B.

NI DUNG CHNH CA TI
I. Tnh cht ho hc ca nhm v hp cht ca nhm
1) Al2O3 v Al(OH)3 l cht lng tnh
*Tc dng vi axit:
Al2O3 + 6H+ 2Al3+ + 3H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O
*Tc dng vi dung dch baz
+)

Al2O3 + 2OH- 2 AlO2- + H2O

hoc
+)
hoc

Al2O3 + 2OH- + 3H2O 2 [Al(OH)4]-

Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]Al(OH)3 + OH- AlO2- + 2H2O

2) Phn ng ca nhm vi dung dch kim

V nguyn tc, nhm d dng y hiro ra khi nc. Nhng thc t, v b mng oxit bo v nn vt bng nhm
khng tc dng vi nc khi ngui v khi un nng [1].
Tuy nhin, nhng vt bng nhm ny b ho tan trong dung dch kim nh NaOH, Ca(OH) 2 .... Hin tng ny c
gi thch nh sau:
Trc ht, mng bo v l Al2O3 b ph hu trong dung dch kim:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] (1)
hoc

Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O

Tip n, kim loi nhm kh nc:

2Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2

(2)

Mng Al(OH)3 b ph hu trong dung dch baz:

Al(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Al(OH)4]
hoc

(3)

Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O

Cc phn ng (2) v (3) xy ra lun phin nhau cho n khi nhm b tan ht. V vy c th vit gp li:
2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2
Hoc:

[2]

2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2

3) Mui nhm tc dng vi dung dch kim

Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3
Khi OH- d: Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]- tan
Hin tng quan st c khi nh t t dung dch baz vo dung dch Al 3+ l ban u thy xut hin kt ta keo
trng, kt ta tng n cc i sau tan dn n ht to dung dch trong sut.
Tuy nhin, Al(OH)3 c tnh axit rt yu nn d b axit mnh y ra khi mui.
[Al(OH)4 ]- + H+ Al(OH)3 + H2O
Khi H+ d:
Al(OH)3 + 3H+ Al3+ + 3H2O

Hin tng quan st c khi nh t t dung dch H + n d vo dung dch AlO 2- l ban u thy xut hin kt ta
keo trng, kt ta tng n cc i sau tan dn n ht to dung dch trong sut.
Al(OH)3 c tnh axit yu hn c H2CO3 nn nu sc kh CO2 vo dung dch NaAlO2 th xy ra phn ng:
NaAlO2 + CO2 + 2H2O Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3
Hin tng quan st c khi sc CO2 n d vo dung dch AlO2- l thy xut hin kt ta keo trng.
Nm vng c nhng phn ng ny l iu kin cn gii quyt tt cc bi tp dng trn y. Mi dng bi c th
ta li c nhng mo nh ring gii quyt n.
III. Mt s dng bi tp c th

1. Dng bi mui Al3+ tc dng vi dung dch OHAl3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3

Khi OH- d:

(4)

Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]- tan

Al3+ + 4OH- [Al(OH)4]-

(5)

a) Bi ton thun: Cho bit s mol ca Al3+ v OH-, yu cu tnh lng kt ta.
*Cch lm:
t

nOH
nAl 3

+) Nu T 3: Ch xy ra (4) v ch to Al(OH)3 . (Al3+ d nu T < 3)

nAl (OH )3

Khi

nOH
3

(Theo bo ton OH-)

+) Nu 3 < T < 4: Xy ra (4) v (5). To hn hp Al(OH)3 v [Al(OH)4]-. (C Al3+ v OH- u ht)

Khi : t s mol Al(OH)3 l x
S mol [Al(OH)4]- l y
H phng trnh: x + y = nAl 3
3x + 4y = nOH
c bit T

n 3
3 4
3,5 th nAl (OH )3 n[Al (OH ) ] Al
4
2
2

+) Nu T 4: Ch xy ra (5) v ch to [Al(OH) 4]- (OH- d nu T > 4)

Khi : nAl ( OH )4 nAl 3
VD1. Rt 100 ml dung dch NaOH 3,5M vo 100 ml dung dch AlCl3 1M thu c m gam kt ta. Tnh m?
Gii

nAlCl3 = 0,1 mol

Ta c: nNaOH = 0,35 mol,

Ta gii bi tp ny theo 2 cch so snh.

