M U

c im ni bt ca cng trnh ha cht thc phm l tn ti dng vt liu ,

nng lng v thng tin. Nhng dng ny to thnh h hot ng lin hon gia trang
thit b trong tng cng on v trong c cng trnh. V vy cn h thng vn chuyn
dng vt liu v nng lng ng thi c kho ct gi v bo qun. T , dng vt liu
v nng lng c cung cp n mi ni cn thit ca c cng trnh m bo qu
trnh sn sut ca nh my v x nghip. Do yu cu sn sut ca tng cng on trong
cng trnh khc nhau nn vai tr ca kho tang v kh nng vn chuyn cng khc nhau.
C th phn bit nh sau :
-

Kho tang bo qun nguyn vt liu , cc sn phm trung gian v sn phm

trong c trang b them nhng phng tin gia cng m bo cht
lng sn phm ( nh bong , ch xt, sy kh )

Vn chuyn a nguyn liu vo kho v n cc cng on sn sut . V vy

vn chuyn ni chung l khu lin kt cc dng vt liu, nng lng gia cc
trang thit b trong cng trnh to thnh mt h lin hon ca cc cng ngh
c th , hoc h thng cng ngh.

Vic t chc vn chuyn bo qun vi k thut hp l s c nh hng trc tip

n vn u t v sn sut . Trong cng trnh ch tnh ring trang thit b vn u t
chim n 40%. Trong khi vn sn sut ( k c lng tr cho cng nhn ) Chim
20% ch yu khu vn chuyn , bo qun ng gi. V vy phi lun c bin php k
thut ci tin khu ny. Mun vy ch c cch hin i ha khu vn chuyn v bo
qun tc vn u t phi tng ln.
Mc d qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun ch l nhng qu trnh h tr , nhng
li rt quyt nh , qu trnh ny ph thuc vo rt nhiu phng php v iu kin
cng nh a im.
Trong cng nghip quc phng, vic vn chuyn v bo qun nguyn vt lieu
cng l nhng khu cc k quan trng , c bit l nguyn vt liu c lin quan n

qu trnh ha n. Trong bi tiu lun ny em xin trnh by mt s vn c lin quan

n qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun cc cht d n trong cng nghip quc phng.

Cc quy nh chung

I.

1. Vt liu n c php s dng

-

Ch c php s dng nhng VLN c ghi trong bng danh mc cng b

chnh thc ca Nh nc hng nm, c km theo hng dn tnh cht c bn,
iu kin bo qun, vn chuyn v s dng VLN. Cm n v, ngi s dng
VLN t thay i thnh phn ca VLN.

Bt c n v, c quan no c k hoch nghin cu sn xut, ch th VLN, sn

xut cc thit b my mc, dng c o lng dng trong sn xut, bo qun, vn
chuyn v s dng VLN u phi gi n nghin ti cc c quan Nh nc c
thm quyn (B ch qun v b KHCN&MT) t chc xt duyt theo cc quy
nh hin hnh.

Vic a vo s dng thng xuyn cc loi VLN mi sng ch hoc nhp khu
ln u u phi tun theo cc trnh t sau:

VLN phi c phn tch o c trong phng th nghim (PTN) xc nh

thnh phn ha hc, cc c tnh k thut. Ni dung v khi lng phn tch o
c phi tun theo cc quy nh trong TCVN (TCVN 6174:1996 Vt liu n
cng nghip - Quy phm an ton v sn xut, nghim thu v th n)

Nu l VLN cng nghip an ton trong mi trng kh mtan v bi n, phi

th trong bung n theo ni dung v khi lng quy nh ti TCVN 6174:1997
v TCVN v th thuc n trong mi trng kh mtan.

Kt qu phn tch o c PTN phi gi cho B ch qun trong thi hn quy

nh (thng trong vng 30 ngy). B ch qun xem xt, i chiu vi tiu
chun v quyt nh cho tin hnh th n.

i vi VLN cng nghip th vic th n phi c tin hnh 3 va c iu

kin m a cht khc nhau ca 1 hoc 2 m tr ln c iu kin m a cht v
cng ngh khai thc khc nhau.

Qu trnh th n phi c s gim st ca cc B v c quan (gi tt l c quan

lin b) sau y:
+ B ch qun (B Quc phng hoc B Cng nghip)
+ B KHCN&MT
+ Thanh tra Nh nc v an ton lao ng
+ Cc phng chy cha chy (B Ni v)

Trn c s kt lun ca Hi ng th n cng nghip, cc B v c quan gim

st ra quyt nh hoc tha thun theo nhim v c chnh ph phn cng.

