Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

VOLTAGE DIVIDER
resistors (or capacitor and inductor) can be used as voltage divider, in
other words they can be used to generate any voltage from an initial
bigger voltage by dividing it
it.. The mathematical relation for this
resistor configuration shown in the Figure below is
is::

Vout =

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

R2Va + R1Vb
R1 + R2

VOLTAGE DIVIDER
common special case of this resistor configuration, is when the
lower resistor is connected to ground (0V) as shown in the
Figure

Vout =

R2
R1 + R2

Vin

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

VOLTAGE DIVIDER
In general, based on the circuit load i.e. impedance, the relation
of input and output voltage of a divider circuit can be written as
as::

Vout =

Z2
Z1 + Z2

Vin

Z11

Z22

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

FILTERS
To eliminate unwanted noise signals from measurement
Simple filter consists of single resistor and capacitor
3 types of filters:
i.
Low pass filter
ii. High pass filter
iii. Band pass filter

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

Three types of filter low, high and band

band--pass filters

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS
Signal Filter
Analog Filter
Element Type

Active

Passive

Digital Filter

Frequency Band

Low-Pass

Band-Pass

High-Pass

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

All-Pass

Band-Reject

FILTERS: FREQUENCY RESPONSE

A plot of H(f) transfer function is a powerful way to analyse
Bode plot magnitude and phase
Magnitude Bode plot of a LPF.
Blocked

~70.7%

fC

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

x axis: log(frequency)
y axis: absolute value of
H(f) = |H(f)|
fC is the frequency on one
side of which H(f)~0 or
the circuit blocks those
frequencies. It is the
cutoff frequency.
8

LOW PASS FILTER

LOW PASS FILTER

Recall voltage divider, impedance

|H( j )|

VOUT/VIN = ZC/(ZR+ZC)

Vout

ZR = R

Vin

ZC = 1/CD = 1/Cs = 1/j

1/jC = 1/j2fC
1/j2fC
p

VOUT

= VIN

1
j 2fC
= VIN
1
1 + j 2fRC
R+
j 2fC

As f increases from 0 onwards, VOUT/VIN (the TRANSFER

FUNCTION) goes from 1 to 0. Thus high frequencies are
attenuated. Lecture06
ThusSME3242
this Instrumentation
is a LOW PASS FILTER.
10

FIGURE 2.13

Circuit for the low-pass RC filter.

Curtis Johnson
Process Control Instrumentation Technology,
8e]
Lecture06
SME3242 Instrumentation

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

11

Response of the low

low--pass RC filter as a function of the frequency ratio.

X-axis log of ratio of input signal freq to critical frequency

Curtis Johnson
Process Control Instrumentation Technology,
8e]
Lecture06
SME3242 Instrumentation

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

12



Blocks high frequency and pass low frequency

Critical freq ratio of output/input is 0.707

1
=
fc
2RC

Output to input voltage ratio for any signal frequency

1
Vout
=
Vin

1 + f
fc

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

2 1/2



Use standard capacitor value F to pF

Calculate required resistor value - 1k
1k
to 1M to avoid
noise and loading effect
Use standard resistance value

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

14

A measurement signal has a frequency <1kHz but there is

unwanted noise at about 1 MHz.
MHz. Design a low pass filter that
attenuates the noise to 1 %. What is the effect on the
measurement signal at its maximum of 1 kHz?

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

15

HIGH PASS FILTER

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

16

HIGH PASS FILTER

Recall voltage divider, impedance

|H( j )|

VOUT/VIN = ZR/(ZR+ZC)
ZR = R

Vout
Vin

ZC = 1/CD = 1/Cs = 1/j

1/jC = 1/
1/j2fC
j2fC

VOUT = VIN
s

R
R+

1
j 2fC

= VIN

j 2fRC
1 + j 2fRC

As f increases from 0 onwards, VOUT/VIN (the TRANSFER

FUNTION) goes from 0 to 1. Thus low frequencies are
attenuated.Lecture06
ThusSME3242
thisInstrumentation
is a HIGH PASS FILTER.
17

FIGURE 2.15

Circuit for the high-pass RC filter.

