1%) c gi li trong thn, do cadimi lin kt vi protein to thnh
metallotionein c thn. Phn cn li c gi li trong c th v dn dn c
tch ly cng vi tui tc. Khi lng cadimi c tch tr ln, n c th th Zn 2+
trong cc enzim quan trng v gy ri lon tiu ha v cc chng bnh ri lon
chc nng thn, thiu mu, tng huyt p, ph hy ty sng, gy ung th.
1.4 .Gii hn an ton ca ch v cadimi trong nc thi cng nghip [11]
Theo QCVN24:2009/BTNMT th nng ti a cho php ca ch v cadimi trong
nc thi cng nghip c th hin trn bng 1.3
Bng 1.3 : Gii hn an ton ca ch v cadimi trong nc thi cng nghip
STT

Thng s

n v

Ch

mg/l

Cadimi

mg/l

Gi tr gii hn
A
B
0.1
0.5
0.005

0.01

Trong :
+ Ct A quy nh gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng
nghip khi x vo cc ngun tip nhn l cc ngun nc c dng cho mc ch
cp nc sinh hot
+ Ct B quy nh gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng
nghip khi x vo cc ngun tip nhn l cc ngun nc khng dng cho mc ch
cp nc sinh hot
1. 5. Tc nhn v c ha

Khi x l mu bng phng php v c ha vic la chn tc nhn oxi ha

phi cn c vo kh nng, c tnh oxi ha ca thuc th v i tng mu. Mt s
tc nhn v c ha mu thng s dng nh sau:
Axit nitric (HNO3): l cht c s dng rng ri nht v c ha mu. y
l tc nhn v c ha dng gii phng nhanh vt nguyn t t cc mu sinh hc
v thc vt di dng mui nitrit d tan. im si axit nitric p sut kh quyn l
1200C, lc s ion ha ton b cc cht hu c trong mu phn tch v gii phng
kim loi di dng ion. Loi mu c p dng ch yu l cc mu hu c nh:
nc gii kht, protein, cht bo, nguyn liu thc vt, nc thi, mt s sc t
polime v cc mu trm tch.
Axit sunfuaric (H2SO4): l cht c tnh oxi ha mnh, c nhit si l 339 0C.
Khi kt hp vi axit nitric (HNO 3) s c kh nng ph hy hon ton hu ht cc
hp cht hu c. Nu s dng l vi sng th phi v c ha trc trong cc thy
tinh hay thch anh v gim st qu trnh tng nhit ca l. Loi mu c p
dng: mu hu c, oxit v c, hidroxit, hp kim, kim loi, qung...
Axit pecloric (HClO4): c tnh oxi ha mnh, c th n mn kim loi, khng
phn ng vi cc axit khc, ph hy hp cht hu c. Do HClO 4 c th gy n
mnh khi tip xc vi cc nguyn liu hu c v cc cht v c d b oxi ha nn
thng phi oxi ha mu trc bng axit nitric sau mi s dng HClO 4 (c bit
l trong l vi sng). Loi mu p dng: cc mu hu c v v c. Trong nhiu
trng hp ta phi s dng hn hp cc axit mi c th v c ha mu hon ton.
Qua qu trnh tm hiu ti liu v mt s cng trnh nghin cu [2 ] chng ti
chn hn hp dung mi s dng v c ha mu t mu nc thi cng nghip
l hn hp HNO3 c, H2O2 30% v HCl c.
1.6. Cc phng php xc nh ch v cadimi [3, 5, 8]
Hin nay, c nhiu phng php khc nhau xc nh cadimi v ch nh
phng php phn tch khi lng, phn tch th tch, in ho, ph phn t UVVIS, sc k lng hiu nng cao (HLPC), ph pht x nguyn t (AES), ph hp
th nguyn t ngn la (F-AAS) v khng ngn la (GF-AAS) Sau y l mt
s phng php xc nh cadimi v ch.

1.6.1. Phng php phn tch ho hc

Nhm cc phng php ny dng xc nh hm lng ln (a dng) ca
cc cht, thng thng ln hn 0,05%, tc l mc miligam. Cc thit b v
dng c cho cc phng php ny n gin v khng t tin.
1.6.1.1. Phng php phn tch khi lng
y l phng php da trn s kt ta cht cn phn tch vi thuc th
ph hp, sau lc, ra, sy hoc nung ri cn chnh xc sn phm v t xc
nh c hm lng cht phn tch.
Vi Cd, ngi ta thng cho kt ta di dng CdS trong mi trng axit
yu.Cn Pb kt ta di dng PbSO4, PbCrO4 hay PbMoO4
Phng php ny n gin khng i hi my mc hin i, t tin, c
chnh xc cao. Tuy nhin, phng php ny i hi nhiu thi gian, thao tc phc
tp v ch phn tch hm lng ln, nn khng dng phn tch lng vt.
1.6.1.2. Phng php phn tch th tch
Phng php ny da trn s o th tch dung dch thuc th bit nng
chnh xc (dung dch chun) c thm vo dung dch cht nh phn tc
dng ton b lng cht nh phn . Thi im thm lng thuc th tc
dng va vi cht nh phn gi l im tng ng. nhn bit im
tng ng, ngi ta dng cc cht gy ra hin tng i mu hay kt ta c th
quan st bng mt gi l cc cht ch th . Tu thuc vo loi phn ng chnh c
dng m ngi ta chia phng php phn tch th tch thnh cc nhm phng
php trung ho, phng php oxi ho kh, phng php kt ta, phng php
complexon
Xc nh Cd: Ngi ta c th chun cadimi trong dung dch kim
thng dng ch th Eriocrom en T hoc ch th Xylen da cam. Vi hai ch th
ny s thay i mu sc u rt r rng. Trong php chun complexon dng
dung dch chun EDTA 0.01M, ch th Eriocrom en T pH=10 (dng
dung dch NH4Cl + NH3), cadimi c th c xc nh vi lng 25mg/100ml
dung dch. Trong php chun complexon th dung dch EDTA c nng
c 0,1- 0,01M, ch th Xylen pH=6, cadimi c th c xc nh vi lng

100mg/100ml dung dch.

Xc nh Pb: i vi Pb, ta c th chun trc tip bng EDTA hay
chun ngc bng Zn2+ hoc chun thay th vi ZnY2-, ch th ET 00.
+ Phng php th tch cromat: Kt ta cromat ch trong dung dch axetat
amoni c axit ho bng CH3COOH ri ho tan n bng hn hp clorua
(NaCl + HCl) sau thm mt lng KI (khng cho qu d KI v s to nn kt
ta PbI2 c mu vng nh, lm cho vic phn bit s i mu ca dung dch tr
nn rt kh khn) vo dung dch v chun lng I2 thot ra bng Na2S2O3.
2Pb(CHCOO)2

+ K2Cr2O7 + H 2O 2PbCrO4 + 2CH3COOK

+ 2CH3COOH

2PbCrO4 + 4HCl 2PbCl2 + 2H2Cr2O7 + 2H2O

H2Cr2O7 + 6KI + 12HCl 2CrCl3 + 6KCl + 7H2O + 3I2
2Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI

+ Phng php chun complexon :

Cch 1: Chun trc tip Pb2+ bng EDTA pH trung tnh hoc kim
(pH khong 8 - 12), vi ch th ET 00. Tuy nhin, ch rt d thu phn nn trc
khi tng pH phi cho Pb 2+ to phc km bn vi tactrat hoc tritanolamin.
Cch 2: Chun ngc Pb2+ bng Zn2+
Cho Pb2+ tc dng vi mt lng d chnh xc EDTA bit nng pH =
10. Sau chun EDTA d bng Zn2+ vi ch th l ET 00.
Pb2+ + H2Y2- PbY2- + 2H+
H2Y2-(d) + Zn2+ ZnY2- + 2H+
ZnInd + H2Y2- ZnY2- + HInd
( nho)

( xanh)

Cch 3: Chun thay th dng ZnY2-, ch th ET 00.