2. Phn loi vt liu n, quy c v mu sc v ghi nhn trn bao b

2.1.

Phn loi

Ty theo mc nguy him khi sn xut, bo qun, vn chuyn v s dng:

chia ra cc nhm sau y:
- Nhm 1: VLN c cha trn 15% nitroeste dng lng, cha hexogen khng
gim nhy, cha TEN (PETN);
- Nhm 2: Thuc n amonit, TNT, cht n c cha amoni nitrat, cht n c
cha khng ln hn 15% nitroeste lng, hexogen gim nhy, dy n, cc khi
thuc n mi;
- Nhm 3: Thuc phng en, thuc phng khng khi (Thuc phng
nitronellulose);
- Nhm 4: Cc loi kp n, ht la.
- Nhm 5: Cc loi n khoan, n nhi thuc n;
- Cc loi thuc n khc
2.2.

Quy nh v mu sc

Cc thi cht n, cc thng bao b, ti ng VLN do nh my sn xut th phi

c mu sc khc nhau phn bit iu kin s dng cc loi cht n. Ngi ta
quy nh mu sc ca v cc thi cht n hay mu vch trn bao b nh sau:
- Mu vng: thuc n an ton dng cho vic khai thc than, ;

- Mu xanh: thuc n an ton ch dng trong cc m khai thc , qung;

- Mu xanh l cy: thuc n an ton ch dng cho khai thc m lu hunh, m
du;
- Mu : thuc n khng an ton, ch dng cho cc m khng nguy him v
kh hay bi n;
- Mu trng: thuc n khng an ton, ch dng trn mt t;
- Mu en: i vi cc thuc n chu nhit dng trong cc l khoan du kh.
* Ch : + Vi cc thuc n mua t nc ngoi m mu sc khc vi cc quy
nh trn th phi tun th theo mu sc sn c, nhng phi thng bo cho ngi
s dng bit.
+ Cho php nhi thuc n thnh thi vo v bng giy c mu sc t nhin
ca giy, nhng phi dn hoc k vch cho c mu sc ng vi quy nh i
vi cc loi thuc n nh quy nh trn.
2.3.

Ghi nhn trn bao b

Trn mi thng thuc n phi c nhn hiu ca nh my sn xut ghi r: k hiu

nh my, tn cht n, s th t t sn xut, khi lng mi thng, ngy thng nm
sn xut, thi hn bo hnh.
Trn mi thng v hp ng kp phi c nhn ghi r k hiu nh my ch to, s
th t t sn xut, s th t hm, ngy thng nm ch to, s lng kp, cc thng s
v in tr kp, s v thi gian chm (vi sai), thi hn bo hnh.
3. Yu cu khi tip xc vi vt liu n
Bt c ai khi tip xc vi VLN th phi tun th theo cc quy nh sau:
- Khng c ht thuc hoc s dng ngn la trn c ly nh hn 100m so vi
ni VLN. Khng c VLN va p, x y hoc qung qut, vt, nm hoc ko
l hm hp c cha VLN. Khi tip xc vi kp n in, khng c ko cng hoc ct
ngn, cm dng bt c vt g nhi vo kp, cm bin kp n in thnh kp n thng.

Khng c mang theo ngi dim, bt la, v kh m khi s dng pht ra tia la.
Khi hu n, ch nhng ngi c phn cng im ho mi c mang theo dim, bt
la. Nhng ngi p ti hay vn chuyn VLN c mang theo sng n nhng phi c
quy nh s dng cht ch.
Nhng ngi lm vic vi VLN nh ngi sn xut, th kho, cng nhn vn
chuyn, bc d phi c hun luyn, st hch nhng kin thc chung v VLN, cc
quy nh an ton...
II.

