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ADBHUTASATYANGAL (Amazing facts - Malayalam)
Zac Poonen
Second Edition 1998

hnh\w: hKokv Cn-b-hncm

]I-h-Imiw: kmIv ]p
{K-Im-hns tcJm-aq-e-amb A\p-hmZw IqSmsX Cu ]pkvXIw ]p\ap-{ZWw sNp-hmt\m
hnh\w sNp-hmt\m ]mSn. IqSp-X hnh-c-p _-s-Sp-I.

Zac Poonen,
16 Da Costa Square,
Bangalore 560084,
India
D-Sw

{]]--s--n-bp AZv`p-X-k-Xy-

a\p-jy-s\--n-bp AZv`p-X-k-Xy-

bYm hn-h-s--n-bp AZv`p-X-k-Xy-

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\psS Ghpw henb Bh-iy-s--n-bp AZv`p-X-k-Xy-

16

Zpo-e-fpw ss\cm-iyhpw kw_-n AZv`p-X-k-Xy-

20

Ana \ymb-hn-[nsb kw_-n AZv`p-X-k-Xy-

24

Ncn-{X-nse Ghpw henb kw`-hs kw_-n AZv`p-X-k-Xy- 28

Ghpw henb AZv`p-X-kXyw

32

A\p-_w: ]cn-Wm-as kw_-n AZv`p-X-k-Xy-

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A[ymbw Hv
{]]-s
- -
- n-bp AZv`p-Xk
- X
- y-
imkv{X-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-tS-Xmb Hcp bpK-n-emWv \mw Pohn-p-Xv-. \psS ]qn-I-m
Akm[ysap Icp-Xn-bn-cp Nne Imcy- a\p-jy km[n-n-cn-p--Xmbn \mw In-cn-p-p.
imkv{X-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS KXn-thKw \nc-cw hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. a\p-jy krjvSn--s
Imew apX G. Un. 1750 hsc Ah t\Sn-bn-cp imkv{X-hn-m\w thKw Xs ASp 150 hj-fn, AXm-bXv G. Un. 1900 Bb-tm-tgpw Cc-n-bmbn hn--Xmbn IW-m--s-n-p-v. G.
Un. 1900- a\p-jy-\p-m-bn-cp hnm\w ASp 50 hj-n-\p-n hopw Cc-n-bmbn hnp. A{]-Imcw 1950 hsc a\p-jy t\Sn-bn-cp Adnhv ASp ]p-hj-n-\p-n ]nsbpw Ccn-bmbn s]cp-In. Cu Ime-n-\p-tijw Hmtcm cc hjw IqSq-tmgpw a\p-jys imkv{X-m\w
ZznKp-Wo-`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xmbn IW-m--s-Sp-p.
DZm-l-c-W-n\v a\p-jys km-c-th-Ks Ahs imkv{X-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS Hcp e-W-ambn
\app ]cn-tim-[n-mw. Ccp-\qdp hjw apv a\p-jy {]mIr-X-cmb X-fpsS ]qn-I-m-sc-tmse
IpXn-c-p-dp k-cn-p-sIm-n-cp-p. Fm G. Un. 1900 Bb-tm-tgv Bhn hn-I-fpsS klmb-tm-Sp-IqSn 80 Intem-ao- thK-n k-cn-p-hm Ah Ignhp t\Sn. Fm 1945 Bb-tmtgpw sPp-hn-am-\- \ne-hn hcn-Ibpw a\p-jy aWn-q-dn 1000 Intem-ao- thK-n kcn-p-hm {]m]vX-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cp a\p-jy _mlym-Im-i-n-eqsS aWn-q-dn 40000--e[nIw Intem-ao- thK-n k-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.
a\p-jy N{-\n-se-n-b-Xp-aqew Ah _mlym-Im-is Iog-S-n-b-Xmbn \mw k-ev]n-pt]m-cp-p. Fm N{ _mlym-Im-i-ns Ct-b-s AXnh-c-n-em-sWp \mw ad--cp-Xv.
_mlym-Imiw Xs \psS `mh-\m-i-nsb ]c-Pm-b-s-Sp-p-amdv A{X alm-hn-kvXr-X-am-Wv. {]]-sbpw _mlym-Im-i-sbpw \app Ipd-smp ]cn-tim-[n-p-t\m-mw.
`qan-bn \np N{-\n-te-p icm-icn Zqcw GI-tZiw \mep-ew Intem-ao--dm-Wv. `qan-bn
\np kqcy-\n-te-p Zpc-hp-ambn Xn-p-t\m-n-bm CXp hf-sc-p-d Hc-Iew am{X-am-Wv. kqcy\n-te-p Zqcw AXns GXmv 375 Cc-n, AXm-bXv 1500 ew Intem-ao--dm-Wv. kpcy-\n-te-p
Cu Zqcw hfsc KWy-amb Hp Xs. Fnepw \apv Ghpw ASp-p \-{X-hp-ambn Xmc-X-ays-Sp-n-bm CXp hfsc \nmcw am{X-am-Wv.
\-{X--fn-te-p AIew IW-m-p-tm Zqc-ns km[m-cW bqWn-p-I AYhm
GI-I- A]-cym-]vX-am-bn-o-cp-p. Imc-Ww, Ah AXn-`o-a-amb kwJy-I-fn-te-mWp \s \bnp--Xv. Xqew `uXnI imkv{X--mcpw tPmXn-im-kv{X--mcpw "{]Im-i-hj's Zqcw Afp-hm-\p Hcp GI-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-p-p. Hcp hjw sImp {]Imiw k-cn-p Zqc-amWv
Hcp {]Im-i-hjw. {]Imiw Hcp skUn aqp ew Intem-ao- (A-Xm-bXv `qan-bpsS Np-fhns Ggn-c-n) k-cn-p-p-shv Hmp-I. AXn-\m Hcp hjw sImv AXp k-cn-p Zqcw
9000 _ney Intem-ao--dm-Wv. (1 _ney = 100 tImSn).
Nne \-{X--fn-te-p Zqc-s-n \app Nnn-mw. \-t\-{X-p Zriy-amb \{X--fn Ghpw ASp-Xv A^m skudn (Alpha Centauri) F t]cn Adn-b-s-Sp Hsc-am-Wv. AXp \mec {]Im-i-hj- AI-se, AXm-b-Xv, kqcy-\n-te-p Zqc-ns 2,5,000
Ccn Zqc-n-emWp nXn-sN-p--Xv. CXv C{]-Imcw hni-Zo-I-cn-mw. \n {]Im-i-ns thKn k-cn-p]w \mec skUp-sImv \np N{-\n-se-mw. Atm kqcy-\nse-p--Xn\p \nv Fc an\npw A^m sku-dn-bn Fp--Xn\p \mec hjhpw thnh-cpw. {]]--ns Hcp sNdnb kvsIbn amXrI ImWnv CXns Aw hni-Zo-I-cn-mw.
`qansb Hcp aW-cn-bmbpw kqcys\ B aW-cn-bn\nv 3 ASn AI-e-n-cn-p Hcp
am_ntKm-f-ambpw k-ev]n-p-I. Atm kuc-bp-Y-n-ep Fm {Kl-fpw B am_ntKmf-n (kq-cy-\n) \nv 100 ASnpn hnhn[ AI-e--fn k-cn-p--Xmbn ImW-m-mw.
Fm A^m sku-dn-sb B \{Xw Cu amXr-I-bpsS IW-p-h-p-t\m-n-bm `qanbn\np 150 ssa AI-se-bm-bn-cn-pw.
\-t\-{X-p Zyiy-amb \{X-fn Ghpw AI-se-bp-Xv Bt{Um-aoUm Xmc-hyql-n (Andromeda galaxy) Ds-Sp Hm-Wv. AXp \n\np 15 ew {]Im-i-hj- Zqcn nXn-sN-p-p. CXn-s\-mfpw AI-e-n nXn-sN-p--hbpw Zqc-Zin-\n-bnqsS am{Xw
ImWm-hp--h-bp-amb \-{X-hyq-l- Dv. 6500 aney {]Im-i-hj--fmWv (650 tImSn) Ah-bnte-p Zqcw.
C\n \-{X--fn Nne-Xns henw ]cn-tim-[n-p-t\m-mw. ""anp-I, anp-I, sNdp-Xm-c-Ita''
Fp Ipn-I ]d-bm-dp-v. Ah hfsc sNdn-b-h-bmbn ImW-s-Sp-p. AtX kabw `qansb hfsc
hep-Xmbpw \mw IW-m-p-p. Cu `qan-bn Hcp e-p-\npw thsdm-cn-S-tp t]mIp-hm
2

\apv At\Iw aWn-q-dp-I thn-h-cp-p. Fm kqcy F{X-am{Xw hep-Xm-sWp Nnn-pI. kqcys\ s]m-bmb Hcp tKmf-ambn Icp-Xp ]w `qan-bpsS hen--n-ep ]p-ew
tKmf-sf AXn Dsm-n-p-hm km[n-pw. Fmepw Nne \-{X--fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s-Spp-tm kqcy hfsc sNdp-Xm-Wv. kqcys hen--n-ep 50 tImSn tKmf-sf Dn hlnp-amdv Nne \-{X- A{X-am{Xw hen-b-h-bm-Wv.
`qan-bn\np 520 {]Im-i-hj- AI-se-bmbn nXn-sN-p--hbpw Hmdn-tbm s_v
F hn`m-K-n Ghpw Dz-e-ambn ImW-s-Sp--Xp-amb _oKyqkv (Betelgeuse) F \-{Xs-n Nnn-p-I. AXns hymkw (diameter) 50 tImSn Intem-ao--dm-Wv. AXns Xm]cyw
Cs\ hni-Z-am-mw. Cu \-{Xs s]m-bmb Hcp tKmf-sap k-ev]n-p--]w `qtKm-fn\v CXns DnqSn kqcy-\p-Nppw AXns km[m-cW {`a-W-]-Y-n-eqsS \njv{]-bmkw {]ZnWw sNbvhm km[n-pw. kqcy\p Npp-ambn `qan-bpsS {`a-W-]-Y-ns hymkw 30 tImSn Intemao- am{X-am-Wv.
C\n \-{X--fpsS kwJy-sb-n Nnn-p-I. oc-]Yw (Milky Way) F-dn-b-s-Sp Hcp
\-{X-hyq-l-ns Hcp `mK-amWv \psS kuc-bq-Yw. Cu \-{X-hyq-l-n Ipd--]w 1
ew aney (]-Xn-\m-bncpw tImSn) \-{X- D-Xmbn tPymXn-m-kv{X--m IW-m-n-bn-pv. Acw \-{X--fn Hp-am-{X-amWv \psS kqcy. oc-]-Y-sa-Xv At\Iw \-{X-hyql--fn Hp-am-{X-amWv. Zqc-Zin-\n-IsImp ImWm Ign-bp _mlym-Im-i-`m-K-n-\p-n
CXp-t]mse Ipd-Xv 10 tImSn \-{X-hyq-l-- Fnepw D-Xmbn imkv{X--m Icp-Xp-p.
AXn-\p-a-p-dp hnpw Dv Xmc-hyq-l-.
Cu BIm-i-tKm-f- Ah-bpsS {`a-W-]-Y-n-\p-n F{X IrXy-ambn k-cn-pp F
Imcyhpw Nnn-p-I. a\p-jy-\nn-X-amb Fhpw \ hmp-t]mepw BIm-i-n-ep Cu \-{X-sf-m A[nIw IrXy-X-tbmsS {]hn-p-n-. Cu Hmtcm \-{X-sbpw {Kl-sbpw
krjvSnv Cu hn[-n Bkq-{X-W-]qw {]hn-n-p Hcp alm-{]-Xn` Cu {]]--ns
]nn Xo-bmbpw Dv.
_mlym-Imiw F{X hnkvXr-X-amWv! AXn-t\mSp Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-n-bm a\p-jy F{X sNdn-bh! ss__n-fnse Hsc-gp-p-Im-c C{]-Imcw FgpXn: ""cm{Xn-Im-ep ImWp BIm-i-n-tep
Ip-bn Ahn-sS-bp \-{X-sf Rm t\mp-tm, ssZh-ta, C{X \nm-c-\mb a\p-jys\
\o Fn\p {in-p-p-shp {Kln-m F\np km[n-p-n''. Fnepw Cu {]]--ns
{kjvSm-hmb ssZhw \n Hmtcm-cp-pw thn Icp-Xp-p. ss__nfn\np \mw a\-n-emp AZv`p-X-kXyw CX-t{X.
GsXnepw hkvXp-hns hne \n-bn-p-Xv AXns henw hp-sIm--. Hcp e-{]-`phn\v At\Iw G `qan Dm-bn-cn-mw. Fm B hnkvXr-X-amb `qhn-`m-K--sf-m-f-[nIw Xs
sImp-Ipn Abmv A[nIw hne-s--h-\m-Wv. CXp-t]m-se-bmWv ssZh-ns Ah--bpw. _mlymImiw A\--hn-kvXr-X-amImw; \-{X- Ah-bpsS hen--n `oam-Im-c--fm-bn-cn-mw. Fm
Xs B Fm krjvSn-I-sf-m-fp-a-[nIw ssZhw a\p-jys\ kvt\ln-bpw Icp-Xp-Ibpw t]mn-pep-Ibpw sNp-p. Xs Hcp ]p{X-\mbn Xtm-sSmw kvt\l-kw-kw ]pep--h-\m-bnmWv ssZhw a\p-jys\ krjvSn--Xv. ssZh-hp-am-bn-p A-c-samcp kvt\l-kw-kw am{X-amWv
a\p-jys AkvXn-Xz\p hnebpw {][m-\yhpw \Ip--Xv.
krjvSn-bn ssZh-ns alXzw \app ImWm Ign-bpw. Fm Cu ssZhw \s kvt\lnbpw \ap-m-bn--cp-Xp-Ibpw sNp--h-\m-sWv ss__n-fn-eqsS \mw a\-n-em-p-p.

