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ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာဆိုသူမ်ား၏လုပ္ဇာတ္ႏွင့္သမိုင္းျဖစ္ရပ္မ်ား
ရုိဟင္ဂ်ာဆိုသူမ်ား၏လုပ္ဇာတ္ႏွင့္သမိုင္းျဖစ္ရပ္မ်ား
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Mohammad Hanif
Ba Tha. 1959, 6(9) 26 -28, Ba Tha 1960 7(5) 33-36
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7
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Hadramawt
Op-cit
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Champa
13
Hall 1985:121
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21
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f rf;+rKd tjzpf rSm;,Gi;f I azmfjyavh &d=S ua=umif;udk
rvuUm+rdKwGif ol.c&D;oGm; rSwf;wrf;ukd 1512 rSpI 1515ck ESpftxd a&;om;
cJhaom awmfaryD&ufpfu axmufjycJhavonf? yD&ufonf rmvuUm+rdKwGif
olawGcJh&aom qefukeful;onfh &cdkifvlrsK;d ukefonfwa,muf ta=umif;udkyif
rSwfwrf;wifoGm;avonf? olonf &cdkifjynfESifh yJcl;ta=umif; tao;pdyf
a&;rSwfoGm;cJhavonf?18 odkjzpf&m yJcl;odka&mufaom tm&yf ESifh ajrmufOD;odk@
a&mufaomtm&yfvnf; rSm;Edkiaf o;onf? rnfokdqdkap ajrmufOD; qdyfurf;Yum;
rlqvifukeo
f nfwdk . ta&twGuo
f nf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;tay: tajcjyKum
twdk;tqkwf&dS.? awmfaryD&ufpfu 1510 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;wGif ajrmufOD;Y
uvd*w
F ikd f;om;ESihf b*F gvu
D keo
f nf tajrmuftjrm;udk awGcJ&h onf[q
k k.
d 19 bk&ifh
tr_ awmfudk xrf; aqmifa e=uaom rlq vif tajrmuft jrm; &dS = uonf ?
wl&uDvlrsKd; wOD;qdkv#if bk&if. t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf tr_xrf;ae=umif; od&
.?20 rif;carmif; vufxufwGif rlqvifukeo
f nfrsm; tajrmuftjrm; vma&muf
17
Charney 1998:199
Aloul
23
Haq 2005:18
24
Luce 1985:78-79; Than Tun 1994: 27-28
22
25
e&rdwv
f Sum; tif;0odk oGm;a&muf vnfywfc[
hJ ef wlygonf [k ajAmif
25
vdrfxm;onfudk awG&ygonf?
T tcsufudk a'gufwmoef;xGe;f udk,fwdkif olrSm;,Gif;pGm a&;rda=umif;
jyifqifoGm;cJh+yD? rlqvifbGJ h[lonfrSmvnf; rnfonfh ausmufpmrSmrS ryg/
yef;ao;wdk tEG,f &cdkifrif;qdk aompum;rSmvnf; ppfukid ;f xlyg&kH ausmufpmrSmom
ygjcif;jzpfI &cdkiaf usmufpmvnf; r[kw?f rlvxd;k vnf; r[kwf qifhx;kd rSsomjzpfonf?
a'gufwm oef;xGe;f um; &efuek fwuUokv
d fwGif ordki;f ygarmuQ rjzpfczJh l;yg? rE Wav;
wuUod kvf wG i fom ordk i f; ygarmuQ t jzpf 1965 rS 1982 txd wm0ef
xrf;aqmifoGm;ygonf? ygarmuQcsKyf r[kwfyg? *sDvmeD vdrx
f m;ouJhodk h ygarmuQ
vk(pf)uvnf; xdkodk ra&;yg? &cdkifrS rlqvifrsm; xdka'oodk a&mufvm onfrSm
t&if tESpfav;&mxuf rapmEdkif[kom a&;onf? 26 onfrSs t&Sufuif;rJhpGm
vdr f nmxm;onf h pmtky fud k *syef ynm&S i fq d k ol wOD; u oHa ,mifvd k uf I
ajymjyefygonf? xdkq&m}uD;onf u|efawmf.pmwrf;udk acsyjcif; jzpfonf?
u|eaf wmhpmwrf;udk yHkEdSyx
f kwfa0 xm;aomfvnf; ol@pmwrf;udkxkwfa0jcif;rjyKyg?
*syefedkifiHw&m;&kH;csKyf odkom oufaocHtjzpf wifjycJhygonf? xdk*syefq&m}uD;
udkum; *syefekid fiHwGif vl@tcGifh ta&; v_yf&Sm;olwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;=uygonf?
[dELN bmom0if/ Ak'<bmom0ifrif;rsm; rlqvifbGJ@ cH,l=ujcif;udk ta&S
wdkif;wGif om"ujyI&aomae&m tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdygonf? tpPvrf bmom0if
wdkonf umaz&f[kac:aom rlqvifr[kwfolwOD;. tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGif
aexdik f&jcif;onf *k%t
f aoa&,kwfavsmhonf[k ,lq=u.? xdka=umifh rlqvif
bGJudk cH,ljcif;jzifh vufatmufcH rlqvifbmom0ifrsm;udk edkifiHawmftwGif;Y
tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;eSifhtwl +idr;f csr;f pGm aexdkiaf ponf? xd"k avhukd b*Fvm;a'h&Sf
edkifiH ppfwaumif;awmifwef;a'o&dS csuUr&mZmrsm; ,aewdkif usifhoHk;vSsuf
&Sd=uayao;onf? xdka=umifhvnf; rif;carmif; (1612-1622) onf 0&"rR&mZm
[laom Ak'<bmombGJ tjyif [lqde&f Sm; [laom rlqvifbGJudk cH.? om;jzpfol
rif;[&Du oD&dok"rR&mZm [laom Ak'b
< mom bGJESifh qmvif&Sm; [laom
rlqvifbGJ udk cH=u.? [dELN ESifh Ak'<bmom0ifrif;rsm; rlqvif bGJ udk cH,l=ujcif;onf
tqef;r[kwfa=umif; tpPvrf,Ofaus;r_jyef@ygG ;yHkudk txl; avhvmvdkufpm;ol
25
26
26
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
27
30
31
28
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
Daulat Qazi
River Kanafuli
34
Roshang
35
Huq 2005:12
36
Orrakan
37
Rakan
38
(Yule 1985: 34)
39
Aloul
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
33
29
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
31
32
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
ZOK-19
ROB (7) :487
49
Eastern Frontier: 100
50
Ibid 350
51
Harvey 1967:280
48
33
52
Colonel Erskine
Eastern Frontier :40
54
Pearn 1960: 448
53
34
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
35
r[kwfay? 60
odkjzpf&um; &mrl;ESifh awmifykid f;a'oonf ukr`%DtkyfcsKyfa&;rS vnf;
aumif;/ jrefrmbk&iftkyfcsKyfa&;rS vnf;aumif; ESpaf ygif; q,fpkrsm;pGm uif;vGwf
aecJhonfrSm aocsm.? xdka'o&Sd ,ae hwdkif ac:a0:ae=uaom &wemyvif/
uefawmh yvif wdk o
h nf &cdik +f rdK&Gmtrnfrsm;jzpf&m &cdik fjynfrS xGuaf jy;vmolw@kd ukd
a'ocH &cdkifwdku vufcHae&mcsxm;ay;cJh =uavonfrSm ,kHrmS ; bG,f r&Sdacs?
t*Fvdyf ta&StdENd, ukr`%D. wm0efay;csuft& c&pfESpf 1798 ckwGif ppf
waumif; awmifwef;a'o/ edt
k mcgvDESihf aumfrv
D ma'orsm;udk uGif;qif;avhvm
cJhaom t*FvdyfvlrsK;d q&m0ef z&efppfblcsmeefonf rwfv 24 &ufae hwGif
[m&Aif; csdKifh0Sr;f odk a&mufaomtcg &cdkifjynfom;rsm; ta=umif;udk atmufyg
twdik f; rSww
f rf; wifonf?