Do phc PbY2- bn hn ZnY2- pH = 10 nn Pb2+ s y Zn2+ ra khi

phc ZnY2- . Sau chun Zn2+ s xc nh c Pb2+ :
Pb2+ + ZnY2- PbY2- + Zn2+
ZnInd + H2Y2- ZnY2- + HInd
( nho)

( xanh)

Phng php phn tch th tch c u im l nhanh chng v d thc hin,

tuy nhin cng ging nh phng php phn tch khi lng, phng php
ny cng khng c s dng trong phn tch lng vt, v phi thc hin qu
trnh lm giu phc tp.
1.6.2. Phng php phn tch cng c
1.6.2.1. Phng php in ho
*Phng php cc ph
Ngi ta thay i lin tc v tuyn tnh in p t vo 2 cc kh cc
ion kim loi, do mi kim loi c th kh khc nhau. Thng qua chiu cao ca
ng cong Von-Ampe c th nh lng c ion kim loi trong dung dch ghi
cc ph. V dng gii hn Igh cc iu kin xc nh t l thun vi nng
ion trong dung dch ghi cc ph theo phng trnh:
I=kC
Trong phng php phn tch ny ngi ta dng in cc git thu ngn
ri l cc lm vic, trong th c qut tuyn tnh rt chm theo thi gian
(thng 1-5mV/s) ng thi ghi dng l hm ca th trn cc git thu ngn ri.
Sng cc ph thu c c dng bc thang, da vo chiu cao c th nh lng
c cht phn tch.
Phng php ny c kh nhiu u im: N cho php xc nh c cht v
c v hu c vi nng 10-5 10-6M tu thuc vo cng v lp li ca
dng d. Sai s ca phng php thng l 2 3% vi nng 10-3 10-4M, l
5% vi nng 10-5M ( iu kin nhit khng i).
Tuy nhin, phng php ny cng c nhng hn ch nh nh hng
ca dng t in, dng cc i, ca oxi ho tan, b mt in cc

 loi tr nh hng trn ng thi tng nhy, hin nay c cc

phng php cc ph hin i: cc ph xung vi phn(DPP), cc ph sng vung
(SQWP) chng cho php xc nh lng vt ca nhiu nguyn t.
* Phng php Von-Ampe ho tan
V bn cht, phng php Von-Ampe ho tan cng ging nh phng php
cc ph l da trn vic o cng dng xc nh nng cc cht trong
dung dch. Nguyn tc gm hai bc:
Bc 1: in phn lm giu cht cn phn tch trn b mt in cc
lm vic, trong khong thi gian xc nh, ti th in cc xc nh.
Bc 2: Ho tan kt ta c lm giu bng cch phn cc ngc
in cc lm vic, o v ghi dng ho tan. Trn ng Von-Ampe ho tan cho pic
ca nguyn t cn phn tch. Chiu cao pic t l thun vi nng .
u im ca phng php: xc nh c c nhng cht khng b kh trn
in cc vi nhy kh cao 10-6 10-8 M.
Nhc im ca phng php: nhy b hn ch bi dng d, nhiu yu
t nh hng nh: in cc ch th, cht nn
1.6.2.2. Phng php quang hc
* Phng php trc quang phn t UV-VIS
Phng php ny da trn vic o hp th nh sng ca mt dung dch
phc to thnh gia ion cn xc nh vi mt thuc th v c hoc hu c trong
mi trng thch hp khi c chiu bi chm sng. Phng php nh lng
theo phng trnh c bn:
A=k.C
Trong : A: hp th quang ca cht
K: hng s thc nghim
C: nng ca cht phn tch
Phng php ny cho php xc nh nng ca cht khong 10 -5 - 10-7M
v l mt trong cc phng php c dng kh ph bin.
Xc nh Cd: Vi cadimi xc nh hm lng cadimi bng phng php

chit trc quang dng ithizon, ngi ta chit bng CCl4 t mi trng kim mnh
cha tactrat, dung dch ithizonat ca cadimi trong dung mi hu c c mu , hp
th cc i bc sng =515 nm (knh lc sng c mu xanh l cy).
Xc nh Pb: xc nh ch ta chuyn n v dng ch - ithizonat trong
mi trung pH = 5 6. Sau chit phc ny vo dung mi hu c CCl4 hoc
CHCl3 ri em o mt quang ca n ti = 510nm. Gii hn ca phng php
ny i vi ch l 0,05ppm.
u im ca phng php: nhy, n nh v chnh xc kh cao,
c s dng nhiu trong phn tch vi lng.
Nhc im ca phng php: khng chn lc, mt thuc th c th to
nhiu phc vi nhiu ion.
*Phng php ph pht x nguyn t (AES)
iu kin bnh thng, nguyn t khng thu hay khng pht x
nng lng, nhng nu b kch thch th cc electron s nhn nng lng chuyn
ln trng thi c nng lng cao hn. Trng thi ny khng bn, chng c xu
hng gii phng nng lng tr v trng thi ban u bn vng di dng cc
bc x. Cc bc x ny gi l ph pht x nguyn t.
Nguyn tc ca phng php AES l da trn s xut hin ph pht x ca
nguyn t t do ca nguyn t phn tch trng thi khi c s tng tc vi
ngun nng lng ph hp. Mt s ngun nng lng thng dng kch thch
ph AES nh: ngn la n kh, h quang in, tia la in
u im: phng php AES c nhy cao (thng t n.10 -3 n n.10-4
%), t tn mu, c th phn tch ng thi nhiu nguyn t trong cng mt mu,
phn tch c lng vt kim loi trong nc, lng thc, thc phm.
Nhc im: ch cho bit thnh phn nguyn t trong mu m khng ch ra
c trng thi lin kt ca n trong mu.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s phng php xc nh Cd v Pb. Phng php
ph bin nht m hin nay thng dng l: phng php ph hp th nguyn t
AAS.

* Phng php ph hp th nguyn t (F- AAS)

Khi nguyn t tn ti t do th kh v trng thi nng lng c bn, th
nguyn t khng thu hay khng pht ra nng lng. Tc l nguyn t trng thi
c bn. Song, nu chiu vo m hi nguyn t t do mt chm tia sng n sc
c bc sng ph hp, trng vi bc sng vch ph pht x c trng ca nguyn
t phn tch, chng s hp th tia sng sinh ra mt loi ph ca nguyn t. Ph
ny c gi l ph hp th ca nguyn t. Vi hai k thut nguyn t ha, nn
chng ta cng c hai php o tng ng. l php o ph hp th nguyn t
trong ngn la (F- AAS c nhy c 0,1 ppm) v php o ph hp th nguyn t
khng ngn la (GF AAS c nhy cao hn k thut ngn la 50- 1000 ln,
c 0,1- 1 ppb).
C s ca phn tch nh lng theo AAS l da vo mi quan h
gia cng vch ph v nng nguyn t cn phn tch theo biu thc:
A = a.Cx
C 2 phng php nh lng theo php o AAS l : phng php ng
chun v phng php thm tiu chun.
Thc t cho thy phng php ph hp th nguyn t c nhiu u vit nh:
nhy, chnh xc cao, lng mu tiu th t, tc phn tch nhanh. Vi u
im ny, AAS c th gii dng lm phng php tiu chun xc nh lng
nh v lng vt cc kim loi trong nhiu i tng khc nhau.
Php o ph AAS c th phn tch c lng vt ca hu ht cc kim
loi v c nhng hp cht hu c hay anion khng c ph hp th nguyn t. N
c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh : a cht,cng nghip ha hc, ha du, y
hc, sinh hc, dc phm...
+ Php o ph F-AAS:
K thut F-AAS dng nng lng nhit ca ngn la n kh ho hi v
nguyn t ho mu phn tch. Do mi qu trnh xy ra trong khi nguyn t ho
mu ph thuc vo c trng v tnh cht ca ngn la n kh nhng ch yu l
nhit ngn la. y l yu t quyt nh hiu sut nguyn t ho mu phn