Curtis Johnson
Process Control Instrumentation Technology,
8e]
Lecture06
SME3242 Instrumentation

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

18

FIGURE 2.16

Response of the high-pass RC filter as a function of frequency ratio.

Curtis Johnson
Process Control Instrumentation Technology,
8e]
Lecture06
SME3242 Instrumentation

Copyright 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.

19

RC HIGHHIGH-PASS FILTER
Blocks low frequency and pass high frequency
Critical freq ratio of output/input is 0.707

1
fc =
2RC
Output to input voltage ratio for any signal frequency

Vout
f / fc
=
2 1/2
Vin

f
1 +

fc

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

20



Employ operational amplifier

Combine amplification and filtering

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

21

Low pass filter using op amp

I3I3 Cf
I1

II22

Rf

Summation of current at summing point

I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

22

Vout

Vin
=
+ C f sVout
R1
R f

Therefore

1 + C f R f s
Vin
=
Vout
R1
Rf

Hence, he output voltage is given as

Vout

Rf
1
=

Vin
R1 1 + C f R f s

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

23

 At high frequency, the capacitive reactance is

getting smaller.
Gain is getting smaller
The cutoff frequency is given as
1
1
c =
or f c =
Rf C f
2R f C f

s = j, the filter gain is

Vout R f
1

G=
=
Vin
R1 1 + (C R )2
f
f

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

24

DESIGN OF LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTERS

The -3 dB cut-off frequency:

c = 1 (R C ) f c = 1 (2R C )
F 2
F 2

C2

The overall filter Gain:

Go =

RF
R1
Vin

A
B

R1

Example:
Design a low pass filter with
cut-off frequency of 5kHz,
and DC gain of 10:

Vout

RF

Two equations, three unknowns

Transfer Function:
R f
Vout
1
=
G=
Vin
R1 1 + C f R f

R
1
f
=

2
2
R1 1 + ( / c )

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

25

HIGH PASS FILTER

OpOp-amp circuit for high pass filter:

Rf
I1

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

I2

26

 If Vc = voltage across capacitor C1, VR = voltage

across resistor R1 and current across C1 and R2 is I1,
input voltage is
Vin = VC + VR
1
1 + C1 R1 s
Vin =
I1 + R1 I1 =
I1
C1 s
C1 s
I2is current across Rf, summation of current at
summing point
I 1 + I 2 = 0,

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

27

Therefore

C1s
1
Vin = Vout
1 + C1 R1s
Rf

Vout :

Vout =

Cut--off frequency
Cut

Or

1
c =
R1C 1

R f C1s
1 + C1R1s

Vin

1
fc =
2R1C1

Hz

rad
rad/sec
/sec

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

28

 Gain in frequency domain

R f C1 j
Vout
=
Vin
1+ C1 R1 j
Gain:

R f C1

G=

1 + (C1 R1 )

For >> c, overall gain is

Go =

Rf
R1

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

29

DESIGN OF HIGH PASS ACTIVE

FILTERS
The -3 dB cut-off frequency:
c = 1 (R C ) f c = 1 (2R C )
1 1
1 1
The filter Gain:

G=

RF
C1
Vin

R1
A
B

RF

R1

Two equations, three unknowns

Vout

Transfer Function:

Select one component based on

other conditions, and
determine the values of the
other two components.

Rf C1
/ c
Vout
=
=
2
2
Vin
1 + (C1R1 )
1 + ( / c )
Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

30

BAND PASS FILTER

OpOp-amp circuit for high pass filter:

Cf
I2
I1

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

Rf

31

 Current I1:

C1s
I1 =
Vin
1 + C1 R1s
1+ Rf C f s

Current I2:

I2 =

I1 = -I2

1+ Rf C f s
C1s
Vin =
Vout
1 + C1 R1s
Rf

Vout =

Rf

Vout

R f C1s

(1 + R C s )(1 + C R s )
f

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

Vin

32

 The upper and lower cut-off frequency for

the bandpass filter:

1
f cl =
2R1C1
Gain:
Vo
G=
=
Vi

1
=
2R f C f

and f ch

f ch f

Rf
( f f ch f cl ) + f cl + 1 +
R1

2
f ch f

For cl < < ch, gain is

Go =
Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

Rf
R1
33

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

34

Lecture06 SME3242 Instrumentation

35