A[ymbw cv
a\p-jy-s\-
- n-bp AZv`p-Xk
- X
- y-
a\p-jy ssZh-kr-jvSn-bpsS aIp-S-am-Wv. AJn-em--nse \-{X-k-aq-l--sf-m al-chpw IqSp-X AZv`p-Xm-h-l-hp-amb krjvSn a\p-jy Xs-bm-Wv. BZy-ambn \psS ico-c--sfs t\mn F{X hnkva-bm-h-l-amb hn[-n ssZhw \s krjvSn-n-cn-p-p-shp a\-n-emp-I.
a\p-jys Xe-tm-dn ap-Xp-_n-ey \mUo-tIm-i- AS-n-bn-p--Xmbpw Ah-bn-tem-tcmpw
GI-tZiw 1/10 thmv sshZyp-Xn-bpsS in-tbmsS {]hn-p--Xmbpw tUmIvSam ]d-bp-p. 35
hb-n IqSp-X {]mb-ap--hv Cu \mUo-tIm-i--fn 1000 Fw hoXw Hmtcm Znh-khpw \jvSs-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. Cu \mUo-tIm-i- ]no-sSm-cn-epw \app Xncnsb e`n-p-n-. Fnpw
]t-{n-b--fpsS kwth-Z-\--a-Xbvv tei-samcp Ipd-hp-m-Ipp F-sXm-gn-m Xe-tm-dns
{][m\ {]h-\- Pohn-Xmyw hscbpw XpSp-t]m-Ibpw sNp-p.
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\n-fpsS Hmtcm Inepw Idppw shfppw Xncn--dn-bp-am-dp Zi-\-i-n-p-thn 13 tImSn

sNdnb Zp-Ifpw (rods) ap h-t`-Z- Xncn--dn-bp Zi\ in-p-thn 70 ew tcWpkq-Nn-Ifpw (cones) Ds-p hkvXpX \n a\-n-em-n-bn-ptm? Chsb 3 ew \mUo-X-psmv Xe-tm-dn-t\mSp LSn-n-n-cn-p-p. a\p-jy-t\-{X-n\v Htc kabw Xs 15 ew
kt-i- kzoI-cn-p-hm-\p Ign-hp-v. Hcp Ins {]h-\s bm{n-I-ambn kwL-Sn-n-W-sa-n cp-e--n-A]-Xn-\m-bncw sSen-hn-j {]t-]-Wn-Ifpw dko-hnwKv skp-Ifpw Bhiy-ambn hcpw.
C\n {ih-tW-{n-b-ns Imcyw FSp-p-I. {ih-W-\m-Unp apm Cp-am{Xw \ofhpw
Hcp km[m-cW s]kn ap\-bpsS hymk-hpta Dq. Fnepw AXn-\p-n ap-Xn-\m-bncw sshZypX
kIyq-p-I Dv. Hcp a\p-jys {ih-tW-{n-bs Hcp ]nb-t\m-hp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-p--]w
]nbm-t\m-hnse Iot_mUn 88 m\- am{Xw D-tm \psS B-cn-I-{i-h-tW-{n-b-ns
Iot_mUn Htc {^oIzkn-bn Xs 1100 m\- ImWmw. Hcp ]nb-mt\m-bpsS cp I
(keys) InSbvp kw`-hn-m-hp 12 hyXykvX kzc- ]nSn-s-Sp-m Ign-bp-amdv A{X kwthZ-\-i-n-bp--XmWv {ih-tW-{n-bw.
C\n a\p-jys lrZ-b-tbpw c-p-g-ep-I-sfbpw ]n Nnn-mw. lrZ-b-ns {]h-\n\p h XI-cmdpw kw`-hn-p--Xp-hsc \mw AXn-s\-n Nnn-m-dn-. Fm \psS ico-c-n\p-n ssZhw \nt-]n-n-p Cu lrZbw Hcp hj-n-\p-n 4 tImSn {]mhiyw CS-th-f-bnmsX kv]n-p-p-v. B b{-n\v Bcpw F-bn-Sp-Itbm tISp-t]m-p-Itbm sNp-n-. \n
a\-n-em-n-bm-ep-an-s-nepw \n-fpsS lrZbw C-se-sbmcp Znh-k-n Hcp ew {]mhiyw kv]np-Ibpw \n-fpsS inc-p-ap-X ]mZw hsc 1 ew Intem-ao- \of-n-ep c-p-g-ep-I-fn-eqsS
cw ]p-sN-p-Ibpw sNbvXn-p-v. am{X-a-, tISp-h--hbpw \ncp-]-tbm-K-am-bn-o-h-bp-amb ctIm-i-p ]Icw hbvp-hm-\mbn C-se-sbmcp Znhkw Xs \n-fpsS icocw 17200 tImSn
c-tIm-i-sf DZv]m-Zn-n-n-p-v. \n Cp Pohn-n-cn-pp F hkvXpX Ghpw henb HcZv`p-X-at?
ico-c-n-ep hnhn[ {Kn-Isf (glands)n Btem-Nnp t\mp-I. \psS ssXtdm-bnUv
{Knv 1/5000 {Kmw Atbm-Un am{Xta Hmtcm Znh-khpw Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-p-p-q. Fnepw \n
Hcp inip-hm-bn-cp Imev kqvamw-i-cq-]-amb A{Xbpw ]Zmw \np e`n-msX hn-cps-n \n Xo-bmbpw am\-kn-I-ssh-Ieyw _m[n--h-\m-bn-o-cp-am-bn-cp-p.
ico-c-n-ep HmtPm-{Kn AYhm ]nyq--dn-mUv CXn-ep-a-[nIw hnkva-b-I-c-am-Wv. AXp
{]Xn-Zn\w DXv]m-Zn-n-p tlmtam-Wp-I Hcp {Kmans ]p-e--n-sem-cwiw am{X-am-Wv. Fnepw
Hcp hyn hf-cp {]mb-n CXn AXn-kq-va-amb Hcp h-\tbm Ipdthm kw`-hn-m AXv
Abmsf imco-c-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-ambpw hne--W-\m-n-opw. Cp \mw Btcm-Ky-hm-mcpw
Btcm-Ky-h-Xn-I-fp-am-bn-cn-p--Xns ImcWw \psS ico-c-sa b{-kw-hn-[m\w A{X-am{Xw kqamb tXmXn {]hn-n-p--Xp-sIm-p-am-{X-am-Wv.
ss__n-fnse Hcp {K-Im-c Fgp-Xn-bn-p--Xpt]mse ""`b--chpw AZv`p-X-I-c-hp-amb hn[n Rm krjvSn--s-n-cn--bm ssZh-ta, Rm Asb kvXpXn-pp''. a\p-jy-i-co-c-ns
kwhn[m\hpw AXn ssZhw {Iao-I-cn-n-p kq kp-en-X-Xzhpw hmkvX-h-n AXyw
AZv`p-X-Icw Xs. a\p-jy-\n ImW-s-Sp Cu AZv`p-X--fn NneXp Pp--fnepw AtX-hn[w
ImW-s-Spp FXv Xo-bmbpw icn-X-s.
Fm AXn-\-p-d-ambn a\p-jys tZl-n-\p-n Hcp tZln (soul) nXn-sN-p-p-v.
Ahs hyn-Xzs cq]-s-Sp-p Cu tZln-bn a\-v, hnIm-c-, Cm-in Fnh Dsmn-cn-p-p. Nnn-p-Ibpw bpn-hmZw sNp-Ibpw sNp a\-v, CjvSm-\n-jvS-fpw timIm-Zv`pXm-Zn-Ifpw Df-hm-p hnIm-c-, Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-p-hm \app Ignhp \Ip Cm-in Fnh-b-S-n-b-XmWv a\pj-tZ-ln. Pp-p Xe-tm-dpv; Fm Ahbvp bpn-Nn--bvp
Ign-hn-. a\p-jy\p Nnn-p-hm\pw Xs Nnsb `mj-bn-eqsS {]I-Sn-n-p-hm\pw tcJ-s-Sp-phm\pw AXv A\-c Xe-ap-d-Ip ]Ip-sIm-Sp-p-hm\pw Ign-hp-v. Pp-v Hcn-epw Cu
Ign-hn-. Fm Nne ]n-I Bbn-c-am-bncw hj-p-app X-fpsS ]qhn-I-m \nn-ncp AtX hn[-n-ep IqSp-I \nn-p-p-v. a\p-jys _pn-i-n-sb-Xv Ahs Dn
nXn-sN-p Cuiz-c-km-cq]yw Xs-bm-Wv. ssZh-ns kthm--X-amb _pn-i-n-bpsS AWpam-{X-amb Hcw-iat{X AXv.
C{]-Imcw a\p-jy\v AZv`p-X-I-c-amb Hcp ico-chpw AXn-e-[nIw AZv`p-X-I-c-amb Hcp tZlnbpw
am{X-a D-Xv. Xs tZl-tZ-ln-I-sf-m AXy-[nIw AKm-[hpw hnkva-b-I-c-hp-amb asm-cwiw
IqsS Ah-\n-eq-v. AXmWv Ahs Bm-hv. CXp `qan-bn-ep asm krjvSn-I-fn\npw a\pjys\ thXn-cnp \np-p. \psS A---bpsS AXy-Km-[-X-e-n-ep Cu Bmhp \tmSp
]d-bpp: ""Hcp ssZhw kthm--X\pw k\m-X-\-\p-amb Hcp ssNX\yw Dv. [mn-I-ambn AhnS-tmSp \mw IWp t_m[n-n-t--h-cm-Wv''. krjvSn-bnse AZv`p-X-{]-Xn-`m-k- am{X-a Hcp
4

ssZh-ap-sp \s ]Tn-n-p-Xv; \psS Dn-ep- Bmhpw AXp-Xs \tmSv Ba-{Ww

sNp-p.
]cn-jvIm-ctam hnZym-`ym-ktam A Hcp ssZh-ap-sp \s D]-tZ-in-p--Xv. aX-hp-a AXns\-n \s DZvt_m-[n-n-p--Xv. Cu `qan-bnse h\m--c--fn hkn-p A]-cn-jvIr-X-P-\-k-aql-sf \n kin-m B {]mIr-X-P-\-n-S-bnepw Hcp ssZh-t_m[w IpSn-sIm-p--Xmbn
a\-n-em-p-hm Ign-bpw. Hns\ As-n asm-ns\ Ah Bcm-[n-p-p. Imc-Ww, Hcp kthm-X-ssN-X-\y-ap-spw AXn-t\mSp X {]Xn-_--cm-sWpw Ah-cpsS Bmhp kmyw ]d-bpp. X sXp-sN-bvXp-shv Ahv t_m[w hcp-p Hcp a\-mn Ah-cpsS Dn Dv.
]n-ar-Km-Zn-P-p--fn asm-n\pw CXp-t]mse Aeo-\-amb Hcp Ip-t_m[w ImWp-n-. Hcp
arKs Ip-t_m[w {]I-Sn-n-p-amdv thW-sa-n \np ]cn-io-en-n-mw. Fm bmsXmcp
arK-n\pw kzX-n--ambn Ip-t_m[w Dm-Ip-n-. a\p-jy\p am{X-amWv Ip-t_m-[-ap-m-Ip--Xv.
Fs-m Ah\p am{Xta Hcm-mhpw a\-m-nbpw Dq. Cu Imc-W-m-emWv temI-n
Fhn-sS-bpap a\p-jy\v GsX-nepw Xc-n-ep Hcp aX-t_m-[-ap--Xmbn \mw ImWp--Xv. Fm
aX-t_m-[-ap Hcp Ipc-n-s\tbm \msbtbm Hcn-epw \np Is-p-hm km[y-a-.
`qan-bnse Xs Pohn-X-hr-n--p-d-p Ftm Hn-\p-thn krjvSn--s--h-\mWv a\pjy. `qan-bn \app e`n-m-hp Fm-n-s\-mfpw D-Xhpw al--c-hp-amb Ftm Hn-\p-thn-bp Hcp Zmlw \n-tem-tcm-cp--cnepw ssZhw m]n-n-p-v.
a\p-jy \nXy-X-bpsS Hcp krjvSn-bm-Wv. a\p-jycpw CX-c-P-p-fpw Xn Hcp hyXym-k-hpan-sp ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zn-I iTn-t-mw. Fm GsXmcp cmPypw Hcp a\p-jy-in-ip-hns\ sImpXv Hcm-\sb sImp--Xn-s\-m Kuc-h-X-c-amb Hcp Ip-ambn \nbaw AwKo-I-cn-p-p. Hcm\
_rl-mb Hcp krjvSn-bm-Wv. Fm Hcp sNdnb a\p-jy-inip ssZh-ns kmZr-iy-n krjvSn-s--Xm-I-bm AXns\ At]-nv F{Xtbm A[nIw hne-tb-dn-b-Xm-Wv. ssZh-kr-jvSn-bpsS kthm-X-irw-K-amWv a\p-jy. Xm\p-ambn kvt\l-kw-k-n-tes-Sp-hm-\mWv Ahs\ ssZhw krjvSnn-p--Xv.