tch, mi yu t nh hng n nhit ngn la n kh u nh hng n kt

qu ca phng php phn tch.
+ Php o ph GF-AAS:
K thut GF-AAS ra i sau k thut F-AAS nhng c pht trin rt
nhanh, n nng cao nhy ca php xc nh ln gp hng trm ln so vi k
thut F-AAS. Mu phn tch bng k thut ny khng cn lm giu s b v
lng mu tiu tn t.
K thut GF-AAS l qu trnh nguyn t ho tc khc trong thi gian
rt ngn nh nng lng nhit ca dng in c cng sut ln v trong mi trng
kh tr (Argon). Qu trnh nguyn t ho xy ra theo cc giai on k tip nhau:
sy kh, tro ho luyn mu, nguyn t ho o ph hp th nguyn t v cui
cng l lm sch cuvet. Nhit trong cuvet graphit l yu t quyt nh mi din
bin ca qu trnh nguyn t ho mu.
u im ca phng php: y l php o c nhy cao v chn lc
tng i cao. Gn 60 nguyn t ho hc c th xc nh bng phng php ny
vi nhy t 1.10-4 1.10-5 %. c bit, nu s dng k thut nguyn t ho
khng ngn la th c th t ti nhy n.10-7 %. Chnh v c nhy cao nn
phng php phn tch ny c s dng rt rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc
xc nh lng vt cc kim loi. Mt u im ln ca php o l: trong nhiu
trng hp khng phi lm giu nguyn t cn xc nh trc khi phn tch. Do
, tn t mu, t thi gian cng nh ho cht tinh khit lm giu mu. Trnh
c s nhim bn khi x l mu qua cc giai on phc tp. c bit, phng
php ny cho php phn tch hng lot mu vi thi gian ngn, kt qu phn tch
li rt n nh, sai s nh.
Nhc im ca phng php: Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im php
o AAS cng c nhc im l ch cho bit thnh phn nguyn t ca cht trong
mu phn tch m khng ch ra trng thi lin kt ca nguyn t trong mu.
S dng phng php ny c nhng u nhc im nh:
+ Tro ha trit c mu, ht cc cht hu c.

+ n gin, d thc hin, qu trnh x l khng lu nh phng php v

c ha t.
+ Khng tn nhiu axit tinh khit cao, v khng c axit d.
+ Hn ch c s nhim bn do dng t ha cht.
+ Mu dung dch thu c sch s v trong.
+ Nhng hay b mt mt s nguyn t phn tch (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd),
nu khng dng cht bo v v cht chy.
1.7. Gii thiu v phng php ph hp th nguyn t [3, 5, 8]
1.7.1. Nguyn tc ca phng php
C s l thuyt ca php o ph hp th nguyn t l da trn s hp th
nng lng bc x n sc ca nguyn t t do ca nguyn t trng thi hi, khi
chiu chm tia bc x qua m hi nguyn t ca nguyn t y. Mi trng hp th
chnh l m hi cc nguyn t t do ca mu phn tch.
Do , mun thc hin php o AAS cn phi c cc qu trnh sau:
1. Chuyn mu phn tch t trng thi ban u (rn hoc dung dch) thnh
trng thi hi ca cc nguyn t t do. y l qu trnh nguyn t ho mu.
2. Chiu chm tia pht x c trng ca nguyn t cn phn tch t ngun
bc x qua m hi nguyn t t do y. Cc nguyn t ca nguyn t cn xc nh
trong m hi s hp th nhng tia bc x nht nh v to ra ph hp th ca n.
3. Tip , nh h thng quang hc, ngi ta thu, phn ly v chn mt vch
ph hp th ca nguyn t cn phn tch o cng ca n. Cng chnh
l tn hiu hp th ca vch ph hp th. Trong mt gii hn nng xc nh, tn
hiu ny ph thuc tuyn tnh vo nng ca nguyn t cn xc nh trong mu
theo phng trnh:
A=kCb
A : Cng hp th
K: Hng s thc nghim
C: Nng nguyn t trong mu
b: Hng s bn cht, ph thuc vo nng (0<b<1)

Phng trnh trn l c s nh lng cho php o AAS

Tu thuc vo k thut nguyn t ho mu m ngi ta phn bit ph hp
th nguyn t ngn la (F-AAS) cho nhy c ppm. Ph hp th nguyn t
khng ngn la (GF-AAS) cho nhy n ppb.
1.7.2. H trang b ca php o
Da vo nguyn tc ca php o, ta c th m t h thng trang thit b o
AAS gm cc phn sau:
1. Ngun pht chm tia bc x cng hng ca nguyn t cn phn tch.
c th l n catot rng (HCL), n phng in khng in cc (EDL) hoc ngun
bc x in lin tc c bin iu.
2. H thng nguyn t ho mu. H thng ny c ch to theo hai k thut:
- K thut nguyn t ho mu bng ngn la n kh (F-AAS).
- K thut nguyn t ho mu khng ngn la (GF -AAS).
3. B phn n sc (h quang hc) c nhim v thu, phn ly v chn
tia sng(vch ph) cn o hng vo nhn quang in o tn hiu AAS .
4. B phn khuch i v ch th tn hiu AAS. Phn ch th tn hiu c th l
:
- in k ch tn hiu AAS
- B t ghi cc pic hp th
- B ch th hin s
- My tnh (computer) vi mn hnh video, hin th, lu tr, x l s
liu v iu khin ton b h thng my o
S cu to my o AAS c trnh by trn hnh 1.4

(/)/)/)/)

n catot rng

Detecto
r

B phn ch th

H thng nebulizzer
v burner

Dung dch mu
Hnh 1.4. S cu to my ph hp th nguyn
t
1.7.3. K thut nguyn t ha mu
Nguyn t ho mu l giai on to ra cc nguyn t t do, l yu t sinh ra
ph AAS. C hai k thut nguyn t ha mu l k thut nguyn t ha mu trong
ngn la ca n kh vi cc php o ngn la ( Flame: AAS: F-AAS) v k thut
nguyn t ha khng ngn la trong cuvet graphit vi php o khng ngn la
(Flame Less: ETA- AAS). Di y l k thut nguyn t ha mu bng ngn la.
Theo k thut ny mu trng thi dung dch c dn vo bung to sol kh
sau c trn u vi kh mang v kh chy (C 2H2) v dn ti n nguyn t ha
mu. Nhit ca cc loi n kh khng cao, khong 1900- 3300oC.
C ch ca qu trnh nguyn t ha mu bng ngn la:
Nu nng lng ha hi E h < nng lng nguyn t ha En th cc phn t mu
s ho hi, nguyn t ha s hp th bc x to ph AAS. Tc l :
MenXm (1) MenXm (k) n Me(k) + mX
n Me(k) + n (hy) Ph F- AAS
Nu nng lng ha hi Eh > nng lng nguyn t ha En th cc phn t mu
s phn ly thnh nguyn t sau ha hi v hp th tia bc x to ra ph AAS

