36

Chng 5:

BO V DNG SO LCH

I. Nguyn tc lm vic:
Bo v dng so lch l loi bo v da trn nguyn tc so snh trc tip dng in
hai u phn t c bo v.
Cc my bin dng BI c t hai u phn t c bo v v c t s bin i nI
nh nhau (hnh 5.1). Quy c hng dng ca tt c cc dng in theo chiu mi tn
nh trn s hnh 4.1, ta c :
.

I R = I IT I IIT
(5.1)
Dng vo rle bng hiu hnh hc dng in ca hai BI, chnh v vy bo v c tn
gi l bo v dng so lch.

Hnh 5.1 : S nguyn l 1 pha ca bo v dng so lch

a) Trong tnh trng lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi ( im N):
Trng hp l tng (cc BI khng c sai s, b qua dng dung v dng r ca ng dy
c bo v) th:
.

I IS = I IIS I IT = I IIT I R = I IT I IIT = 0

v bo v s khng tc ng.
b) Khi ngn mch trong ( im N): dng IIS v IIIS khc nhau c tr s v gc pha.
Khi hng dng quy c nh trn th dng ch h hng l:
.
.

IN
I N = I IS I IIS I R = I IT I IIT =
nI
Nu dng IR vo rle ln hn dng khi ng IKR ca rle, th rle khi ng v ct
phn t b h hng.
Khi ngun cung cp l t mt pha (IIIS = 0), lc ch c dng IIT, dng IR = IIT v
bo v cng s khi ng nu IR > IKR.

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Nh vy theo nguyn tc tc ng th bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i v m

bo tnh chn lc khng cn phi hp v thi gian. Vng tc ng ca bo v c gii
hn gia hai BI t 2 u phn t c bo v.

II. Dng khng cn bng:

Khi kho st nguyn tc tc ng ca bo v dng so lch ta gi thit trong tnh
trng lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi, l tng ta c IIT = IIIT. Tuy nhin
trong thc t :
.

I IT = I 'IS I 'I ;
I IIT = I 'IIS I 'II
Nh vy, dng trong rle (khi khng c ngn mch trong vng bo v, dng trong
rle c gi l dng khng cn bng IKCB) bng:
.

(5.2)
I R = I KCB = I IT I IIT = I 'II I 'I
Ngay c khi kt cu ca hai BI ging nhau, dng t ha III v II ca chng thc t
l khng bng nhau. V vy dng khng cn bng c mt gi tr nht nh no .
Vn cha c nhng phng php ph
hp vi thc t v chnh xc tnh ton
dng khng cn bng qu . V vy
nh gi i khi ngi ta phi s dng
nhng s liu theo kinh nghim. Trn hnh
5.3b l quan h iKCB = f(t), kho st th
v nhng s liu khc ngi ta nhn thy
rng :
iKCB qu c th ln hn nhiu
ln tr s xc lp ca n v t n tr s
thm ch ln hn c dng lm vic cc i.
iKCB t n tr s cc i khng
phi vo thi im u ca ngn mch m
Hnh 5.3 : th biu din quan h
hi chm hn mt t.
theo thi gian ca tr s tc thi
tr s iKCB xc lp sau ngn mch
ca dng ngn mch ngoi (a) v
c th ln hn rt nhiu so vi trc ngn
dng khng cn bng trong mch
mch do nh hng ca t d trong li
rle ca bo v so lch (b)
thp.thi gian tn ti tr s iKCB ln khng
qu vi phn mi giy.

III. Dng khi ng v nhy:

III.1. Dng in khi ng:
m bo cho bo v so lch lm vic ng khi ngn mch ngoi, dng khi ng
ca rle cn phi chnh nh trnh khi tr s tnh ton ca dng khng cn bng:
IKR kat.IKCBmaxtt
(5.3)
IKCBmaxtt : tr hiu dng ca dng khng cn bng cc i tnh ton tng ng vi
dng ngn mch ngoi cc i.
Tng ng dng khi ng ca bo v l:
IK kat.IKCBSmaxtt
(5.4)
trong IKCBSmaxtt l dng khng cn bng pha s cp ca BI tng ng vi IKCBmaxtt
v c tnh ton nh sau:
(5.5)
IKCBSmaxtt = fimax.kn.kkck. IN ngmax

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vi: fimax - sai s cc i cho php ca BI, fimax = 10%.

kn - h s ng nht ca cc BI, (kn = 0 1), kn = 0 khi cc BI hon ton ging
nhau v dng in qua cun s cp ca chng bng nhau, kn = 1 khi cc BI khc nhau
nhiu nht, mt BI lm vic khng c sai s (hoc sai s rt b) cn BI kia c sai s cc
i.
kkck - h s k n thnh phn khng chu k trong dng in ngn mch.
IN ngmax - thnh phn chu k ca dng in ngn mch ngoi ln nht.