csrfyl&frS bm&wWLvmtxd c&D;wavSsmufwGif yifv,fESifh awmifukef;
ed rf h e dr f h = um;&S d vrf ; twd ki f ; oG m;&onf ? xd k a e&mud k a usmf v S s if
ajrjyefvGifjyifrSwyg; tjcm;r&S?d uGuf=um;uGuf=um; opfawmtkyfrsm;
um; awG&.? teD;tem; awmifukef;rsm;wGif armuf61 vlrsdK;rsm;
aexdkif=uonf? xdk armufqdkolrsm;um; b*FvDwdku 'a&mpf qGrf/
&dak [mif;/ &dt
k ef;/ &ef; odkr[kwf &kef;62 ponfjzifh trsK;d rsK;d ac: a0:=uaom
&cdkifjynfom;rsm;omwnf;? xdkolwdkonf olwdk h. wdkif;jynfudk jrefrm
wdk@u odrf;ydkufvdkuf=uojzifh a&Smifwdrf;vm=uum ig;zrf;jcif;/ avS/
orefrsm; aqmufvkyfjcif;/ xGef,uf pdkufysK;d jcif;ESifh rdef;rrsm;rSm &uUe;f
&ufvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh toufarG;=uonf? 63
blcsmeef. rSwfwrf;t&yifvSsif az: jyyg trnfrsm;onf &cdkifjynfudk
ac:a0:aom trnfrsm;jzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vSygonf? Tae&mwGif [m&Aif;
60
36
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
64
Pearn 1960:449
Coxs Bazaar Subdivision
66
Roang
67
Maghs
65
37
68
69
Roang
Risvi 1970: 115
38
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
tcef ; (2)
+Adwod sS vufatmuf&cdkifjynf
(u) pD; yGg ;a&;
yxr t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyJt
G +yD; c&pfouU&mZf 1826 ck azaz:0g&Dv 24
&ufaewGif csKyq
f akd om &E yW pkd mcsKyt
f & &cdik jf ynf/ tmoHe,fESihf weoFm&Dwkid ;f wdk udk
+Aw
d dosS ta&StdE,
Nd ukr%
` u
D odr;f ,lc&Jh m tmoHEiS &fh cdik jf ynfudk b*Fvm;jynfe,fEiS hf
yl;wGJ tkyf csKyfcJh onf? 1828 ck ES pf txd ppf awGc&d kift ky fcsKyf a&;t&m&Sdonf
ppfwaumif; ta&;ydik .
f vufatmufwiG o
f m &Sad yonf? weoFm&Dwkid f;udkrl 1824
wGif zGJ hpnf;cJhaom a&vuf=um;a'o tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme 1&Hk;pdkuf&m yDeefrStkycf sKyf
cJo
h nf? tdE,
Nd pDydKG iyf kefuefr_ (1857) +y;D qHk;+y;D aemuf ta&StdEd,
N ukr`%Dukzd suo
f rd ;f
+yD; bdvyfrS+Adwdo#tpdk;&u tdENd,tifyg,m.tkyfcsKyfa&;udk wdkuf&ku
d fcsKyfudkif
vmcJ&h m udv
k ked D vrf;pOfukv
d nf; ajymif;vJusio
hf k;H vmcho
J nf? tkyfcsKyfa&;,E &W m;udk
tcGet
f wkw&f onfESihf umrd&rkH #ruyJ ukeo
f ,
G fa&;udv
k nf; wdk;wufzGH +h zdK; vmap&ef
jzpfonf?
jrefrmjynfujkd zwfI w&kwjf ynfEiS hf aemufaygurf u
S ek o
f ,
G &f efrmS +Aw
d o
d sS wkd
a&S;OD; rqGuyif pDpOfxm;cJh+yD;jzpfonf? 1867 wGif ,leefe,fY yef; ao;wdk@
olykex
f jcif;a=umifh ukefoG,af &; xdcu
dk fcaJh v&m +Adwo
d #w@kd u yef;ao; acgi;f aqmif
2
ESihf tajytvnfajymqdk&ef wef;,GJ@ txdapv$wf+yD; xdktwdkif;yif wmvD+rdK@3wGif
w&kwt
f pdk;&. ,leefbk&ifcEH Sifh qufoG,fI ukeo
f G,fa&; yHkrSefjzpfap&ef }udK;yrf;
4
cJhonf? aemifwGif Aef;armfY +AdwdoSswdk pcef;csIa&mif;0,f&mrS ppfwaumif;/
ppfawG/ rE Wav;rSAef;armftxd ukefoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif; wckonf pD;qif;vSsuf
&Sdav+yD?
jrefrmwdk tkyfcsKyfpOfu &cdkifESifh{&m0wDjrpf0rS f;ukefo,
G fa&;onf ajymy
avmufatmif r&SdcJhacs? &cdkifiydEiS hf jrefrm0g*rG f;udk vJv,
S fonfhtqifrh Ssom &Sdch.
J ?
1
Teng Yueh
Tali
BBG:535
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
39
yxr ppfyJt
G +yD;wGif &cdik f&;kd rudkjzwfausmI
f uke;f vrf;ukefo,
G fa&;onf wr[kwcf si;f
wd;k wufvmcJo
h nf? &cdkifrw
S qifh ukefo,
G rf o
_ nf oGif;ukefxw
k u
f ek f yrm%tm;jzifh
&efukef qdyfurf;rSwqifh a&mif;0,fonfxufredrfha=umif; tn$ef;udef;rsm;u
azmfjyonf? jrefrmzufrSukefonfrsm;twGuf +Adwdo#ukefypPnf;rsm;udk &efukef
qdyfurf;rS wqifhwifoGi;f jcif;xuf &cdkifrSwifoGif;jcif;u ydkIp&dwfoufomonf?
ppft+yD; av;ESpft=um 1830 weSpfwnf;wGif w&m;0ifpm&if;rsm;t& b*Fvm;rS
&lyDaiGig;odef;bdk; wifydkcJh+yD; jrefrmzufrSoHk;odef;bdk;wifoGif;edkifcJhonf? b*Fvm;
ESifhvnf; ,cifua&a=umif;jzifhom qufoG,fedkifcJhaomfvnf; ppfwaumif;rS
ppfawGodk ukef;vrf;jzifv
h nf; qufoG,Ef kid fatmif aqmif&Guv
f mcJhonf? b*Fvm;rS
wifoGif;aom +Adwo
d sS w@kd .yd@k uek rf sm;rSm ydwfacsm/ txnftvdyrf sKd;pH/k yGih&f ku
d yf k;d xnf/
zvfxnfESihf td;k cGuyf ef;uefrsm; jzpf=uonf? +Adwo
d sw
S @dk . vGwv
f yfaom ukeo
f ,
G f
5
a&;rlonf t"duwGef;tm;wck jzpfcJhonff?
