A Manual for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) Paul R. Pintrich, David A. F. Smith, Teresa Garcia, and Wilbert J. McKeachie Grant Number O€RI-86-0010 Joon S. Stare, Director Wilbert J. McKeachie. Associate: director Suite 2400 Schoo! of Education The University of Michigan ‘Ann Aibor, Michigan 48109-1259 31396-2741 “7DOCUMENT RESUME ED 338 122 HE 024 935, AUTHOR Pintrich, Paul R.; And Others TITLE A Manual for the Use of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (HSLO). INSTITUTION National Center for Research to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning, Ann Arbor, ¥I. SPONS AGENCY OF fice of Educational Research and Improvenent (ED), Washington, DC. REPORT NO NCRIPTAL-91-B-004 PUB DATE 91 ‘CONTRACT OERT~B6-0010 NOTE 76p.; From the National Center for Researcn to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning Project on Instructional Processes ané Educational Outcomes. For a related document, see HE 024 936. Pua TYPE Guides - Won-Classroom Use (055) ~~ Tests/Evaluation Instruments (160) EDRS PRICE MFO1/PCO4 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS College Students; Higner Education; *Learning Motivation? *Learning Strategies; Questionnaires; Research Methodology; Scientific and Technical Information; *Student Educational Objectives: *Student Hotavation IDENTIFIERS sot ivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire ABSTRACT This manual 15 a guide to the "Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire" for assessing college students! au i : 9, based on a general cognitive View 6f motivation and learning strategies, contasns two Sections. The motivation secticn consists of 21 itens that assess Students’ coals and value beliefs for a course. The learning strategies section includes 3 items regarding students’ use of ditterent cognitive and metacognitive stratecies and 19 ivens concerning student managenent of different resources. The guide contains an introduction that details the survey's development, scoring, organization, and administration suggestions. Two sections explain the two components of the instrument in detail, listing tne items, explaining their significance, and offering descriptive statistics. Also included in other sections are a sanple fact sheet; a sample denographic sheet; a copy of the questicnnaire itself; a sample feedback form; 11 references; and an appendix listing denographic information, scale correlations, and confirmatory factor analysis resuits. (38) + Reproductions suppised by EDRS are the best that can be made + . from the original document. . wMotlvated Strategies for Leaming Questionnaire Manual Ill. LEARNING STRATEGIES SCALESMotivated Strategies for ‘Leaming Questionnaire Manual Intrinsic Goal Orientation Extrinsic Goal Orientation Task Value Control Beliefs about Learning Self-Efficacy for Learning & Performance Test Anxiety y Rehearsal Elaboration Organization Critical Thinking Metacognitive Self-Regulation Time and Study Environment Effort Regulation Prirn: Peer Learning Hsk: Help Seeking ~ / Ine Ex Tskv Cont/Sifef Tax Reh Elab Org Cat Meg Tidy Elf Prien 53S a x 2B 2 = 8 8 g B &Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual MOTIVATION SCALES: The first three scales refer to your motivation for the course, confidence in doing well in school, and your anxiety about taking tests. 1. Motivation: Interest This is a measure of how interested you are in the material being covered in this course. A high score means you like the subject matter and are very interested in the content area of this class. Your score: Class mean: Bottom 25%: Middle 50%: ——. Top 25%: Suggestions: Skim the table of contents of the class textbook or take a look at the course syllabus and make a list of the three topics that most interest you and of the three topics that least interest you. Pay particular attention to these topics. What is it about the three most interesting topics that makes you like them so much? What is it about the other three topics that makes them uninteresting? Can you find any of the characteristics of the three most interesting topics in the three least interesting topics? If you identify what it is about the three most interesting topics that makes you like them so much, you may be able to apply what you found to the three least interesting ones, and perhaps you'll find that those uninteresting topics aren't so uninteresting after all! i 4hfe ‘~' Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual Value Component: Intrinsic Goal Orientation Goal orientation refers to the student's perception of the reasons why she is engaging in a learning task. On the MSLQ, goal orientation refers 19 student's general goals or orientation to the course as a whole. Intrinsic goal orientation concerns the degree to which the student perceives herself to be participating in a task for reasons such as challenge, curiosity, mastery. Having an intrinsic goal orientation towards an academic task indicates that the student's participation in the task is an end all to itself, rather than participation being a means to an end. ae Item 1. Ina dass like this, I prefer course material that really challenges me so I can learn new things. 