MenXm (1) n Men+ mX nMe(k)

n Me(k) + n (hy) Ph F- AAS
Qu trnh ny c u im l kch thch m du, an ton, xc nh phn ln kim
loi. Tuy nhin, trong ngn la c nhiu c ch ph l s to thnh cc hp cht
bn nhit kiu MeO (BaO, CaO) v ngn la, lm gim cng vch ph (V, W,
Al). Ngoi ra, i vi cc nguyn t c nng lng kch thch thp nh kim loi
kim, kim th to ra nhiu ion, thay v thu ph nguyn t ta thu ph ion. Nh vy
ta phi iu chnh ngn la nhit thp hoc thm vo cht phn tch mt s
cht c nng lng ion ha thp hn thay v ion ha nguyn t phn tch th ion
ha cht thm. Bn cnh ph hp th th c ph pht x ca mt s nguyn t v th
ngi ta cho thm cht nn trnh s pht x.
1.7.4. Cc yu t nh hng ti php o AAS
1.7.4.1. Cc yu t vt l
nht v sc cng b mt ca dung dch nh hng rt nhiu ti hiu sut
ca qu trnh nguyn t ha. nht ca dung dch cng ln th kh nng ht mu
cng kh, v th mi qu trnh phn tch mu v lp ng chun phi c cng nng
axit, loi axit v thnh phn ha hc, vt l nh nhau.
S ion ha thng khng nh hng nghim trng ti qu trnh phn tch cc
kim loi nng nhng n nh hng rt ln ti qu trnh phn tch cc kim loi kim
v kim th. S oxi ha cng mnh cng lm gim cng vch ph hp th
nguyn t ca m hi. khc phc hin tng ny phi thm vo mu phn tch
cc nguyn t c th ion ha thp hn th ion ha ca nguyn t phn tch. Khi
s oxi ha s xy ra vi nguyn t c thm vo.
Trong ngn la n kh s kch thch ph pht x thng xy ra mnh vi cc
kim loi kim v kim th. V cc nguyn t ny c th kch thch pht x tng i
thp cn cc nguyn t khc th s kch thch khng ng k.
1.7.4.2. Cc yu t ha hc
Thnh phn nn ca nguyn t c gi l matrix effect, nhng khng phi
lc no cng xut hin, m ch thy trong mt s trng hp nht nh, thng l

cc mu cha cc nguyn t nn dng hp cht bn nhit kh bay hi v kh

nguyn t ha.
Nng axit v mt s loi axit c trong dung dch lun c nh hng n
cng vch ph ca nguyn t phn tch. nh hng ny thng gn lin vi
loi anion ca axit. Cc axit kh bay hi thng lm gim mnh cng vch
ph, cn cc axit d bay hi thng gy nh hng nh. Ch ring 2 anion ClO 4- v
CH3COO- gy hiu ng dng . Cc loi anion khc gy hiu ng m theo th t Cl , NO3- , SO42- , PO43- , F- . Trong phn tch khng nn chn H2SO4 lm mi trng
cho php o AAS m nn dng HCl, HNO3
1.7.4.3. Cc yu t quang ph
l nhng qu trnh lm cho vic o nh sng hp th b sai lch do s hp
thu nhng cht khc ngoi nguyn t cn phn tch. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng
ny l do nn mu phn tch v mt s yu t khc ( n, ngn la, s tn x ca
nh sng bn ngoi ...).
Nn mu phn tch bao gm: s hp thu nn mu, s chen ln ca vch ph,
s hp thu cc ht rn.
Trong vng kh kin th s hp thu nn mu r rng, cn trong vng t ngoi
th nh hng ny rt t xut hin v ph nn trong vng t ngoi yu, ph thuc rt
nhiu vo thnh phn ca mu nn phn tch. Ngi ta c th loi nn bng phng
php 2 vch ph, phng php dng 2 ngun sng lin tc, phng php da trn
hiu ng Zecman v phng php dng ngun n sc hot ng 2 ch dng (pp
Smith Hifetie ).
S chen ln ca vch ph thng thy khi c mt nguyn t th 3 trong
mu phn tch c nng ln. Ngi ta c th loi s chen ln ny bng cch gim
b rng khe ca h n sc, tch b bt nguyn t c vch ph chen ln ra khi mu
phn tch hoc pha long mu.
Cc ht rn nh li ti ca mu cha b ha hi v nguyn t ha hay cc ht
mui than ca nhin liu cha c t chy hon ton thng c lp v ca
ngn la, chng hp th hoc chn ng i ca chm sng t n chiu vo mi
trng hp th. Yu t ny th hin rt r khi chn khng ng chiu cao ca n

nguyn t ha mu hay hn hp kh chy khng c t chy tt, thnh phn kh

chy khng c chn ph hp ( thng l qu d C2H2)
Ngi ta loi tr yu t ny bng cch chnh chiu cao ngn la thch hp, trn
hn hp kh chy vi t l thch hp hoc thm cht ph gia c nng ph hp
ngn cn s xut hin hp cht bn nhit.
1.7.5. Phng php phn tch nh lng bng php o AAS
1.7.5.1. Phng php th chun (ng chun)
Chun b mt dy mu dung dch chun ca cht phn tch (thng thng l
5 mu ) v cc mu phn tch trong cng mt iu kin. Cc mu dung dch
chun c nng tng dn l C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 v mu phn tch l Cx . o mt
quang ca cc dung dch trn vi cc iu kin ti u, ri v ng chun biu din
s ph thuc gia D v C. Trn c s ng chun tm phng trnh ng thng,
da vo phng trnh tm Cx
Phng php ny n gin, d thc hin v rt thch hp vi mc ch phn
tch hng lot mu ca cng mt nguyn t, nh trong kim tra cht lng
thnh phm, kim tra nguyn liu sn xut. V mi khi dng mt ng chun
chng ta c th xc nh c nng ca mt nguyn t trong hng trm mu
phn tch.
1.7.5.2. Phng php thm tiu chun
Phng php dng ngay mu phn tch lm nn chun b mt dy mu
u, bng cch ly mt lng mu phn tch nht nh v gia thm vo nhng
lng nht nh ca nguyn t cn xc nh theo tng bc nng ( theo cp s
cng ). V d lng thm l C1, C2, C3, C4 nh th chng ta s c mt dy
mu chun nh trong bng sau, trong Cx l nng (hm lng) ca
nguyn t cn xc nh trong mu phn tch.
Dy chun ca phng php thm tiu chun c biu din trn bng 1.4
Bng 1.4. Dy chun ca phng php thm tiu chun
C0

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

Lng mu

Cx

Cx

Cx

Cx

Cx

Cx

C1

C2

C3

C4

C5

phn tch
Lng
thm vo
Cht khc

Cc cht khc l nh nhau

A0

A o c

Al

A2

A3

A4

A5

Tip chn cc iu kin th nghim ph hp v mt vch ph ca

nguyn t phn tch, tin hnh ghi cng hp th ca vch ph theo tt
c dy mu u. Chng ta thu c cc gi tr tng ng l Ao, Al, A2, A3, A4.
T cc gi tr cng ny v ng vi cc nng thm vo ca nguyn t
phn tch chng ta dng mt ng chun theo h ta A - C. chnh l
ng chun ca phng php thm chun. ng chun ny ct trc tung A ti
im c ta (A0,O). Sau xc nh nng Cx cha bit chng ta c th
dng phng php ni suy hay ngoi suy t th (hnh 1.5)

0
Cx (ngoi suy)

C1

C2

C3

Cx (ni suy)

Hnh 1.5. th ca phng php thm chun

C4

( g/ml)