III.2. nhy:
nhy ca bo v c nh gi thng qua h s nhy:
I
(5.6)
K n = N min
I K
INmin : dng nh nht c th c ti ch ngn mch khi ngn mch trc tip trong vng
bo v.
Yu cu nhy ca bo v dng so lch Kn 2

IV. Cc bin php nng cao nhy:

Cho bo v lm vic vi thi gian
khong 0,3 n 0,5 sec trnh khi nhng tr s
qu ln ca dng khng cn bng.
Ni ni tip vi cun dy rle mt in
tr ph (hnh 5.4). Tng in tr mch so lch s
lm gim thp dng khng cn bng cng nh
dng ngn mch th cp (khi h hng trong vng
bo v). Tuy nhinmc gim thp ny khng
nh nhau do tnh cht khc nhau ca dng khng
cn bng qu v ca dng ngn mch. Mc
gim dng khng cn bng nhiu hn do trong n
c cha thnh phn khng chu k nhiu hn. Do
s rt n gin nn bin php ny c s
dng thc hin bo v cho mt s phn t
trong h thng in.
Ni rle qua my bin dng bo ha
trung gian (BIG).
Dng rle c hm.
Hnh 5.4 : Bo v dng so lch
dng in tr ph trong mch rle

V. Bo v so lch dng rle ni qua BIG:

S nguyn l ca bo v c rle ni qua BIG trn hnh 5.5a. Hot ng ca s
da trn c s l trong dng khng cn bng qu khi ngn mch ngoi (hnh 5.3)
thng c cha thnh phn khng chu k ng k lm dch chuyn th biu din tr tc
thi ca dng iKCB v 1 pha ca trc thi gian.
Thng s ca BI bo ha c la chn th no n bin i rt km thnh phn
khng chu k cha trong iKCB i qua cun s ca n. Dng s thay th ca BI phn
tch, c th thy rng phn ln thnh phn khng chu k i qua nhnh t ha lm bo ha

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mch t (gim Z). Trong iu kin thnh phn chu k ca iKCB ch yu khp mch qua
nhnh t ha m khng i vo rle.
iu kin lm vic ca BIG rt phc tp bi v quan h phi tuyn khi bin i qua BI
chnh xp chng vi quan h phi tuyn khi bin i iKCB qua BIG. Phn tip theo ta s
kho st th vng t tr ca BIG v s thay i tr tc thi ca dng theo thi gian (hnh
5.5).

a)

b)

c)

Hnh 5.5 : Bo v dng so lch dng rle ni qua BI bo ha trung gian

a) s nguyn l ca bo v
b) hot ng ca s khi ngn mch trong vng bo v
c) hot ng ca s khi ngn mch ngoi

VI. Bo v dng rle so lch c hm:

Dng so lch th hay cn gi l dng lm vic bng hiu cc dng th ILV = ISLT = IIT
- IIIT v dng hm bng 1/2 tng dng th IH = 0,5*(IIT + IIIT). Khi ngn mch ngoi, tr
tuyt i ca hiu dng lun lun nh hn 1/2 tng dng th, tc l:
.

I IT I IIT < 0,5 I IT + I IIT

hay :

ILV < IH
(5.7)
Khi ngn mch trong, tr tuyt i ca hiu c th xem l ln hn 1/2 tng:
.

I IT I IIT > 0,5 I IT + I IIT

hay :

ILV > IH
(5.8)
Khi ngn mch trong v c ngun cung cp ch t mt pha th IIIT = 0 ; ILV = IIT ; IH
= 0,5IIT.
Biu thc (5.7) v (5.8) c th c coi l c s thc hin rle c hm. Cc rle
ny da vo vic so snh 2 i lng:
.

I IT I IIT v 0,5 I IT + I IIT

S ni BI vi rle nh hnh 5.7b qua BIG c t s bin i nI = 1, cun s ca

BIG chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau, cun th c dng hm a vo b phn hm ca rle;

40

dng so lch cung cp cho b phn lm vic ca rle c ly t im gia ca cun s

BIG.

Hnh 5.7 : Bo v dng so lch c hm

a) th vc t dng th trong mch bo v
b) S nguyn l mt pha ca bo v

VII. nh gi bo v so lch dc:

VII.1. Tnh chn lc:
Theo nguyn tc tc ng, bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i. Khi trong h thng in
c dao ng hoc xy ra tnh trng khng ng b, dng 2 u phn t c bo v lun
bng nhau v khng lm cho bo v tc ng mt chn lc.

VII.2. Tc ng nhanh:
Do bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn khng yu cu phi phi hp v thi gian
vi bo v cc phn t k. Bo v c th c thc hin tc ng khng thi gian.

VII.3. nhy:
Bo v c nhy tng i cao do dng khi ng c th chn nh hn dng lm
vic ca ng dy.