An ton trong sn sut thuc n

1. An ton trong sn sut thuc n ph TNT

Khi sn xut TNT phi ch n 3 c im: Nguy him n; nguy him chy; v
tnh c hi ca n.
Nguy him sinh ra chy trong qu trnh sn xut TNT do nhiu nguyn nhn:
- Kh nng chy TNT, c bit khi sy n v khi tip xc lu vi vt nng (thnh
ca rut g, ng hi)
- Kh nng bt la ca TNT t tia la (nhit bng chy ca TNT l 7,7 oC, nhit
bc chy 554 oC
- S nguy him chy TNT khi tip xc vi hn hp hoc vi hi axt nitric
Tnh c hi khi sn xut TNT:
- Cc xt nit, hi axt nitric i vi mu v cht nguyn sinh (nng gii hn
cho php 0,005(mg/lt tnh theo N2O5)
- Hi TNT i vi mu, c quan h hp, v dy thn kinh (nng gii hn cho
php 0,1 mg/lt)
- Hi axt H2SO4 (SO3 t oleum) i vi nim mc ca mt (nng gii hn cho
php 0,02 mg/lt)
- Bt TNT (gii hn cho php 2mg/m3)
Ngoi ra, cc axt HNO3, H2SO4 v cc axt thi, nc ra gy bng da v c hi
n sc kho.

Do , vic xp t nh xng tin hnh sn xut TNT cn tho mn: tng v

cc ca ra vo phi c mc chu la cao nht; C cao va phi v tin li cho
qu trnh sn xut; Tt c cc xng nguy him (nitro ho, lm sch, sy) v kho cha
cn phi c p t xung quanh v xy tng bao. Cc nh xng cn c mt tin
bng vt liu nh, ca s ln v mi che phi c dng ch V. Cc ca ra vo v cu
thang phi c b tr hp l bo m khi c s c th c th s tn ngi mt cch
nhanh nht v nhng v tr ch yu cn phi c t nht 2 li thot v khong cch t li
thot n v tr lm vic khng qu 15m. m bo chiu sng trong nh xng th
phi dng bng n an ton n. H thng thng gi cn phi m bo cho lng kh,
hi, bi c hi trong khng kh < gii hn cho php. Trong cng on nitro ho v
sy, cc thng nitro ho v sy phi c h thng ht kh ring. Nh kho cha TNT hoc
bn thnh phm c b tr ngoi phn xng. Trong cc thng nitro ho v cc b
phn ly giai on th nht v th hai cn phi c thit b cha kh CO2 bn cnh
dp tt kp thi ho hon. B tr my sy v thit b sy ni vi h thng dp chy x
nc. Bn trong nh xng phi b tr vi nc cha chy, bnh cha chy. H thng
vi nc cha chy b tr c bn trong v ngoi ca xng.
Ch : Cc ng hp th kh t thng nitro ho c dn ring vo cc bnh khc
nhau trnh c s tip xc ca hi TNT vi hi axit HNO3 c v tun th nghim
ngt yu cu k thut an ton.
V phn ng nitro ho l phn ng to nhit c km theo phn ng oxi ho v thu
phn ca HNO3 v H2SO4 do hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh nitro ho thc cht tng
2 ln, v vy trong cc thit b nitro ho cn phi c h thng lm lnh tch cc. S ph
v cn bng nhit c th gy ra bi qu trnh ngng truyn tc nhn lm lnh, hoc do
thc hin khng ng qui trnh.
cc phn ng din ra chm (do gim nhit hoc nng ca cc cu t) c th
gy ra hin tng mt cn bng v c th tng t ngt nhit trong qu trnh nitro
ho. Hin tng ny c th xy ra giai on 1 v 2 ca qu trnh nitro ho dn n

lm bn tung to nitromas v c th xy ra ho hon, cn trong giai on th 3 thm

ch dn ti n. V vy nng ca cc cu t trong thit b phn ng nitro ho phi gi
khong an ton. Trong giai on 1 v 2 ca qu trnh nitro ho, tc phn ng nitro
ho ln, tc dng gia cc cu t thc t kt thc hon ton sau khi rt. Trong giai
on 3, tc qu trnh nitro ho gim ng k, v vy trong giai on ny cn phi
gi nng cc cu t trong khong an ton. Khi xc nh nng an ton th cn phi
xut pht t iu kin gin on lm lnh, nhit khi nitromas; khi m mt trong
cc cu t phn ng hon ton (thng l axt HNO3) th khng cn nng nhit nitro
ho 120 oC (nu 120 oC th s xy ra qu trnh oxi ho mnh lit).
giai on 3 ca qu trnh nitro ho rt nguy him, ch khng cho tc nhn l
vo v d gy chy v dn n n.
Trong qu trnh nitro ho cn theo di cht ch cc gi tr nhit . Khi c bc
nhy vt v nhit n gii hn trn th phi dng hoc gim vic dn (truyn) cc
cu t h nhit xung. cui giai on 3 nu nhit 140 oC th cn phi m
ca x d phng y thit b nitro ho x ton b nitromas trong thit b nitro ho
vo b ng cu (cha H2O) ng thi a kh nn vo y ht nitromas ra.
Trong qu trnh nitro ho, cnh khuy cn lm vic ng ch k thut. Nu c s
ngng t ngt (mt in, hng h thng truyn) th phi ngng ngay vic dn cc cu
t vo thit b nitro ho v tng cng ca qu trnh lm lnh.
Sau khi nitro ho kt thc, cc thit b nitro ho cn c lm sch, khng cho
ng cht n trong (ch cc on cong ca thit b v lm sch thit b bng vt
liu phi kim hoc kim loi mu).
Phi loi b cc tp cht cha trong ph liu ca TNT bi v phn ln cc trng
hp t bc chy trong sn xut TNT lin quan n cc ph liu gia cng li.
Ho hon trong thit b tch v nitro ho c dp tt bng s khuy nitromas bi
cnh khuy hoc trong trng hp bt c d bng khng kh (tt nht bng kh tr, kh
CO2).