1834 ckESprf S 1844 ckEpS ftwGi;f 10 ESpw
f idk f &cdik fjynfwiG f c&pf,ef omoem
jyKvkyfief;udk aqmif&u
G f&ef a&muf&Sdae=uaom tar&duef ESpjf cif; omoemjyK
odumQ &q&m t,fvfqv
D wGef 6ESihf bm;eyfpq
f ,
J m; 7 wd@k . ESpfjcif; c&pf,ef toif;
XmecsKyfodk@ tpD&ifcHpmwGif/
b*Fvm;ESi fhul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;udk avS}uD;rsm;jzif h o,faqmif
azgufum;=u.? jrefrmjynfESifhuke foG,fr_wGif ukef;vrf;c&D;udkom
tm;xm;&onf?uke;f vrf;c&D;rSm &d;k rawmif=um;udkjzwfoGm;onfh trf;
awmif=um;vrf;onf t"duus.? 0efpnfpvnfrsm;udk EGm;vSn;f rsm;jzifh
o,faqmif=u+yD; txrf;orm;rsm;uvnf; a=umydk;Io,faqmif
ay;=uonf? oGif;ukefydk@ukef. wefbdk;udk cef@rSef;&efcufaomfvnf;
tpD&ifcHpm wckukd udk;um;I qdk&aomf 1838-39 ckESpfESifh 1839-40
5
L. Silton
Barnas Sear
40
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
ESprf sm;wGif ppfawGrS b*Fvm; ESihjf refrmjynfok@d yd@k ukefppk ak ygif;wefb;dk onf
ig;odef; av;aomif; oHk;axmihfESpf&m oHk;q,fhwpf&lyDjzpf a=umif;
od&onf8 [k az: jyxm;onf? +AdwdefrS vDAmyl;vf oabFm olaX;rsm;
tm;vH;k vdkvydk if ta&Swdkif;rS qefpyg;wifoiG f;&mwGif ppfawGqdyfurf;.
ta&; ygr_udk odxm;=uonf? jrefrmedkifiH qefpyg;a&mif;0,fr_ wdk;wuf
vmjcif;a=umifh vDAmyl;vf oabFmvkyfief;wGif tvkyt
f udik ftcGiht
f vrf;
9
&mcdkifE_ef; ESpfq,fausmf wdk;vmcJ@a=umif;od&onf? 'kwd, t*Fvdyf
jrefrmppfyGJt+yD; &efukef ykodrf&xm;vrf;udk &cdkifodk@ wdk;csJ&efaomf
vnf;aumif;/ &dk;rudjk zwfI rE Wav; od@k r[kwf awmifilESifh quffoG,&f ef
vnf;aumif; a'oE W&tm%mydkifrsm;u wifjy=uonf? &cdkifjynfudk
jzwfI& xm;vrf; azguv
f yk jf cif;um; w&kwfEiS hf ukeo
f ,
G fr_ udk tdE,
dN txd
qGJqef@ ,l&ef tqiftajyqkH; enf;vrf;yifjzpfa=umif; wifjy=uonf?10
,cktxd &&SdaomtcGefawmf. ig;yHkwyHkudk &cdkifjynfu
xrf;aqmifonf? odk@r[k wf &lyD odef;ESpfq,f jzpfonf?
onft wG uf &cd ki fj ynfum; wpH kw&mrS s cHpm;cGifh r&dSc Jh?
u|eyfk fwdk@onf "gwfjym;a[mif;udk t}udr}f udrf zGifhcJh=uav+yD?
u|Ef_ y f w d k onf ajr{uaygif ; 311 100 ud k xG ef ,uf
pdkufysKd;ay;ae=uonf? xGef,ufEdkifaom ajr{u 568700
usefao;onf? odk@aomf &cdkifjynfwGif ,ckxdcif;+yD;aom
vrf;onf pkpkaygif; rdkifoHk;q,fyif rjynfhao;yg11
[k ppfawG c&dkif0efu 1877 ck atmufwdk bmv 6 &ufae@
&uf pGJj zifh tpD& ifcH onf? tdE Nd,ES ifh w&kwfjynf udk qufoG,frnfh
8
Comstock 1847:235
Hay 1892: 20
10
Ibid: 20-24
11
Ibid: 50
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
41
12
42
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
14
16
Smart 1957: 86
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
43
BBG: 461
Op-Cit: 32-33
44
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
1877ckEpS w
f iG f ppfwaumif;e,f. vlaeodyo
f nf;r_onf pwk&ef;wrdik v
f siS f
(48&) a,mufjzpfI &cdkifjynfwGiu
f m; pwk&ef;wrdkifvSsif (24) a,mufom&dS.?
xdk@a=umifv
h nf; ppfwaumif;e,fom;rsm;onf vkyftm;c aps;aumif;aumif;&+yD;
tvkyftudki&f vG,faom ppfawGc&dkio
f dk@ tpkvdkut
f +yHKvdkuf ajymif;a&$ aexdik f=u
onf? ppf waumif; ta&;ykdif uvnf; tm;ay;onf ? ppf waumif ;c&d ki f.
tcGefawmfudk ppfawGc&dkifu jznfhay;aeonfudk 0rf;om tm;&}udKqdkrnfom?
b*Fvm;&Sd umvuwWm;/ ppfwaumif; paomqdyu
f rf;rsm;rS ppfawGo@d k vma&muf&ef
bmrsS rvdk? oabFmukr`%Drsm;tm;vHk;udk }udKwifta=umif;=um;xm;onf?
ukvm;tvkyf orm;rsm; tm;vHk;ukd vufrSwfrygyJ tcrJhwifaqmifay;onf?
oabFmcudk qefpyg; ul;oef;a&mif;0,faom +AdwdoSsukr`%Drsm;rS ay;acsrnf?
aemifwGif ppfawGomru jrefrmedkiif H&Sd &efuket
f ygt0if tjcm;qdyu
f rf;+rdK@rsm;odk@yg
19
wifaqmifay;onf?
udkvked DacwfwGif tdENd,vlrsK;d tajrmuftjrm; jrefrmedkiif Hodk@ 0ifa&muf
aexdik f=uaomfvnf; &cdkifjynfum; ppfwaumif;om;rsm;twGuf tqiftajyqHk;
jzpfonf? yxr t*Fvdyf jrefrm ppfyJ+G yD;qHk;uwnf;u &cdkifjynfudk b*Fvm;ESifh
aygif;pnf;xm;&m 0ifxGufoGm;vm&mwGif edkifiHul;vufrSwfuJhodk@aom pm&Guf
pmwrf;rsm; rvd/k ukef; a=umif;a&a=umif;vrf;rsm;tm;vHk; 0ifvG,fxu
G fvG,&f Sdjcif;/
tpm;taomufaygrsm;=uG,f0I aexdkifrp_ &dwf r}uD;jcif; ponfhtcsufrsm;onf
t"du qGJiiftm;rsm;yif jzpfawmhonf? tpurl ppfwaumif;om; v,fulvD
rsm;onf xGef,ufpdkufysKd;onfh&moDEiS fh &dyo
f dr;f &moDwGif ppfawGc&dik fok@d 0ifa&muf
vm+yD; vkyfief;&moDukefaomtcg aiGxkyfyku
d f+yD; ppfwaumif;odk@jyef=uonf?
aemifwGifrjyefawmhyJ w&moDESifhw&moDt=um; vkyfief;wckckwGif
0ifa &muf vkyfudki fIt+rJ aexdkifvmawmh onf? ppfawGc&dkifY ppfwaumif;
om;rsm;onf 1872 ckESpfwiG f pkpkaygif; 58225 a,mufom&SdcJh&mrS 1911 ckESpfwGif
178647 OD;txd wdk;yGg;vmcJhonf? tm;vHk;vdkvdk ppfwaumif;rS vma&muf=uol
a,musfm;rsm; jzpf=ua=umif; oef;acgifpm&if;wGif xnfhoGif; azmfjyay;xm;onf?