Cch 1: Lm theo cch truyn thng
AlCl3 + 3 NaOH Al(OH)3 + 3 NaCl
Ban u:

0,1

0,35

Phn ng:

0,1 0,3

0,1

0,3

Sau phn ng: 0

0,05

0,1

0,3

V NaOH cn d nn c tip phn ng:

Al(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Al(OH)4]
Ban u:

0,1

0,05

Phn ng:

0,05

0,05

Sau phn ng: 0,05

0,05

0,05

Vy sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c:

0,05 mol Al(OH)3

m = 0,05 . 78 = 3,9 g

0,05 mol Na[Al(OH)4]

Cch 2: Vn dng t l T

nOH 0,35 mol,

T

nOH
nAl3

nAl 3 0,1 mol

= 3,5 To hn hp Al(OH)3: x mol
[Al(OH)4]-: y mol

H: x + y = 0,1

x = 0,05

3x + 4y = 0,35

y = 0,05

m = 0,05 . 78 = 3,9 g
hoc T = 3,5 nn nAl ( OH )3 n[Al (OH )

4]

nAl3
2

= 0,05 mol

VD 2: Cho 450 ml dung dch KOH 2M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch Al 2(SO4)3 1M c dung dch X. Tnh nng mol/l
cc cht trong dung dch X?
Gii

nOH 0,9 mol, nAl 3 0,2 mol

T

nOH
nAl3

= 4,5 > 4 To [Al(OH)4]- v OH- d

Dung dch X c nAl ( OH )4 nAl 3 = 0,2 mol;

CM (K[Al(OH)4]) =

CM(KOH) =

nOH du 0,9 0,2 . 4 = 0,1 mol

0, 2
0,36 M
0, 45 0,1

0,1
0,18M
0, 45 0,1

VD 3: Dung dch A cha 16,8g NaOH cho tc dng vi dung dch cha 8g Fe 2(SO4)3. Thm tip vo 13,68g Al2(SO4)3 thu
c 500ml dung dch B v m gam kt ta. Tnh CM cc cht trong B v m?
Gii
nNaOH = 0,42 mol;

nFe 2 ( SO4 ) 3 0,02 mol;

nAl 2 ( SO4 ) 3 0,04 mol

Ta c:

nOH
nFe3

10,5 To Fe(OH)3 v Fe3+ ht, OH- d

nFe (OH ) 3 nFe3 0,04 mol;

nAl 3 0,08 mol;
T

nOH
nAl 3

Ta c h:

nOH du 0,42 0,04 . 3 = 0,3 mol

= 3,75 to hn hp Al(OH)3 : x mol

x + y = 0,08

x = 0,02

3x + 4y = 0,3

y = 0,06

v [Al(OH)4 ]-: y mol

Vy khi lng kt ta l: m = 1,56g

Dung dch B gm Na[Al(OH)4 ]:

0,06 mol

Na2SO4: (0,42 0,06)/2 = 0,18 mol

CM (Na[Al(OH)4 ]) = 0,12M;

CM (Na2SO4]) = 0,36M

b) Bi ton ngc
c im: Bit s mol ca 1 trong 2 cht tham gia phn ng v s mol kt ta. Yu cu tnh s mol ca cht tham gia phn
ng cn li.
*Kiu 1: Bit s mol Al(OH)3, s mol Al3+ . Tnh lng OH-.
Cch lm:

Nu s mol Al(OH)3 = s mol Al3+: c 2 cht phn ng va vi nhau to Al(OH)3. Khi : nOH 3nAl ( OH )3

Nu nAl ( OH )3 nAl 3 th c 2 trng hp:

+) Cha c hin tng ho tan kt ta hay Al3+ cn d. Khi sn phm ch c Al(OH)3 v nOH 3nAl (OH )3 .
+) C hin tng ho tan kt ta hay Al3+ ht. Khi sn phm c Al(OH)3 v [Al(OH)4 ]- :
Ta c: n[ Al ( OH )4 ] n Al 3 nAl ( OH )3

nOH 3nAl (OH )3 4n[Al (OH )

4]

