HW12

1. Let K be the unit circle in the complex plane(i.e., the set of all z with |z| = 1), and
let A be the algebra of all functions of the form
f (ei ) =

N
X

cn ein

( real).

n=0

Then A separates points on K and A vanishes at no point of K, but nevertheless

there are continuous functions on K which are not in the uniform closure of A .
Hint : For every f A
Z
2

f (ei )ei d = 0,

and this is also true for every f in the closure of A

2. Let Ce ([1, 1], R) denote the set of even functions in C([1, 1], R).
(a) Show that Ce is closed and not dense in C.
(b) Show that the even polynomials are dense in Ce , but not in C.
3. Prove that the sup norm in C([0, 1], R) is not derived from an inner product h, i by
kf k2 = hf, f i. [Hint: Show that the parallelogram identity fails.]
4. Let S be a set and let B denote the set of all bounded real-valued functions on S;
endow B with the sup norm. Prove that B is a Banach space.
5. Prove the following in an inner product space:
(a) hf, gi = 0 kf + gk2 = kf k2 + kgk2
(b) 4hf, gi = (kf + gk2 kf gk2 ) + i(kf + igk2 kf igk2 )
(c) 2kf k2 + 2kgk2 = kf + gk2 + kf gk2
(d) kf + gk kf gk kf k2 + kgk2 .
6. Show that

Z b
2
Z b



f (x)dx (b a)
|f (x)|dx,

a

and deduce that a square integral function on [a, b], continuous on (a, b), is also
integrable. Is the converse true?
7. Let 1 , . . . , n be orthonormal vectors in V and f V. Define the projection of f
n
X
on 1 , . . . , n by g =
hf, i ii . Show that g and f g are orthogonal. Interpret
i=1

geometrically.

8. In an inner product space, prove that |kf k kgk| kf gk. In particular, kf k

kgk + kf gk. Hint : Write f = (f g) + g and apply the triangle inequality.
9. If fn f (in mean), prove that kfn k is a bounded sequence.
10. Prove that if fn f (in mean), then kfn k kf k. Is the converse true?
11. Prove that uniform convergence implies mean convergence (on finite intervals).
12. Find functions fn and f on [1, 1] such that fn f (pointwise) but not in mean.