* u im ca phng php:
+ Chun b mu d dng, khng cn nhiu loi ha cht tinh khit cao
chun b mu nhn to
+ Loi tr c hon ton nh hng v thnh phn ca mu cng nh cu
trc vt l ca cc cht ta thnh mu
1.7.6. Cc phng php phn tch trc tip v gin tip bng php o AAS
Trong php o ph hp th nguyn t xc nh mt nguyn t hay mt
hp cht ngi ta c th tin hnh phn tch ngay chnh cht theo ph hp th
nguyn t ca n, nh phn tch cc kim loi, hay qua vic o ph hp th
nguyn t ca mt cht khc, khi cht phn tch khng c tnh cht hp th
nguyn t, nhng cht ny li c mt s tng tc rt nh lng v mt ha
hc theo mt phn ng ha hc nht nh vi mt kim loi c ph hp th
nguyn t nhy. Do xut hin hai loi phng php phn tch nh lng theo
ph hp th nguyn t l cc phng php phn tch trc tip, cho cht c ph
AAS hoc cc phng php phn tch gin tip, cho cht khng c ph AAS.
1.7.6.1. Cc phng php phn tch trc tip
V nguyn tc th tt c cc nguyn t v cc cht c ph hp th
nguyn t chng ta u c th xc nh n mt cch trc tip theo ph hp th
nguyn t ca n t dung dch mu phn tch. Ngha l cc phng php xc
nh trc tip ch ph hp cho vic xc nh cc kim loi c vch ph hp th
nguyn t. V cc kim loi u c ph hp th nguyn t ca n trong nhng
iu kin nht nh. Theo cch ny, ni chung trong nhiu trng hp, mu
phn tch trc ht c x l theo mt cch ph hp c dung dch mu c
cha cc ion kim loi cn phn tch. Tip tin hnh nh lng n theo mt
trong cc cch chun ha bit (nh theo phng php ng chun,

phng php thm, hay phng php mt mu u,...). y l cc phng php

phn tch thng thng, v ang c dng rt ph bin, xc nh lng
vt cc kim loi trong cc i tng mu hu c v v c khc nhau theo ph
hp th nguyn t ca n. V th ngi ta gi i tng ca cc phng php
phn tch ny l phn tch kim loi trong cc loi mu v c v hu c.
Khi phn tch cc loi mu ny th nguyn tc chung l gm hai giai on.
Giai on 1: X l mu a nguyn t kim loi cn xc nh c trong mu
v trng thi dung dch ca cc cation theo mt k thut ph hp, chuyn
c hon ton nguyn t cn xc nh vo dung dch o ph.
Giai on 2: Phn tch nguyn t cn thit theo ph hp th nguyn t ca
n theo nhng iu kin ph hp (mt quy trnh) c nghin cu v chn ra.
Tt nhin, y giai on I l cc k quan trng. V nu x l mu khng tt th
c th lm mt nguyn t cn phn tch hay lm nhim bn mu. Ngha l vic x
l mu khng ng s l mt ngun sai s rt ln cho kt qu phn tch, mc
d phng php phn tch c chn l ph hp nht. Vn ny c bit c
ngha ln trong phn tch lng vt cc nguyn t.
Cc phng php phn tch trc tip ny l thch hp xc nh cc kim
loi, m bn thn chng c ph hp th nguyn t. Nhng trong khong nm nm
li y, nhiu phng php phn tch gin tip xut hin phn tch cc cht
khng c ph hp th nguyn t, v d nh xc nh cc Anion, cc nhm phn
t, cc hp cht hu c, cc dc phm.
1.7.6.2. Phng php phn gin tip theo AAS
y l mt phm vi ng dng mi ca php o ph hp th nguyn t
phn tch cc cht khng c ph hp th nguyn t hay ph hp th nguyn t
ca n km nhy. Cc phng php ny hin nay ang c pht trin v ng
dng phn tch cc Anion v cc cht hu c. Ni chung cc phng php xc
nh gin tip cc cht khng c ph hp th nguyn t bng php o ph hp
th nguyn t c da theo hai nguyn tc chnh.
Nguyn tc th nht ca cc phng php ny l nh mt phn ng ha
hc trung gian c tnh cht nh lng ca cht ta cn nghin cu X (cht X cn

xc nh) vi mt thuc th thch hp c ph AAS trong mt iu kin nht nh.

V d xc nh Cl- dng AgNO3.
Nguyn tc th hai l da theo hiu ng l khi cht phn tch X c mt
trong mu vi mt vng nng nht nh, th n lm gim hay lm tng
cng , vch ph hp th nguyn t ca mt kim loi mt cch tuyn tnh.
V d mun xc nh F- ngi ta dung Mg c nng 2ppm v o vch ph pht x
ca Mg- 285,20nm.
1.8. Gii thiu v phng php x l mu t bng axit [6]
i vi vic xc nh ch v cadimi trong nc chng ti chn phng php
v c ha t x l mu. Mu c x l trong h m iu kin thng bng
cch s dng axit h n h p a xi t HNO3, H2O2 v HCl un mu ti khi khi
mu nu khng cn bc ln v axit cn. Cn c ha tan trong HNO 3 2%, nh
mc v em o.

CHNG 2

THC NGHIM V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1. Dng c, thit b, ha cht
2.1.1. Thit b
Cc trang thit b, dng c cn thit cho qu trnh phn tch Cd v Pb bng
phng php ph hp th nguyn t l:
- My o quang ph hp th nguyn t AAS 100 Spectrometer ca
hng Perkin Elmer USA.
- Cn phn tch v mt s thit b khc.

B? ph?n ha
B phn ha?u
hi mu

My AAS
Bnh cung cp kh

Hnh 2.1. My o quang ph hp th nguyn t AAS 100 Spectrometer

2.1.2. Dng c
- Pipet 1;2;5;10 ml.

- Bnh nh mc 10; 25; 50; 250; 1000 ml.

- Cc thu tinh.
- ng ong, phu.
- T sy Jeio tech (Hn Quc).
2.1.3. Ho cht
- Nc ct hai ln.
- Axit c: HNO3 65%; H2O2 Merck.
- Cc dung dch chun Cd2+ 1000 ppm (1000 mg/l); Pb2+ 1000 ppm (1000
mg/l)
2.2. Pha dung dch gc Pb2+, Cd2+
2.2.1. Pha dung dch gc Pb2+
Dung dch chun Pb2+ 10ppm c pha t chun gc tng ng c nng
1000ppm bng cch ly 1ml dung dch c nng 1000ppm cho vo bnh nh mc
100ml ri nh mc bng dung dch HNO3 2 % n vch.
Dung dch chun Pb2+ 1ppm c pha t dung dch tng ng c nng
10ppm .
2.2.2. Pha dung dch gc Cd2+
Dung dch chun Cd2+ 10ppm c pha t dung dch tng ng c nng
1000ppm bng cch ly 1ml dung dch c nng 1000ppm cho vo bnh nh mc
100ml ri nh mc bng dung dch HNO3 2 % n vch.
Dung dch chun Cd2+ 1ppm c pha t dung dch tng ng c nng
10ppm .
2.3. Cc ni dung nghin cu
- Chn dung mi v c hoa mu
- Xc nh hiu sut thu hi ca phng php.
- nh gi sai s thng k ca phng php.
- Xy dng quy trnh phn tch hm lng ch v cadimi trong nc thi khu
cng nghip Ha Khnh, Qun Lin Chiu, Nng bng phng php ph hp
th nguyn t.
- p dng qui trnh xy dng phn tch hm lng ch v cadimi trong