0ifvmonfhOD;a&udk twdtus cef@rSef;&efrvG,f? &dwford f;&moDwiG f 25000 ESifh
19
Smart 1957: 34
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
45
Ibid:86
21
24
25
Messers Turner
26
Maurissom Company
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
46
a&muf&dSedkif=u+yD?
t&if&mufESifh+yD;olrsm;u olwdk@udk }udKqdkvufcHae&mcsxm;ay;aom
ppfawGc&dkif taemufajrmufydkif;Y tajccs aexdkifolrsm;=u.? 27xdka=umifh ewf
jrpf0Srf;onf q,fpEk Spftenf;i,ftwGi;f vlO;D a&xlxyfaoma'otjzpf ajymif;vJ
oGm;cJhonf? wESpftwGi;f xGef,uf&moDESifh &dwfodr;f &moDESpfrsK;d vHk;wGuf yHkrSef
ac:,lcikd ;f ap&onfjzpf&m ppfwaumif;rS c%wjzKwf vma&mufvyk f udik fonfjzpfap
tenf;qHk; ajcmufvrSckepfvtxd vkyfief;cGifwGif aexdkif=u& onfom jzpfonf?
ZGev
f v,frS ESpv
f cGJ oHk;vonf xGe,
f uf&moD+yD;vSsif edk0ifbm 'DZifbm &dwo
f drf;
&moDa&mufvmonfESifh pyg;&dwfjcif; aumufvd_if;pnf;jcif;/ wvif; e,fjcif;
ponfwdk@rSmvnf; tm;vHk; ppfwaumif;om; v,fulvDwdk@ tvkyfjzpfav&m
armifawm bl;oD;awmif&Sd uGif;tm;vHk;vdkvdk Tenf;ESifESifvkyfudkif=uojzifh
ppfwaumif;om;rsm; 0ifvm rpJwoJoyJ if &Sad wmhonf? 28tdEd,
N vl0ifr_pHkprf;a&;
tpD&ifcHpm (1939) u tpD&ifcH&mwGif &dwfodrf;&moDt+yD; ae&yfodk@jyef=uonf
qdk&mwGifvnf; ppfawGc&dkifwGif t0iftxGuu
f dkppfaq;aom vl0ifr_}uD;=uyfa&;
[lIvnf; &Sdonfr[kwf/ ukef;a=umif;rSwoG,f avSorefrsm;jzifhwzHk 0ifvm
=uonfom/ rnfa&G@rnfr#[lI ppfaq;edkifonfr[kw?f &dwford f;t+yD; avSxk;d om;
tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ qef}udwfcpGJ ufrsm;wGif txrf;orm;rsm;tjzpf vnf; aumif;
0ifa&mufvkyfuidk fI usef&pfolvnf; renf;vSacs[k tpD&ifco
H nf?29 1930-31
ckESpw
f Gif vlr_a&;aq;zufqkid f&m n$ef=um;a&;0efu aq;ppfcsuf&,lojzif@ tm;udk;
avmufaomrSwfwrf;wcktjzpf usefcJh.? ,if;rSwfwrf;udk tm;udk;Iqdk&aomf
ppfawGc&kdifok@d &dwford f;csdef0ifvmol ppfwaumif;om;rsm;rSm ESpfaomif;cef@ &Sed dkif
onf? 30
vlom;t&if;tjrpfwdk;Iom vkyftm;wdk;+yD; vkyftm;wdk;Iompdkuf{u
wdk;onfrmS rjiif;Edkifyg? odk@&mwGif vlOD;wdk;yGg;r_onf a=umufcref;vdvdjzpfygonf?
27
28
29
30
Ibid: 30; BL/ RSO The Akyab District, 1913 - 17, V(9)
4128
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
47
ppfawGc&dkif0efu Todk@rw
S fcsufcsygonf?
ppfawGc&dkifwGif 1901 ckEpS rf pS I armifawm+rdK.vlO;D a&wdk;yGg;r_onf 21
&mcdkifESkef;jzpfojzif@ wdk;yGg;r_ tjrefqHk;jzpf+yD; vlOD;a&txlxyfqHk;vnf;
jzpfonf? vuf&t
Sd ajctaewGif aumufc&H &Sdaom oef;acgifpm&if;t&
ppfawG+rdKonf atmufjrefrmjynfwGif wwd,vlOD;a& txlxyfqHk;+rdK@
jzpf+yD; wjynfv;kH wGif &efuke/f rE aW v;ESi@f armfv+rdKi+f yD;vSsif pwkwj zpfonf?
oefacgifpm&if;aumufcHaom tcsdefonf ppfwaumif;om; v,ful
vDrsm; 0ifa&mufvmavh&dSaom umveSifh wdkufqdkifaeonfuvnf;
ta=umif; wa=umif;jzpfonf? pwk&ef; wrdkif vlae 230 &Sdaom
armifawm+rdKonf wc&dkifvHk;wGif vlae todyfonf;qHk;jzpfonf? ppf
waumif;ESifh e,ferdwfcsif; qufpyfaeojzif@ aexdkifolrsm;rSm ppf
waumif ; om; trsm;qHk ; jzpfonf? ppfa wG wc&d ki fvHk ; . pwk &ef;
wrdik faexdkiforl mS 103 a,muf om&S.
d ? E_id ;f ,SO=f unfh&ef rSm ppfawGwiG f
176 OD;&SdI &aohawmifwGif 157 OD; &Sd ygonf?31
ewfjrpf0Srf; ta&Szufurf;ajcum; iaygvkH;ykefuefr_/ csif;ysyH kefuefr_ESifh
yxr t*FvdyfjrefrmppfyJt
G +yD;wGif vlaetdraf jc uif;rJhvsu&f daS e.? TwGif &cdkifwk@d
xGufajy; wdrf;a&SmifvmcJhojzifh yvyfajrjzpfusefchaJ om xkjd rpf0Srf;vGijf yifa'owGif
ppfwaumif;om;b*F gvDwdk@ tqifoifyh if 0ifa&mufae&m ,lvdkuf=uavonf?
ajruGuf}u;D rsm;udk ckwfxGifI v,f,majrydkifqidk cf iG hu
f v
dk nf; b*F gvDw@dk u0ifa&muf
vkyfudkifjcif;jzifh b*F gvDajr&Sifrsm; ay:aygufvmonf? xdkajr&Sifwdk@u ppfwaumif;
om; b*F gvDrsm;udkyif oD;pm;csxm;&ef ac:,lwifoGif;vm=u&m ewfjrpf0Srf;onf
ppfwaumif;e,fudk wdk;csJ,lvdkufouJho@dk b*F gvDtajcpdu
k f&m udkvedk Dwcktjzpfok@d
ajymif;vJoGm;awmh onf? udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfa&;rSwfwrf;wckwGif/
ppfwaumif;rS b*F gvrD sm;twGuf xdek ,fwiG ;f od@k wr[kwcf sif; 0ifa&muf
ae&m,l&efrSm tcsed u
f kefcH aiGukefcH&efrvd?k rnfonfhtmrcHrSsvnf; rvdk?
ajr&kdif;ukd ckwfxGifpu
kd fysKd;jcif;rS olwk@d &onfhtmrcHrSm wESpfvSsif 0ifaiG
31
48
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
csif;/
33
Ibid
34
35
Zamindar
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
49
37
Riotari
39
40
Rizvi 1970:179
41
BBG: 479
50
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
43
Walker 1891 I: 15
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
51
Smart 1957:145 -9
45
52
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
46
53
vlr sKd ;
b*F gvD
jrefrm
&cdkif
&Srf;
awmifay:om;
pkpkaygif;
1871
58255
4632
171612
334
38577
276671
1901
154887
35751
230649
80
35489
481666
1911
178647
92185
209432
59
34020
529943
pkpak ygif;vlOD;a&
587513
671899
7612102
839896
909246
1008535
b*F gvDOD;a&
113557
137922
173884
197990
206990
217801
wdk;yGg;onfh&mESKef;
196
205
228
235
231
216
54
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
jrefrmjynfzGm;
36000
81000
117000
jynfywGifarG;zGm;ol
33000
6000
39000 [lIjzpfonf?
