AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MECHANICS OF SOLIDS ‘Second Edition with St Units Rober R. Archer Nathae #. Cook Stephen H Crandall Noraca C. Dahl Phomas J Lardner Freak A. MeCiniock Ernest Rabinowiee George 5, Reichenbach First Eton Este by Scophen H.. Crandall and Norran C, Dahl Second Eation Edie by ‘Thomas J. Lardner Secon! Edition eth SU Untes ited by ‘Thomas J, Lardner Department of Beckanical Enginerina Massaclasets Insitute of Technology WoGraw-HiR, Inc. New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotd Caracas Liston London Madrid Mexico City Milan Monvveal_New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto“TABS O 32 TAISO. M37 1978 19% et sme ck “eta ce Mae 311268 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data ‘Main emtey under tele: ‘An introduction to the mechanies of sotiss, Previous editions entered under: Massachusetts Insitute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. Tcludes index. 1 Mechanics, Applied, 2, Solids. 1. Archery Robert Ril Lardner, Thomas J. TI. Massachuseus Tastiute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, ‘Ap introduction to the mechanics of solids. "7A350.16 1978 620.1'05 77-21398 ISBN 6-07-013441-3 INTRODUCTION TO THE MECHANICS OF SO}IDS Copyright© 198, 2972, 1959 by MeGraw Tf, Ine. ‘Sige reserved Penicd the United Stes of Ameren Exoaptas permitted ance the Copyratt Act of 1976, no part of ths plication may be reproduce’ oF ‘tbe in any fran or by ary means oF stored ima data bore or retrieves pater, ithoet the prior vetin permission ofthe publishes Printed aod town by Bookmart Press, Inc, 18 19 29 BKM BKM 9937654 “this book was set in Times Roman. The editor was B. J. Clarks the cover was designed by Annc Canevari Green; the production supervisor was Milton J, HeibergCONTENTS Chapter One roface tothe second edition ‘Proface to the second edition with SF units roface to the first edition Fundamental principles of machanicx 1. Introduction 12, Generallaed procedure 3.3. The fundamental principles of mechsaiss 14, The concept of force 41.5. The moment of a force 1.6. Condlfons for equilbriera 1.7, Engineering applications 18. Friction 19, Bamps 120, Hoske’s joist LL, Final remariss Problems| x 8 en 2 °ve ‘CONTENTS Chapter Two lntroduction to mechanics of deformable bodies n 21, Analyse of dtorpable Boees n | 22. Unlasa loading and deformation a1 : 123, Statcally determinate situations a 2A. Stately indeterminate siterions ” 2.5. Computer analysis of trusses 12 i 26. Plastic eneray; Castgliano'stheorezn 108 i 2, Summary 9 j Problems 10 | chapter Three Forces and moments transmitted by slender members 10 ' 3.1, Thtreduetion us j 32, General tod m4 | 3.3. Disicibuted Toads 150 i 44. Recultants of diseibuted loads 434 | 435. Ditleential equilibrium relationships 388 | 3.0, Singularity fonctions 164 i 47, Fluid forces m | 38. Tatse-dimensional probes 13 Protiems, cs Chapter Four Stress and strain 01 4.4, Trnwedetion 201 462, Stress 202 43, Plae stes 209 4:4, Equilibrium of diferent element in plane sess 210 44.5, Stress components sasotated with arbiarly oriented fees in plone stress ad |, Motn’s cielo representation of pane stress 218 447. Moh’s cre representation of a general slate of tess 22s 48, Anabyis of deformation Ds 49, Definition of strain componen's Bi 4430. Releton between strain and dieplacerent in pane stra 2 ‘421, Strain componsots associated with arbitrary sts of axe8 236 4412. Mobr'scacle representation of plane strain 29 “113. Mo's cle representation of @ general late of stein 242 4414, Measurement of seins ae 4.15, Indica notation 280 Problems 2 Chapter Five Streststrain-temporature relations 265 S.1. Introduction 268 152, The tense tess 268‘CONTENTS Chapter Six Chapter Seven 53, Idealizations of stress-strain curves 53.4, Elastic ses-stran relations 5.5, ‘Thermal strain ‘86, Complete equations of elasticity 50}. Complete elastic solution for 8 thick-valls cylinder ‘5.8, Strain energy inn elsstic Body 59, Stise concentration 5.80, Composite materials and anisotrape castcity S.MK, Criteria for isis ying 5.12, Behavior beyond intial yielding in Uhe tensile test SU. Pracrure of ductile specimens and structures 5.14, Fracture of brit specimens and structures 5A, Fatigue 5.8, Criteria for continued yefding 5.17, Plast stress-strain relations S18, Viscosiastcity Problems Torsion 64, Inteodetion 6.2, Geonatry of deformation of a twisted circular shat 63, Stresses obtained from stesistain relations 6.4, Equilbiure requirements 6.5, Stress