A[ymbw aqv
bYm hn-h-s--n-bp AZv`p-X-k-Xy-
Cp temI-n-se-mw, hnti-jnp bph-P-\-n-S-bn, Akw-Xr-]vXn-bp-tS-Xmb Hcp at\m`mhw \ne-hn-ep-v. \ne-hn-ep hyh-n-Xnsb \ow sNp-hm\pw IqSp-X sa-amb Hns\ At\zjn-m-\p-ap Hcm-{K-l-ns cq]-n CXp {]hn-p-p. \psS Cu Ime-L--n P\-{]oXn-t\-Snb Hcp ]Z-amWv "hnhw'. hn-h-sa-m amw Fm-Ww. kmaq-lyhpw km-n-Ihpw
cmjv{So-b-hp-amb am--fpsS Hcp bpK-n-emWp \manp Pohn-p--Xv. ^mj-\p-Ifpw thK-n
amdn-sm-n-cn-p-p. Cu hjs ^mj ASp hjs ^mj-\-m-Xm-bn-o-cp-p. hym]m-ccw-Kpw hnhw kw`-hn-p-p-v. Cp temI-hn-]-Wn-bn e`y-amb D]---fn 65 iX-am-\hpw
Ap-hjw apv Dm-bn-cp-n-.
\app Nppw Fm cwK--fnepw amw kw`-hn-p-sIm-t-bn-cn-p-p. sa-amb Hn-\p-thn
P\- At\z-jn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-I-bm-Wv. ]e- cm-Pyfnepw kmbp-[-hn-hw \S-p-p-v. Fm
CsXms kw`-hn-npw Imcy- Hn-s\mp tami-am-bn-sm-m-Wn-cn-p--Xv. maw, ]n-Wn-a-cWw, sXmgn-en-m-bva, A{I-aw, bpw, hn\miw Fn-h-bpsS hm-IsImp h-am-\--{X-
\nd-n-cn-p-p.
\psS kaqln\v Ghpw henb \-bp-m-Ip-hm \mw B{K-ln-p--]-w, \ne-hn-ep
hyh-n-Xn-sb-n Akw-Xr-]vXn-s-Sp-Xp tZmj-I-c-a-. Xo-bmbpw temI-nse P\-p IqSpX sa-amb PohnX kml-N-cy- e`n-p-hm \mw B{K-ln-p-p-v. \psS cmPypw temIn-sem-m-sIbp-ap P\-p Zmcn-{Zy-n\np tamN-\hpw, ]mn-Sw, hkv{Xw, `Ww Fnhbpw Dm-I-W-sap \mw B{K-ln-p-p. Ahp IqSp-X kzmX-{yhpw tahpw ssIh-c-Wsa-mWv \psS A`n-em-w. kXy-am-tem-Nn-m \ne-hn-ep Ah--sImp Xr]vXn-s-Sp-Ibpw
AXn-s\-p-dnv au\-a-h-ew-_n-p-Ibpw sNp-Xv ]e-tmgpw ac-W-ns e-W-am-Wv. ac--h
am{X-amWv \ne-hn-en-cn-p--Xp-sImp Xr]vX-cm-bn--gn-bp--Xv. Hcp ivaim-\-n bmsXmcp hn-hhpw- \-S
- p-n-. AXp-sIm-p-Xs AhnsS bmsXmcp ]ptcm-KX
- nbpw Dm-Ip-n- Fp-IqSn \mtamWw.
\mw Hcp kzX-{-cm-jv{S-n-em-bn-cnmw Pohn-p--Xv. Fm \psS hyn-]-c-amb Pohn-Xn bYm-kzm-X{yw Fsp \mw Adn-bp-ptm? a\p-jy imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]ptcm-K-an-n-ps-ns [mn-I-ambn A[x]-Xn-p-I-bmWp sNbvXn-p--Xv. Cp temI-n-ep an cmPy5

fpw kzX-{--fm-Wv. Fm a\p-jy Cpw ASn-a--n-em-Wv. a\p-jy\p _ly-amb kzmX{y-ap-s-nepw Xs kzm-X-sbbpw A[-a-tam-l--sfbpw Iog-S-p-hm Ah\p Ign-hn-. cmPyw
Iog-S-p--Xn-s\-m Daw kzw taml-sf \nb-{n-p-I-bm-sWv ss__n ]d-bpp (kZr. 16:32).
\ne-hn-ep hyh-n-Xnsb \ow sNpI FXp hn-h-ns Hcp `mK-am-Wv. Cu An t\mn-bm temIw In-p Ghpw henb hn-h-Im-cn-bm-bn-cpp tbip-{In-kvXp. ap hnh-Im-cn-I _mly-amb Hcp hnhw {]kw-Kn--tm tbip-{InkvXp B-cn-I-amb Hcp hn-hsnbmWp ]Tn-n--Xv. {InkvXp {]iv\-ns ImX-en ssIh-bvp-Ibpw a\p-jy-\m-h-iy-am-bn-cn-p-Xv
Ahs lrZ-bm-`m-Kp kw`-hn-p Hcp hn-h-am-sWp ]Tn-n-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Cu B-cn-I-hn-hw a\p-jy A\p-`-hn-p-tm _mly-am-bXp kzbw kw`-hn-p-sIm-pw.
{]iv\-ns aqe-Im-c-W-s-bmWv \mw BZyw ssIImcyw sNt--Xv. Hcp tUmIvS Hcp tcmKnsb
NnIn-n-p-tm tcmK-ns _mly-e--W-p am{X-a NnIn sNp--Xv. Atlw tcmKn-\p-Xs {]Xn-hn[n Iev]n-p-p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Iymk _m[n Hcp hynp hni-n-m-bvabp--Xmbn Abm ]cm-Xn-s-t-mw. Iymk-dn\p NnIn sNmsX hni-n-m-bvabvp am{Xw
{]Xn-hn[n sNp tUmIvS _pn-lo-\ Xs. AXp-t]m-se \psS {]iv\-p ]cn-lmcw
]pd-ta-bp Hcp hn-h-am-Wv, AYhm hyh-nXn am-amWv Fp Icp-Xp Bfp-I CtX sXp-Xs-bmWp sNp--Xv. Ah tcmK-e--W- \on--f-bp-hm {ian-pp; AtX kabw tcmKw
am-an-msX XpS-cp-Ibpw sNp-p.
a\p-jys\ kw_-n-n-S-tmfw \on--f-tb-n-bn-cn-p B-cn-I-hy-h-nXn FmWv?
a\p-jy Cp ssZhs B{i-bn-m Hcp Pohn-X-amWp \bn-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xv. aX-`-n-bp
Bfp-I t]mepw hnhn-[-cq-]-n kzw Xm]-cy-sf At\z-jn-p--h-cm-Wv. kzPohnXw Bkq{XWw sNp-tm Ah-cpsS IW-p-q--en ssZh-n\p m\-an-. Cu hyh-nXn amn--fbpI Fp-h-m a\p-jy ssZh-n-em-{i-bnp Pohn-p Hc-\p-`-h-n-tep hcnI Fm-Ww.
tbip-{InkvXp hcp-p-hm-\m-{K-ln Bob hnhw CX-t{X. Cp temI-n-eq-S-\ofw ]ecpw A\p`-hn-p-sIm-n-cn-p hn-hhpw CXp-X-s.
\app hn-h-am-h-iy-am-bn-cn-p asmcp taJ-e-sb-n Nnn-pI. \msamw \psS amXm-]nXm--fn\np ]Ip-In-nb Hcp aX-t_m[w D-h-cm-Wv. B aX-t_m-[-tm-sSmw hj--fneqsS \mw cq]-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sIn-s-Sp-p-Ibpw sNbvX Nne aphn-[n-Ifpw \ap-p-v. aX-]-c-amb
Imcy--fn Zu`m-Ky-h-im an a\p-jycpw kzbw Nnn-p-n-. Xpthn Nnm-{]-h\w
\nh-ln-p Hcp ]mtdm ]ptcm-ln-Xt\m Ahp-v. Fnepw GsXmcp a\p-jy\pw \nh-ln-mhp Ghpw ^e-{]-Z-amb {]h-\-amWv B[ym-n-I-Im-cy--sf-n Nnn-pI F-Xv. ssZhs
kw_-n-p kXyw Ghpw kqva-X-tbmsS {Kln-p-hm \mw kzbw Xocp-am-\n--Ww. Cu
Imcy-n \app sXp-]-n-bm AXns \jvSw Hcn-epw ]cn-l-cn-m-hp--X-.
imkv{Xo-b-cw-Kp a\p-jy Nnn-p-hm hnk-Xw ImWn-n-cp-s-n \psS Ah
Fm-Ip-am-bn-cpp Ftmp-I. X-fpsS ]qhn-I-m hniz-kn-n-cp Imcy- am{Xw a\p-jy
kzoI-cn-n-cp-s-n imkv{Xo-b-cw-Kp bmsXmcp ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw Dm-Ip-am-bn-cp-n-.
Hcp-Zm-l-cWw ]d-bmw. Bbn-c-am-bncw hj--fmbn `qan-bmWv {]]--ns tI{-sapw
kqcy\pw \-{X-fpw AXn-\p-Nppw {]Z-nWw sNp-p-shpw a\p-jy hniz-kn-n-cp-p. Fm
450 hjw apv tIm\n-kv F Hcp a\p-jy Xs ]qhn-I-scmw hniz-kn-n-cp B Imcys
tNmZyw sNbvIbpw AXp sXm-sWp sXfn-bn-p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
X-fpsS ]qhn-I-m hniz-kn-n-cp Imcyw imkv{X-PvR-m A-ambn kzoI-cn-m--Xpaqew imkv{Xw A\p-{Iaw ]ptcm-KXn t\Sn-sm-n-cn-p-p. Hcp \qmp Imew apv BIm-inqSn-d-p Hcp b{-kw-hn-[m\w Dm-IpI km[y-a-sv Bfp-I hniz-kn-n-cp-p. Cp a\p-jy
hnam-\-n temIw apgp-h k-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. \mw Pohn-p Cu \qm-ns Bcw-`-Imev AWp-hns\ hn`-Pn-p-hm km[n-p-sav Bcpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-n-. Fm-env AWp-hn-kvt^mS\w km[yam-bn-on-cn-p-p. a\p-jy Fs-nepw N{-\n sNn-d-p-sav GXm\pw hjp apv Bcpw Nnn-n-cp-n-. Fm-env AXpw km[n-p-I-gn-n-cn-pp (]-cn-Wm-as
kw_-n AZv`p-X-k-Xy- F A[ymbw t\mp-I).
Fm lm! IjvSw! B[ym-n-I-cw-Kp am{X-amWv a\p-jy X-fpsS amXm-]n-Xm--mcpw
]ptcm-ln-X-mcpw ]Tn-n-n-p Imcy- AtX-]Sn A-ambn ]np-Sp-t]m-cp--Xv. \n-fpsS
Ah FmWv? aX-]-c-amb \n-fpsS hnizm-k- Fsm-s-bmWv? \n-fpsS ]qh-]n-Xm-m-cn \np \n A-ambn Ah-Im-i-s-Sp-n-bn-ph am{X-amtWm \n-fpsS hnizm-k-?
AtXm ssZh-sbpw \nXy-X-sbbpw ]n kzbw Nnnp cq]-s-Sp-n-bn-p--hbpw \np ]c-at_m[yw hn-p--h-bp-amb kz-amb hnizm-k- \nptm?
temIw In-p--Xnhv Ghpw henb hn-h-Imcn tbip-{In-kvXp-hm-bn-cp-p. Imc-Ww, a\pjysc Ah-cpsS B-cn-I-a--e-n-eqsS ]cn-h-\-hn-t[-b-cm-p-hm-\mWv Ahn-Spp h-Xv. a\p6

jy\v C{]-Imcw B-cnI a-e-n ]cn-h\w kw`-hn-p-tm temI-n-sebpw a\p-jy-kaq-l-n-sebpw Xn-Ip ]cn-lm-c-ap-m-Ipw. a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-n ]cn-h-\-ap-m-ImsX CXp
km[y-a-. a\p-jy kzbw ]cn-h-\-hn-t[-b-\m-bn-o-cm-n-S-tmfw Imew \psS temI-sbpw
a\p-jy-k-aq-l-sbpw Cv A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p {]iv\-p ]cn-lmcw Dm-hpI km[ya-.