55
56
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
51
57
cGJxGufa&;udpk wifaqG;aEG;vdkufonfESiw
fh +yKd ief uf ppfwaumif;c&dik +f ydKI
ajy;vmonft
h vm; 0ifa&mufvmavonf? ppfwaumif;om;rsm;onf
tqHk;tp[lI r&Sdawmhacs? vrf;ab;/ oabFmqdyf/ +rdKwGif; armifawm/
bl;oD;awmifvrf; wavSsmufvHk;wGif ppfwaumifom;rsm;jzif@ jynfh=uyf
aeawmhonf? ,cifu pyg;&dwf+yD; jyefavh&Sd=uolrsm;yif jyefvmI
r&rnfudk pdk;&drfI rjyef=uawmh? xdkoHk;ESpfoHk;rdk;twGif; wcgrSs +rdK&Gm
[lIr&SdcJhaom awmpyf awmifpG,frsm;wGifyg aus;&Gmrsm; tvSsdKtvSsdK
ay:vm=uukef.? &Sd&if; &Gmrsm;vnf; ESpq
f oHk;qrSs }uD;rm;vm=uonf?
c&dik t
f yk fcsKyf a&;tqifh &Sad om t*Fvyd t
f &m&Srd sm;uvnf; ta&;w,lr&S/d
rodusKd;u|ejf yK ae=uavonf52
90 &mE_ef; aom ppfwaumif; om;rsm;onf csmwg*geD,mblvD53
[kac:aom ppfwaumif; a'opum;udk ajymqdk=uonf? xdkpum;ajymqdkolrsm;udk
tdEd,
N jynfwiG fomru b*Fvm;e,f tjcm;a'orsm;wGifyg tqift
h wef;edrf@usol/
54
ynmrJholrsm;tjzpf txifao;tjrifao;=uonf? pum;}uHKI u|efawmf.
tawG@t}uHK wckudk ajymygrnf? u|efawmfonf xdkppfwaumif; a'opum;udk
tawmftwef ajymwwfygonf? ta0;ajy; bwfpu
f m;jzifh aumufbZm;rS'gumod@k
rdwfaqGwOD;ESifh twlc&D;xGufcJh&m [m&Aif;wGif xrif;pm;=uonf? u|efawmf
pm;csifaom[if;wrsKd; &dSovm;[k pm;yGJxdk;udkppfwaumif;pum;ESi fhar;rd&m
aqmif@aqmifhatmifhatmifhjzifh wHk;wdwdyif r&Sd[k jyefajymygonf? usGefawmf.
rdwfaqGu 'gum+rdK@em;eD;av 'Dpum;udkrajymwmaumif;avyJAsm[k tjzpfudk
&,f&,f armarm&Sif;jyygonf? a'ocsif;xdpyfaeaom EdktmcgvDESifhaumfrDvm
wGifyif xdkbmompum; ajymoludk ESdrhcf squfqw
H wf=uonf? xd@k a=umifh 0ifvmol
ppfwaumif;om; tenf;tusOf;om jynfrzufodk@ ul;=uonf? jynfrwGif plvwD/
aZ&Ag'DESifh r*dkuJho@dk aom rlqvifrsm;u olwdk@ukd ESdr=f uonf? xdk@a=umifh &cdkijf ynf
wGifyif ukyu
f yfIae=uawmhonf?
52
bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fjzpfpOfordkif;/pm 42
53
Chataganiya Buli
54
Rizvi II 1970:341
58
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
55
56
xdkpm/ 31
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
59
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
59
61
62
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
tcef ; (3)
63
64
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
xdkpm/ 200
bpH/ OD; 1966/ 77
7
armifAodef;rSwfpk/ 80
6
J.S Furnivall
Plural Society
65
Furnivall 1957:
Wahhabi Movement
12
Ikhawan
13
Fara-i-di
14
Rahman 1979:200-204
15
Charter 1938: 34-38
11
66
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
armifxif 1960/ 58
17
67
vnf;aumif; tdE,
dN rlqvifv(d *f)18 ESiv
fh nf;aumif; qufo,
G v
f y_ &f mS ;vm=uonf?
19
*sraD twltal vrm tD;tpPvrf tzGJ@ukd zGJ@pnf;I tpPvrfbmom tajccHrlrsm;udk
Ekdiif Ha&;oabmw&m;tjzpf csrw
S fI edkifiHa&; wyfOD;wckudk zGJ@pnf;vmcJ@onf?20
udv
k dkeaD cwfwavSsmuff e,fcsJqef@usifa&;wdkufyGJwGifvnf; &cdkifwdk@onf
0Homek/ *spD DbDat/ wdk@Arm tpnf;t&Hk; ponfwdk@ESifhqufoG,fvSKyf&Sm;cJh=u+yD;
ppfwaumif;om;b*F gvrD sm;rSm tdE,
Nd rSrlqviftzGJcsKyf ESio
fh m qufo,
G f v_yf&Sm;
cJ@=uonf? &cdkiaf us;&Gmrsm;wGifrl +AdwdoSswk@d u &cdkib
f k&ifacwfESifh jrefrmbk&ifacwf
u&SdcJhonfh rsKd;&dk;tvdkuf qufcH&aom ol}uD;ae&mwGif a&G;aumufwifajrSmufcH
ol}uD;ESif@ tpm;xdk;av&m xdkol}uD;onf a&G;aumufcH aus;&Gmaumifpt
D ay: Y
=oZmanmif; r_ r&SdvSa cs? +Ad wdoSs tk yfcsKyfa &;atmufwG if ,cif u&S dcJh aom
ya'o&mZf pHepf. txufatmuf opPm cH,l&aompHepfonf vHk;0ysufoOk f;cJ&h +yD?
acwfopf jrefrmedkifiHordkif;udk okawoejyLvkyfaom ygarmuQa*stuf(zf)au'D.
axmufjycsut
f &qdv
k Ssif a&G;aumufco
H }l u;D udk trsKd;om;a&;v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;wGif vHk;0
yg0ifywfoufjcif;rjyK&ef n$ef=um;csuf&aSd v&m 0HomEkw&m;a[mI trsdK;om;a&;
v_yf&mS ;r_udktm;ay;vm=uaom oHCmawmfrsm;ESifh a&G;aumufcHol}uD;wd@k t=um;
uGm[r_wck jzpfay:vmawmhonf? pifppfrSm jrefrmaus;vufjynfolwdk@tay:
&[ef;awmfwk@d . =oZmonf tvGef}uD;rm;vSa=umif; +Aw
d o
d Ssw@kd oabmaygucf [
Jh ef
21
rwlacs?