mt s mu nc ca khu cng nghip Ha Khnh

2.4. Thc nghim nghin cu iu kin phn tch hm lng kim loi ch v
cadimi
2.4.1 .Cc thng s ti u ca my v cch tin hnh o ph
Mc ch ca qu trnh thc nghim l tm ra iu kin ti u xc nh
hm lng ch v cadimi trong nc thi cng nghip ph hp vi iu kin phng
th nghim nhm t c nhy, chnh xc cao nht. t c mc ch
trn, chng ti p dng cc iu kin ti u c kho st trong ti liu [5,8]
+ Nhit nguyn t ha mu khong 2500 oC
+ Thi gian bm mu : 5 giy
+ Th tch bm mu : 10ml
+ Tc bm kh C2H2 : 1,2 lt/pht
+ Bc sng ti u max : Ch = 283,3nm; Cadimi = 228,8nm
+ Cng dng n catot rng Imax: Imax(Pb) = 10mA, Imax(Cd) = 8mA
+ Chiu cao n nguyn t ha : 7mm
+ Khe o : 0,5mm
+ nhy : ch l 0,1ppm ; cadimi l 0,025ppm
+ Khong tuyn tnh : ch l 0,5-8ppm ; cadimi l 0,1-2,5ppm
Tc dn mu c iu chnh sao cho gi tr mt quang o c ca mt
mu chun c gi tr cc i.
tin hnh o mt quang trc ht phi t cc iu kin v thng s my
o theo yu cu cn thit, cho my chy n nh ng nn, n nh trong 30
pht, m khng kh v nn kh axetylen, chnh ng tc yu cu cho vic o mi
nguyn t nh trong bng trn, bt ngn la n kh, kim tra li tt c cc iu kin
o li mt ln na cho ng. V cui cng tin hnh o ph ca nguyn t cn phn
tch ln lt theo cc mu chun b sn nh sau :
+ o mt quang ca mu trng
+ o mt quang ca cc dung dch chun C1, C2, C3.....
+ o mt quang mu phn tch Cx
Mi mu o 3 ln ly gi tr trung bnh .

Qua tham kho ti liu [5], cho thy vic phn tch xc nh ch v cadimi
trong nc thi cng nghip bng phng php AAS chu nh hng khng ng k
ca cc ion kim loi khc nh : Cu2+, Ca2+, Fe3+... nn c th b qua nh hng ca
cc yu t ny. i vi vic phn tch hm lng ch v cadimi trong cc mu nc
thi cng nghip chng ti tin hnh la chn phng php v c ho t. Trc
khi thc hin cc php phn tch chng ti tin hnh kho st cc dung mi v c
ha mu.
2.4.2. Kho st lng dung mi s dng v c ha mu
Mc ch ca qu trnh kho st l chn c hn hp axit vi t l thch
hp nhm trnh dng nhiu dung mi, tit kim chi ph, gim thi gian un mu,
gim gi thnh sn phm. Trn c s nghin cu cc ti liu [2] v c im i
tng phn tch chng ti chn dung mi l hn hp axit HNO3 c, H2O2 30% v
HCl c thc hin qu trnh v c ha mu bng phng php t.
2.5. Hiu sut thu hi
xc nh hiu sut thu hi ca phng php, ta tin hnh phn tch trn
mt s mu gi vi nng ban u ca Pb2+ v Cd2+ bit chnh xc v vi cc
iu kin ti u nh chn. T nh gi hiu sut thu hi ca phng php.
Theo quy nh hiu sut thu hi ca phng php phn tch lng vt l t 85% tr
ln.
2.6. nh gi sai s thng k ca phng php
Trong thc t phn tch ha hc ta lun mc phi cc sai s trong qu trnh
cn, o th tch ...cng nh trong cc giai on phn tch. iu s quyt nh
chnh xc ca php phn tch.
Thng thng, khi tin hnh th nghim chng ta thng tin hnh mt s th
nghim c lp trong cng mt s th nghim c lp trong cng iu kin ging
nhau, v t cc kt qu ring l thu c, ta tin hnh x l thng k nh gi
chnh xc ca php o. Cc i lng c trng thng k quan trng nht l gi tr
trung bnh cng v phng sai.
- Gi tr trung bnh cng:

Gi s ta tin hnh n php o c lp i lng X vi cc kt qu X1,

X2, ...,Xn.
n

Gi tr trung bnh cng X =

X
i 1

l gi tr gn vi gi tr thc ca i

lng cn o vi xc sut cao nht trong s cc gi tr o c.

- Phng sai:
Phng sai ca php o phn nh phn tn ca kt qu o, c nh gi
n

2
bng: s =

(X
i 1

X )2

k = s bc t do. Nu ch c mt i lng cn o X th k = n - 1
Gi tr s =

s2

thng c gi l lch chun ca php o.

sX

lch chun ca i lng trung bnh cng

sX

s2
=
n

(X

c tnh theo cng thc:

X )2

n(n 1)

lch tiu chun tng i (% RSD) tc l h s bin ng C v =

S
100% %RSD hay Cv cng nh lp li cng tt.
X

Trong thc t tin tnh ton cc i lng

, s2 ,

sX

, ngi ta thng

chn trong dy n gi tr o c X1, ...., Xn mt gi tr C sao cho C

tnh

. Sau

v s 2 theo cc cng thc sau:

n

X = C +

yi
i 1

s2 =

x = y 2
i

2
i

i 1

2
i

n 1

y,

( y i ) 2
n

v y i = Xi - C

- chnh xc ca php o trc tip

chnh xc l gi tr tuyt i ca hiu gia gi tr trung bnh cng
v gi tr thc ca i lng phi o: = X -

Trong thc t c nh gi ng vi mt tin cy cho, v d =

0.95 (95%) hoc = 0.99 (99%) ...

c tnh theo cng thc:

t ,k

s X t ,k

= h s Student ng vi s bc t do k ca php o v tin cy

cho.
Khong tin cy ca gi tr o l khong ti c kh nng tn ti gi tr thc
ca php o vi xc sut cho:
X

+ hay

s X t ,k

X + s X t ,k

Sai s tng i ca php o c xc nh bng cng thc:

% 100%
X

nh gi sai s thng k, ta tin hnh quy trnh phn tch trn 5 mu gi,
mi mu 5 ln vi nng ban u ca Pb 2+ v Cd2+ bit chnh xc. Ly 1 lng
chnh xc Pb2+ v Cd2+ cho vo mu gi ri tin hnh theo quy trnh nh xc nh
hiu sut thu hi. Xc nh hm lng ca tng cht v x l theo phng php
thng k ton hc.
2.7. Quy trnh phn tch
Da trn cc iu kin ti u chn v kho st trn chng ti xy dng
quy trnh phn tch hm lng ch v cadimi mt s mu nc thc t.
2.8. Phn tch mu thc
Da vo qui trnh phn tch c xy dng mc 2.7 chng ti tin hnh
phn tch xc nh tng hm lng ch v cadimi trong mt s mu nc thi nc
thi khu cng nghip, Qun Lin Chiu, Thnh ph Nng.
2.8.1. Chun b mu
Sau khi ly mu xong phi c x l s b mu bng HNO 3 c ngay ti
hin trng. Mu ly v c ct gi nhng ni thong kh, trnh nhng ni c
nguy c lm nhim kim loi nng vo mu. Tin hnh lc mu bng giy lc bng
xanh loi b cc tp cht l lng c trong mu . Sau tin hnh v c ha mu.
2.8.2. Phn tch mu nc

Dng cc iu kin ti u nghin cu v tham kho tin hnh phn tch

tng hm lng Pb v Cd trong mt s mu nc theo qui trnh xy dng mc
2.7.