A[ymbw \mev
\psS Ghpw henb Bh-iy-s--n-bp
AZv`p-Xk
- X
- y-
a\p-jys Ghpw henb Bhiyw FmWv?
AXn-s\-n \n Fs-nepw Nnn-n-ptm?
AXp `-W-tam, hkv{X-tam, sXmgntem?
Ch-sbmw \ap-m-hiyw Xs. kwi-b-an-. Ch IqSmsX \app PohnXw XpS-cpI km[y-a. \psS ico-c-p `-Whpw \app [cn-m hkv{Xhpw ]mp-hm hoSpw Bhiyw Xs.
\p-sSbpw \psS IpSpw-_--fp-sSbpw km-c-W-n-\mbn \ap-smcp sXmgnepw Bh-iy-am-Wv. Chbn GXn-s-sb-nepw {][m-\ys hne-bn-Snp ImWn-p-hm \app km[y-a-. Fm \mw
Pohn-p Cu `uXn-I-bp-K-n a\p-jys Ghpw henb B]v Xm Ime-ns krjvSn-b-,
adnv \nXy-X-bpsS krjvSn-bm-sWpw Xs ico-c-n-\p-n AXy-[nIw aqey-h-mb Hcm-mhv
hkn-p-p-s-pap hkvXpX ad-p-t]m-hp-I-bm-Wv. ico-chpw AXns Bh-iy-fpw {][m\w
Xs; Fm Bmhpw AXns Bh-iy-fpw Xmc-X-tay\ hf-sc-q-Sp-X {][m-\-s--h-bm-Wv.
\n-fpsS hon hfsc {]nb-s Hcp \mb-bp-spw AXn\p tcmKw _m[n-p-shpw hm
\n AXns\ arK-tUm-IvS-dpsS ASp- sImp-t]mbn NnIn-n-pw. Fm AtX kabw
Xs \n-fpsS inip tcmK-_m-[n-X-\m-bn-op-shpw Cu cn Hcp Imcyw \n sXc-sSp-t-n-h-p-shpw k-ev]n-p-I. Xo-bmbpw \n \n-fpsS Ipn-sb-bm-cnpw BZyw tUmIvSdpsS ASp-tp sImp-t]m-hp-I. \n-fpsS ]n {][m-\-a-m--Xp-sIm- C{]-Imcw \n
sNp--Xv. ]nstbm \n-fpsS inip AXn-s\-m F{Xtbm A[nIw {][m-\-am-b-Xp-sIm-m-Wv.
CXp-t]m-se-Xs \psS Dn-ep Bmhv \psS ico-c-s-m hf-sc-b-[nIw {]m[m-\y-alnp--Xm-Wv.
\n-fpsS Bm-hns Bh-iy--sf-n aphn-[n-bn-m Hcp a\p-tm-Sp-IqSn \n Fsnepw Nnn-n-ptm? aphn-[n-sb-Xv a\p-jy-a-\-pIsf A-am-p amc-I-amb Hcp tZmj-am-Wv.
AXp ssZh-s-p-dnpw \psS Bo-bm-h-iy-s-p-dnpw Cu `qan-bn \mw Pohn-p--Xns
Imc-W-s-p-dn-p-ap Hcp ]cn-m-\-n-tep hcm a\p-jys\ A\p-h-Zn-msX Ahs\ XS-bpp. [mcm-f-am-fp-I t\cs Xs Ah-cpsS a\-n m\w ]nSn-n-p A_--[m-c-W-I-tfmSpw
aphn-[n-I-tfmSpw IqSn Pohn-Xs kao-]n-pI \nanw Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h X-fpsS {]iv\p ]cn-lmcw Is-p-hm Ign-bmsX Ccp-n Pohn-t-n-h-cp-p.
aX-s-p-dnpw \nXy-X-sb-p-dn-p-ap kXys Hcp Xpd a\-tmsS kao-]n-p-hm \n
k-t\m? \n Fm-ehpw kXy-sap hniz-kn-n-p Imcy--fn\np hyXy-kvX-amWv Nne
hkvXp-X-I Fp \n Is-n-tb-mw. Fm C\n \mw aptm-p-t]m-Ip--Xn\p app-Xs
Fp hne-sIm-Sppw kXy-sa-sp a\-n-em-p-hm \n B{K-ln-p-ptm? CXn \np
]c-am-h[n ipjvIm-n-bp ]w kXyw Adn-bp-hm \np Ign-bpw. Am--]w AXv
Akm-[y-ambpw Xocpw. ssZhs Pm{K-X-tbmsS At\z-jn-p--hp ssZhw {]Xn-^ew \Ip-pshp ss__n ]d-bp-p. kXys Xpd a\-tmSpw ]q-Pm-{K-X-tbmSpw IqSn At\z-jn-p
GsXmcp ]pcp-j\pw kv{Xopw Ipnpw ssZh-s--nbpw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-s\--n-bp-ap kXyw
{Kln-m Ign-bpw.
Hcp a\p-jy acn-p-tm Ah\v Fp kw`-hn-pp? ac-W-sa-Xp a\p-jym-kvXn-Xz-ns
Hc-y-amtWm? Hcn--ep-a-. a\p-jys Cu `qan-bnse PohnXw \nXy-X-bn-te-p Hcp ]Sn-hm-Xn
am{X-am-Wv. ChnsS Cu `qan-bn \mw Ign-p Imew Hcp Xm-sd-Spp am{X-am-Wv. Cu Imep
ssZhw \s \nco-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. \psS \nXyX F-s\-bp--Xm-bn-o-cp-sap \n-bnp Hcp L-amWv \psS `uan-I-Po-hn-Xw. \psS Hmtcm-cp--cp-sSbpw Pohn-X-ns bYm\ne ssZhw Adn-bp-p. \mw \-htcm BIm--htcm F Imcy-n \psS kvt\ln-X-msc
I_-fn-n-p-hm \ap-p Ign-t-mw. Fm ssZhs I_-fn-n-p-hm \app km[y-a-.
ssZh-ns ZrjvSn-bn \msamw Ip-m-c-Wv. Imc-Ww, Ahn-Sps D-Xhpw hnip--hp-amb \ne7

hmcn\np \msamw Ipd-hp-f-f-h-cm-bn-on-cn-p-p. ssZh-hp-ambn hnip--kvt\-l-_w

]pep-hm krjvSn--s--h-\mWv a\p-jy. Cu _w ]pep-hm Ah\p km[n-p-n-sn `qan-bnse Xs Pohn-X-ns {]mY-an-I-eyw \nd-th-p--Xn Ah ]cm-P-b-s-n-cn-p-p.
Ahs ]m]-ns Ip-t_m[w \on--f-bp--Xp-h-scbpw Ah\p ssZh-hp-am-bp hnip--kvt\-l_--ns ktmjw A\p-`-hn-p-hm km[y-a-.
ssZhw F-s\-bp--h FmWp \mw Nnn-p-Xv? Cu temI-n-ep Bfp-Ip ssZhs-n hn`n--amb Nnm-K-Xn-I-fm-Wp--Xv. Fm ssZhs Bcpw Hcp \mfpw In-n-. Xqew
ssZh-s--n-bp kzIo-b--fmb Bi-b--sfmw Xs \njv{]-tbm-P-\-am-Wv. tbip-{InkvXp kzn\nv Cd-n-hp ssZhs a\p-jy\p shfn-s-Spnsbp ss__n {]kvXm-hn-p-p. a\pjy-cq-]-n shfn-s ssZhw Xs-bm-W-hn-Sp-v. CXmWp kXyw. tbip-{InkvXp hnip-nbpw
kvt\lhpw \nd kXy-ssZ-hs shfn-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-p.
\psS ]m]-ns Ipw \n\np \on--f-bp-hm FmWp amw? Hcp henb ]v
Bfp-Ipw X-fpsS Pohn-X-n-ep Ip-t_m[w Hcp henb {]iv\-am-bn-on-cn-p-. AXns\mcp ]cn-lmcw Ah Is-p-n-. Fm CXn\v Hcp-cw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn Dv. FmWXv?
]m]-s-p-dnp ]m--]n-p-Ibpw ZpxJn-p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw aXn-bm-Ip-I-bn-.
Hcp _mp-sIm--bn Hcp tImSXn F Ip-m-c-\mbn Is-n-sbpw Fs ]nXmhv B tImS-Xnbnse PUvPn-bm-sWpw k-ev]n-p-I. Rm sNbvX ]m]-s-n ]m--]n--Xn-\m am{Xw
Fs hn-b-bvp-hm B PUvPnp km[y-a-. Fs ]nXm-sh \ne-bn Atlw Fs kvt\lnp-p-m-bn-cn-pw. Fm Atlw Ahn-sS-bn-cn-p-Xv Hcp PUvPn-sb \ne-bn-em-Wv. AXn\m Rm ]mm--]n-mepw icn, At-l-ns aI-\m-bn-cp-mepw icn, Rm sNbvX Ip-n\v
Fs inn-p-hm Atlw _m[y--\m-Wv.
\oXn-am-\mb Hcp ssZh-n-emWp \mw hniz-kn-p--sX-n, Ahn-Spp a\p-jy-sc-m IqSpX \oXn-bp--h-\m-bn-cn--W-sap \mw Xo-bmbpw AwKo-I-cn--Ww. A-s\-sb-n \mw ]m-]n-p--Xp-sIm-p-am-{Xw, AYhm Ahn-Spp \s kvt\ln-p--Xp-sIm-p-am-{Xw, \s hn-bbvp-hm Ahn-Sp-tv Fs\ Ignbpw? Ahn-Spp ]q-ambpw \oXn-am-\m-Wv. \oXn-b-\p-k-cnp
in-bp-mtb Xocq.
Fm tImS-Xn-bnhv Fs ]nXm-hn\v Fs klm-bn-m-\mbn Hcp Imcyw sNm Ignbpw. \nb-a-{]-Imcw Atlw F\np \oXn A\p-im-kn-p ]q-amb in Iev]n-pw. AXn-\ptijw FtmSv: \n\v Hcp ew cq]m ]ng-bn-n-cn-pp'' Fv Atlw ]d-bpw. A\-cw Xm
tinp km-Zn ]W-n\nv Atlw Hcp ew cq]m FSpv F\np Xp-sImv C{]Imcw ]dbpw: ""aI-t\, CXm ]Ww. t]mbn \ns ]g-sbm-Spn kzmX{yw t\Sn-sm-pI''. Atlw
FmWp sNbvX-sXp \n {Kln-p-ptm? Hcp PUvPn-sb \ne-bn Atlw Fs innp. A\-cw Hcp ]nXm-sh \ne-bn Xm Xs B in-tb-p. CXmWp ssZZ-hhpw sNbvXn-p-Xv. Ahn-Spv Fm a\p-jy-h-tmSpw ]d-bpp: ""\n Ip-m-cm-Wv. \n Aln-p
in ac-W-in--bp-am-Wv.'' Hcp PUvPn-sb \ne-bn Ahn-Spp \s inn-p-p. AtXm-sSmw
Ahn-Spp \s kvt\ln--bm tbip-{In-kvXp-hn-eqsS Ahn-Spp XmWn-d-n-hp Xm Xs B
in-tbp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-p-p. CXn-\p-th-n-bmWv \psS ]m]-ns in hln-p-hm
tbip-{InkvXp acn--Xv. CXp kXy-am-sW--Xn-\p sXfnhp I-d-bn\np aqp Znh-k-n-\p-tijw
{InkvXp Poh-\p--h-\mbn ]pd-p-hp F-Xp-X-s. tbip-{InkvXp ac-Ws Pbn-p. Ahn-Spp
Cpw Pohn-p-p.
CXp \mw hniz-kn-t kXy-am-Wv. Fm \mw sNt--Xmbpw Nne-Xp-v. Fs ]nXm-hp
tImS-Xn-bn hp Rm sImSp-p-Xot ]Ww hmKvZm\w sNp-tm, At-l-ns ssIIfn \np Rm\Xp kzoI-cn-p-n-s-n F\np kzX-{-\m-bn-tm-Ip-hm km[y-a-. AXp-t]mse
tbip-{In-kvXp-hn ssZh hmKvZm\w sNp ]m]-a Rm ssIsm-t-Xv Bh-iy-am-Wv. \maXp
ssIsmpns-n \apv AXn\n-p {]tbm-P\w Hcn-epw t\Sm km[y-a-. ssZhw
Cp \np tbip-{In-kvXp-hn ]m]-a hmKvZm\w sNp-p. \n AXp kzoI-cn-ptam
Ctbm F Imcyw \n-fmWp sXc-s-Sp-t--Xv.

