Generali zed Computer-Aided Discrete Time Domain Modeling and Analysis of DC-DC Converters F.C, Lee, R.P. Invens, Y. Yu, and J.E. Triner Absreci—A geaerazed Sscrte time-domain modeling and salysis technique & presented for all types of switching regulators wing any type of daty-eycle contoller and operating in bath contnvoas and 29 2) such thatthe lighter the load the better the audicsusceptbility, curee “b” and curve “c.” Comparing these three curves also shows a significant difference in the magnitude of audiosus ‘ceptiility between Mode-1 and Mode-2, especially when the frequency of the audio noise is approaching one-half of the switching frequency. The sharp resouance-ike rise in the fre- ‘quency response at half ofthe switching frequency only exists, with continuous current operation. This is expected since it reflects the closetloop eigenvalues at -0.95 for Mode 1, see Fig. 14, and at the origin for Mode 2. An eigenvalue located at ~1.0 means an undamped resonance at half the switching frequency; 25 the eigenvalue moves into the citcle, damping in- creases; as it moves out of the circle, exponential build-up and thus instability results. IV. Coneuusion ‘A computer-aided discrete time-domain madeling and analysis technique has been presented which is applicable to all types of switching regulators using any types of duty-cycle controiters and operating with continuous ax well as discon- ‘tinuous inductor current, Statespace techniques are em- ployed to characterize converters exactly by the nonlinear ixcrete time-domain equations in vector forms. Newton's iteration method is employed to solve for the exact equi- rium state of the converter, The system is then linearized about its equilibrium state to arrive at a linear discrete time model, The stability nature and transient responses are Studied by examining the eigenvalues of the linear system. Changes in eigenvalues due to system parameter changes can be plotted in the complex z plane yielling an excelent design tool very similar to conventional root locus plots. The analysis fs alo extended to determining the frequency-related per formance characteristics such a5 the cloted-loop input-to- output transfer function used to determine the auidosus- cepuibility of the converter. The modeling and analysis approach makes extensive ust of the digital computer as an analytical tool, replacing highly complex and tedious analyses, by numerical method and making automation in power con- verter design and anilysis posible. Followed by a generalized analysis procedure, two specific ‘examples ate presented to demonstrate the application of such ‘a analysis scheme, one for a boost converter operating with constant frequency and discontinuous cuneent, the other for 2 constant frequency buck converter operating with both con- tinuous current and discontinuous current. A composite com putter program is developed for the buck converter to include both current modes of operations, During the transition be- ‘tween the continuous current operation and the discontinuous, current operation, an interesting jump phenomenon is ob- served by plotting the system eigenvalues on the 2 plane. ‘The jump of the system eigenvalues not only causes abrupt changes of the performance characteristics of the converter Dut also, under certain operating condition, of the stability, nature from an unstable system to @ stable one or vice verss. ‘The analysis reveals certain high‘requency oscillation phe- nomena at the subharmonic of the switching frequency, an unstable operation normally associated with constant fre- ‘quency, continuous current mode with a duty-cycle rato greater than 50 percent. Such a high-frequency’ instability Phenomenon may not kkely be exposed through other means of analysis. {In addition to its partictlar utility at analyzing high-re- quency controloop-ated phenomena, the analysis also serves as a useful design tool which provides design guidelines, for suck important control parameters as the dedoop gxin, the acloop gain, and the R-C compensation network of a two- oop converter to optimize its transient response and ¢o star bile the system. APPENDIX [ENTRIES FOR MATRICES FT AND Gi ‘The matrices Fi and Gi for f= 1,2,3,4 are 4X 4. Define Fé= {fig} and Fi= {gi;g}. The following entries of the re- spective matrices were derived assuming negligible loading of ‘the feedback loops to the converter power stage: i =-f0 a rr 1k 1 =e aegh TGR Ret | GR Maye Rb (- Rd Ret RGR Ry OR, aR , Naam Gp wae MIN, 33slat 1 Bue eae Cika rea Pe TRe+R) Pyrhin Pn=Refin fss*flss Ry Pastas El a Pan" flan * RePar Pas*flyy Pa *8ln fuels Purley Pearzler Peat Battin Buefin Pas S laa Bai tfla Fas *Dras Baz > Fla2- REFERENCES U1) ¥.¥u,4.J. Bies, A.D, Schoenfeld, and V.R. Lalli, “The applica: ‘on of Standardized contol and interface ercuits of three de 19 {2 power converters,” in JEEE Power Blevtonics Specials: Conf. Rec, pp. 237-248, June 1973. (2) G.'W. Wester and R. D. Middlebrook, “Lowsrequency charac ‘wrnation of ywiched de-de converter," IEEE Trent. Aeron. Erecron. Syst, ol. AES, pp, 376-385, May 1973. 3] A. Cape, J. G. Ferrante, and R. 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