Chng 3
KT QU V BN LUN
Trong ti ny, chng ti p dng phng php ph hp th nguyn t
xc nh hm lng ch v cacdimi c trong nc thi chng ti s dng cc iu
kin ti u c trnh by [8]. C th :
+ Nhit nguyn t ha mu khong 2500 oC
+ Thi gian bm mu : 5 giy
+ Th tch bm mu : 10ml
+ Tc bm kh C2H2 : 1,2 lt/pht
+ Bc sng ti u max : Ch = 283,3nm; Cadimi = 228,8nm
+ Cng dng n catot rng Imax: Imax(Pb) = 10mA, Imax(Cd) = 8mA
+ Chiu cao n nguyn t ha : 7mm
+ Khe o : 0,5mm
+ nhy : ch l 0,1ppm ; cadimi l 0,025ppm
+ Khong tuyn tnh : ch l 0,05-8ppm ; cadimi l 0,1-2,5ppm
3.1. Kt qu kho st dung mi v c ha mu
kho st lng dung mi thch hp chng ti tin hnh v c ha mu
nc cng thi gn Cng ty thp DaNa - thuc khu cng nghip Ha Khnh,
Qun Lin Chiu, nng nh mc 2.4 vi dung mi chn l 1ml HCl c,
2ml H2O230%, nhng vi th tch HNO3 c thay i t 1ml n 4ml. Kt qu kho
st lng dung mi v c ha mu th hin trn bng 3.1, hnh 3.1 v hnh 3.2
Bng 3.1. Kt qu kho st lng dung mi v c ha mu
TT Mu
1
2
3
4

V dung mi (ml)
HNO3c
H2O230%
HClc
1
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
1
4
2
1

D
2+

Pb
0,0042
0,0047
0,0047
0,0046

Cd2+
0,0236
0,0243
0,0241
0,0240

Hnh 3.1. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang ca Pb2+ v th tch HNO3

c

Hnh 3.2. th biu din s ph thuc mt quang ca Cd2+ v th tch HNO3

c
T kt qu bng 3.1, hnh 3.1 v hnh 3.2 cho thy khi tng th tch HNO3 c th mt
quang D ca ch v cadimi cng tng. Khi VHNO3 = 2ml th mt quang ch v
cadimi thu c l ln nht. Vy th tch HNO3 c ti u cn dng v c ha mu
l 2ml.
3.2. Kt qu xy dng ng chun ca Pb2+ v Cd2+

3.2.1. Kt qu xy dng ng chun ca Pb2+

Dy chun gm 5 bnh nh mc dung tch 100 ml, thm vo mi bnh ln
lt 1 ml; 5ml; 10 ml; 20 ml; 50 ml dung dch Pb 2+ 10ppm, thm vo bnh nh mc
4ml dung dch HNO3 2% sau nh mc thnh 100ml
Tin hnh o mt quang trn my AAS ti max = 283,3 nm. Kt qu xy
dng ng chun thu c trn bng 3.1 v hnh 3.1
Bng 3.2. S ph thuc ca mt quang vo nng Pb2+ trong khong tuyn tnh
CPb2+
(mg/l)
D

0,1

0,5

O,0007

0,0037

0,0074

0,0148

0,037

HinhHjkhjhewjfheffjhdhf Hnh 3.3. ng chun ca php xc nh Pb2+

3.2.2. Kt qu xy dng ng chun ca Cd2+
Dy chun gm 5 bnh nh mc dung tch 100 ml, thm vo mi bnh ln
lt 0,5ml; 1ml; 2ml; 5 ml; 10ml dung dch Cd2+ 10ppm, thm vo bnh nh mc
4ml dung dch HNO3 2% sau nh mc thnh 100ml.
Tin hnh o mt quang trn my AAS ti max = 228,8 nm. Kt qu xy
dng ng chun thu c trn bng 3.2 v hnh 3.2
Bng 3.3. S ph thuc ca mt quang vo nng Cd2+ trong khong tuyn
tnh
CCd2+

0,05

0,1

0,2

0,5

(mg/l)
D

0,005

0,0136

0,0272

0,068

0,136

Hnh 3.4. ng chun ca php xc nh Cd2+

3.3. Kt qu xc nh hiu sut thu hi ca phng php

xc nh hiu sut thu hi ca phng php, chng ti tin hnh phn tch
hm lng ch v cadimi trn 5 mu gi. Nng ca ch v cadimi c ly chnh
xc l 1ppm v 0,6ppm. Sau thc hin qu trnh v c ha mu theo [7]. Ha tan
cn thu c bng HNO3 2% v nh mc n 100ml. Tin hnh o xc nh ch
v cadimi bng phng php ph hp th nguyn t.
Kt qu xc nh hiu sut thu hi th hin trn bng 3.3
Bng 3.4. Kt qu kho st hiu sut thu hi ca phng php phn tch
Mu

i vi Pb2+
C0(ppm)

i vi Cd2+
H (%)
97,24

C0(ppm)

C(ppm)

H (%)

0,6

0,5840

97,33

C(ppm)
0,9724

0,9650

96,5

0,6

0,5764

96,06

0,9545

95,45

0,6

0,5751

95,85

0,9473

94,73

0,6

0,5768

96,13

0,9507

95,07

0,6

0,5821

97,02

Trung bnh

95,8

96,5

Kt qu phn tch cho thy hiu sut thu hi trung bnh ca ch l 95,8%, ca
cadimi l 96,5% , p ng c yu cu ca phng php phn tch lng vt kim
loi.
3.4. Kt qu nh gi sai s thng k ca phng php
nh gi sai s thng k, chng ti tin hnh qu trnh phn tch trn hai
mu gi (mi mu 5 ln) vi nng ban u ca ch v cadimi trong hai mu ln
lt l 1ppm; 0,7ppm v 0.6 ppm; 0,4ppm
Kt qu nh gi sai s thng k ca phng php c th hin qua bng
3.5 v bng 3.6.
Bng 3.5. Kt qu nng o c ca dung dch Cd2+, Pb2+ trong cc mu
Ln
CPb2+
Mu 1

(1ppm)
CCd2+
(0.6ppm)
CPb2+

Mu 2

(0,7ppm)
CCd2+
(0.4ppm)

0,9724

0,9650

0,9545

0,9573

0,9507

0,5840

0,5764

0,5751

0,5768

0,5821

0,6692

0,6697

0,6702

0,6690

0,6685

0,3540

0,3553

0,3498

0,3506

0,3496

Bng 3.6. Kt qu nh gi sai s ca phng php phn tch

Mu 1
Cc i lng c trng
Gi tr nng trung bnh
(ppm)
Phng sai S2
lch chun S
H s bin ng Cv (%)
sai chun S X
Bin gii tin cy

CPb

2+

Mu 2
CCd

2+

CPb

2+

CCd2+

(1ppm)

(0,6ppm)

(0,7ppm)

(0,4ppm)

0,958

0,579

0,66932

0,35186

1,09.10-4
0,0104
0,011
4,67.10-3
0,0133

1,53.10-5
3,9.10-3
1,75.10-3
6,73.10-3
5.10-3

1,33.10-5
3,65.10-3
0,619
1,63.10-3
4,53.10-3

6,84.10-6
2,6.10-3
0,739
1,17.10-3
3,25.10-3

Sai s tng i %

0,014

0,86

0,77

0,92

Nh vy khi nng ln th c h s bin ng v sai s nh hn so vi

nng nh. Kt qu nh gi sai s thng k cho thy phng php c sai s nh,
chng t chnh xc cao v h s bin ng nh, chng t lp li tt. Do , ta
c th s dng phng php ny xc nh tng hm lng Pb v Cd c trong
mu phn tch.
3.5. Kt qu xut quy trnh phn tch
Ly chnh xc 100ml mu nc thi cng nghip c x l s b bng
HNO3 c v lc qua giy lc khng tn cho vo cc thy tinh chu nhit. Cho vo
cc 2ml HNO3 c, 2ml H2O2 30% v 1ml HCl c ri tin hnh un trn bp in
cho n kh. Ha tan cn kh bng 1ml H2O2 c , mt t nc ct 2 ln ri tip tc
cho n kh. Sau , ha tan cn kh bng HNO 3 2% v nh mc thnh 100ml,
tin hnh o trn my ph hp th nguyn t.
Qui trnh phn tch tng hm lng ch v cadimi trong nc thi cng nghip
c th hin trong hnh 3.5

100ml mu H2O thi

x l s b
- 2ml HNO3 c

- 2ml H2O2 30%

- 1ml HCl c
- C cn
Cn kh
- 1 ml H2O2

Nc ct
- C cn
-

Cn kh

nh mc bng dung dch HNO3

2%
2+
2+
Xc nh Pb v Cd bng phng
php ph hp th nguyn t
Hnh 3.5. S phn tch Pb2+ v Cd2+ trong nc thi cng nghip