A[ymbw Av
Zpo-e-fpw ss\cm-iyhpw kw_-n
AZv`p-Xk
- X
- y-
temI-sa-m-Sp-ap P\- Xmsg--d-bp \mse--n Htm AXn-e-[n-Itam At\z-jn-p-h-cmWv: kpJw, Ion, [\w, A[n-Im-cw.
Fm CXn-s\--n-bp Hcp \nbaw \msamw Imte-Iqn Adn-n-cp-m \-Xm-Wv. B
8

\nb-as AZm-bm-h-tcm-l-\n-baw Fp hnfn-mw. (B-Zmbw AYhm {]Xn-^ew Ipdp hcnI

FmWv Cu hmns Aw).
Cu \nbaw Fs\ {]hn-pp F-dn-bp-hm Hcp ZrjvSm--sa-Sp-mw. kpJ-n-\p-thn-bp At\z-j-W-s-n Nnn-p-I. Bcw-`-L--n Hcp kpJ-hkvXp sNdnb Af-hn \mw
D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm AXp ]pI-bn-etbm aZytam tdmv kwKo-Xtam ab-p-a-cptm Ao-e-km-lnXytam \nb-a-hn-cp--amb ssewKn-I-_-tam GXp-am-Is Hc-f-hn KWy-am-sbmcp kpJw AXp \app
\Ip-p. Hcn- D]-tbm-Knp Ign-m Cu hkvXp- X-fpsS Cc-bpsS ta ]nSn apdp-phm-\m-cw-`n-p-p. HSp-hn a\p-jy AXns ASn-a-bmbpw B kpJ-ns Dt-P\w IqSmsX Pohnp-hm Ign-hn-m--h-\mbpw Xocp-p.
am{X-hp-a-, CXn-\-Sn-a-bm-bn-o hyn ]noSv AXp-]-tbm-Kn-p Hmtcm {]mh-iyhpw Xm
ap{]m-hiyw D]-tbm-Kn Af-hn-ep Zo]-I-hkvXp A{Xbpw kwXr]vXn X\np \Ip-n-sp
a\-n-em-p-p. ap]n-es AtX Af-hn-ep kpJw X\np e`n--W-sa-n Abm- IpsdpSn IqSnb Hcp tUmkv D]-tbm-Knt aXn-bmhq Fp hcp-p. CXmWv BZm-b-h-tcm-l-\n-b-aw. aZyn\pw ab-p-a-cp-n\pw ASn-a-s-Sp hyn-bpsS Imcy-n Abm-fpsS ico-chpw a\pw An-aambn \in-p-hm-\n-S-bm-Ip-p. Ao-e-km-ln-Xy-n\pw skIvkn\pw ASn-a-bm-Ip hyn km[m-cW
\ne-bn-ep ssewKn-I-_--n\np hne--W-X-I-fn-tep hgp-Xn-tm-Ibpw a\p-jy-s\-m XmW,
arKo-b-am-b, Hc-h--bn ]e-tmgpw Fn-t-cp-Ibpw sNp-p. Hmtcm tIknepw AXn\v ASn-a-bmbn-o-cp hyn Bq-cnb Ipc--s\-tmse tamN-\-an-m--hn[w IpSp-n-tm-I-bmWp sNp--Xv.
imkv{Xw, kwKoXw Fn-h-bpsS taJ-e-I-fn\np e`n-p kwXr-]vXn-bpsS Imcy-nepw,
Ch IqSp-X kmwkvIm-cnI kpJm-t\z-j-W-am--fm-sW-ntm-epw, Hcp Imcyw icn-bmWv: Ahbpw
BZm-b-h-tcm-l-\n-b-a-n-\-[o\w Xs.
Ion, [\w, A[n-Imcw Fn-h-bpsS At\z-j-W-nepw, Ch-bpsS amw Hcp-]t ab-p-acp-v, skIvkv Fn-h-tbmfw t-a-s-n-cp-mtmepw, Cu \nbaw CtX Xc-ns {]hnp-p. Ah Xnc-bmb hynsb ASn-a-bm-n-op-Ibpw HSp-hn \in-n-p-Ibpw sNpp.
Ion-bpsS At\z-j-W-s--n-s Nnn-p-I. kvIqhn-Zym-`ym-k-Im-ep X-fpsS
kvt\ln-X-mn-S-bn P\-{]o-Xn-bmn-p-hm-\p {ia-am-bn-mWv CXm-cw-`n-p--Xv. ]noSv {]ikvXn-p-th-n-bp Cu At\z-jWw AXp Imbn-Im-`ymkw, kn\n-a, kvt]mvkv Fn-s\ GXp
cwK-m-bmepw icn Hcp Xe-n\np thsdm-n-tep Dbp-bp t]mIp-p. \K-cm-Xnnp-n {]ikvXn t\Snb hyn cmPym-Xnn hsc-bp Ionbpw ]noSv AJn-e-tem-I-{]-ikvXnbpw B{K-ln-p-p. Cu At\z-j-W-hy-{K-X-bn Hcp hynv DZ-c-n Ak Dm-Ip-hm\p km[y-X-bp-v. Xs Db-bvp-thn Abm Nne-tm [mn-I{]-am-W-sf _en-I-gns-p-h-cmw. asm-cmsf \in-n-p-sImv Abmp-aotX Db m\w e`n-p-hm {ian-spw
hcmw. Fmw Ignv HSp-hn Abmp e`n-p {]Xn-^ew FmWv? C\n Iog-S-t D-XnI Hp-an-s-m-Ip-tm Abm \ncm-im-l-X-\m-Ip-p. At\Iw kn\n-am-Xm-c-fpw ap {]i-kvXhy-n-Ifpw Xp P\-{]o-Xn-bp-m-bn-cn-s-s B-cn-I-amb ss\cm-iy-n-\-Sn-sv BlXy sNp-hm CS-bm-bn-p-v.
km-n-I-cw-Kv Cu \nbaw Fs\ {]hn-pp Fm-tem-Nn-p-I. Bcw-`-L--n
Hcp a\p-jy D]-Po-h-\-n-s\mcp amw Is-p-hm am{X-ambn Hcp hym]mcw Bcw-`n-sp hcmw.
Fm {ItaW Ahs IpSpw-_m-h-iy--p-d-ambn em`w hn-p--tXmsS Xs hym]m-c-km{amPyw hnI-kn-n-p-hm-\p am- Abm At\z-jn-p-p. As\ Hcn-epw Ah-km-\n-m-hn[w [\-n-\p-th-n-bp Hcp s\tmw Bcw-`n-p-p. Hmtcm a\p-jy-sbpw Bh-iy- km[np-sIm-Sp-p-hm ]cym-]vX-amb `uXn-I-hn-`-h- Cu `qan-bn Ds-ntmepw Hscm hyn-bpsS-t]mepw AXn-tem-`s Xr]vXn-s-Sp-m t]m hn`-h-k-arn Cu temI-n-en-. ]W-n\pw
`uXnIhkvXp-pw Hcp a\p-jys\ AXns ]nSn-bn-e-an Pohn-X-n Hcn-epw kwXr]vXn
Is-p-hm Ign-bm--h-\mn amp-hm-\p Hcp in-bp-v. Xs Pohn-Xsbpw IpSpw-_-sbpw
kp-jvS-am-p-hm aXn-bm-b-sXv Hcp-h Icp-Xp `uXn-I-k-arn Cu L-n Ah\p kwXr]vXn
\Ip-n-. Chn-sSbpw BZm-bm-h-tcm-l-\n-baw {]hn-p-p. [\-k-ar-n-aqew Abm t\Snb
Db-Xcw Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv D]-I-c-W-, hnin-jvS-t`m-Py-, bm{X sNbvIbpw ]pXnb e-
ImWp-Ibpw sNp--Xns ckw, Db \ne-hm-c-n-ep kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw Fn-h-sbmw Abmp
\In-bn-cp kwXr]vXn ASn-bvSn Ipd-p-hc
- p-p. Ah-sbmw s]m-bmbpw iq\y-ambpw Abmp
tXmp-p. X\np Ipd-p-am{Xw ]W-ap-m-bn-cp Imep Xm IqSp-X kp-jvS\pw a\-wLjw Ipd--h-\p-am-bn-cp-p-shv Abm a\-n-em-p-p. X\np e`n-n-cp `uXn-I-kp-Jhpw
Ipd-p-t]m-sbv Abm Is-p-p. ""Hcp-\p kar-n-bp-m-bmepw Ahs hkvXp-h-I-b
Ahs Poh\v B[m-c-am-bn-cn-p-Xv'' Fp Im-hmb tbip{InkvXp-hns hN\w kXy-sav
CXp sXfn-bn-p-p.
9

cmjv{So-b-cw-Ktm at-sX-nepw cwK--fntem A[n-Im-ctam m\-am-\-tfm At\z-jn-p-h-cpsS Imcy-n Cu \nbaw F{]-Imcw {]hn-p-p-shv C\n Btem-Nn-p-I. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
cmjv{So-b-cw-Kv Hcn- ]me-sa v AwK-ambn sXc-s-Sp--s Hcp a\p-jy Ctm AXpsImp Xr]vXn-s-Sp-n-. Hcp a{n-m-\-n-t-emWv Ctm Abm Ip-h-n-cn-p--Xv.
cmPys Ghpw D-X-amb m\v Fn-tm t]mepw Xm ]nsbpw \ncm-i\pw Akz-\p-ambn XpS-cp-p-shv Abm Is-p-p. ""apSn NqSnb ioj-sa-tmgpw ITn-\m-kz--X-bn
ibnp lm!'' Fm-Wtm B]vX-h-N-\w. Xm Am-X-\mbncp Imev Hcn-epw Hcp sImebm-fn-bpsS ssIbm acn-m-\n-S-bm-Ip-sa `oXn Abmsf ]oUn-n-n-cp-n-.
Cu Fm cwK--fnepw CXv C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cn-p-Xv Fp-sImv?
\n Hmtcm-cp--cnepw ssZh-n-\p-am{Xw \nd-bvm-hp Hcp iq\y-m-\-ap-v. kpJw, {]ikvXn, [\w, A[n-Imcw Fn-h-sImv Cu iq\y-m-\-s \nd-bvp-hm a\p-jy Fm-bvtmgpw
InWp ]cn-{i-an-p-I-bm-Wv. Fm AsXmcp \njv^-e-{]-b-Xv\-am-Wv. AXns An-a-^ew
ss\cmiyw Xs. \ap-sm-cn-epw kwXr-]vXn-e-`n-p-n FXp Xs AXn\p Imc-Ww.
ssZhw \nXy-Xsb a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-n m]n-n-cn-p--Xmbn ss__n ]d-bp-p. ""ssZh-ta,
\o Rsf \n\-m-bn-s \nn-n-cn-pp; \ns ASp--sen \nn hn{iaw Is-p-Xp-h-scbpw R-fpsS lrZ-b-p hn{i-a-an'' Fv AK-o ]d-n-p-Xv F{X ]c-amw!
Cu temI-n D-Xhpw BIj-I-hp-amb Fm-n-s-taepw ssZhw Xs hn-p Hcp \nba-amWv BZm-bm-h-tcm-l-\n-b-aw. Xm \nXy-X-bpsS Hcp krjvSn-bm-sWp a\p-jy a\-n-em-p--Xn\p-th-n-bmWv Ahn-Spv A{]-Imcw sNbvXn-p--Xv. ssZh-ns ]cn-ip-m-m-hn-\m-e-msX \ndbv-s-Sp-hm-\m-hm Hcm-ob iq\y-m-\-hp-am-bn-mWv Ahn-Spp a\p-jys\ krjvSn-n-p--Xv.
Fm cpNn-I-c-amb Hcp ]m\obw Hcp ]m{X-n \nd-bvp--Xn\p apv B ]m{Xw ipNn-bmt-n-bn-cn-p--Xp-t]mse \psS lrZ-b- ssZhm-m-hn-\m \nd-bv-s-Sp--Xn-\p-apv AXp
]m]-am-en-\y--fn\np ipo-I-cn--s-tS--Xm-h-iy-am-Wv. \psS lrZ-b-sf ipo-I-cnp ]q
\n-e-am-n-opI F Dt-iy-tm-sS-bmWv tbip{InkvXp \psS ]m]-p-thn {Iqint acn--Xv.
tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ \psS Pohn-X-ns Fm a-e--fnepw A[o-i-\mbn AwKo-I-cn-ptm am{Xta \psS lrZ-b--fnse Fm Akz--I-sfbpw Pbn-p-hm Ign-hp bYmhpw
imiz-X-hp-amb kwXr]vXn \mw Is-p-I-bp-q.