Yu cu i vi thit b nitro ho:

- Mi thng nitro ho cn np thm h thng lm vic ph ca cnh khuy. Khi
ngng truyn in th phi c ngun in ph (my pht).
- Cc rut g lm lnh thit b nitro ho th sau 4 tun l phi kim tra kn bi p
sut khng < 5 KG/cm2.
- Cc ng dn vn chuyn cc hp cht nitro (MNT, DNT hoc TNT) trng thi
lng cn phi thng, khng c gp khc v c nghing xc nh trnh ng.

- Cc kho v van ca ng dn c bi trn v thit k sao cho phn thuc n cn li trong ng d

cc nh my sn xut TNT ca c, ngi ta thc hin hng lot cc bin
php t ng ngt v kim tra qu trnh cng ngh. Trong cc xng nitro ho c h
thng t ng (in hoc thu lc) ngt qu trnh np cc cu t trong trng hp
ngng cnh khuy thit b. Trong cc thng nitro ho ngi ta t cc nhit k tip xc
kt ni vi tn hiu bo hng my, giai on 3 ca qu trnh nitro ho nhng nhit k
ny lm vic hai gii hn: 76 o C v 96o C.
Tt c cc xng nitro ho u c b nc d tr dp chy v lm lnh trong
trng hp cn thit.
Cc xng sn xut v nguyn tc c xy dng vi cng sut khng ln. Cc
xng nitro ho thu MNT, DNT v TNT c xy dng trong cc nh khc.
nhng nh tp trung lng ln thuc n, thit b c bn th thng xy ngm hoc na
ngm di lng t.
Qu trnh sy TNT c thc hin ring v cch xa cc cng trnh khc vi khong
cch an ton cn thit (ph thuc vo cng sut), xung quanh nh xng sy TNT phi
c p t xung quanh.
Sy v to vy ng thi din ra: C th dng hi nc trong thit b sy v bn
trong thit b to vy, cc cng on ny phi ni vi nc dp tt khi c ho
hon cn b tr cc thit b chng chy.

Nh xng ngoi vic c b tr hp l th cc nh phi c h thng chng st hp

l.
Yu cu: khi c ma bo, sm chp th phi tm ngng qu trnh sn xut.

2. An ton trong sn xut Tetryl (hay 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl methyl Nnitroamin)

Qu trnh sn xut qua 4 giai on:
-

iu ch dimethylaniline
C6H5N(CH3)2

H2SO4

Nitro ho

Lm sch: ra v kt tinh li

Ti sinh

[C6H5N(CH3)2H]+

HSO4-

Cng on nguy him nht: l nitro ho v sy.

Ch : Vic tng t ngt nhit do ngng khuy hoc dng lm lnh bn
tung to nitromas khi thng nitro ho d chy ( nhy 60).
Khi nitro ho nhit thp (tc nitro ho chm.) hoc qu trnh khuy lm
tc nh th c nguy c bng chy nitromas do tch lu sn phm cha phn ng
trong thng nitro ho gy to nht t ngt bng chy.
trnh th trong qu trnh sn xut ngi ta phi tng tc dn cc tc nhn
phn ng vo thit b nitro ho (trc gi tr ca cnh khuy) tun theo ng t l cc
cu t a vo thng nitro ho.
Trong trng hp a cc tc nhn vo qu ln th phi ngng ngay vic a
tc nhn v tng tc lm lnh. Nu 2 bin php ny khng tho mn c (tc vn
lm tng nhit ) th phi x ton b nitromas vo b ng cu cha nc v bm kh
nn vo y ht nitromas.