VD1: Cho 0,5 lt dung dch NaOH tc dng vi 300ml dung dch Al 2(SO4)3 0,2M thu c 1,56g kt ta. Tnh nng
mol/lt ca dung dch NaOH. Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Gii
S mol Al3+ = 0,12 mol.
S mol Al(OH)3 = 0,02 mol < s mol Al3+ nn c 2 trng hp xy ra.
+TH1: Al3+ d Ch to Al(OH)3 nn s mol OH- = 3 . 0,02 = 0,06 mol.
CM(NaOH) = 0,12M
+TH2: Al3+ ht to

Al(OH)3: 0,02 mol

[Al(OH) 4 ]-: 0,12 0,02 = 0,1 mol

S mol OH- = 3 . 0,02 + 4 . 0,1 = 0,46 mol

CM(NaOH) = 0,92M

VD2: Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 0,4M tc dng vi 58,14g Al2(SO4)3 thu c 23,4g kt ta. Tm gi tr ln nht ca V?
Gii
S mol Al3+ = 0,34 mol.
S mol Al(OH)3 = 0,3 mol < s mol Al3+ nn c 2 trng hp xy ra.
+TH1: Al3+ d Ch to Al(OH)3 nn s mol OH- = 3 . 0,3 = 0,9 mol.
V(dd NaOH) = 2,25 lt = Vmin
+TH2: Al3+ ht to

Al(OH)3: 0,3 mol

[Al(OH) 4 ]-: 0,34 0,3 = 0,04 mol

S mol OH- = 3 . 0,3 + 4 . 0,04 = 1,06 mol

V(dd NaOH) = 2,65 lt = Vmax.
*Kiu 2: Bit s mol OH-, s mol kt ta Al(OH)3. Tnh s mol Al3+.
Cch lm: So snh s mol OH- ca bi cho vi s mol OH- trong kt ta.
Nu s mol OH- ca bi cho ln hn s mol OH- trong kt ta th c hin tng ho tan kt ta.
Sn phm ca bi c Al(OH)3 v [Al(OH)4 ]-

n[Al ( OH )

4]

nOH bai 3n Al ( OH )3
4

(Theo bo ton nhm OH-)

nAl 3 nAl ( OH )3 n[Al ( OH )4 ]

Nu trong bi c nhiu ln thm OH - lin tip th b qua cc giai on trung gian, ta ch tnh tng s mol OH - qua cc
ln thm vo ri so snh vi lng OH- trong kt ta thu c ln cui cng ca bi.
VD: Thm 0,6 mol NaOH vo dd cha x mol AlCl 3 thu c 0,2 mol Al(OH)3. Thm tip 0,9 mol NaOH thy s mol ca
Al(OH)3 l 0,5. Thm tip 1,2 mol NaOH na thy s mol Al(OH)3 vn l 0,5 mol. Tnh x?
Gii

OH

nAl (OH )3 0,5

0, 6 0,9 1, 2 2, 7 mol ;

S mol OH- trong kt ta l 1,5 mol < 2,7 mol c to [Al(OH)4 ]-

n[Al ( OH )

4]

nOH bai 3n Al ( OH )3
4

= 0,3 mol

nAl 3 nAl ( OH )3 n[Al (OH )4 ] = 0,8 mol

*Kiu 3: Nu cho cng mt lng Al 3+ tc dng vi lng OH - khc nhau m lng kt ta khng thay i hoc thay i
khng tng ng vi s thay i OH-, chng hn nh:
TN1: a mol Al3+ tc dng vi b mol OH- to x mol kt ta.
TN2: a mol Al3+ tc dng vi 3b mol OH- to x mol kt ta hoc 2x mol kt ta.
Khi , ta kt lun:
TN1: Al3+ cn d v OH- ht.

nAl ( OH )3

nOH
3

= x.

TN2: C Al3+ v OH- u ht v c hin tng ho tan kt ta.

n[Al ( OH )

4]

nAl 3 nAl (OH )3 (TN 2)

nOH (TN 2) 3nAl ( OH )3 (TN 2)

4

VD: TN1: Cho a mol Al2(SO4)3 tc dng vi 500ml dung dch NaOH 1,2M c m gam kt ta.
TN2: Cng a mol Al2(SO4)3 tc dng vi 750ml dung dch NaOH 1,2M thu c m gam kt ta.
Tnh a v m?
Gii
V lng OH- 2 th nghim khc nhau m lng kt ta khng thay i nn:
TN1: Al3+ d, OH- ht.
S mol OH- = 0,6 mol nAl ( OH )
3

nOH
3

= 0,2 mol m = 15,6 g

TN2: Al3+ v OH- u ht v c hin tng ho tan kt ta.