TuJh od k@ aomtajctaersm;onf wd kif;&if;om;&cdki fvlrsdK ;rsm;ESifh
wzufekid if HrS tajccs aexdik fvm=uaom ppfwaumif;om; b*F gvDrsm;t=um;wGif
rodrom wif;rmr_rsm; ay:aygufvmapcJah vonf? tpPa&;okawoD rdka&Sa,*gu
+Adwdo#wdk@ tdENd,odk@qkwfcGgxGufajy;&aomtcsdefwGif &ck difjynfawmif ydkif;Y
&cdkifv&l rf;um;wcsdKu rlqvif&Gmrsm;udw
k dkucf dkuo
f jzifh rlqvifw@dk ajrmufykid f;odk@
xGufajy;+yD; &cdkifvlenf;pktay: vufwkef@jyefjcif;rS t"du&k%f; pwifonf[k
18
Muslim League
Jami-a-tul Ulema-e Islam
20
Khin Gyi Pyaw 1960: 99
21
Cady 1958: 172 -273
19
68
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
Yegar 1972:67
&cdkifjynfe,f jynfol@aumifpD 1986/ 36
24
Owen 1946: 26
23
69
25
26
70
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
71
armifawm+rdKe,f jzpfpOfordkif;/ 54
oef;oef;OD; 1992/ 51- 52
32
&cdkifjynfe,fjynfol@aumifpD 1986/ 53
31
72
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
bl;oD;awmif+rdKe,fjzpfpOfordkif;/ 150
OD;=umvSatmifESifhawG@qHkar;jref;jcif; (armifAodef;rSwfpk) (4-6-1984)
34
35
73
bl;oD;awmif+rdK@e,fjzpfpOfordkif;/ 150
oef;oef;OD; 1992/ 58
38
Ba Maw 1958: 205
37
39
Op-Cit : 63
74
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
armifAodef; rSwfpk-64
Burma Intelligence Bureau 1944: 170
41
75
armifAodef; rSwfpk-64
V Force
43
76
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
77
Maugh
Christie 1996: 165
51
79
xGuaf jy;vGwfajrmufoGm;cJh=uavonf?52
armif a wm+rd Kywf 0ef ; usifr S &cd k if 'k uQ onf rsm;ud k +Ad wdoS s tpdk; &
t&m&Srd sm;jzpf=uaom OD;ausmfrif; (bma&; twGi;f 0ef)/ OD;ausmfcdkiEf Sihf OD;atmif
omausmf (puf&iS fw&m;ol}uD;)wdk@u armifawm+rdKrSwqifh ewfjrpf wzufurf;odk@
ydk@ay;cJh=uonf? xdk'kuQonfrsm;tm;vH;k udk tdE,
Nd edik fiH 'dik ef mpyl&'f u
k Qonfpcef;wGif
ae&mcs xm;ay;cJah vonf? armifawm+rdKywfvnfwGif wkw/f "g;/ vufeufu,
kd fpED Sihf
b*F gvDukvm;rsm; 0dkif;&Hxm;=uonf? cef@rSe;f ajc vlESpfaomif;ausmfcef@&Sdrnf[k
xif&onf? +rdK@0ifayguf xGufayguftm;vkH;udk ydwfxm;onf? aus;&Gmrsm;rS
&cdkifrsm;rSm 0dkif;Ixdk;ckwfcH&ojzifh ao=uonfvnf;&Sd.? '%f&m&I +rdK@ay:odk@
wufajy;vm=uonfvnf; renf;vSacs? rdk;vif;onfESif h +rdK@ay:wGif txkyt
f ydk;
ud,
k pf jD zifh a=umuf&HG @jcif;a=umifh [ko
d nfajy;v$m; ae=uolrsm;udv
k nf; jrif&.? ,ck
+rdK rausmif;ae&mwGif vlig;axmifc ef @ pk& Hk;a&muf&Sdvm=uonf? OD ;atmif
omausmfESifh t*FvdyfppfAdkvf awvmqdkolwdk@u a*:&cg;ppfom;rsm; tapmifh
ta&Smufjzifh armifawmoabFmqdyfodk@ ydk@onf? ewfjrpfwzufurf; u,kacsmif;
(wuUeyf) odk@ tm&uefzvdw
k Dvm oabFmjzifh tacgufacguftcgcgydk@aomfvnf;
&cdkiftm;vHk; wzufurf;od@k ae@csif;ra&mufekid fjzpfae&m/ &&m avSorefrsm;jzifh yd@k ay;
&onf? u,kacsmif; (wuUeyf)53 odk@a&mufIrdk;csKyfonfESifh armifawm+rdK@rS
rD;awmufrD;vSsHrsm;ESifh rD;cdk;vHk;rsm;wufvmonfudk jrif=u&onf[k udk,fawG
ajymjycsufrsm;udk armifawm+rdK@e,fjzpf pOfordkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf?54
pyfqdkoludk rod&awmhaomfvnf; avS+ydKifyGJoHcsyfwckwGif ppftwGif;
bl;oD;awmif armifawme,fY jzpfysufcJ@onfuko
d &kyaf z:xm;ojzifh ordkif;rSww
f rf;
wcktjzpf atmufwiG faz: jytyfygonf?
ESpfopfwufvdk@wvukef/ vuqkefwGifolykefx/ zHkndKvdyfupjyefvm/
&cdik f&GmrSmjymtwd/ anmifacsmif;txd rD;}uD;avmif/ bl;oD;awmife,f&Gm
trsm;/ &cdkif&Gmum; tm;vHk;pif/ *lwmjyifu tpxm;/ ukvm;&Gmrsm;
52
armifAodef;rSwpf k-65
53
Tak Naaf
54
armifawm+rdKe,f+zpfpOfordik f;/62-63
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
80
55
Ibid: p 25
armifawm+rdKe,f jzpfpOfordki;f / 25
56
81
Peace Committee
armifawm+rdKe,f jzpfpOfordkif;/ 65-66
58
82
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
59
Yegar 1971: 39
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
83
84
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
tcef; (4)
rl*sm[pf aomif;usef;r_
(u) ppf + yD; acwf edki fiH a &;tajctae
1944 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf armifawm+rdKudk
v#yfwjyuf wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkuf+yD;/ abmfvDbmZmESifh jrif;vGwfOa'gif;rS ar,k
awmif&dk;udk *ky`Dausmfvrf;rSjzwfausmfum bl;oD;awmifwGif tvHk;t&if;eSifh
cHaeaom *syefwdk@udkxdk;ppfqifonf? bl;oD;awmif armifawm &xm;vrf;ay:&dS
Orif(awmifacgif;}uD;)udk odrf;,lonf? ,if;odk@xdk;ppfqif&mwGif rSeaf wmifwdkufyGJ/
iusOaf wmufwdkufyJEG Sifh *ky`Dwu
dk fyGJrsm;onf tvGefjyif;xefaom wdkuyf GJrsm; jzpf=u
onf? rSefawmifwdkufyGJwGif *syefppfom;ESpfaxmifcef@ESifh r[mrdwfwyfom;ig;
k f=umvSatmifw@kd onf zGJ pnf;
ax mi cf ef@
u sq k;H
a=u mi ;f o &
d. ?1 OD;ynmoD[ESihf Adv
xm;or# wyfrsm;udk ajymufusm;wyf toGio
f @kd &kww
f &uf ajymif;vJvu
kd af vonf?
r[mrdwfxdk;ppf pwif0ifa&mufvmchJ+yDjzpfojzifh &cdk ifajymufusm;rsm;onf
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47
Jaffar Meah
Omra Meah
49
Balukhali
50
The Report of the Deputy Commissioner of Chittagong
Hill Tracts, dated 7th February 1949 (The National
Archives, London) 2-SEA 60/611:DO 196/133
51
National Archives, London, 2-SEA 60/611:DO 196/133
48
108
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
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The Record of the Talk between Pakistan Foreign Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Burmese Foreign Minister U
Thi Han on the Ali Bhuttos visit on Burma from January
18 to 21, 1964. (The Confidential Letter of the British High
Commissioner in Rawalpindi, Pakistan to The Common
Wealth Relations Office, London, The National Archives,
London, 2-SEA 60/6/1)
65
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T. J. OBrien
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The National Archives, London : FCO 15/2041 -384097
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18
ckdifjr0g-2003 (203-205)
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The Guardian Daily, October 27, 1960
20
126
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Yegar 2002: 53
Rohingya Patriotic Front (PRF)
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
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23
129
Yegar 2002: 54
The Chittagong Hills Tract Manual (1899)
28
Daud Majalis 1978: 9 - 11; Tun 1978: 30
27
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29
Yegar 2002: 55
30
31
Majalis 1978:24
32
Ibid: 36;
33
131
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jrefrmb*Fvm;a'h&Sf e,fpyfwavSsmuf tajctaeudk =unfh&a_ vhvmapcJhonf?
