:

12 2003

147
/

.......................................................... i
I.

.................................................................................................................... 2

II.

.............................................................................. 2
A.
B.

..............................................................................................2
........................................................................................6

III. .................................................................................. 9
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

, 1992-2002 ................................................................9
....................................11
..............................................12

................................................................................................14
...................................................................15

IV. : .................. 17
A.

B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.

V.

......................................................................................17
1.
? .................................................................................................17
2.
? ................................................19
3.
....................................................................................19
4.
?........................................................................20
................................................................................................................................21
............................................................................22
,
....................................................................................22
...............................................................................................25
...........................................25
........................................................................29

............................................................................................ 30
A.
B.
C.
D.

- ...............................................................30
..................................33
...........................................................35
.........................................36

VI. ........................................................................................................... 37

A.
B.
C.

.........................................................................................38
.......................................................................................................39
....................................40

 147 -

12 2003

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, , , ,
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,
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. 29 2002 () ,

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, , Basa-Press,
9 2003 . 4,3
. ., 630 . .

:
147: , 12 200

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: 1) ; 2) ;

; 3) ; 4)
, 2.

II.

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3 . XV . 1812
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1918

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()
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(),
. ,
,
,
( )
1940 . , 1941 1944
, ,
,
. , , , .

,
, XIV

. .
, , .
, .
Charles King, The Moldovans Romania, Russia and the
Politics of Culture (Stanford, 2000).

:
147: , 12 200

1940 , . 300
19471959 ,
. 500 .

4. 1946-1947 ,
.
, 1945
, .
,
. ,


, ,
.

, ,
.
, 1980- .
,
. , (
) , ,
, ,
.
80-
. ,
1989 ,
,

Wilhelm van Meurs, The Bessarabian question (New

York, 1994), pp. 122-124. [ , . -, 1994, . 122-124].

, , ,

. ,
, ,
, .
, 31 1989
) . 7 , , , , .
.

, , .
,


.
( ) 1990
.
. 1991 90

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.
(
160 . .). ,
. 80 . . . 1990
. -

:
147: , 12 200

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(), 11 1989
. ,
,

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. 1 1991
6 . , . 7. 1991-1992 .
.
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, .

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.

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-,

.

14- ,
,
. ,
8,
, 9.
14-
, , .
, . , -

, ,
.

. 2 1990

, ,
.
1991 , 2 -

William Crowther, The Politics of Ethno-National Mobilisation: Nationalism and Reform in Soviet Moldavia, The
Russian Review, vol. 50 (1991), p. 183.

, .
Republica Moldoveneasca
Nistreana
.

Dniestrian Moldovan
republic Transdniestrian Moldovan Republic.
,
( );
, ,
.
7
Vladimir Socor, Creeping Putsch in Eastern Moldova,
in RFE/RL Research Report, 1 (1992), pp. 8-13.
8
Mihai Gribincea, Trupele Ruse in Republic Moldova
factor stabilizator sua suesa de pericol (Chisinau, 1998), p.
25.
9
Stuart J. Kaufman and Stephen R. Bowers, Transnational
Dimensions of the Transnistrian Conflict, Nationalities
Papers, vol. 26 (1998), p. 132.

:
147: , 12 200

14-
10.
1992 .
,
.
19
1992 . 14-
20 .
, ,
-
.
1992 14- . 9250 , ,

()11: 11126 ,
198 127
12. 14-15 1992
,
13.

10

Andrea Mrike, The Military as a Political Actor in

Russia: The case of Moldova and Georgia. The International Spectator, vol. 33 (1998), p.124.
11
19 1990 . 23
-
(),
. 9
1992 .

.
.
, , . 19 1999 .
.

. .:http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/inven/pdfs/cfe.pdf.
12
Mihai Gribinicea, The Russian Policy on Military Bases:
Georgia and Moldova (Oradea, 2001), p. 153.
13
(), , , 1415 1992 , , ,

21 1994
, ,
.

.
1999 14-
2600 .14, ,
, 2001
2002 .

, 2001 ,
, , ,
. . ,
,
40 . ,
2001
, .
, 2002
,
, , 2003 . , ,
, ,
: ,

15.

http://www.osce.org/docs/english/19901999/mcs/3stoc92e.htm (20 2003 ).