S mol OH- = 0,9 mol To

Al(OH)3: 0,2 mol

[Al(OH)4 ]-: 0,075 mol

Al 3

0,2 + 0,075 = 0,275 mol

S mol Al2(SO4)3 = 0,1375 mol = a.

2. Dng bi cho H+ tc dng vi dung dch AlO2- hay [Al(OH)4 ]-:

Bit s mol Al(OH)3, s mol [Al(OH)4 ]- . Tnh lng H+.

Nu s mol Al(OH)3 = s mol [Al(OH)4 ]- : c 2 cht phn ng va vi nhau to Al(OH) 3. Khi : nH nAl ( OH )3 =
s mol OH- b mt t [Al(OH)4 ]-

Nu nAl ( OH )3 n[Al (OH )4 ] th c 2 trng hp:

+) Cha c hin tng ho tan kt ta hay [Al(OH) 4 ]- cn d. Khi sn phm ch c Al(OH) 3 v nH nAl ( OH )3 =
s mol OH- b mt t [Al(OH)4 ]- .
+) C hin tng ho tan kt ta hay [Al(OH)4 ]- ht. Khi sn phm c Al(OH)3 v Al3+ :

Ta c: nAl 3 n[ Al (OH )4 ] nAl ( OH )3

nH nAl (OH )3 4nAl 3 = s mol OH- b mt t [Al(OH)4 ](T [Al(OH)4 ]- Al(OH)3: mt 1 OH- nn cn 1 H+.
T [Al(OH)4 ]- Al3+: mt 4 OH- nn cn 4 H+.)
VD3: Cho 1 lt dung dch HCl tc dng vi 500ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 1M v NaAlO 2 1,5M thu c 31,2g kt
ta. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch HCl.
Gii
Do c to kt ta Al(OH)3 nn OH- phn ng ht.
S mol OH- = 0,5 mol S mol H+ phn ng vi OH- = 0,5 mol
S mol AlO2- = 0,75 mol hay s mol ca [Al(OH)4 ]- = 0,75
S mol Al(OH)3 = 0,4 mol < s mol AlO2- nn c 2 trng hp xy ra.
TH1: [Al(OH)4 ]- d.

Khi : nH nAl ( OH )3 = 0,4 mol

Tng s mol H+ dng l 0,5 + 0,4 = 0,9 mol
Vy CM(HCl) = 0,9M
TH2: [Al(OH)4 ]- ht
Khi : Sn phm c Al(OH)3: 0,4 mol
Al3+: 0,75 0,4 = 0,35 mol
nH nAl ( OH )3 4nAl 3 = 1,8 mol
Tng s mol H+ dng l: 0,5 + 1,8 = 2,3 mol
Vy CM(HCl) = 2,3M
Kt lun: CM(HCl) = 0,9M hoc 2,3M

3. Cho hn hp gm Al v 1 kim loi kim (Na, K) hoc kim loi kim th (Ca, Ba) tc dng vi
nc. [3]
Th t phn ng nh sau:
Trc ht: M (kim loi kim) + H2O MOH + H2
Sau : Al + MOH + H2O MAlO2 + 3/2 H2
T s mol ca M cng l s mol ca MOH v s mol ca Al ta bin lun bit Al tan ht hay cha.
+Nu nM = nMOH nAl Al tan ht
+Nu nM = nMOH < nAl Al ch tan mt phn.
+Nu cha bit s mol ca M v ca Al, li khng c d kin no khng nh Al ta ht hay cha th phi xt hai
trng hp: d MOH nn Al tan ht hoc thiu MOH nn Al ch tan mt phn. i vi mi trng hp ta lp h phng trnh
i s gii.
Nu bi cho hn hp Al v Ca hoc Ba th quy v hn hp kim loi kim v Al bng cch: 1Ca 2Na

2Na

1Ba

ri xt cc trng hp nh trn.