Trong xng phi c h thng thng gi thch hp v ngoi cc xt nit tch ra

cn c hi ca diphenylmethylaniline km bn gy cn tr qu trnh nitro ho, nh
hng n sc kho ca cng nhn.
Trong thi gian nitro ho, nh k kim tra h thng thit b. Loi b cc sn
phm trong thit b, c bit ch gp khc. Nu khng ly ra th n s t phn hu v
gy chy.
Trong cng on lm sch tetryl, ngi ta kt tinh li n bng aceton (c hi)
d bc la, d to vi khng kh mt hn hp n phi rt ch v c h thng ht
hi aceton.
Trong qu trnh sa cc thit b th trc khi sa phi loi b tetryl cn lu li
trong thit b. H thng chiu sng phi chu c n, cc xng nitro ho phi c
t xung quanh. Tng, ca lm bng vt liu chu la tt (thi gian chu la cao). C
h thng chng st hp l. Khi sn xut m c ma, bo, sm st th phi ngng lm
vic bo m an ton.
3. An ton trong sn xut Hexogen
Ngoi vic tun th nghim ngt cc qui nh chung v an ton khi sn xut cht
n ni chung, cn phi c bit ch n nhy cao ca hexogen i vi xung c
hc.
nhy n ca n i vi va p : 75-80.
Trong sn xut hexogen: tt c cc phn xng u c nguy c chy, n tr
phn xng chun b urtropin ch c nguy c chy. Cng cn ch ti tc dng sinh
l c hi ca bi hexogen v urtropin, cng nh hi ca cc xt nit v axt nitric.
Cn m bo rng cc xng sn xut hexogen v cc thit b nitro ho c lp t
cc h thng an ton (u cm ng nhit, cc nh xng c p t, ct xung
quanh...).
Cc to nh phi c h thng chng st; cc thit b sn xut v nn nh phi ni
tip t m bo kh tnh in.

Khi lm vic trong phn xng cn loi tr hon ton s va p ca kim loi
vi nhau. c bit ch lm sch thit b trc khi sa cha. Thuc n rn ch c
lm sch bi cc dng c bng g; qu trnh lm sch c thc hin cn thn v c
kim tra bi k s cng ngh.
Cn b tr hm tr n gn phn xng nitro ho.
Trong qu trnh nitro ho: xy ra to nhit mnh v nu khng c iu chnh
mt cch kp thi thnh phn cc cu t th s dn n lm tng t ngt nhit nitro
ho gy ra bn tung to hoc bng chy nitromas. giai on ny, axt nitric c c
s dng, v nu n tip xc vi urotropin hoc vi cc cht hu c l khi khng c
khuy trn th d gy ra phn ng mnh lit v dn n t bc chy.
Khi a urtropin vo thit b th c th bng chy urtropin trong phu tip
liu hoc vt ti ca b tip liu khi c s xut hin ca hi hay git HNO3 bn ra, v
vy khi sn xut phi xem xt thng xuyn thit b ny v nh k lm sch n.
Khi sn xut hexogen bng phng php anhyric acetic th cn ch khi hn
hp anhyric acetic v axit acetic vi HNO3 hoc NH4NO3 trong HNO3 th phi ch
t l thnh phn ca n v c th dn n n. Phi ch cn bng xi ca hn hp,
hm lng axit trong hn hp cng ln th nguy c n cng cao.
Khi iu ch hexogen theo phng php ny, t l cc thnh phn nh sau:
HNO3:

(CH3CO)2O:

CH3COOH:

85

Nu t l khc th nguy c n tng ln.

Vic vn chuyn (CH3CO)2O, CH3COOH, HNO3 v dung dch NH4NO3 trong
HNO3 cn ring bit trnh nguy c gy chy, n khi chng hn hp vi nhau. Cng
cn ch rng (CH3CO)2O v CH3COOH thuc nhm II cht lng d chy. .