() , 5-6 1994 .
14
William Hill, Making Istanbul a reality: Moldova, Russia, and withdrawal from Transdniestria, Helsinki Monitor, vol. 13 (2002), p.135.
15
(), , 6-7 2002 , ,
http://www.osce.org/docs/english/19901999/mcs/10porto02e.pdf (11 2003 )

:
147: , 12 200

,
-
. , , .
2003 ,
,
, , 16.

B.

,
: , ,
, , , ,
,
, , , ,
. ,

, , ,
. , , (392 . 448 . )17. . , . ,

16

Hill, Making Istanbul a reality, op. cit., p. 136.

,
,
, .
,
, ,
.
17

,
.
,
, , ,

,
. , ,
18. , 1992 ,
, , ,
.

,
, , . .
,
(), 19. 2002

, .
,
. , , 250 . . 20.
, , , .
()
.

.
21.

18

, , 2003 .
. , .
, : Tony
Hawks Playing the Moldavians at Tennis (London, 2000).
20
, , ,
, ,
, , , 2003.
21
(CISR),
Recent Economic Developments in Transdniestria, Chisinau, 2003, p, 2.
19

:
147: , 12 200

, , , .
. 650 . ;
. 276,9 % 2002
(
111,7 %)22. 2002 46.7 %
(
). .
, .
1991
,
, , 1990- .
1996 2001
, , . , 7 1996
,
. . . ,
, .

. .
23, 1996 .

.
,
, . 1998

107 . . , ,
, , 475 . . 24.
,
3,7 . .
630 . .,
, ,
. , , ,
, .
1998 80 . . .

, -,
, , ,
. ,
1 1999
, .
25.
, ,
,
.
, 26.
-

24

22

, .5.
23
- ,
, 7 1996
, , .
, , 2003 .

Oazu Nantoi, Conflict in the Eastern part of the

Republic of Moldova economic aspects, ,
1999 www.azi.md,
.
25

, Basa-Press, 17 1999 .
26
, , 2003 .

:
147: , 12 200

( , ) , , , ,
, , , ,
27.


. ,
,
, . ,
,
,
28.

, ,

. ,

.
.

,
, .
,
,
, .

29.

, ,
( ),
( ,
) , 1990-1991
. , , -,
,
.

, .

,


-. ,
.
,

.
. ,
.

, , , . , ,
1999

, ,
201 , ,
.

27

29

.
.

28

Nantoi, Conflict in the Eastern part of the Republic of

Moldova, op. cit.

:
147: , 12 200

, ,
, ,
. , , , ,
, ,
30.

III.
A.

,
1992-2002

21 1992 ,
,
,
.
27 1993 , , , ,
:
, , , ,
31.
,
,
.

- .

30

. (Anatol Taranu), Flux, 6 1998 , .

2, Transnistria trebuie sa devina problema nationala numarul
unu a Republicii Moldova (

); Charles King Politicians in Chisinau Want Existence of Secessionist Transnistria (
), Basa-Press, 5 2000.

,
.
, 13 1993
13,
32.

31

, , Journal No. 7, Annex 1, 11,

march 1993.
32
Rolf Welberts, Der Einsatz der OSCE in der Republik
Moldau, in Institut fr Friedensforschung und Sicher-

:
147: , 12 200

33,
,

. , , , 1995 . , 17 1996 .

,
. ,
, ,
1 1990 34.
8 1997
. , 35.
heitspolitik an der Universitt HamburgIFSH (ed.), OSZEJahrbuch 1995, Baden-Baden, p. 206.
33

1995 .
34
,
http://www.osce.org/moldova/documents/files/memorandum.
pdf (9 2003).
35
,
, , , 19
1996 ,
,
.

.

10

,
1997 , .
( ), .
1997
.
,
.
1998
. - ,
36.
,
.
2000 ,


,
37.
,


.
,
38.
2001 , ,

71 101 , ,
. 4

39. 16 2001

36

,
, Infotag, 28 1999.
37
6 2000 ,
.
38
, Infotag, 11
2000 .
39
.

:
147: , 12 200

.
.
2001
,
1
40.
, 3 2002
.

B.

, 2 2002, (21-22 2001), (19-20 2002) (20-21

).
, ,
, ,
. 42 ,
.
, 1 , .
, 2002 .
7 , , ,
.
, 40

IV .

