H phng trnh tuyn tnh h s hng

nh ngha: H ptvp l h gm cc ptvp cha o

hm ca cc hm cn tm

V d: Cc h ptvp
H 2 ptvp cp 1

F (t , x, y, x, y ') 0 Trong

G (t , x, y, x, y ') 0

t l bin c lp, x(t), y(t) l cc hm cn tm.

H 3 ptvp cp 1 dng chnh tc x f (t , x, y, z )

y g (t , x, y, z )
z h(t , x, y, z )

H pt tuyn tnh cp 1 h s hng

H ptvp tuyn tnh cp 1 h s hng l h ptvp c dng

dx1
dt a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn f1 (t )

dx2 a x a x ... a x f (t )
21 1
22 2
2n n
2
dt
.............................................................

dxn a x a x ... a x f (t )
n1 1
n2 2
nn n
n
dt
Trong fi(t), i=1,2, ,n l cc hm lin tc trong (a,b)

H pt tuyn tnh cp 1h s hng

t a11

a
A 21
:
a
n1

a12 ... a1n

x1 (t )
f1 (t )
x (t )
f (t )

a22 ... a2 n
X (t ) 2 F (t ) 2
:
:
:
:
:
x (t )
f (t )

an 2 ... ann
n
n

Th hpt trn c th vit thnh

dX
AX F (t )
dt
dX
AX
dt

(1) H khng thun nht

(2)

H thun nht

Nghim ca h l 1 hm vecto trong (a,b) gm cc hm

kh vi, lin tc trong (a,b) v tha h

H pt tuyn tnh cp 1 h s hng PP kh

d
Ta k hiu php ly o hm l D
Suy ra
dt
2
3
d
d
2
3
D = 2 , D = 3 , ...
dt
dt
V d vi h ptvp sau

x 2 x y et
( D 2) x y et

Ta vit thnh
y x 2 y t
x ( D 2) y t
Sau , ta dng phng php kh nh i vi hpt
i s tuyn tnh

H pt tuyn tnh cp 1 h s hng PP kh

x1 3 x1 x2 et
V d: Gii hpt
x2 2 x1 2 x2 t
t

( D 3) x1 x2 e (1)
Ta vit li hpt

2 x1 ( D 2) x2 t (2)
Ly 2*(1)+(D-3)*(2) kh x1, ta c :

(2 ( D 2)( D 3)) x2 2e ( D 3)t

t

D x2 5Dx2 4 x2 2e 3t 3
2

Vit li k hiu thng

Ta gii pt trn

x2 5x2 4 x2 2e 3t 1

H pt tuyn tnh cp 1 h s hng PP kh

t

x2 5x2 4 x2 2e 3t 1

2 t 3 11
x2 C1e C2e te t
3
4 16
x2
t
Thay vo pt (2) x1
x2
2
2
1 t 1 t
1
41
4t
x2 C2e C1e e (t 1) t
2
3
4 24
t

4t

H pt tuyn tnh cp 1 h s hng PP kh

x1'
V d: Gii hpt x '
2
x'
3

2 x1 4 x2 3x3

4 x1 6 x2 3 x3

3 x1 3 x2 x3

Ta vit li hpt: ( D 2) x1 4 x2 3 x3 0 (1)

4 x1 ( D 6) x2 3 x3 0 (2)
3 x 3 x ( D 1) x 0 (3)
2
3
1
Kh x3: (1)+(2) v 3*(3)-(D-1)*(2)

( D 2) x1 ( D 2) x2 0

(4( D 1) 9) x1 (( D 1)( D 6) 9) x2 0

H pt tuyn tnh cp 1 h s hng PP kh

H trn tng ng vi:

( D 2) x1 ( D 2) x2 0

2
(4 D 5) x1 ( D 5 D 3) x2 0

(4)
(5)

Kh x2: (D2+5D+3)*(4)+(D+2)*(5)

( D 5D 3)( D 2) x1 (4D 5)( D 2) x1 0

3
2
( D 3D 4) x1 0 x1 3x1 4 x1 0
t
2t
2t
x1 C1e C2e C3te
t
2t
2t
Thay vo pt (4) tm x2: x2 C1e C4e C3te
2