A[ymbw Bdv
Ana \ymb-hn-[n-sb--n-bp AZv`p-X-k-Xy-
Cu `qan-bnse \psS PohnXw Hc-]q-I-Y-bm-Wv. ac-W-n-te-p Hc-\p-{Ia {]bm-W-ambn
Pohn-Xs Icp-Xmw. \m Ign-bpw-tXmdpw Cu {]bmWw ivaim-\-n sN-h-km-\n-p B AyZn-\-tmSp kao-]n-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p. ac-W-tm-Sp-IqSn _mlym-Im-i-n-te-p-b-cp Hcp tdm-d-dpt]mse \mw Cu `qan-tbmSp bm{X ]d-bp-p. FmWp acWw? \psS tZlnbpw Bmhpw ico-cn\np ths]-Sp Hcp th]m-Sm-W-Xv. B ka-b-p {][m\ tNmZyw CXmWv: Fhn-tS-mWp
\mw t]mIp-Xv? \n-fpsS ey-m-\-ta-sXp \n Adn-bp-ptm?
ac-Wm-\--c-Po-hnXw Cu `qan-bnse Pohn-X-s-m IqSp-X {][m-\-am-Wv. \nXyX Ime-sm-f-[nIw {][m-\-am-Wv. `qan-bnhp \mw Fhn-sS, Fs\ kabw sNe-h-gn-pp F-Xn-s\-m
A[nIw {][m-\-amWv \nXyX \mw FhnsS sNe-hn-Spp F-Xv. aqV-\mb a\p-jy {lkz-Zr-jvSn-bmWv. Xqew Cu Pohn-X-s-p-dnp am{Xta Ah Nnn-p-p-q. Fm m\n-bmb a\pjy `mhn-bn-tep t\mn \nXy-X-bvmbn Hcpw sNp-p.
CXn\p ZrjvSm--ambn Hcp bphm-hns IY Nnn-p-I. e--W-n\p cq]-bpsS kzp
bphmhv _mwq-cnhp Xma-k-ap-d-n-p-hm Xocp-am-\n-p-shp Icp-Xp-I. Ahn-tS-bvp bm{Xbvp-n Abm cp Znhkw apwss_-bn sNe-h-gn-p-p. B cp Znh-k-n-\p-n Abm
]Ww I-am\w sNe-h-gn-p-Ibpw NqXm--n-tesp Xs kp apgp-h [q-Snp \in-np-Ibpw sNp-p. Ah-km-\-ambn Abm _mwq-cn-se-p-tm ssIhiw ]W-sam-p-an-m-Xm-bno-cp-Ibpw tijn Adp-]-Xp-hjw B ]-W-nse sXcp-hp-I-fn `n-bm-Nnpw Xe-Nm-bn-m-\n-San-m-sXbpw Pohn-t-n-h-cn-Ibpw sNp-p.C-csamcp a\p-jy\p \n Fp t] sImSppw? Xo-bmbpw "t`mj' Fp Xs.
Cu temI-Po-hn-X-s-p-dnp am{Xw Nnn-p-Ibpw \nXy-Xsb Ah-K-Wn-p-Ibpw sNp Hcp a\pjy CXnepw henb t`mj-\m-Wv. Fs-m Cu temI-nse \psS Pohn-X-Imew 100 hj-ambn-cp-m t]mepw \nXy-X-tbmSp Xmc-X-ay-s-Sp-p-tm AXv Hcp \nan-j-ns sNdn-sbm-cwiw
10

am{X-am-Wv.
\msa-m-hcpw \psS Cl-tem-I-Po-hn-X-s-n ssZh-tmSp IWp t_m[n-n-t Hcp
Znhkw hcp--Xmbn ss__n ]d-bp-p. Cu `qan-bn a\p-jy-N-cn-{X-ns At\-I-a-t\Iw \qmp-I-fn-eqsS Pohn-n-cp-n-p tImSn--W-n\p a\p-jy-sc-n Nnn-p-tm Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw Xs
Pohn-X-Im-ep sNbvIbpw ]d-Ibpw Nnn-bpw sNbvXn-p Fm-n-sbpw Hcp IWp ssZhw
F{]-Im-c-amWp kqn-p--sX-tmp \mw AZv`p-X-s-t-mw. Hmtcm a\p-jy-sbpw Hm-in
CXns IWp kqn-p-p-v.
\mw sNbvIbpw ]d-Ibpw Nnn-bpw sNp Fm-n-s\bpw kXy-k--ambn tcJ-s-Sp-p
Hcp hnUntbm tp-t]m-se-bmWv \psS Hm-i-n. AXp \psS B-cn-I-a-t\m-`m-h--sfbpw
Dt-iy--sfbpw IqSn tcJ-s-Sp-p-p. Hcp a\p-jy acn-p-tm Ah Xs ico-cs Cu `qanbn shSn-bp-p-sh-nepw Ahs Hm-in Ahs tZln-bpsS Hcp `mK-am-I-bm B tZln-tbmsSmw arXm-m--fpsS a-e-n sNs-p-p. Ah-km-\-ambn \ymb-hn-[n-Zn-hkw hcp-tm
`qan-bnse Xs apgp-h Pohn-X-n-sbpw IWp t_m[n-n-p-hm-\mbn Ah ssZh-ap-msI
\nt-n-h-cp-p.
B Znh-k-n \ymb-hn-[n-mbn Hmtcm hyn-bp-sSbpw apd hcp-tm ssZh-n\v Abm-fpsS
IWp tIp-hm-\mbn Abm-fpsS Xs Hm-i-n-bpsS hnUntbm tp Xncn-p-hp tIn-pItbm sNt--Xp-q. B ]cn-tim-[-\-bpsS kqvaX Bpw tNmZyw sNp-hm km[y-a-. ImcWw, Abm-fpsS Xs Hm-in Xs Cl-tem-I-Po-hn-X-nse hni-Zmw-i-sf Xncn-p-t\m-p-Ibmhpw AhnsS sNp--Xv.
Cp a\p-jy AWn-n-p am\y-X-bp-sSbpw aX-`-n-bp-sSbpw ]pdw-N Ap hen-p amd-ds-Sp-Ibpw bYm-n-ep B-cn-I-a-\p-jy GXp hn[-ap--h-s\-Xp shfn-s-Sp-Ibpw sNpw.
Ap aX-`n Bscbpw cn-p-I-bn-. Fs-m Hmtcm-cp-\pw GsXmcp Xc-n P\n--h\m-bm-epw, GXp aXw Ah-ew-_np Pohn--h-\m-bm-epw, Fm-hcpw ]m]w sNbvXp-sh Imcyw hyambn shfn-s-Spw. \mw sNbvX \-{]-hr-n-Ifpw Zcn-{Ztm ]ntm A-e-nt\m tamkvInt\m
]Ww Zm\w sNbvXXpw Av Hcp-h-s\-bpw cn--bn-. Imc-Ww, Cu aXm-\p-jvTm-\-sm-n\pw
\psS ]m]-ns tcJsb \in-n-p-hm km[y-a-.
B \yb-hn[n Znh-k-n \mw sNbvXXpw ]d-Xpw Nnn--Xp-amb tZmj--fpsS B tcJ
\ap-s-Xntc hnUntbm tp-t]mse kmyw ]d-bmsX AXns\ nc-am-bn-s ambn-p-I-f-bphm Hscm am-sa-bp-p. \psS \-{]-hr-n-I tZmj-{]-hr-n-Isf ambn-p-I-f-I-bn-. \mw
sNbvX ]m]-p \ymbhpw \oXn-bp--hp-amb Hcp in \tIn hcpw. ]m]-n\p ssZhn-I\n-b-a-{]-Imcw Hscm in am{X-amWv D-sXp ss__n ]d-bp-p. AXp \nXy-a-c-W-am-Wv. \psS
]m]-p-thn \msamw Aln-p in Cu acWw Xs-bm-Wv.
Cu in-bn\np \s hnSp-hn-m-\mWv ssZh-]p-{X-\mb tbip-{InkvXp GI-tZiw 2000 hjp-apv kz-n\np `qan-bn-tep hcn-Ibpw sbcp-i-te-an-\p-]p-dv Hcp Ipcn-in acn-bpw
sNbvX-Xv. AhnsS Ahn-Spp a\p-jy-h-ns ]m]-p-th-n-bp ssZh-in-sb Fm
aX-hn-`m-K--fnepw s] Fm a\p-jycpw A\p-`-hn-t in-sb-s Xs ta Gs-Sp-p.
ASp-p Hcp I-d-bn Ahn-Spp AS--s-p. Xm hmkvX-h-n ssZh-]p-{X-\m-sWpw a\pjys Ghpw henb i{Xp-hmb ac-Ws Pbn-p-hm X\np km[y-am-sWpw sXfn-bn-p-sImp
aqmw-Zn-hkw Ahn-Spp acn--h-cn\np Pohn-s-gp-t-p. \m]Xp Znh-k-n-\p-tijw H-[nIw
t] Ahn-Sps t\mn-sm-n-cn--bn-s, kIe a\p-jy-scbpw \ymbw hn[n-p-hm ssZhns \nb-an--s ka-bp Xm `qan-bn-tep Xncnsb hcp-sap hmKvZm\w sNbvXp-sImv AhnSpp kz-tcm-lWw sNbvXp. B hmKvZm\w Ahn-Spp \In-b-tijw Ctm 1960- ]cw hj IS-p-t]m-bn-cn-p-p. `qan-bn-te-p Ahn-Sps Xncn-p-h-c-hns kabw Ctm Bk--ambn-cn-p-p. Cu Znh-k--fn-sem-n kz-n\nv Ahn-Spv BIm-i-n {]Xy--\m-Ip-Xp
\mw ImWpw.
Ncn-{X-n a\p-jy-h-ns ]m]-n-\p-thn ac-W-a-S-n-p GI-hyn tbip-{In-kvXphm-Wv. ac-W-n\nv Dbns-gp-t GI hynbpw Ahn-Spp Xs. Cu cp Imcy--fn
tbip-{InkvXp \nkvXp-ey-\-t{X.
Cp \mw tbip \psS ]m]-p-thn acn-p-Ibpw Dbns-gp-tp-Ibpw sNbvXpsh hnizm-k-tmsS \psS ]m]--fn\np hnp-amdn Ah-sb-p-dn--\p-X-]nv tbip-{InkvXp aqew
\tmSp an-p-hm ssZh-tm-S-t]np-]w Ahn-Spp \psS ]m]- an-p-Ibpw
B hnUntbm tn\nv Ahsb ambn-p-I-f-bp-Ibpw sNpw.
Fm CXp-am-{X-a ssZhw \app hmKvZm\w sNbvXn-p--Xv. Xs Bm-hn-eqsS AhnSpp \psS lrZ-b--fn hkn-p-sapw \psS ]m]-kz-`m-h--fp-sS-ta Xs Bmhp aptJ\
hnPbw Ic--am-p-hm-\p in \app \Ip-sa-pw-IqSn Ahn-Spp hmKvZm\w sNp-p. C{]Imcw \psS Hm-bp-tS-Xmb hnUntbm tp hcp Znh-k--fn \n-e-X-bp-tSbpw hnip-n-bp11

tSbpw \-bp-tS-Xp-amb Hcp tcJ-bm-bn-o-cpw.

a\p-jy-h-n-\p-thn ssZhw \nb-an-n-p GI cm-amw CXm-Wv. CXp \mw Ic--amp-n-s-n ]no-Sp GI t]mwhgn \ymb-hn[n \mfn \psS Hm-bpsS hnUntbm tn-eqsS
ssZhw \psS ]m]--fpsS tcJsb shfn-s-Sp-p--Xns\ \mw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-pI F-Xm-Wv. Cu
kXyw Adn-bp-Ibpw kIe ]m]n-Ip-ambn An-\-c-I-n ssZhw \nb-an-n-p \nXy-in-mhn[nbpsS `bm-\-IX \app t_m[yam-hp-Ibpw sNp-tm a\p-jy-hns c-bvmbn ssZhw
\nb-an-n-p GI-am-s-n Fm-hpw kvt\l-]qhw ap-dn-bnp \IpI FXp \psS
IS-a-bm-bn-o-cp-p.