4. An ton trong sn xut thuc n Pentrit

K thut an ton:
Sn xut thuc n pentrit nguy him mi nguyn cng, c bit ch nhy
cao ca n vi xung c hc (100), do trong qu trnh nitro ho th ngoi cc ch
nh vi cc thuc n khc (nh xng, ca s, ca ra vo, b tr nh xng, h thng
chng st, nn nh...), qu trnh sn xut cn ch :
- Khi nitro ho (este ho) cn ch cht ch gia phi liu gia cc cu t; ch
n ch khuy trn; ch nht ca thng nitro ho, ch nhit c iu
chnh bng h thng lm lnh v cn lu : s xut hin ca cc oxit nit v s nng
cao t ngt ca nhit chng t l qu trnh phn hu pentrit, khi phi x ton b
nitromas vo b ng cu c cha y nc. Lu , do s pha long pentrit bng nc,
khi c mt lng ln oxit nit c th gy ra bc chy pentrit.
- Qu trnh kim tra bng thit b t ng.
Khi tch axit thi ra khi pentrit th rt nguy him v pentrit cha ra cn cha
nhiu tp cht. Pentrit trng thi m b nung nng c th bng chy phi khng
ch m ca pentrit phng nga chy.
Pentrit d b nhim in cc thit b sn xut (sy, bao gi) phi tip t hoc
bin php khc loi tr kh nng nhim in. C th ph ln tinh th ca n cc cht
hot ng b mt hn ch nguy c nhim in, thun ho pentrit.
5. An ton trong sn xut Nitroglycerin (NG)
NG c nhy rt cao i vi xung c hc, ngoi ra NG cn dn nhit tt.
Do vy cn ch :
- Mi tc nhn phn ng phi c b tr ring v cch xa nhau.
- Cc xng nitro ho v kho cha phi p t xung quanh hoc b tr ngm.

- Tt c thit b nitro ho v phi liu phi b tr cao thp khc nhau

m bo cho qu trnh t chy ca NG, axit thi. Cc ng dn phi thng, khng c
gp khc, c nghing ng u khng tc ng.
- Tt c cc ng dn lm bng cht do (thng l ng cao su). Tt c cc kho
ca van c bi trn bng vazlin. Nh xng phi c h thng chng st v kho
cha phi c bo n (nhit : 15oC20oC).
III.

Bo qun vt liu n
1. Bo qun vt liu n
Lng thuc n v cc phng tin gy n phi c bo qun trong thng

(hp) ring. m bo an ton, bung cha vt liu n phi c tng v trn lm

bng vt liu chng chy. Khng c b tr bung c ngi lm vic thng xuyn
cnh bung cha vt liu n. Ca bung cha vt liu n phi c kh nng chng chy,
gii hn chu la t nht l 0.75 gi. Chng dng vi cc bo qun vt liu n. Vic
thng k, xut nhp vt liu n phi theo ng nguyn tc.
- Lng thuc n cha trong nh kho khng c ln hn gii hn. Nu thuc
n cha 15 nitroeste lng, hexogen cha thun ho, tetryl th lng thuc n cho
php 60 tn. Nu cha khng qu 15% nitroeste lng, Amonit, TNT, hexogen thun
ho th c th cha 240 tn. Nu cha thuc phng en v thuc phng NC th 120
tn. Nu cha dy n v kp n th s lng khng hn ch. Nhng qui nh s lng
ln nht ca kho d tr khng ln hn 3000 tn.
- Trong mt nh kho hoc trn mt bung cha, nu c php ca c quan
qun l cp trn trc tip th cho php cha chung vt liu n thuc cc nhm khc
nhau, nhng phi bo m cc iu kin:
+ Cc vt liu n thuc cc nhm c bo qun bung ring hoc khu vc
ring, m c ngn cch bi tng hoc tm ngn chu la c gii hn chu la nh
nht l 1 gi.