VII.4. Tnh m bo:

S phn rle ca bo v khng phc tp lm v lm vic kh m bo.
Nhc im ch yu ca bo v l c dy dn ph . Khi t dy dn ph c th lm
ko di thi gian ngng hot ng ca bo v, hoc bo v c th tc ng khng ng
(nu b phn kim tra t mch th khng lm vic).
Gi thnh ca bo v c quyt nh bi gi thnh ca dy dn ph v chi ph lp
t chng, do vy ng dy di gi thnh s rt cao.
T nhng phn tch trn cho thy ch nn t bo v so lch dc cho nhng ng
dy c chiu di khng ln ch yu l trong mng 110kV khi khng th p dng cc bo
v khc n gin v tin cy hn. Lc y nn dng chung cp lm dy dn ph ca bo v,
ng thi thc hin iu khin xa, o lng xa, thng tin lin lc...

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Bo v so lch dc c p dng rng ri bo v cho my pht, my bin p,

thanh gp, ... do khng gp phi nhng kh khn v dy dn ph.

VIII. Bo v so lch ngang c hng:

Nguyn tc tc ng bo v so lch ngang da vo vic so snh dng trn 2 ng
dy song song, trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi cc dng ny
c tr s bng nhau v cng hng, cn khi pht sinh h hng trn mt ng dy th
chng s khc nhau.
Bo v c dng cho 2 ng dy song song ni vo thanh gp qua my ct ring.
Khi h hng trn mt ng dy, bo v cn phi ct ch ng dy v gi nguyn
ng dy khng h hng li lm vic. Mun vy bo v phi c t c 2 u ng
dy v c thm b phn nh hng cng sut xc nh ng dy b h hng.
S nguyn l 1 pha ca bo v trn hnh 5.9. Cc my bin dng t trn 2 ng
dy c t s bin i nI nh nhau, cun th ca chng ni vi nhau th no nhn c
hiu cc dng pha cng tn. Rle dng 5RI lm nhim v ca b phn khi ng, rle
6RW tc ng 2 pha l b phn nh hng cng sut. Khi chiu dng in quy c nh
trn hnh 5.9, ta c dng a vo cc rle ny l IR = IIT - IIIT .
Ap a vo 6RW c ly t BU ni vo thanh gp trm. Rle 6RW s tc ng i
ct ng dy c cng sut ngn mch hng t thanh gp vo ng dy v khi c 2
ng dy u c cng sut ngn mch hng t thanh gp vo ng dy th 6RW s tc
ng v pha ng dy c cng sut ln hn.
Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch ngoi, dng IIT , IIIT bng
nhau v trng pha. Dng vo rle IR = IIT - IIIT gn bng 0 (IR = IKCB), nh hn dng khi
ng IKR ca b phn khi ng 5RI v bo v s khng tc ng.

Hnh 5.9 : Bo v so lch ngang c hng dng cho 2 ng dy song song

Khi ngn mch trn ng dy I im N (hnh 5.9), dng II > III . V pha trm A
c IR = IIT - IIIT ; cn pha trm B c IR = 2IIIT. Rle 5RI c 2 pha u khi ng. Cng
sut ngn mch trn ng dy I pha A ln hn trn ng dy II; do vy 6RW khi
ng v pha ng dy I v bo v ct my ct 1MC. V pha trm B, cng sut ngn

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mch trn ng dy I c du dng (hng t thanh gp vo ng dy), cn trn ng

dy II - m. Do 6RW cng khi ng v pha ng dy I v ct my ct 1MC. Nh
vy bo v m bo ct 2 pha ca ng dy h hng I.
Khi ngn mch trn ng dy gn thanh gp (im N), dng vo rle pha trm
B l IR 0 v lc u n khng khi ng. Tuy nhin bo v pha trm A tc ng do dng
vo rle kh ln. Sau khi ct my ct 2MC, phn b dng trn ng dy c thay i v
ch n lc ny bo v pha trm B mi tc ng ct 2MC. Hin tng khi ng khng
ng thi va nu l khng mong mun v lm tng thi gian loi tr h hng ra khi
mng in.
Ngun thao tc c a vo bo v qua cc tip im ph ca 1MC v 2MC. Khi
ct mt my ct th tip im ph ca n m v tch bo v ra. Cn thc hin nh vy v 2
l do sau:
Sau khi ct 1 ng dy bo v tr thnh bo v dng cc i khng thi gian.
Nu khng tch bo v ra, n c th ct khng ng ng dy cn li khi xy ra ngn
mch ngoi.
Bo v c th ct ng dy b h hng khng ng thi. Khi ngn mch ti im
N, my ct 2MC ct trc, sau ton b dng h hng s i n ch ngn mch qua
ng dy I. Nu khng tch bo v pha trm A ra, n c th ct khng ng 1MC ca
ng dy I khng h hng.