11

, ,
. ,
, 22 2002 2002 .
,
.
22 5 2002 .


.
1
,
,
.
, 18
2002 , ,
, , .
. - , , , 1
. , 5 2002 ,
:
1. , , ,
, .
2. , .
3. ,
-

:
147: , 12 200

,
2 2002 41.

,

, 42.
17-19 2002 , ,
, 5 2002 , 2 2002 , . ,
, .
,
,
. ,
, .
29 2003 ,

. ,
, ,
43. 1, ,
. ,
,
, .

12

,
,
, ,

, , ,
.

C.

, ,
, - . ,
10 2003


. ,
, 44.




45.
:

, ,
;

41

OSCE, SEC.FR/18/03 14 January 2003, Mission to

Moldova, Activity Report, December 2002.
42
, , 2003.
43
http://mfa-pmr.idknet.com/documents/index.php?lang=
rus&options=5&id=0&next=1 (20 2003).

44

, SEC.DEL/31/0, 20 2003. Statement by the

President of the Republic of Moldova Vladimir Voronin.
45
Ibid.

:
147: , 12 200

,
, ;

, ,

, ;

, 46.

,
2005 .
(), ,
, .
1 2004 . 25 2005
47.
, .48.


1994 ,

46

, SEC.DEL/30/03, 20 February 2003,

, Press Release,
Regarding the initiative of the President of the Republic of
Moldova on the settlement of the Transnistrian conflict.
47
Ibid.
48
OSCE, PC.FR/5/03, 17 February 2003, Report to the
Permanent Council, Ambassador William Hill,
Head of Mission to Moldova, 18 February 2003.

13

49.
, ,
50.

28 2003
51.
19 .
27 2003
, ,
52.

53.

49

As in subsequent national elections, special voting stations were assigned for potential voters from Transdniestria
on Moldovan-controlled territory. However, less than two
per cent of the eligible voters from Transdniestria took up
this opportunity in 1994.
50
, PC.FR/5/03, op. cit.
51
OSCE, SEC.FR/115/03, OSCE Mission to Moldova,
Activity Report No. 2, 1-28 February 2003.
52

2003/139/CFSP 27 2003
. ,
2000 , .
,
17 2002 . 18 2003
-,
. U.S.
Mission to the OSCE, Response to the Report of Ambassador
William Hill, Head of the OSCE Mission in Moldova. As
delivered by Ambassador Stephan M. Minikes to the Permanent Council, Vienna, 18 February 2003.
53
European Council Common Position, op. cit.

:
147: , 12 200

,
, ,

54.
, (.. )

.
.
, . ,
55.
. ,


,

56.

D.

, ,
.
,
57.
, . ,

14

,

, 58.

59.
5 2003 , 60.
,
.
, ,
. , 4
, 100 .
61 .
, . 35
2003 . , 62. , / ,

. ,

, . , , .
,
,

54

,
2003.
55
., PC.Del/193/02, 6 March 2003, Delegation of
Ukraine to the OSCE, Statement on the Process of the
Transdniestrian Settlement.56 ICG interview, Chisinau, May
2003.
56
, , 2003
57
.http://mfapmr.idknet.com/news/index.php?lang=rus&options=0&id=
1&next=1#85 (19 June 2003).

58

. , , 2003
.. II A above.
60
., SEC.FR/120/03, 11 March 2003,
, Spot Report: Transdniestrian negotiator:Political
Obstacle to Porto Deadline Removed.
61
, 2003
62
.William Hill Optimistic About Russian Armament
Withdrawal Prospects, Infotag 9, June 2003.
59

:
147: , 12 200

, 63.
,
1999 64
/ .
,
.
, , ,
.
, , . ,
,
,
. , ,

65.

E.

,

, ,
,
,

63

, 2003.
. OSCE, PC.DEC/329. 2000 2002 , . , 15
22 .
65
, .
, .
64

15

, , . , , ,
21 2003
, , -.

,

2 .
2001,
,
.
. ,
19 ,
66.
,
. , ,
10 , , .
, , .
.

.
.
24 -

66

OSCE, PC.Del/296/03, 27 March 2003, Permanent Delegation of the Republic of Moldova to the OSCE, Statement.