1
Thay vo (1) tm x3: x3 C1e (4C2 C3 4C4 )e2t
3
t

H pt tt cp 1 h s hng PP tr ring vecto ring

dX
AX F (t )
H pt
dt

Vi A l ma trn thc, vung cho c

Tn ti ma trn S kh nghch sao cho A=SDS-1

dX
1
Thay vo hpt
SDS X F (t )
dt
1 dX
1
1
S
DS X S F (t )
dt
dY
1 dX
-1
Thay vo hpt trn
t Y=S X
S
dt
dt
dY
DY S 1F (t ) y l n-ptvp cp 1 ring bit
dt

H pt tt cp 1 h s hng PP tr ring vecto ring

x1 x1 2 x2 t 2
V d: Gii hpt
x2 x1 4 x2 2
1 2
2 1 1 1 1
2 0
A
S
,S
,D

1 4
1 1
1 2
0 3
t Y=S-1X, ta c hpt:
2

2
y

t
2
dY
1
1
1
DY S F (t )
2
dt

y2 3 y2 t 4
y1 e 2 dt (t 2 2)e 2 dt dt C1

2
3dt
3dt
y

e
(

4)
e
dt C2
1

H pt tt cp 1 h s hng PP tr ring vecto ring

1 2 1 3

2t
y

C
e
1
1
2
2 4

y2 1 t 2 4 t 34 C2e3t

3
9 27
Ta tnh

2 1 y1
X SY
y

2 2 5 17

2t
3t
x

2
C
e

C
e
1
2
1
3
9 54

x2 5 t 2 1 t 55 C1e 2t C2e3t

6
18 108

H pt tt cp 1 h s hng PP tr ring vecto ring

x1 x1 3x2 3x3 e 2t

V d: Gii hpt x2 3 x1 5 x2 3 x3 e 2t
x 6 x 6 x 4 x 2t
1
2
3
3
2 t

e
1 3 3
1 1 1
2 t

A 3 5 3 F (t ) e S 1 0 1

6 6 4
0 1 2
2t

1 3 1
2 0 0
1
1
S 2 2 0 , D 0 2 0

0 0 4

1
1

H pt tt cp 1 h s hng PP tr ring vecto ring

t Y=S-1X, ta c hpt

1 1

2 t
y1 C1e 2 t 4
y1 2 y1 e2t t

2 t
y 2 C2 e
y2 2 y2

y 4 y t
1
1
4t
3
y3 C3e t
3
4 16

3
3

2t
4t
Vy
(C1 C2 )e C3e 4 t 16
x1

3
3

2t
4t

C1e C3e t
X SY x2

4 16
x

3
1
1
C2e2t 2C3e 4t t

2 8

H pt tt cp 1 h s hng PP tr ring vecto ring

x1 x1 3x2 2 x3 t 2

V d: Gii hpt x2 3 x1 x2 2 x3 t
x x x 2 x 2t
3
3 1 2
2

t
1 1 1

1
3
2

F
(
t
)

t
S 1 1 1
A 3 1 2

1 1 0
2t
1 1 2

1 1 2
0 0 0
1
1
S 1 1 2 , D 0 4 0

0 0 4
2

2
0

H pt tt cp 1 h s hng PP tr ring vecto ring

t Y=S-1X, ta c hpt
1 2

y1 t C1

2
y1 t

1
1

4
t
y2 4 y2 t y2 C2e t
4 16

y 4 y
3
3
y3 C3e 4t

1 2 1
1

4t
4t
x1 C1 C2e C2e 2 t 4 t 16

1 2 1
1

4t
4t
X SY x2 C1 C2e C2e t t
2
4 16

1 2 1
1

4t
x3 C1 C2e 2 t 4 t 16

H pt tt cp 1 h s hng Bi tp
Gii cc hpt sau

x 2 x y
1.
y x 2 y
x 4 x 6 y
2.
y 2 x 3 y t
x y 2 x 6 y cos t
3.
y x 3 y sin t
x1' x1 4 x2 4 x3 et
'
4. x2 8 x1 11x2 8 x3 2t
'
8 x1 8 x2 5 x3
x3

H pt tt cp 1 h s hng Bi tp

x1'
'
5. x2
'
x3

4 x1 2 x2 5 x3 t 2

6 x1 x2 6 x3 2t

8 x1 3x2 9 x3

x1 2 x1 x2 2 x3 2t

2t

6. x2 5 x1 3 x2 3 x3 e
x x 2 x
1
3
3