Metabolism

The sum total of the chemical processes

that occur in living organisms, resulting
in growth, production of energy,
elimination of waste material, etc.
Anabolism- build up of complex
molecules
Catabolism- break down of complex
molecules

Fates of
Organic
Building
Blocks in
ATP
Metabolism

ORGANIC BUILDING BLOCK MOLECULES

Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Acetates
Nucleotide bases

ATP
energy

catabolic
processes
energy

anabolic
processes
ADP+Pi

Polymers
&
other
energy
rich
molecules

CO2
&
H 2O

Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 36ADP + 36Pi

6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP

Basic Steps Involved

1

Glycolysis

Acetyl CoA Formation

Krebs Cycle

Electron Transport System

Overview of
Glycolysis

Fats

Other
Metabolic
Pathways

Glycogen

Protein

Glucose

Glycolysis

C C C C C C

2 ATP

2 ADP
2 PGAL

C C C
P

2 NAD+
2 NADH

2 Pyruvate

C C C

4 ADP
4 ATP
C C C

Net:
2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate molecules

Balance Sheet for

Glycolysis
Input
1 Glucose
2 ADP + Pi
2 NAD+

Output
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH

Transition Reaction

Transition
Reaction

Krebs Cycle
(Citric Acid
Cycle)

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Balance Sheet for the

Transition Reaction and Krebs
Cycle
Input
2 Pyruvate
2 ADP + 2 Pi
8 NAD+
2 FAD

Output
6 CO2
2 ATP
8 NADH
2 FADH2

Krebs Cycle
Handles other substrates
Intermediate molecules used:
proteins and lipids
Replenishment of
intermediates necessary

Hans Krebs (1937): paper originally rejected

Krebs Cycle

Takes 2 complete
cycles
8 steps, each with
an enzyme

Krebs Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electrons are transferred from complex to complex and

some of their energy is used to pump protons (H+) into the
intermembrane space, creating a proton gradient.

Chemiosmosis
ATP synthesis is powered by the
flow of H+ back across the inner
mitochondrial membrane through
ATP synthase.

Each Glucose Molecule

CO2

NADH

10

FADH2

ATP

Electron Transport System

CO2

NADH

10

FADH2

ATP

used to make ATP

Electron Transport System

Electron Transport System

+Pi

Electron Transport Chain and

Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electrons are delivered to O, forming O
O attracts H+ to form H2O

Krebs
cycle

NADH+H+

Electron transport chain

and oxidative
phosphorylation

FADH2

Free energy relative to O2 (kcal/mol)

Glycolysis

Enzyme
Complex II

Enzyme
Complex I

Enzyme
Complex III
Enzyme
Complex IV

Figure 24.9

Electronic Energy Gradient

Transfer of energy from NADH + H+ and
FADH2 to oxygen releases large
amounts of energy
This energy is released in a stepwise
manner through the electron transport
chain

ATP Synthase

Two major parts connected by a rod

1. Rotor in the inner mitochondrial
membrane
2. Knob in the matrix

Works like an ion pump in reverse

Intermembrane space
A rotor in the
membrane spins
clockwise when H+
flows through it down
the H+ gradient.
A stator anchored in
the membrane holds
the knob stationary.

As the rotor spins, a

rod connecting the
cylindrical rotor and
knob also spins.

ADP
+

Mitochondrial matrix

The protruding,
stationary knob
contains three
catalytic sites that
join inorganic
phosphate to ADP
to make ATP when
the rod is spinning.
Figure 24.11

Net ATP Yield

ATP

34 to 36 molecules ATP for every

glucose molecule
about 40% efficiency

Transition cycle

Overall ATP
Production
Electron Transport System
34
Citric Acid Cycle
2
Glycolysis
2
SUBTOTAL
38
NADH Transport into Mitochondrion*
-2
TOTAL
36

Fermentation
(Anaerobic Respiration)

Lactic Acid
Fermentation
NAD+

NAD+
NADH

C C C C C C

NADH
C C C

(Glycolysis)
Glucose

C C C

(Lactic acid fermentation)

2 Pyruvate

2 Lactic Acid

Glucose
Anaerobic
Respiration
Pyruvate

Ethanol
or
Lactate

Aerobic
Respiration

Acetyl CoA

Krebs
Cycle

INQUIRY
1. What is the end product in glycolysis?
2. What substance is produced by the
oxidation of pyruvate and feeds into
the citric acid cycle?
3. Name a product of fermentation.
4. What role does O2 play in aerobic
respiration?
5. What stage during cellular respiration is the
most ATP synthesized?
6. What is chemiosmosis?
7. When NAD+ and FAD+ are reduced what
do they form?
8. What are they used for?