16. Ina class like this, I prefer course material that arouses my curiosity, even if it is difficult to learn. 22. The most satisfying thing for me in this course is trying to understand the content as thoroughly as possible. 24, When I have the opportunity in this class, I choose course assignments that I can learn from even if they don't guarantee a good grade. Alpha: 74 Descriptive Statistics Standard Correlation Mean Deviation with Final Grade Item . 1 5.05 141 22 16 5.68 1.38 21 2 5.23 1.41 17 py 4.14 1.58 16 Scale 5.03, 1.09 25 9 Td‘Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual Extrinsic goal orientation complements intrinsic goal orientation, and concerns the degree to which the student perceives herself to be participating in a task for reasons such as grades, rewards, performance, evaluation by others, and competition. When one is high in extrinsic goal orientation, engaging in a learning task is the means to an end. The main concern the student has is related fo issues that are not directly related to participating in the task itself (such as grades, rewards, comparing one’s performance to that of others). Again, this refers to the general orientation to the course as 2 whole. Item 7. Getting a good grade in this class is the most satisfying thing for me right now. 11. The most important thing for me right now is improving my overall grade point average, so my main concern in this class is getting a good grade. 13. If can, I want to get better grades in this class than most of the other students. 30. [want to do well in this class because it is important to show my ability to my family, friends, employer, or others. | Alpha: .62 Descriptive Statistics ! Standard Correlation : Mean Deviation with Final Grade Item 7 5.07 162 10 n 532 171 +09 13 531 173 10 30 4.43 2.07 +04 Scale 5.03 123 02 7 & 10 1aMotivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual Yalue Component: Task Value Task value differs from goal orientation in that task value refers to the student's evaluation of the how interesting, how important, and how useful the fask is ("What do I think of this task2"). Goal orientation refers to the reasons why the student is participating in the task ("Why am I doing this?"). High task value should lead to more involvement in one's learning. On the MSLQ, task value refers to students' perceptions of the course material in terms of interest, importance, and utility. Item 4. I think I will be able to use what I learn in this course in other courses. 10. _ It is important for me to learn the course material in this class. 17. Tam very interested in the content area of this course. 23. I think the course material in this class is useful for me to learn. 26. I like the subject matter of this course. 27. Understanding the subject matter of this course is very important to me. Standard Correlation Mean Deviation with Final Grade Item : 4 “5.33 172 15 10 5.87 1.24 15 7 5.32 1.64 21 2B 5.72 1.38 18 26 5.46 1.66 19 7 5.54 1.40 22 Scale 5.54 1.25 DRMotivated Strategies for Leaming Questionnaire Manual Expectancy Component: Control of Learning Beliefs Mage ar i Control of learning refers to students’ beliefs that their efforts to learn will result in positive outcomes. It concerns the belief that outcomes are contingent on one's own effort, in contrast to external factors such as the teacher. If students believe that their efforts to study make a difference in their learning, they should be more likely to study more strategically and effectively. That is, if the student feels that she can control her academic performance, she is more likely to put forth what is needed strategically to effect the desired changes. Ttem 2. If Istudy in appropriate ways, then I will be able to learn the material in this course. 9. It is my own fault if I don’t learn the material in this course. 18. If I try hard enough, then I will understand the course material. 