and deformation in twisted elastic chculur shaft 6.6, Torsion of elastic hotiow circu shafts 6.7. Stress analysis in forsions combined stresses 68 Stain eneray due to torsion 69, The onset of yielding in torsion 6.0, Plastic deformations 6.51, Residue stresses 6.12, Limit analysis 6.43. Tonsion of rectangular shafts 6.14, Torsion of hollow, thin-walled shat Problems Stresses due to bending 1. Introduction 12. Geasetry of defermation of 2 symmettical bean suboctd 10 pare beading 17.3, Steeses obtained from strese-strain relations 74, Equilibrium requirements 4.5, Stress und deformetion in syrnmetrcsl elastic beams subjected to pure bending ww 214 Baas 300 3m 205 312 319 a 329 357 36 350 364 36 366 on 372 373 378 0 385 3as 386 389 391 393 395 399 46 416 ait a am avo ‘Chapter Bight Chapter Nine CONTENTS 17.6. Stacsses in symmetric] elastic beams transmitting both shear force and bending moment 42 "74, Stess analysis in bending combined stresses 4a 178, Strain eneray due to bevding 6 7.9. The onset of yielding ia bending “9 740, Plastic deformations 4s 714, Bending of unsymmetrical bess 461 742, Shear Row in thin-walled open sections; shear center a0 Problers a Deflection: due to bending au 84, Introduction sib 8.2 The momneat-survatuze rfation 32 83, Integration of the momentcnrvature relation sis 84. Superposition sm 8.5. The tosd-deflaction difereniel equation 2 85, Energy methods 55 7. Limit analysis 350 Problems 555 ‘Stability of equilib eo 9.1, Introduction om 9.2. Elastic stability 518 93, Examples of instability $8 9.4, Elastic eablly of flexible columns 383 9.5, Elastic pontbuckling behavior 390 9.6. Insabiiy as 8 mode of falure 395 9.1. Necking of tension roerabers 396 98, Plastic buckling 9 Problems 606 Answors to selected problems oo index a9PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ‘The reader is advised 10 vead the prefuce to the first edition, The aim and emphasis of the book have not changed: the principles underlying the mechanies of rigid and deformable solids in equilibrium have not changes. ‘We have resisted the temptation co increase by a great amount the material covered, oF to emphasize formalism and rigor in place of the emphasis on con- structing idealized maces to represent actual physical situations, We believe that the reader must appreciate that engineering is the finding of solutions, jc, the determination of answers to physical problems. The sccond edition has main- tained the spirit and tradition of the first in this regard. We hope, too, that the book hes maintained the tradition of engineering thinking, @ tradition which M.A Biot! refers to as the“... tradition of clarity, simplicity, intuitive under- stending, unpretentious depth, and a shunning of the irrelevant.” Changes have been made; these changes, however, are more in the spirit of reform than of revolution. New material dealing with eneegy, hydrostatics, postbuckling behavior, and indicial notation has been introduced. There is also * Ni, A. Biot, Sclonce and the Engineer, Appl. Mech. Bee, vol. 16, 0.2, pp. 89-90, February 1963, «x PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION WITH 5) UNITS «discussion of the role of computers in structural analysis. In this regard we have tried to emphasize that the computer can be used as @ tool in the solution of prob Toms, ‘The physical widerstanding and formulation of a problem, however, are the ‘most important pasts of the solution, and the basic principles still reside in the three steps of Eg. 2.1), Many sections have been revised and a mumber of chapters reorganized to improve previous expositions, ‘A somber of new problems have been added, and an effort has been made to show the variety of situations to which the principles contained in this book ‘may be applied, from biclogy to the design of nuclear-reactor containment vessels. ‘We wish to thank the many readers who have submitted lists of misprints ‘and comments and our many colleagues who have found the book useful during the last twelve years. Professor W. M. Murray is owed thanks for his conmtribu- fion to See. 4.14 "THOMAS J. LARDNER. Preface to the Second Edition with SI Units We have changed over sixty percent of the numerict! examples and. problems to the Sl units, The SI system of units wil take a few years to be adopted fully io the United States. For this reason, we have retained some examples and problems in the conventional English System. ‘THOMAS J, LARDNER Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics University of Hlinois