A[ymbw Fgv
Ncn{Xnse Ghpw henb kw`-hs
kw_-n AZv`p-X-k-Xy-
Im-hmb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns ac-Whpw Dbns-gp-t]p-amWv temI-N-cn-{X-nse Ghpw
{][m-\-s cp kw`-h-. {InkvXo-b-hn-izm-k-n\v ASn-m-\-am-bn-cn-p cp tI{-h-kvXpX-Ifpw Ah Xs.
Imhdn {Iqin kw`-hn {InkvXp-hns ac-W-n\np \app ]Tn-p-hm km[n-p-Xmbn Ipd--]w \mep hy-amb kXy- Dv.
1
ac-W-n\ptijw Hcp Pohn-X-apv
Ctm-gp Cu PohnXw am{X-amWv BsI-q-Sn-bp--sX-n tbip-{InkvXp Hcn-epw acn--bnm-bn-cp-p. ssZhn-I-amb in Ahn-Sp-tv Dm-bn-cp-p. AXn-\m Xm\m-{K-ln-n-cp-p-sh-n
i{Xp--fpsS ssIbn \np \njv{]-bmkw Ahn-Sp-tp c-s-Sm-am-bn-cp-p. Ah Xs {Iqin
Xd-bvp-hm CS-bm-Ip-amdv Ahn-Spv Xs-s Ah-cpsS ] Gev]n-p-sIm-Sp-t Bhiyw
tbip-hn\v Dm-bn-cp-n-.
ac-Wm-\-cPohn-X-sbpw a\p-jy-tZln ac-W-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-s \nXy-X-bn-tep {]th-in-p-Xn-s\bpw kw_-n bmYmyw, XtmSp IqSn {Iqin--s I-m-cn Hcp-h-t\mSp tbip
]d Cu hmp-I-fnqSnbpw shfn-s-Sp-pv: ""Cp \o Ftm-Sp-IqsS ]dp-Zo-k-bn Ccnpw''.
tbiphpw am\-km--c-s B I\pw B Znhkw Xs ]dp-Zo-k-bn-tep {]th-in-p.
tbip aqp Znh-k-n-\p-tijw ac-W-n\np aS-n-h--Xn-\m tbip-hns Cu hmp-I
A\z-am-bn-cn-p-p. ac-W-sbpw ac-Wm-\--c-Po-hn-X-sbpw ]n tbip ]d-Xv B-cn-I-ambn-s kXy-am-sW-p--Xn\v Ghpw hy-amb sXfnhv AXm-Wv. Cu Pohn-X-s-m IqSpX {][m-\-amb Hcp ac-Wm-\--c-Po-hn-X-ap-sv Hmp-sIm-p-I.
2
ssZhw hnip--\mWv
{InkvXp-hns ac-W-n\np \mw ]Tn-p cm-a-sXmcp kXyw ssZhw A]-cn-ta-bhpw
kq-hp-am-b-hn[w hnip--\m-sWpw Ahn-Sp-tp ]m]s kln-m Ign-bp-I-bn-spw DXm-Wv. {Iqin-t hp temI-ns ]m]w ]m]-c-ln-X-\mb ssZh-]p-{X-s-ta Npa--s--tm
ssZhw Xs apJw tbip-hn\np amn--f-p-shpw Ahn-Sps ssIhn-p-shpw \mw ImWp-p.
Fs-m ssZh-n\p ]m]s t\mpI km[y-a-. ss__n ]d-bp--Xp-t]mse tZmjw IpIq-Sm-X-hw \n-e-Zr-jvSn-bp--h-\mWv ssZhw (l-_. 1:13). ssZh-ns {]nb-]q-{X temI-ns
]m]w hln--tm ssZhn-I-\ym-b-hn[n Ahn-Sp-s-ta ]Xn-p. ssZh-ns kvt\lw ]m]s
Ah-K-Wn-p-hm Ahn-Sps A\p-h-Zn-p-n-. ssZh-ns ZrjvSn-bn ]m]w F{X `bm-\-I-a-sWp Imcyw CXp \s ]Tn-n-p-p. ssZhw \nsf G-hp-a-[nIw kvt\ln-p-p-m-bn-cn-mw.
Fnepw \n-fpsS Pohn-X-n ]m]-ap-s-n Xm Imhdn {Iqin ssIhn--Xp-t]m-se-Xs
Xo-bmbpw Ahn-Spp \n-sfbpw ssIhn-p-I-f-bpw. ssZhw Xsf kvt\ln-p-I-aqew X-fpsS
Pohn-X-n-ep ]m]s IW-m-msX hnK-Wn-p-I-f-bp-sap ]ecpw Nnn-p-p. Fm ]m]w
AXm-cn ImW-s-mepw icn ]m]w Xs-bm-sW-p Imcyw \mw Hcn-epw ad--cp-Xv.
ssZhw Zln-n-p-sIm-n-cn-p Hcp An t]mse-bm-Wv. X-fpsS Pohn-X-n ]m]-ap--h
Ah-\m Zln--s-Spw. \mw \psS Pohn-X-ns IWp t_m[n-n-p-hm ssZh-ap-msI \ntn-h-cp Znh-k-n \psS ZrjvSn-bn \mw ap--h-sc-m sa-am-sW hkvXp-Xbvp bmsXmcp
hnebpw Dm-hp-I-bn-. IpjvTw, Iymk, {`mv Fn-h-sb-m tamihpw `oI-c-hp-amb HmWv
]m]w. AXp \s \nXy-am-bn-s \in-n-p-hm ]cym-]vX-am-Wv.
3 ssZhw kvt\l-amWv
{InkvXp-hns ac-W-n\np \mw ]Tn-p aqm-as hkvXpX ssZhw A{]-ta-b-am-b12

hn[w kvt\ln-p--h-\mWv F-X-t{X. ssZh-ns kvt\lw Ahn-Spp \tmSp kwkm-cn-p

Zbm-]q-amb hmp-I-fntem \tmSp ImWn-p Imcp-Wy-ntem A, ]nstbm \psS ]m]-fn \np \s cn-p-hm-\mbn Xs ]p{Xs\ \ap-p-thn acn-p-hm Ahn-Spp \In-b-Xn\m-emWp \mw ImWp--Xv. Hcp a\pjy Xs Pohs\ asm-cmp-thn hp-sIm-Sp-p--Xn-s\m IqSp-X al--c-amb Hcp kvt\l-{]-I-S\w Cu `qan-bn C.
tbip-{InkvXp \s kvt\lnp \psS ]m]-ns \ymb-hn[n Xs ta Gs-Spp \s
cn-p-hm B{K-ln--Xp-sImp am{X-amWv {Iqip-a-c-W-ns AXn-th-Z-\-bvmbn Xs-m
Gev]n-p-sIm-Sp--Xv. imco-c-I-ambpw am\-kn-I-ambpw sshIm-cn-I-ambpw Ahn-Spp thZ\ kln-p.
Fm-n-\p-ap-]cn Xs kz--]n-Xm-hn-\m Xm ssIhn--tm Ahn-Spv Bo-b-ambn AXn-thZ\ A\p-`-hn-p.
ssZh-]p-{X {Iqin A\p-`-hn B thZ\ apgp-h ssZhw a\p-jys\ F{X-b-[nIw kvt\lnp-Ibpw hne-s--h-\m-bn--cp-Xp-Ibpw sNp-p-sh--Xns sXfn-hm-Wv. Cu temI-n a\p-jy
hne-Ip-d--h-\m-Wv. Fm \n-fpsS bYm hne-sb---dn-bp-hm \n-fm-{K-ln-p--sh-n
ssZh-]p-{X-\mb tbip \nmbn Poh h {Iqin-tep \n t\mt-n-bn-cn-p-p. ssZhw
F{X-b-[nIw \nsf kvt\ln-p-p-shv AXp hy-am-p-p.
ssZh-n\p a\p-jy-tcm-Sp kvt\ls Hc-bvp Xs Ipn-t\m-Sp kvt\l-tmSp
ss__n D]-an-p-p. Hc Xs inip-hns GsXmcp tcmKhpw Xn-tev Gs-Spv Xs Ipnsb
kzX-{-\m-p-hm-\m-{K-ln-p--Xp-t]mse a\p-jy Xs ]m]-ns in-bn\np kzX-{-\m-Ip-Xn-\p-thn ssZhw B in Xs-ta Gs-Sp-p.
ssZh-ns kq-hn-ip-nbpw kq-kvt\-lhpw {Iqin kt-fn-p-p. ]m]-ns
in-bmb B-a-c-W-m a\p-jy inn--s-S-W-sav Ahn-Sps kq-hn-ipn Bh-iys-Sp-p. Ahn-Sps kq-kvt\-l-am-I-s, a\p-jys m\w Gs-Sp-nv B ac-Ws Xs
ta hln-p-p.
4
c-bvmbn asmcp amhpw C
{InkvXp-hns ac-W-n-eqsS kv^Sn-I-kv^p-S-am-bn-o-cp asmcp hkvXpX CXm-Wv. a\pjys c-bvmbn ap bmsXmcp amhpw C.
cbvp at-sX-nepw amw km[y-am-bn-cp-s-n ssZhw B amw kzoI-cn-p-Ibpw Xs
{]nb-]p-{X A{X-b-[nIw IjvSX kln-p-hm A\p-h-Zn-m-Xn-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-am-bn-cp-p. Hcp \
PohnXw Pohn-p--Xp-sIm-p-am{Xw \app kz-n ssZh-k-n-[n-bn Fn-t-cm km[n-pam-bn-cp-s-n Xs ]p{X A\m-h-iy-ambn {Iqins thZ\ kln-m CS-bm-n-bXp ssZh-ns
`mKv Hcp _pn-lo-\-X-bm-bn-o-cp-am-bn-cp-p.
\mw ssZh-s-m m\n-I-f-. A-a hnip-n-bp-sSbpw kq-\o-Xn-bp-sSbpw Ah-Imi-hm-Z-sf Hp-Xon\p hnt[-b-am-msX a\p-jys\ Ahs Zp-Xn-bn\np hnSp-hn-m ssZhns A-a--m-\-n\v Hscm amw am{Xta Is-p-hm Ign-p-p. B amw A\-amb IjvS-X-b-\p-`-hn-p-hm CS-bm-p--Xm-bn-p-t]mepw ssZh-ns A\--kvt\lw B hgn-bnqSn-tm-Ip-hm a\-p-h-bvp-I-bmWv Dm-b-Xv.
a\p-jy-c-bvp asmcp am-ap-m-Im-sap k-ev]n-p-Xv ssZh-s-m m\n-I-fmbn \s-s Icp-Xp-I-bm-Wv. a\p-jy-Nn--bpsS AXn-cp-I-S t`mjw shfn-hm-p Hcp at\m`m-h-am-W-Xv.
{InkvXp-hns acWw \s GXp Imcyw ]Tn-n-p-p-shp \mw a\-n-em-n-bn-ptm? Dsn \n\np ]cym-]vX-amb Hscm {]Xn-I-c-Wta Dm-Ip-hm-\n-S-bp-p. Ime-nepw \nXy-Xbnepw \psS PohnXw tbip-{In-kvXp-hn\p Iogvs-Sp-n-sm-Sp-pI F-Xm-Wv. CXn\p _pn-]-camb Hcp kXw am{Xw \Ip-Xv A-iq-\y-am-Wv. \psS Cm-i-n-bn\n-p {]Xn-I-cWw
AYhm k-X-amWv ssZhw \n\nv B{K-ln-p--Xv.

A[ymbw Fv
Ghpw AZv`p-Xm-h-l-amb kXyw
Hcp acp-`q-a-bnqSn bm{X-sN-p-tm Zmlm-cmbn ac-Ws kao-]n-p a\p-jy-sc-tmse-bmWp \msa-m-h-cpw. bm{X-m-cn-em-sc-n-ep-sam-cm shw Is-n-bm Abm Xo-bmbpw
Amcyw ap--hsc Adn-bn-p-hm B{K-ln-pw. shw IpSn--W-sav Ahsc \n_-n-phm Abmp km[y-a-. Fnepw sh-ns Ddh Ahp Nqn-m-Wn-p-hm Abmp
Ign-bpw. \mapw AXp-X-s-bmWp sNp--Xv. \nXy-Po-h FhnsS e`y-am-sWv AXn-\mbn B{K-lnp Fm-hpw ImWn-p-sIm-Sp-pI FXp Xs.
13