25. If Idon't understand the course material, it is because I didn’t try hard enough. Alpha: .68 Descriptive Statistics Standard Correlation Mean Deviation with Final Grade Item : 2 612 14 21 9 5.60 1.62 06 8 614 1.02 15 5 5.09 1.62 o1 Scale 5.74 98 13‘Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual ‘The items comprising this scale assess two aspects of expectancy: expectancy for success and self-efficacy. Expectancy for success refers to pérformance expectations, and relates specifically to task performance. Self-efficacy is a self- appraisal of one's ability to master a task. Self-efficacy includes judgments about one's ability to accomplish a task as well as one’s confidence in one's skills to perform that task. Item > 5. [believe I will receive an excellent grade in this class. 6. . Tmcertain I can understand the most difficult material presented in the readings for this course. 12. I'm confident I can understand the basic concepts taught in this course. 15, I'm confident I can understand the most complex material presented by the instructor in this course. 20. I'm confident I can do an excellent job on the assignments and tests in this course. > 21. Lexpect to do well in this class. 29, Ym certain I can master the skills being taught in this class. 31. Considering the difficulty of this course, the teacher, and my skills, I think I will do well in this class. Alpha: .93 Resarenk race een fener Shanti nel Shoe HTTMotivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual Expectancy Component: Self-Efficacy for Learning and Performance Descriptive Statisti Standard Correlation Mean Deviation with Final Grade Item 5 4.95 159 49 6 5.18 1.62 BC 12 6.36 96 2B 15 5.36 1.48 2 20 5.24 1.47 39 21 5.55 1.39 46 29 5.57 1.30 28 31 5.55 1.34 AS 14 41J Motivated Strategies for Leaming Questionnaire Manual 1 Basic rehearsal strategies involve reciting or naming items from a list to be learned. These strategies are best used for simple tasks and activation of information in working memory rather than acquisition of new information in long-term memory, These strategies are assumed to influence the attention and encoding processes, but they do not appear to help students construct internal connections among the information or integrate the information with prior knowledge. Item 39. When I study for this class, I practice saying the material to myself over and over. 46. When studying for this class, I read my class notes and the Course readings over and over again. 59. I memorize key words to remind me of important concepts in this class. 72. I make lists of important terms for this course and memorize the lists. Standard Correlation Mean Deviation with Final Grade Item 39 4.30 2.01 04 46 4.80 1.84 06 59 5.31 1.50 07 72 3.68 210 06 Scale 4.53 1.35 05Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual de Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies: Elaboration vy») 2» Elaboration strategies help students store information into long-tern memory by building internal connections between items to be learned Elaboration strategies include paraphrasing, summarizing, creating analogies and generative note-taking, These help the learner integrate and connec new information with prior knowledge. Item 53. When I study for this class, I pull together information from different sources, such as lectures, readings, and discussions. 62, I try to relate ideas in this subject to those in other courses whenever possible. 64. When reading for this class, I try to relate the material to what I already know. 67, When I study for this course, I write brief summaries of the main ideas from the readings and the concepts from the lectures 69. I try to understand the material in this class by making connections between the readings and the concepts from the lectures. 81. I try to apply ideas from course readings in other class activities such as lecture and discussion. Alpha: .76 Descriptive Statistics Standard Correlation Mean Deviation with Final Grade Ttem 53 5.29 1.65 09 62 5.07 159 21 64 5.56 1.28 AZ 67 3.23 2.02 AS 69 5.35 150 19 81 491 156 AZ Scale 491 1.08 224 Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual Organization strategies help the learner select appropriate information anc also construct connections among the information to be learned, Examples o an organizing strategies are clustering, outlining, and selecting the main ide: in reading passages, Organizing is an active, effortful endeavor, and results ir the learner being closely involved in the task. This should result in bette: performance, Item 32. When I study the readings for this course, I outline the material to help me organize my thoughts. 42, When I study for this course, I go through the readings and my class notes and try to find the most important ideas. 