jrefrmtpdk;&u rD;&d_ cHcJh&aomaetdrfrsm;rSm ppfwaumif;e,fom;rsm;u rdrdwdk@
tdk;tdrfrsm;udk pGef @cG gxG ufa jy;jcif;rjyKrD rdrdwdk@ aetdrf rsm;ud k rdrd wdk @bmom
rD;&dSK@oGm;=ujcif;omjzpfa=umif; ajymqdo
k nf?35
jrefrmtpdk;&ujyefvnfvufcHygrnf[k oabmwlaomfvnf; 'kuQonf
tm;vHk;. xuf0ufcef@rSsom jrefrmEdkifio
H @dk jyefvdka=umif; oabmxm;ay;=uonf?
jrefrmtpdk;&u t=unftom jyefvnfvufcrH nfqdkaomtcsuf tay:wGifum;
oHo,pdwf&Sdae=uonf[k ajymqdk=uolrsm;vnf;&Sd.? b*Fvm; a'h&Sftpdk;&u
'kuQonf wpfodef;cef@udk jyefy@dk &efrSm jy\emr&SdEdkif? xd'k kuQonfrsm; tm;vHk;rSm
Edkif iHjcm;om; rSwfyHkwifvufrSwf odk@r[kwf trsKd;om;rSwfyHkwif vufrSwfudk
udkiaf qmifxm;=uaoma=umifh jzpfonf[k qdo
k nf? jrefrmtpd;k & tm%mydkirf sm;url
xdv
k ufrSwftawmfrsm;rsm;rSm twkjyKvyk x
f m;jcif;om jzpfa=umif; xkwfaz:ajymqdk
34
35
Yegar 2002: 57
Ibid: 36-37
132
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
onf? tjcm;tcsuw
f ckrSm xGufajy;wdr;f a&Smifvmaom b*F gvrD sm;u aemifwGif
rdrdwdk@b0vHk+cHKrSKtwGuf vHkavmufaom tmrcHcsufay;&ef udv
k nf; awmif;qdk
=uonf? yxrwokwu
f kd pufwbFmvtwGi;f jyefvnf vufc&H efppD Ofxm;aomfvnf;
aESmifhaES;}uHh=umr_rsm; &Sdaeonf? xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifvmol b*F gvDrsm;onf
vufawGwGif jrefrmEdkifio
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azsmif;zsajymqdkr_rsm;rSmvnf; xda&mufr_r&SdvSacs? &dk[if*sm rsKd;cspfwyfOD;36 u
e*g;rif;ppfqifa&;.&nf&G,cf sufrSm rlqvifrsm;udk &cdkifjynfe,frS t+yD;ydkifarmif;
xkwf&efomjzpfa=umif; 0g'jzef@xm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? T tcsufum;
xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifol b*F gvDrsm;tm; ta=umufw&m;udk wdk;yGg;vmapcJhonf?
jyefoGm;vdk=ua=umif; qENjyKxm;olrsm;yifvsSif oabmxm;ajymif;ukef =u+yD;
b*Fvm;a'h &Sf Yyif quf vufaexd kifoG m;vdk=ua=umif; ajymqd kvm=uonf?
pufwbFmv (15) &ufae@rS pwifaom jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;pDrHudef;onf
atmifjrifr_ r&Sv
d aS cs? xdkvukeo
f nftxd pkpak ygi;f (250) OD;udkom vufcEH ikd cf o
Jh nf?
xdktawmtwGif; jrefrmtpdk;&onf ukvor*~ 'kuQonfrsm;qdkif&m r[m
rif;}uD;&Hk;. arwWm&yfcHcsuft& jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&; qdkif&m pnf;urf;
owfrw
S fcsufrsm;udk av#mah yghay;cJo
h nf? r[mrif;=uD;&H;k .udk,fpm;vS,frsm;udkyif
jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm=uaom 'kuQonfrsm;. oufaocHrw
S fwrf;rsm;udk ppfaq;
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&yfuu
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tjzpf xdk&yfuu
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f krd j_ zifhyif jyefvnf
ae&m csxm;ay;cJhavonf? Todk@jzihf jyefvnf0ifa&mufol wygwfvSsif (5000) rS
(6000) txd wdk;vm+yD; 1979 ckrwfvwGif (80055) OD;udk jyefvnfae&mcsxm;
ay;cJhonf?37
aocsmaomtcsufwckrmS 'kuQonfpcef;rsm;Y cdv
k _0H ifa&mufvm=uonf
qdkaom ta&twGufudk ,Hk=unf&ef cufcJvS.? pm;eyf&duQm/ t0wftxnfESifh
aq;0g;rsm; ydkrdk&&Sd&efESihf jzwfpm;vSsyfpm;r_rsm; jyKvkyfEkid &f ef b*Fvm;a'h&t
Sf m%mydik f
rsm;onf pcef;wckwGifaexdkifaom 'kuQonfta&twGufudk ydkI jyxm;=uonfh
taxmuftxm;rsm;awG&onf? pcef;twGi;f odk@ owif;axmufrsm;udk 0ifa&muf
36
37
133
owif;,lcGifhjyKaomfvnf; wm0ef&o
dS lrsm;.yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufrr_ Sm tm;&auseyf
bG,fr&SdvSacs? b*Fvm;a'h&SfEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;u atmufwdkbmv
tukefwGif xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifol b*F gvD (151 000) OD;udk ae&mcsxm;ay;+yD;
jzpf a=umif; a=unmonf? jrefrmtpdk;&onf jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;twGuf
v,f,moHk;ypPnf;rsm;ESifh ig;zrf;ydu
k frsm; axmufyHhulncD Jhaomfvnf; pcef;rsm;wGif
useaf ecJh=uolrsm;rSm jrefrmEdkiif Hodk rjyefvdk/ wwd,Edkiif Hwckckjzpfaom ygupPwef
odk@r[kwf aqmf'Dtma&As odk@r[kwf yifv,fauGEdkifiHwckckwGif EdkifiHa&;cdkv_HcGifhudk
arsSmfvifhapmifhpm;vsuf&Sd=uavonf?
jzpf&yfrSefwckrmS b*F gvDvlrsKd;trsm;pkrmS pmrwwfolrsm;jzpf=uav&m
jrefrmEdkifiHwGifaexdkifcJhonfh rSwfwrf;rSwf&m wpHkw&mudkrsS udkifaqmifxm;jcif;
r&d=S uacs? b*Fvm;a'h&ft
S pd;k &u aqmufvkyfay;xm;aom 'kuo
Q nfpcef;wckcw
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rSwfyHkwifxm;jcif;r&Sdol/ pcrf;wckrSwckodk@ a&$ajymif;=uolrsm;vnf; &Sd=uonf?
jrefrmtpd;k &taeESiv
fh nf; odef;ESihcf saD omEdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufciG hjf yK&aom
udpPrSm tcuftcJrsm;pGm &Sdonf? xdk@a=umihf jyefvnf0ifa&mufvm=uolrsm;udk
,m,DoufaocHu'fjym;rsm;om xkwfay;EdkifcJhavonf?38
TuJhodk@aomtajctaewGifyif &dk[if*smrsKd;cspfwyfOD;onf xda&muf
aom v_yf&Sm;r_wpHkw&mrsS jyKvkyfonfudk rawG@&acs? xdktcsdefwGif tcsif;csif;
oabmxm; rwdkuq
f dkifra_ =umifh tpdwfpdwf tr$mr$m tuGJuGJtjym;jym; jzpfvSsuf
&Sd=uonf? T'kuQonfta&;ESifhywfoufI jrefrmEdkifiHawmftwGif;&Sd edkifiHa&;
tiftm;pkrsm;teuf Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwD wckuom oabmxm;udk xkwfjyef
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&cdkifvlrsKd;rsm;taeESihf tpdk;&bufrS &yfwnfI rlqvifrsm;udkwu
dk fcdkufrnfhtpm;
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G rf u
_ w
kd nfaqmufI ppftpd;k &udo
k mawmfveS f =u&ef wdkuw
f eG ;f Ed_;aqmf
39
xm;avonf? 1980 ckESpf {+yDvwGif Oa&myrlqvifrsm;a&;&maumifpDrS u
ruux jyKvkyfI vef'ef+rdKYusif;yaom EdkifiHwum rlqvif vlenf;pkrsm;qdki&f m
nDvmcH40 wGif &d[
k if*sm rsK;d cspw
f yfOD;rS &cdkifjynfe,frS rlqvifvel nf;pkjy\emudk
38
Ibid: 58-59
Yegar 2002: 59
40
International Conference on Muslim Minorities
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
134
39
Yegar 2002: 59
jrefrmEdkifio
H m;Oya'/tcef;(2)/tydk'f(3)(4)(5)/ pm 60?