3.6. Kt qu phn tch mu nc thc t

Trc khi phn tch mu thc t, chng ti tin hnh kim tra hm lng
Pb2+ v Cd2+ c trong ha cht s dng. Kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng
Pb2+ v Cd2+ c trong ha cht l khng ng k, khng lm nh n kt qu ca
php o.
p dng quy trnh lp dng trn, chng ti tin hnh xc nh hm
lng Pb2+ v Cd2+ trong mt s mu nc thi thuc khu cng nghip Ha Khnh.
Kt qu c th hin trong bng sau.
Bng 3.7. Kt qu phn tch mt s mu nc thi khu cng nghip Ha Khnh
vo thng 2/2012 ( t 1)
Mu

a im ly mu

1
2

Cng thi gn Cng ty thp DaNa -

Cng thi ca Cng ty lp rp xe my

Thi gian

Cd2+

Pb2+

15/02/2012
15/02/2012

(ppm)
0,072
0,0107

(ppm)
0,1870
0,14330

3
4
5
6

DEAHAN
Cng thi ca nh my xi mng COSEVCO
Nc ti h Bu Trm bn cnh KCN
Cng thi pha Nam Bu Trm
Cng thi gn nh my sn xut giy

15/02/2012
20/02/2012
20/05/2012
20/02/2012

0,0103
0,0098
0,0021
0,0064

0,11087
0,03656
0,01362
0,16672

Wei Sen Xin

Cng nc thi gn cng ty TNHH sn xut

20/02/2012

0,069

0,2168

thp Tn Quc
Cng thi ca x nghip sn xut bao b xi mng

28/02/2012

0,0131

0,29230

9
10

Nng
Nc cng thi pha Ty KCN
Cng thi ca hp tc x thp Thanh Tn

28/02/2012
28/02/2012

0,0107
0,057

0,1072

0,005

0,1

QCVN 24:2009

0,1545

T kt qu trn bng ca t 1 cho thy

+ Hm lng Cd2+ nm trong khong : 0,0098 0,072 mg/l
+ Hm lng Pb2+ nm trong khong : 0,03656 0,29230 mg/l
Bng 3.7. Kt qu phn tch mt s mu nc khu cng nghip Ha Khnh vo
thng 4/2012 (t2)
Pb2+
(ppm)
0,145
0,224

Mu

a im ly mu

1
2

Cng thi gn Cng ty thp DaNa -

Cng thi ca Cng ty lp rp xe my

01/04/2012
01/04/2012

(ppm)
0,090
0,089

3
4
5

DEAHAN
Cng thi ca nh my xi mng COSEVCO
Nc ti h Bu Trm bn cnh KCN
Cng thi pha Nam h Bu Trm

01/04/2012
01/04/2012
01/04/2012

0,072
0,0052
0,0044

0,125
0,103
0,087

Cng thi gn nh my sn xut giy

10/04/2012

0,089

0,189

Wei Sen Xin

Cng nc thi gn cng ty TNHH sn xut

10/04/2012

0,0253

0,230

thp Tn Quc
Cng thi ca x nghip sn xut bao b xi mng

10/04/2012

0,097

0,314

9
10

Thi gian

Cd2+

Nng
0,121
Nc cng thi pha Ty KCN
10/04/2012
0,082
0,267
Cng thi ca hp tc x thp Thanh Tn
10/04/2012
0,078
QCVN 24:2009
0,005
0,1
(QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT Quy chun k thut quc gia v gii hn cho

php ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip khi x vo ngun tip
nhn )
T kt qu trn bng ca t 2 cho thy
+ Hm lng Cd2+ nm trong khong : 0,0044 0,090mg/l
+ Hm lng Pb2+ nm trong khong : 0,087 0,314 mgl
Nh vy, hu ht trong cc mu nc thi c phn tch qua hai t vo
thng 2, thng 4 th u c mt Pb v Cd vi hm lng vt gii hn cho php
theo QCVN 24:2009. Tuy nhin, ty thuc vo v tr a l v loi hnh hot ng
sn xut ca tng nh my, x nghip m hm lng ch v cadimi l khc nhau. C

th:
+ Nng ch ln nht l cng thi ca x nghip sn xut bao b xi mng
Nng .
+ Nng cadimi ln nht l cng thi gn cng ty thp DaNa .
+ Mu nc pha Nam h Bu Trm l c hm lng Pb2+ v Cd2+ nm
trong gii hn cho php. iu ny ph hp vi thc t l nc thi cng nghip sau
khi chy vo h thng sng, h c lm sch mt phn nh c ch lm sch t
nhin.
Mc d cc nh my, x nghip lin doanh c cc h thng x l nc thi
nhng cha trit . V vy, bo v mi trng, m bo s pht trin ca sn
xut, cn thit phi u t hp l cho vic x l nc thi

KT LUN V KIN NGH

4. Kt lun
- kho st v tm ra iu kin ti u ca qu trnh v c ha mu nc
thi cng nghip.
- Xc nh c hiu sut thu hi i vi Pb2+ l 95,8 %, i Cd2+ 96,5 %.
- Phng php c chnh xc v lp li cao.
- xut quy trnh phn tch hm lng Pb2+ v Cd2+ trong nc thi cng
nghip.
- p dng quy trnh xut xc nh hm lng Pb2+ v Cd2+ trong mt
s mu nc thi ca cc x nghip, nh my thuc khu cng nghip Ha Khnh.
2. Kin ngh
Tip tc nghin cu xc nh hm lng cc kim loi khc c bit l cc
kim loi c trong nc bng phng php ny v m rng phm vi nghin cu
c ci nhn tng quan v cht lng mi trng nc trn a bn thnh ph
Nng.
Nghin cu, nh gi bin thin theo tng ma, tng nm c s nh gi
thng xuyn v chnh xc hn v mc nhim ca cc kim loi .

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] L Huy B (2000), c hc mi trng, NXB i hc Quc gia TP. H Ch
Minh
[2] Nguyn Th Hoi Giang (2010), Xc nh ng thi hm lng ch v cadimi
trong nc b mt v nc ngm ti mt s a im trn a bn TP. Nng bng
phng php Von - Ampe ha tan xung vi phn, TP. Nng.
[3]. Phm Th H (2008), Cc phng php phn tch quang hc, TP. Nng
[4] Nguyn Th Hn (2010), Xc nh hm lng ch v cadimi trong mt s loi
rau xanh ti huyn i T - Tnh Thi Nguyn bng phng php ph hp th
nguyn t, Lun vn Thc S, i Hc Thi Nguyn.
[5] L Vn Khoa, Phng php phn tch t nc, phn bn, cy trng. NXB Gio
dc - H Ni, 2000
[6] Phm Th Cm Lai, Nghin cu xc nh ng thi hm lng ch v cadimi
trong mt s loi nhuyn th hai mnh v vng bin Nng bng phng php
von-ampe ho tan xung vi phn, TP. Nng (2009)
[7] Phm Lun, Phng php phn tch ph nguyn t, NXB i Hc Quc Gia H
Ni, 2006.
[8] L Th Mi (2007), Ha hc phn tch nh lng, TP. Nng

[9] TCVN 4556-88 (1989), Nc thi, phng php ly mu, vn chuyn v bo

qun mu.
[10] QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT, Quy chun k thut quc gia v gii hn cho php
ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip khi x vo ngun tip nhn.
[11] Trn Vn Quang, Qun l tng hp ngun nc , TP. Nng
[12] http://www.scribd.com/doc/19310922/Hoa-Hoc-Suc-Khoe-Va-Moi-Truong