49. make simple charts, diagrams, or tables to help me organize course material. 63, When I study for this course, I 80 over my class notes and make an outline of important concepts. Alpha: .64 ati Standard Correlation M aay fs Item 32 3.70 217 06 42 5.93 131 21 49 3.04 1.94 AZ 63 3.90 2u AZ Scale 414 1.33 7ae Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual Critical thinking refers to the degree to which students report applying previous knowledge to new situations in order‘to solve problems, reach decisions, or make critical evaluations with sespect to standards of excellence. Item 47. 51. 71. Item 47 51 71 Scale Toften find myself questioning things I hear or read in this course to decide if I find them convincing. When a theory, interpretation, or conclusion is presented in class or in the readings, I try to decide if there is good supporting evidence. I treat the course material as a starting point and try to develop my own ideas about it. I try to play around with ideas of my own related to what Iam learning in this course. Whenever I read or hear an assertion or conclusion in this class, I think about possible alternatives. : Standard Correlation Mean 3.83 77 04 4.36 1.68 3 3.81 1.85 08 4.66 1.74 A7 4.15 1.49 3 4.16 1.28 1S23 Motivated Strategies for Leaming Questionnaire Manual Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies: Metacogniltive Self-Regulation Metacognition refers to the awareness, knowledge, and control of cognition. We have focused on the control and self-regulation aspects of metacognition on the MSLQ, not the knowledge aspect. There are three general Processes that make up melacognitive self-regulatory activities: planning, monitoring, and regulating, Planning activities such as goal setting and task analysis help to activate, or prime, relevant aspects of prior knowledge that make organizing and comprehending the material easier. Monitoring activities include tracking of one's attention as one reads, and self-testing and questioning: these assist the learner in understanding the material and integrating it with prior knowledge, Regulating refers to the fine-tuning and continuous adjustment of one's cognitive activities. Regulating activities are assumed to improve performance by assisting learners in checking and correcting their behavior as they proceed on a task. Ttem 33. During class time I often miss important points because I'm thinking of other things. (REVERSED) 36. When reading for this course, I make up questions to help focus my reading. 41. When I become confused about something I'm reading for this class, I go back and try to figure it out. 44, If course materials are difficult to understand, I change the way I tead the material. S4. Before I study new course material thoroughly, I often skim it to see how it is organized. : 55. Task myself questions to make sure I understand the material I have been studying in this class. 56. I try to change the way I study in order to fit the course requirements and instructor's teaching style. 57, T often find that I have been Teading for class but don't know what it was all about. (REVERSED) : 61. T try to think through a topic and decide what I am supposed to learn from it rather than just reading it over when studying. 76. When studying for this course I try to determine which concepts T don't understand well. 78. When I study for this class, I set goals for myself in order to direct my activities in each study period. 79. If get confused taking notes in class, I make sure I sort it out afterwards,Ttem Scale VIRAGggvesege ‘Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manwal Metacognitive Self-Regulation (continued) Alpha: .79 Mean 492 298 579 4.07 451 412 461 481 4.50 5.12 453 455 454 Standard Deviation Correlation with Final Gradas Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual Besides self-regulation of cognition, students must be able to manage anc regulate their time and their study environments. Time management involves scheduling, planning, and managing one's study time. Thi: includes not only setting aside blocks of time to study, but the effective use o! that study time, and setting realistic goals. Time management varies in level, from an evening of studying to weekly and monthly scheduling. Study environment management refers to the setting where the student does he: class work. Ideally, the learner's study environment should be organized, quiet, and relatively free of visual and auditory distractions. Item 35. L usually study in a place where I can concentrate on my course work. 43. I make good use of my study time for this course. 52. I find it hard to stick to a study schedule. (REVERSED) 65. I have a regular place set aside for studying. 