Ghpw henb ]m]nv Abm Pm{K-X-tbmsS ssZhs At\z-jn-p-p-sh-n Hscm \nanjw

sImv Hcp ssZh-]p-{X-\m-bn-o-cm Ignbpw F-XmWv temI-nse Ghpw AZv`p-Xm-h-l-amb
kXyw.
Hcp cm{Xn \n tdmUnqSn \S-p-tm Hc-p-ss]km \mWbw ssIbn\np hoWpt]m-bm AXp Is-p-hm \n F{X-k-abw sNe-h-gnpw? Hcp-]t Hcp an\n-p-t]mepw
sNe-hm-p-I-bn-. Fm \qdp-cq]m t\mp-I-fpsS Hcp sIv \n Fhn-sStbm hnp ImWm-sX-bmbm AXn-\p-th-n F{X t\cw At\z-jnpw? AXp Is-p--Xp-h-scbpw \n At\z-jn-pw.
H-[nIw Bfp-I ssZhs Hc-p-ss]km \mWbw t]mse am{X-amWp Icp-Xp--Xv. Ah Ahn-Sps- I-smsX t]mIp--Xn AZv`p-X-n-\-h-Im-i-an-. Ahn-Spv AXn-s\-m-sfmw F{Xtbm
hne-s--h-\mWv! Hcp s]n \ndsb ASp-n-h-n-cn-p \qdp-cq]m t\mp-I-sf-m Ah-tbm-Sp
Xmc-Xayw icn-sb-n F{Xtbm A[nIw hne-tb-dn-b-h-\mWp ssZhw!
ssZhw B{K-ln-p-Xp b{-a-\p-jy-sc-b; Ahn-Sp-t-m-hiyw ]p{X-m-sc-bm-Wv. AXpsIm-mWv Ahn-Spv \ap-smw kzX-{-amb Hcn-m-in \In-bn-p--Xv. Ahn-Sps A\p-k-cnmt\m A\p-k-cn-m-Xn-cn-mt\m \app Ign-bpw. ssZh-tmSv A\p-k-c-W-tSp Imp-hm kzmX{y-ap Cu Cm-in D]-tbm-Kn-n-mWp \msamw hgn-sX-n-tm-bn-p--Xv. ]m]w \psS PohnXs am{X-a \in-n-n-p--Xv. AXp \psS IpSpw-_--sfbpw \in-n-n-cn-p-p. AXv Cu temIn \s Zpcn-X-]q-cm-n-Xon-cn-p-p. An-a-ambn AXp \s \nXy-\-c-I-n-se-n-bpw
sNpw.
Fm Ctm \psS Ign Imes Fm ]m]-pw tbip-{In-kvXp-hns {Iqip-a-cW-n-eqsS kqhpw kuP-\y-hp-amb a \Ip-hm-\mbn ssZhw \s am\-km--c-n-tep
Wn-p-p. am\-km--c-sa-m ]m]-]-n-e-amb Pohn-X-amw hnp ssZh-n--tep Xncn-bpI
Fm-Ww.
CXp sNp-hm ssZh-n\p \s \n_-n-m-am-bn-cp-p. Hmtcm {]mh-iyhpw \mw ]m]w
sNptm Ahn-Spp \app tcmKw hcp-p-Ibpw An-a-abn \mw ssZhs A\p-k-cn-p-hm
\n_-n-X-cm-bn-o-cp-amdp \tmSv CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNm-am-bn-cp-p. A-s\-sb-n \mw a-fm-bn-, b{-a-\p-jytcm ASn-a-Itfm am{X-am-bnp amdn-tm-Ip-am-bn-cp-p. Xqew Ahn-Spv A{]-Imcw sNpn-. \psS kzw sXc-s-Spp aptJ\ \mw ]m]s hnp-Xn-cn-bp-hm-\mbn Ahn-Spp Imn-cnp-p.
Ctm \n B Xocp-am\w FSp-p-I. A-s\-sb-n Hcp \nanjw sImp \nv
Hcp ssZh-]p-{X-\m-bn-o-cm Ign-bpw. \n AXp a\-n-em-p-n-s-n-sbpw CXv Hcp Poh-c-W-{]-iv\-am-Wv.
Ctm \n ssZh-tmSv C{]-Imcw {]mn-ptam?...
""Im-hmb tbip-th, Rm inm-hn-[np tbmKy-\mb Hcp ]m]n-bm-sWp Rm k-Xnp-p. Av Fs inm-hn[n A-bp-sS-ta Gs-Spv Fs ]m]-p-thn acn-bpw acWm-\-cw Poh-\p--h-\mbn I-d-bn\np ]pd-p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\m Rm Asb \ntbmsS kvXpXn-p-p. Fs ]m]-a-b-amb PohnXw Dt]-n-p-hm Rm bYm-ambn B{K-lnp-p. Im-hmb tbip-th, Fs lrZ-b-n-tep hc-W-ta. Fs ip-\m-n-ov Cp-apX Hcp ]pXnb PohnXw Bcw-`n-p-hm Fs klm-bn--W-ta. Fs tijn Pohn-X-Imew apgph Ahn-Sps al-Xz-n-\mbn Pohn-p-hm A-bpsS in F\np Xtc-W-ta. Fs {]m\
tI-Xn-\mbn Rm Asb kvXpXn-pp''.
CXp \n-fpsS Pohn-X-n Fs-nepw \n FSp-n-p--Xn hv Ghpw {][m-\-amb
Xocp-am-\-am-bn-cn-pw.
ssZhw \nsf kar--ambn A\p-{K-ln--s.

A\p-_w
]cn-Wm-as kw_-n AZv`p-X-k-Xy-
1859- Nmkv Umhn Pohn-h--fpsS DZv`hw (Origin of species) F {Kw Fgp-Xn.
AXn-\p-tijw 1871- a\p-tjym]n (Descent of man) F {Khpw {]kn-o-I-cn-p. a\p-jy
Nnkn-p-c-n\np ]cn-Wmaw {]m]n-p-m-b-Xm-sW-p Xs km-ev]n-I-kn-mw (hypothesis) Cu cm-aXp ]d ]pkvX-I-n-emWv Btlw Ah-X-cn-n-n-p--Xv. Fm Cu {Kn ""\app thW-sa-n k-ev]nmw'' (We may well suppose) F A\n-n-X-Xz-kq-N-I-amb
]Z-{]-tbmKw Fq-dn-e-[nIw {]mhiyw Bhn-n-p-v. Umhn\v Cu knm--ns km[p-X-sbn Xo-bp-m-bn-cp-n-. At-l-ns sXfn-bn--s-Sm km-ev]n-I-kn-mw kzoI-cn-n-p
Bfp-I-fn\np hyXy-kvX-ambn Xs \n-b-an-mbva Atlw hy-ambn FSpp ]d-n-p-v.
14

AXp k-Xn-p-hm X-h--ap kXy-k-X Atlw ]pep-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-p.

Hcn-Sp ImW-s Hcp ]n-bpsS ]tm asm-cn-Sp Is-nb Ipc-ns Xe-tbm-ntbm
a\p-jy-h-]qhn-I-cpsS Ah-in-jvS--fm-sWhIm-i-s-p-sImv At\Iw h-I-m Ffp--n
I_-fn--s-Sm-hp _lp-P-\-sf sXn--cn-n-p-hm-\p H-[nIw Xn-p-I {]tbm-Kn-n-p-v.
Fm Cu Xn-p-I-sfmw ]nm-ev Ak-Xy-sap sXfn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. "]nv Uu a\pjy-\pw' "s\{_mkvIm a\pjy'\psamw CXn\p ZrjvSm---fm-Wv. Ah-in-jvS--fpsS ]gw \nbn-p-hm {]tbm-Kn-p-t]m Im_-14 amw F ]co-Ww t]mepw A\n-n-Xhpw sXn-tmIp-hm hfsc km[y-X-bp--Xp-am-Wv. CXn-\p hy-amb sXfnhv FSppImWn-mw. Hcn-
Poh-\p Hcp \--sb Im_-14 am-n-eqsS ]co-n--tm 3000 hj-p-apv acnp-I-gn--Xm-WXv F ^e-amWv ]co--W-n-eqsS ]pd-p-h-Xv! a\p-jym-n-I-fpsS ]gw "IrXyambn' \n-bn-p ]co--W--fpsS IY C-c-n-em-Wv.
Cu temI-n ]p-e--n-e-[nIw hyXy-kvX--fmb Pp-h- Dv. Fm Cu
Pp--fn GsX-n-ep-samcp hw AXns ASp L-n-ep asmcp h-ambn ]cn-Wmaw
{]m]n-p--Xns kqN-\-bmb Hcn-S--p-Po-hnsb imkv{X--m Cp-h-scbpw Is-n-bn-n-.
]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-sa km-ev]n-I-kn-m-s Hcp N-e-bm-bn--cp-Xn-bm AXnse Cu \jvS-s
In-bmWv B Ne apdn-p-t]m-Ip-hm Fpw CS-h-cp-n-bn-p--Xv. Cs\ Ghpw {][m-\s In Xs \jvS-s-p-t]mb Cu N-e-bn ]nSn-p-Xqn [mcmfw tImtfPv hnZymn-I
X-fpsS hne-tb-dnb PohnXw A]-I-S-n-em-p-p-v. X Bg-n-tep apn-tm-Ip hkvXpX
Ah a\-n-em-p-n-.
imkv{X--m-c-m km[m-c-W-mp-IqSn a\-n-em-m-hp Hcp efn-X-amb hkvXpX
FSpp ImWn-mw. imco-cn-I-Po-h \ne-hn hcp-hm-\m-h-iy-amb ASn-m-\-h-kvXp- Bant\m
Bkn-Up-I-fm-Wv. Cu Bkn-Up-I aptJ\ \S-n-bn-p Kth-j-W- ]cn-Wm-a-kn-m--ns
Akm-[y-Xsb A[n-I-[nIw kv]jvS-ambn sXfn-bn-n-p-v. Aant\m Bkn-Up-I-fpsS GI-tZiw 6 x
1058 Xcn-ep hyXykvX k-e-\- D-Xmbn Ctm IW-m--s-n-cn-p-p. a\p-jy,
arK-, ay-, ]n-I Fn-h-bnepw Poh-\p tImi-kw-bp-- (tissues), An, Xzv,
sImgp-v, amwkw, Xe-apSn Fn-h-bpsS cq]-n-emWp ImW-s-Sp--Xv. Fmepw Hmtcm {]tXyI
C\w njyqhpw c-n\nv AXn\p {]tXy-I-am-bp Aant\m Bkn-Up-I-sf-b-msX asm-ns\
Hcn-epw kzoI-cn-p-n-s hkvXpX sXfn-bn--s-n-p-v. Hmtcm njyqhpw ss__n ]d-bp-Xp-t]mse AX-Xns C\s am{Xta D]m-Zn-n-p-p-p. a\p-jy-P-U-n\p a\p-jy-P-U-sbpw
izm\-P-U-n\p izm\-P-U-sbpw am{Xta D]m-Zn-n-p-hm Ign-bq. Cu Imc-W-m Cp ]cnWm-a-kn-m--n aphn-[n-tbmsS Xm]cyw ImWn-p ]n-X-m am{X-a-msX amcpw B
knm-s icn-sbv AwKo-I-cn-p-n-.
kXyw ]d-m imkv{Xw Xs-bmWv Cp ]cn-Wm-a-hn-t[-b-ambnsmn-cn-p--Xv. ]gb
{K- ]eXpw Cp Xncp-n-sb-gp-X-s-Sp-p. sXfn-bn--s--sXp apX-e-ap-d-I Icp-Xn-bncp ]e knm--fpw Cp ]pd---s-p-I-gn-n-cn-p-p.
kl-{km-_vZ-p-apv Fgp-X-s ss__n-fn ssZhw \nes s]mSn-sImp a\p-jys\
\nn--Xmbn {]kvXm-hn-n-cn-p-p. B kXy-n\p bmsXmcp ]cn-Wm-ahpw kw`-hn-n-n-. B kXyw
Hcn-epw amdp-n-. AXv Hcp-\mfpw Xncp-n-sb-gp-tX Bh-iy-hp-an-.

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{K-Im-cs CXc IrXn-I

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Cf-Im ASn-m\w (A good foundation)

ssZh-ln-X-{]-Im-c-ap {]m\ (F-s\ {]mn-Ww?) (God-centred praying)
AZv`p-X-k-Xy- (Amazing facts)
kq kphn-tijw (The full gospel)
Pb-Po-hnX cl-ky- (Secrets of victory)
{InkvXphpw Xs k`bpw (The Lord an His church)
ssZh-ns AwKo-Imcw tim[-\-I-fn-eqsS (Gaining God's approval)
]pX-hov ]pXnb Xpc-n-bn (New wine in new wine skins)
kq PohnXw (Kn-cn-{]-`m-jWw Hcp ]T-\w) (Abundant life)
\n-fpsS {]Xn-tbm-Knsb Adn-bpI (Know your enemy)
ssZh-lnXw Is-pI (Finding God's will)
]pXn-b-\n-b-a-nse ssZh-`r-Xy (The new covenant servant)
skIvkv, t{]aw, hnhmlw (Sex, love, marriage)
tbip Pohn--Xp-t]mse (Living as Jesus lived)
bYm kXyw (The real truth)
sho-dn\np Znhy-ku-cyw (Beauty for ashes)
apK-W\ GXn\v (Supreme priorities)
ssZh-n\v Bh-iy-ap a\p-jy (Needed - men of God)

Bh-iy-s-tS tahn-emkw:
{InkvXy Akw-n,
Ipam-c-\-q ]n.-H.
tImbw 686 016.
tIc-fw.
\n {Kln-n-ptm?
-
`qan-tbmSv Ghpw ASp-p \{Xw
kqcy-s\-m 250000 aSp Zqc-n-emWp nXn sNp--sX kXyw?

\n-fpsS In 13 tImSn Zp-Ifpw 70 ew tcWp-kq-Nn-Ifpw Ds-p kXyw?

\n-fpsS ico-c-n Hcp ew Intem-ao- \of-n-ep c-p-g-ep-I

Ds-p kXyw?

Cu AZv`p-X-sf krjvSn ssZZ-hp-ambn _-s-Sp-hm \np

km[y-am-sW kXyw?

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