ose Flexibility analysis of L-bends Exact results can be obtained quickly introduced and various fexibilty services and programs became vallable, However, tis stil useful {ohaves way to handle simple, pettve eases right at your desk, Mth no iffiulis, in just @ fev Ininutesofelculatig. The modern pocket computers have made desk ateulation so much easier than it tsed fo be that for these common land simple cases the economics of by pocket computer a hand calculation deserves to be Feexamined ‘his arce presents a method for smakingeract fexbityanalysisofa JOU, BROCK, ED, Hand calculation for lexbility simple L-bend injust afew mines Paderseafteoned Eomeree. —gnulsis of piping more or less at your desk In view ofthe infinite Rival oss Stok Monwrey, ext Passed gut of te peture twenty variety of piping configurations that passe ouhenrelable sofware for occur i practice, noone configure seeieat gh speed computers was tion type canbe said to be common, ‘Table 1Computation table Be APS +h + ke [ht ny + 5.24 + 48) = 38193 BORD Hh 4 helt + rG2h + + 481) = 17695 cath WR + Rin = 0.9 a= af -1,-k= 0360 nA h= 28856 Jolt et bap = 15611 peas a= 3610 Pde O58 Gley ne = 203 0 = peu gf = 866000 Fin te rsyvew) ba, + 989)= 13928 B\ Fen (1/00) ed, + pd seme ) Monnan serge sain (OFA, = 0, Skip nest comput 1M, =0, and, = 0) "Sa By 13 + dad +t bro 1a th 3 + YA = 17.408 ht 1h + wh + BIS = 16386 @ = 03-2 = 0372 = A/2 - 134, + = -2.00 P= 0/2 13+ 1) = 24980 pneu ap = TT Ga bs mde = 4S wa bre - GP = 28871 Wn ara ~ erp Sat = 51056 Fy Getasd, yo) = 220.28 My = (Fal = 73 in My = PRE Me = BA i. a Moment exesstiony only egies ar recorded, Pom fs Mae Ma AM eRR My typ = S70 My + RF, ~ LaF = 86 ho MS Re ais BG fer = 102390 6 tee “ne Ie eS oie 5 MRR Tory =39500 My} Py bg, = 2800Flexibility analysis of L-bends ‘but the L-bend comes closest. The Word exar implies thatthe results ‘we get ae just the same as those produced by all moder sontware Foutines — including the refine: ‘meats of taking axial and shearing Compliance into account. These i Fuences are not significant, but it fakes only afew seconds additonal Hime to include them, “The method will be presented by using a simple example, the prob. Tem as shown in Fig. {withthe de- thils and circumstances as given be low. Code jurisdictions assumed to bbe ANSI B3-t, and stress values, formulas for intensification factors, ce. are taken from that code. The onadtionsare these: the pipes Bin. Schedule 40 to ASTM A106 grace Brinteral pressures 430 psi and the temperature variation is fom 30 F to 25 F; there are four tempera ture eyeles per day, and the design [fetime is twenty years: the change indirectionis accomplished by a3 pipe bend (which means that the bend radius fs 40 in), and the 180 cendsae welding neck Nanged ois eonnected to equipment having terminal motions (cold to hot) 38 Showa ia Fig. 1 "The service life eas for 29,200, cycles, corresponding to a stress ‘ange reduction factor of 0.7. The {abulated stress values § are 15,000 psiforboth hot and cold eonditions, SH 0785, + 5,4 £15,150 psi ‘The cold modulus E, is 27,900,000 psi, and we wil drop the subscript, Sind simply denote this as E. For the Pipe, the outside diameter Dis8.625 Inthe wall thickness is 0.322 in, the metalic cross section area AS 8.40 sgin., the section modulus is T6.Blevin, andthe moment inet tia Ti 7249 ins, The thermal pansion eis fy nee = 2.04 ~ (-0.18) 2.18 in. per 100. Starting at either end in Fig. 1, locate the points A, B, C, and D. Call the direction of Segmeat AB the Tireetion, and tht of segment CD the 2 direction. The 3 direction is Perpendicuie to the plane of the Tihend,andit doesn't makeany di » ur sono ‘Layout example of Lend, ference in the final stess calcula: tion which Sense is taken as pos!- tiveshoweverfotherusesaretobe made ofthe calculation, itis best (0 make the 3 direction such that 1, 2, and 3 form a right handed system. ‘We next igure the total expansions that must be accommodated in each fof the thre directions, taking into ‘Account not ony the expansion of {the pipe but also the motions of the termini. Theres no dificult inal culating 2) 030 ~ (-020) +03 2.18) 154 in 0.15 — (-0.05)+ 0.18 2.18) =os92in, 10 = (0.25) 125i “The mean pipe rads ris re aP= 41829 ‘The bend characteristic is he xe = O77 where & is the bend centerline ‘adi of 40 in, The bend Nestty faetor is cs Las 1+ @IE) GIN RN =2 In the last calculation, the effect ‘of pressure is included. We eanalso {aleuiate the eaio STAR = 0.008394 ‘which used in accounting foraxil land shearing compliance. The ae= {al length ofthe legs are Ly = 320, invand 4, 176in., and we eaeu- late the eaios R= 8.00 Ip alk = 4.40 Most ofthese computations so far would five fad to be prepared a= Computer input to @ modern peo- gam. [Nekt, we cary out, with the use ofa pocket calculator, the compute: tions shown in the sccompanying lable. The formulas ate given, and the calculations take only # few minutes. The results atthe bottom ofthe table are torsional and in plane and out-ofplane bending fmomentcomponentsat points A, By Cy and D. Itt should turn out that the governing stress might le at ‘some point around the bend or e- Bow, we ean ty various points, ab taining moment components fom the following formulas: (M,-c0s 0) + Mesin8) +e) i+ RP,» cos 0 + Fysind) My, = @,'5in8) ~ (ly-c0s 0) where 0 is the angle around the bend tothe point going from Bto C. “The expansion stese Sy is calew- Iated from the forma UM? + Mad? + Zz ‘Mod? We need the stress intensification factors jad, values or formulas for which may be found the Code. ing neck flanges, for which, and both equal 1. We should calculate the stress intnsiieaton factors for the bend by the formulas o.rsne0 4 yaa on R= 797 4 ming 09578 However, no values of, oF (4) less than unity may be used. There> fore, we use = iy = 1.0. "The worst combination is ent at pat Dn for send we caleulate Sy, = 13.250 ps, wh Sisettons,"= 1550p Thee: fore,theconfigoraion adequately flexible according to the ANSI BSILI Code, Heating Piping Conatonig, aptamer 977