70, I make sure I keep up with the weekly readings and assignments for this course. 73. attend class regularly. 77. — Voften find that I don't spend very much time ot this course because of other activities. (REVERSED) 80. I rarely find time to review my notes or readings before an exam. (REVERSED) Alpha: .76nb Item Scale SVISaSsS Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual Descriptive Statistics Standard 153 1.65 201 2.03 191 98 1.80 1.48 1.05 wi Correlation 23 26 2B AS 12 17 07 20 2B aMotivated Strategies for Leaning Questionnaire Manual Resource Management Strategies: Effort Regulation Self-regulation also includes students! ability to control their effort anc attention in the face of distractions and uninteresting tasks. Effor management is self-management, and reflects a commitment to completin; one's study goals, even when there are difficulties or distractions. Effor management is important to academic success because it not only signifie: goal commitment, but also regulates the continued use of learning strategies. Item 37. Toften feel so lazy or bored when I study for this class that I quit before I finish what I planned to do. (REVERSED) 48. I work hard to do well in this class even if I don't like what we are doing. 60. When course work is difficult, I give up or only study the easy parts. (REVERSED) 74. Even when course materials are dull and uninteresting, I manage to keep working until I finish. Alpha: .69 Descriptive Statistics Standard Correlation Mean i ith Fi Item 37 4.87 1.73 AS 48 5.26 145 28 60 5.52 1.42 29 74 5.36 1.47 23 Seale 5.25 1.10 32“y Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manuai Another aspect of the environment that the student must learn to manage is the support of others. This includes both peers and instructors. Good students know when they don’t know something and are able to identify someone to provide them with some assistance. There is a large body of research that indicates that peer help, peer tutoring, and individual teacher assistance facilitate student achievement. Item 40. Even if I have trouble learning the material in this class, I try to do the work on my own, without help from anyune. (REVERSED) 58. I ask the instructor to clarify concepts I don't understand well. 68. When I can't understand the material in this course, I ask another student in this class for help. 75. I try to identify students in this class whom I can ask for help if necessary. i - Alpha: 52 De: ive Statis Standard Correlation Mean Deviation wiih Final Grade Item 40 3.26 1.80 +05 58 4.21 1.89 24 68 3.73 1.99 +06 75 4.15 2.00 =.08 Scale 3.84 1233 0218 Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire Manual Collaborating with one’s peers has been found to have positive effects on achievement. Dialogue with peers can help a learner clarify course material and reach insights one may not have attained on orie's own. Item 34. When studying for this course, I often try to explain the material to a classmate or a friend. 45. — [try to work with other students from this class to complete the course assignments, 50. When studying for this course, I often set aside time to discuss the course material with a group of students from the class. Alpha: .76 Standard Correlation Mean Item “ 3.48 1.92 07 45 294 197 +15 50 2.24 164 +07 Scale 2.89 1.53 +06Motivated Strategles for Learning Questionnaire Manual Hayduk, L.A. (1987). uation modeling wi and advances. Salar Johns Hopkins University Pans Joreskog, K.G, & Sorbom, D. (1986). LISREL:_Analysis of linear structural method of maximum likelihood: User's guid Mooresville, IN: Scientific Software Inc. McKeachie, WJ, Pintrich, P.R,, & Lin, Y.G. (1985). Teaching learning strategies. Educational Psychologist, 20, 153-160. McKeachie, W\J., Pintrich, P.R,, Lin, Y.G., & Smith, D. (1986). Teaching and ing in the college classroom: A review of the research literature. ‘Ann Arbor, MI: National Center for Research to Improve Postsecondary Teaching and Learning, The University of Michigan. Pintrich, P.R. (1988a). 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Student goal orientation and self- regulation in the college classroom. In M. Maehr & P. R. Pintrich (Eds.), Advances in motivation and achievement: Goals and sélf- regulatory processes, (Vol. 7). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. Pintrich, P.R., McKeachie, WJ., & Lin, Y.G. (1987). Teaching a course in learning to learn. Teaching of Psychology, 14, 81-86. aAppendices eee Ee re PE GP EEE ere HEE Ee ere HEE EEE EEE A Demographic Information 8. Scale Correlations C. Confirmatory Factor Analyses Results