VD: Ho tan hn hp X gm Na v Al vo nc d thu c V lt kh. Cng ho tan m gam hn hp X trn vo dung dch
NaOH d th thu c

7
V lt kh. Tnh %(m) mi kim loi trong hn hp ban u.
4
Gii

Khi ho tan hn hp X vo dung dch NaOH d c th tch kh ln hn khi ho tan vo nc nn khi ho tan vo nc Al
cn d.
t V = 4 . 22,4 lt
S mol ca Na l x mol; ca Al l y mol
Khi ho tan vo nc:

2Na H2
x

Tng s mol H2 = 2x = 4 x = 2.
Khi ho tan vo dung dch NaOH d:

0,5x

2Al 3H2
x

1,5x

2Na H2
x

2Al 3H2

0,5x

1,5y

Tng s mol H2 = 0,5x + 1,5y = 7

x=2y=4
Vy hn hp X c 2 mol Na; 4 mol Al
%(m) Na = 29,87%;

%(m)Al = 70,13%
Mt s bi tp tham kho

Cu 1.

Mt hn hp gm Na, Al c t l s mol l 1: 2. Cho hn hp ny vo nc. Sau khi kt thc phn ng thu

c 8,96 lt H2(ktc) v cht rn khng tan. Khi lng cht rn l:

A. 5,6g

Cu 2.

B. 5,5g

D. 10,8g

Trn mt dung dch cha a mol NaAlO2 vi mt dung dch cha b mol HCl. c kt ta sau khi trn th:

A. a = b

Cu 3.

C. 5,4g

B. a = 2b

C. b < 4a

D. b < 5a

Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol Al 2(SO4)3 v 0,1 mol H2SO4 n khi phn ng hon

ton, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c lng kt ta trn l

A. 0,05.

Cu 4.

B. 0,45.

C. 0,25.

D. 0,35.

Cho hn hp X gm 2 kim loi kim v 1 kim loi kim th tan ht vo nc d thu c V lt H 2 (ktc) v

dd A. Thm 0,2 mol Al2(SO4)3 vo dd A th c 0,3 mol Al(OH)3. Tnh V?

A. 10,08 lt

B. 14,56 lt

C. 10,08 lt hoc 14,56 lt

D. Kt qu khc

Cu 5.

TN1: Trn 100 ml dd Al2(SO4)3 vi 120 ml dd NaOH. Lc ly kt ta v nung n hon ton c 2,04g cht

rn.
TN2: Trn 100 ml dd Al2(SO4)3 vi 200 ml dd NaOH. Lc ly kt ta v nung n khi lng khng i c 2,04g cht rn.
Tnh nng ca cc dd Al2(SO4)3 v dd NaOH trn.
A. 1M v 0,3M

B. 1M v 1M

C. 0,3M v 1M

D. 0,5M v 1M

Cu 6.

Cho a mol AlCl3 vo dd cha 0,6 mol NaOH, cng cho a mol AlCl 3 vo dd cha 0,9 mol NaOH th thy

lng kt ta to ra bng nhau. Tnh a?

A. 0,275

Cu 7.

B. 0,2

C. C A v B

D. Kt qu khc

Cho 200 ml dung dch NaOH vo 200 ml dung dch 200 ml dung dch AlCl 3 2M, thu c mt kt ta, nung

kt ta n khi lng khng i c 5,1 gam cht rn. Nng mol/lt ca dung dch NaOH l:
A. 1,5 M v 7,5 M

B. 1,5 M v 3M

C. 1M v 1,5 M

D. 2M v 4M

Cu 8.

Thm 150 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo cc ng 100 ml dung dch AlCl 3 x mol/l khuy u n khi phn

ng xy ra hon ton thy c 0,1 mol kt ta. Thm tip 100 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo cc khuy u n khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton thy trong cc c 0,14 mol kt ta. Gi tr ca x bng:
A. 2

B.

1,6

C.

0,8

D.

Cu 9.

Thm NaOH vo dung dch cha hn hp 0,01 mol HCl v 0,01 mol AlCl 3. Kt ta thu c ln nht v nh nht

ng vi s mol NaOH ln lt bng:

A. 0,01 mol v

0,02 mol

C. 0,04 mol v 0,05 mol

Cu 10.

B. 0,02 mol v

0,03 mol

D. 0,03 mol v 0,04 mol

Cho m gam hn hp X gm Al v Na vo H 2O thu c 500 ml dd Y cha 2 cht tan c nng u bng

0,5M. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 11,5g

B. 6,72g

C. 18,25g

D. 15,1g