:
147: , 12 200

,
.
, 12
13 2003

, . 15 67.
, ,
68,68 ,


. , ,
,
.

. ,
,
.
,
,
, , .
,
,
.

16

,

,
, , . , .
, 3
, .
,
6 69.

, , ,
. , , , .

6 2003

11
. ,
, ,
.

67

Convocarea primei sedinte a Comisiei Constitutionalemixte a esuat [The Convocation of the First Session of the
Constitutional Commission Failed], Basa-Press, 16 May 2003.
68
, , 2003

69

Moldova-Dniestr Constitutional Commission Holds First

Meeting, Basa-Press, 11 June 2003; Constitution Drafting
Commission to be Permanently Working in Bender, Infotag,
3 July 2003.

:
147: , 12 200

IV. :

, 2002 ;

. ,

; ,

,
,
de facto 70.
, . 5 2002, ,
, , ,
, .
. ,
. , , ,
, .
.

A.

71. 2002 , ,
,

. ,
. -,

. , ,

. , ,
1
,
, , .
-,
, .
1.

-
72,

.
, ,
, ,
.
, -

,
1,
, -

70

17

,
, ,
, .
ICG interview with senior U.S. official, July 2003.

71

(Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies,
Washington DC, and The Wall Street Journal Europe),
( , ), ( , )
.
.: Bruno Coppieters and Michael Emerson, Conflict
Resolution for Moldova and Transdniestria Through
Federalisation?, CEPS Policy Brief No. 25, August 2002.
72
II .

:
147: , 12 200

.

2002 .
73.
, -
-
, 74. 75.

. ,
2003 ,
16 , 28
. , 61
,
, 11 , ,
76. ,
,
,
13 1993

73

, 2003; , :
, 10 2003 . : ,

-
, 12 2003, ,
, [Liberal Party, Proclamation], , 24 2002.
74
( -
), , 2003.
75
, , 2003.
76
Barometrul de Opinie Publice, realizat de IMAS Inc,
- 2003, http://www.ipp.md/publications/Barometer_of_Public_Opinion_-_May_2003.

18

77.
2002

.

. ,


. , ,
,
.
2003
, ,
. .

, . , ,
78. , , .

79, , -

77

.
78
. Dov Lynch, Managing Separatist States: A Eurasian
Case Study, IISS Occasional Papers 32, November 2001.
79
,
. 1994 .
, .

:
147: , 12 200

.
.
,
,

.

, .
2.

- , ,
.
, 71- 30- .
,
. ,
15 ,
.
.

.
,

,


. ,

,
. .: Claus
Neukirch, Autonomy and Conflict-Transformation: The
Gagauz Territorial Autonomy in the Republic of Moldova,
Kinga Gal (ed.), Minority Governance in Europe (Budapest,
2002), pp. 105-123.

19

. ,
80.
, ,
. ,
, , 1990 1992
42 360 ,
81.
, ,

. ,
, .
3.

,
, ,
. ,

. ,
.
, ,
, -

80

, . 2003 .
, 70 000- 80 000 . ,
per se ,
. , .
81
, 27 2003.

:
147: , 12 200

.
, de facto ,
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
,
,
82.
4.

,

. ,
, . ,

. ,

, .
,
13 1993 , .
, . , ,
,
,

82

: No. 142, A Marriage

of Inconvenience: Montenegro 2003, 16 April 2003 No. 129, Still Buying Time:
Montenegro, Serbia and the European Union, 7 May 2002.

20

83.
, 1995 . .
, ,
.
, 3
, ,
84,
,
, ,
.


.

,
85.
13,
-
.
86. , ,

83

,
, . , , , , , , .
84

, , 1995 .
85
Coppieters/Emerson, Conflict Resolution, op. cit., p. 4.
86
, 23
, , , ,
.

:
147: , 12 200

.
, , .

.
, ,
,

.
.
,

.

.
.
, ..
, , .., , . /, ,

.

B.

14 , .

.
,

/. ,

.

90-,
. ,

21

(.. ) ,
,
.

,
.
.
()
() ,
, , .


,
.
,

.
,
,
. 2000


.
;


87.
2001 UNDP , 88. . -

87

,
2003.
88
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:
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, , .

C.