42
135
44
136
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
48
49
138
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
139
140
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
tcef ; (6)
M V Mecca
Bertil Lintner. 2005. Extremist Islamist Consolidation:
53
3
Al Haramain Islamic Institute (AHII)
4
Op-Cit: 54
5
Islami Chaatra Shirbir
2
141
oifwef;ay;aeaom AD'D,dkrw
S fwrf;rsm;udk tar&duefpDtiftif owif;Xme &kyfjrif
oH=um; tpDtpOfwGif jyocJo
h nf?6
Towif;ESifhqufpyfI pOf;pm;p&mjzpffvmonfh tjzpftysufw&yfrSm
1995 ck ZGev
f twGi;f u &d[
k if*sm[kuQonfpcef;rsm;rS vlwaomif;ausmf aysmufq;Hk
aejcif;jzpfonf? jrefrmtpdk;&uvnf; jyefvnfvufcHaom 'kuQonfrsm;wGif
b*Fvm;a'&Sf Edik if o
H m;rsm;yg0ifaeonfukd axmufjyvmonf? qif[mG owif;Xme.
azmfjycsuft& 1995 ck 'DZifbmvtxd jrefrmEdkifiHrS xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifol
250 000 OD;teuf 195 000 OD;rSmjrefrmEdik if w
H Gif jyefvnfae&mcsxm;+yD;jzpfa=umif;
7
az: jyyg&Sdonf?
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ppfoifwef;rsm; wufap+yD; cef'g[musqHk;aomtcg b*Fvm;a'&Sf @od@k jyefydk@cjJh cif;
jzpfrnf[k ,lq=uonf? wmvDbef oifwef;q&mrsm;vnf; ygvm=urnfrmS oHo,
jzpfbG,fr&Sdacs? b*Fvm;a'&Sf tm%mydkifrsm;xHrS rnfonfhtwnfjyKcsufrsS r&&Sd
cJhaomfvnf; Towif;rSefuefa=umif; a'ocH tzGJ tpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;u vufcH
twnfjyK=uonf? b*Fvm;a'&Sf@ Edkiif HtaeESihf tdrfeD;csif;jrefrmEdkifiHtay: pdk;&drfr_
rjzpfap&ef wrsK;d wzHk ajz&Sif;cJh[efwo
l nf?8 2005 ck =o*kwv
f (24)&ufae@wGif
b*Fvm;a'&SfEdkifiHrS t*Fvdyfbmomjzifhxkwfa0aom a'vDpwm; owif;pmu
tmz*efepPwefwGif ppfa&;oifwef;wufa&muf+yD; b*Fvm;a'h&Sfodk@ jyefa&muf
vm=uaom ppfaoG;=uG (282) OD;wd@k .trnfukd xdo
k w
l k@d aeae&yfESiw
fh uG trsKd;om;
axmufvSrf;a&; at*sifpDudkudk;um;I azmfjyonf? 'gum+rdK@rStrsm;qHk;jzpf+yD;
ppfwaumif;/ bm&dkqmvf/ clvfem/ qDvf[uf/ aumuf(pf)bZm;/ bef'g&fbif
(Adkvfrif;axmif)/ udkrDvm ponfha'orsm;rSyg0ifonf? xl;jcm;csufw&yfrSm
142
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
Haji Kasem
Abdul Ahad
11
Maulana Abdul Kuddus
12
Maulana Ibrahim
13
The Daily Star (Wednesday, August 24, 2005)
14
Christ Lewa. 2009: 13; Hnin Yee Myint. 2011: 48
15
BNP (Bangladesh National Party)
16
HuJi (Harkat ul-Jihad-al-Islami)
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
10
143
Rabitat al Alam
The Daily Star (Wednesday, August 24, 2005)
31
Islami Chatra Shibir
32
Bangladesh Rifle (BDR)
33
Lintner. Op-Cit:22-24
30
146
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
Ibid: 49
JMB (Jamaat-ul-Mujahideen Bangladesh)
36
(http://archive.thedailystar.net)
37
Ibid: 30-32
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
35
147
148
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
http//en.wordpress.com/about-these-ads
The Times of India
44
Lashker-e-Taiba (LeT)
45
The Times of India (July 07, 2013)
46
Jama-A-tul Mujahideen Bangladesh
47
Praful Kumar Vokta,Rohingya Refugees
Camps:Outpost of Terrorism, Daily Bangala News.
43
149
aumuf(pf)bZm;&Sd armfvmemrl[mruf,lEpdk 48
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&dk[if*sm t=urf;zuform;rsm;twGuf &HyHkaiG&SmazGpkaqmif;ay;aeoljzpfa=umif;
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ae=uaom rl*sm[D'if ajymufusm;rsm; [lI "gwfyHkaygi;f (28) yHkukd az: jyxm;.?52
tqdkyg"gwfyHkrsm; tm;vHk;rSm ppfwaumif;awmifwef;a'owGif &dkuful;xm;jcif;
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Adv
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48
150
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
151
55
pdwful;,Of tdyfruf
rufae=uolrsm;)
56
(http://www.reuters.com/2013/07/17)
Reuters/2013/07/17 (www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/17)
58
www.myanmathadin.com/newsregional/578 (7:9:2009)
57
152
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
wckwiG f ajymqdo
k nf?59 xd'k u
k o
Q nfqo
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EdkifiHjzpfonf? trsm;pkonf b*Fvm;a'&Sf@ EdkifiHEdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk udkifaqmif
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onf?61
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&mY xdkif;EdkifiH txl;pHkprf;axmufvSrf;a&;wyfzGJonf vl0ifrSK=uD;=uyfa&;Xme.
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63
csdKif,mzkrf wGif zrf;qD;Edik cf +hJ yD; aemufEpS Of ;D udk xdki;f Edik if aH wmifyikd ;f [wf,kid 64
f +rKd wGif
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f dkifaea=umif;
65
yg&o
Sd nf?
59
The Nation (04/18/97)
60
Abhisit Vejjajiva
61
Bangkok Post (21:02:2009)
62
Tawee Sadomng
63
Chaiyaphum
64
Hat Yai
65
Bangkok Post (June 16, 2008)
&d k[ if * smqd ko lr sm;.vky fZ mwf E S i f h ork di f; jzpf& yf r sm;
153
Pushing Factor
Pulling Factor
68
Chittagonian Dialect
69
Shahedul Anam Khan
67
154
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
71
Ibid
Myanmar:The Rakhine State, The Ministry of Hotel
and Tourism (August 17, 2010)
(www.myanmar.gov.mm/ministry/tourism)
72
156
a'guf w mat;csrf ;
157
usrf ; +yD; ed * H k;
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S pf m&if;
BBG British Burma Gazetteer (Two Volumes). 1880.
Government Press, Rangoon.
BL
British Library
IOR
RSO
167
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