,
, . , .
16 , 15. ,

15(), 16 (b). 15 () 16 (c,d).
16,
, . 20

,
16
.

, 71
72 , .
,
,
. , ,
13 , 1997 1998 .
, -

22

.
, ,
, ,
89.
,
.
,
, . ,
,
. (), -
, .

D.

, ,
. , . - ,
,
, ,

89

. 54-56 , ,
, , .

:
147: , 12 200

90. .
,
.
,
, ,

, . ,
, . .
, ( ,
). 24,
:

- ,
,
,
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,
,
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Ted Gurr, cited of Connie Peck, Sustainable Peace: The

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.
80 (2) - , .

23

,
- .

92.
. -,

. -,
, , ,
. , ,
24 , ,
26 101 .
, , .

8 .
34 ,



. , , ,
.

,

. , 34
,
.
36 I (2),
, -

92

85 (1)
.

:
147: , 12 200

, , . 39
, :


. . , ,
.
, ,
,
.
,

93. , .
, ,
.
.

,
. , . , . , ,
,
. ,
,

,
,
, .

24

, ,
. ,
. , ,
, , . ,


94.
,
, ,
.

.
13 , ,
.
,

. ,


.

. , ,
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.
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25

, .
, , .

.
,

.

E.

36 III
,
. ,
. , 21 1992
, ,
,
.
, , .

. 8

. . , , 2004 , , 2005 . . ,
. , ,
. , , .

,

,
. (acquis communitaire) , , .
38 ,
, , ,
, ,
, ,
.
, .

F.

. .
, ,
,
, . .

,
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1999
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, 97. ( ) , , ,
.
1992 1996 27-
98.
, ,
14- .
,
, .


. ,
.
99, , ,


, . , 1288 2003. -

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, 10- 6-7 2002.

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:
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26

,
. , , .
, , ,
, ,
. , , , 100.
- -2 (
)
,
101,
.
- , . CSE-2 , ,

. , ( , )

. ,

,
,
.
. ,

,
,
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100

. : IASPS Policy Briefings: Geostrategic Perspectives on Eurasia, 18 June 2003, No. 20, Letting the West
Down: The American-Led OSCE Mission in Moldova, Part
1.
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105
Dov Lynch, Russia faces Europe, Chaillot Paper 60,
Paris 2003, , , 2003 .; Judy Dempsey, Troops may play
peacekeeping role in Moldova, Financial Times, 11 June
2003 .; John Chalmers, Dutch propose EU peacekeeping
force for Moldova, Reuters, 11 July 2003, Vladimir Socor,
Will the EU become Europes Main Peacekeeper?, The Wall
Street Journal Europe, , 27-29 July
2003.
106
Lynch, Russia faces Europe, . 68.
107
, , 22 2002,
10160/2/02REV2ESDP188, IV, .
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Russia Seeks to Play the First Violin in Transdnistrian
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118
, Hotatiera Guvernului Republicii Moldova cu privire la declararea marfurilor de catre agentii economici din raioanele de est ale
Republicii Moldova, 1001 din, 19 2001,
Monitorul Oficial al R. Moldova nr. 116-118 din,
27 2001.
119
Comunistii I-au vandut lui Smirnov stampilele [ ], Flux, 18
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raioanele de Est ale Republicii Moldova, 712 din, 12 2003. Monitorul Oficial al R. Moldova 123-125 din, 20
2003.

125

See Samuel D. Porteous, Targeted Financial Sanctions, in Mats Berdal/David M. Malone [eds.], Greed and
Grievance. Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (Boulder
2002), pp. 175 ff.

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www.sar.org.ro/ewrpdf/Moldova/MD.ewrlen2002.pdf.

TACIS Moldovan Economic Trends, 1st Qarter 2003, .

77, www.met.dnt.md.
130
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OSCE/ODIHR & Council of Europe Congress of Local

and Regional Authorities, Press Release, 26 May 2003, Despite smooth voting, conduct of local elections in Moldova
raises concerns, and Press Release, 9 June 2003, Observers
express concerns about runoff local elections in Moldova,
despite slight improvement over first round. See also
OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission, Local Elections, Republic of Moldova, Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions, 26 May 2003 and 9 June 2003.

36

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Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our
Eastern and Southern Neighbours, Brussels, 11 March
2003, COM(2003) 104 final.

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