Vic cp pht cht n v kp n phi tin hnh bung ring. Nu cng mt

bung th khi cp pht cht n khng c kp n trong bung. Trc khi a vt
liu n vo bo qun th tt c kho c nh hoc tm thi hoc tm thi ngn hn u
phi c nghim thu v hi ng nghim thu nht thit phi c mt cn b k thut an
ton v c quan cng an cp tho thun xy dung kho.
Khi nghim thu: Phi lp bin bn ghi r a im, kiu, sc cha ca tng nh
kho, nh gi s ph hp ca kho vi cc tiu chun hin hnh. Cc kho vt liu n
kiu ni hay ngm u phi c trangb in thoi lin lc, h thng tn hiu m
thanh, nh sng gia cc trm gc. H thngin thoi phi ni vi c quan phng
chy cha chy ni n v ng qun. khi tng i xa kho th cho php khng t
in thoi nhng phi tho thun vi c quan cng an v ni t kho. Cc nh kho c
nh hoc tm thi ni hoc na ngm phi c chng st theo ng qui nh. Cc
nh kho cha di 150 kg cht n th khng nht thit phi thit k h thng chng st
nu 10 nm tr li khng c st.
Tt c kho cha vt liu n phi c bo v chuyn nghip, c v kh, canh gc
sut ngy m. khi ra vo kho phi c giy php thng xuyn hoc mt ln do ch
nhim kho hoc chi nhnh kho cp.
Cn b k thut an ton hoc cp trn xung kim tra nh k hoc t xut phi
c giy gii thiu v khi kho khng c t chi vic kim tra .
Khi vo a phn kho th tt c mi ngi phi lm ng chc nng, nhim
v ca mnh, tun theo ni qui ca kho, c s gim st ca bo v v th kho. Khi
pht hin c s c khng bnh thng th phi bo cho bo v kho. Mun chp nh
hoc o c a hnh khu vc kho phi c c quan cng an cp tnh, thnh ph cp
giy php v thng bo cho ngnh ch qun. nh v ti liu thu thp c phi do c
quan cng an kim sot th mi c lu hnh. Nh kho bo qun vt liu n phi c
ca kn, kho kp ch nim phong. Cha kho, du nim phong do cng an cp pht.

2. Cc quy nh v kho vt liu n

C th gm mt hoc nhiu nh kho cha vt liu n v mt s cng trnh ph
tr xung quanh danh gii qui nh.
C th xy kho kiu ni, na ni hoc ngm.
Kho ni l kho t ngay trn mt t
Kho na ngm th c mi ua ca cc nh kho ngang mt t
Kho ngm l kho c chiu di lp t ph trn kho 15 m
Theo thi gian dng, kho vt liu n c chia ra;
Kho c nh: thi gian s dng 3 nm
Kho tm thi: thi gian s dng 1 3 nm
Kho tm thi ngn hn: thi gian di 1 nm
Theo tnh cht v nhim v chia ra:
Kho d tr: c nhim v cung cp vt liu n cho cc kho tiu th
Kho tiu th: c nhim v cp pht vt liu n cho ni s dng
Cc kho vt liu n phi c xy dng theo ng thit k v bn thit k phi
c ph duyt theo ng th tc hin hnh v c s tho thun ca c quan thanh
tra an ton nh nc v phng chy cha chy v cng tc an ton khc.
Trong qu trnh bo qun vt liu n nu sa cha nh kho th phi chuyn vt
liu n sang nh kho khc hoc bi trng c mi che theo ng qui nh.
Trong bung cp pht kp n phi c bn, mt bn phi c g xung quanh v
c lt bng n, d hoc cao su dy hn 3 mm. Phi c ring bn ct dy n v dy
chy chm.

IV.

Vn chuyn vt liu n
1. Cc quy nh chung
1.1. Vic bc d VLN cc bn cng, ga tu, cc a im nm ngoi phm vi

hng ro kho cha, phi ng k v c c quan c thm quyn cho php. Ni bc d

phi c bin bo xc nh gii hn ngn cch. Nhng ngi khng c lin quan n
vic bc d khng c trong khu vc ngn cch. Trong qu trnh bc d phi c
lc lng bo v ni bc d, lc lng bo v c trang b theo quy nh ti mc M3
Ph lc M ca Quy chun ny.
1.2. Nu bc d VLN vo ban m th ni bc d phi c chiu sng y .
Cm dng ngn la trn chiu sng, ch c php dng bng n in chiu
sng. Khi dng ngun in li, cho php dng cu dao kiu thng thng, nhng phi
t cch ni bc d t nht 25 m.
1.3. VLN c vn chuyn t nh my sn xut n kho phi trong bao b
nguyn ca nh my sn xut. Khi np mn bng c gii, cho php vn chuyn thuc
n ri trong cc my np t ni sn xut hoc kho tiu th n ni n mn.
Trong trng hp cc bao, hm VLN m ly mu em th th trc khi vn
chuyn phi ng gi, nim phong li cc bao hm ; trn bao, hm phi ghi s lng
cn li. Khi bc d, vn chuyn nu hm b v phi xp VLN vo hm nguyn.
1.4. Ch c php s dng cc phng tin qui nh trong Quy chun ny
vn chuyn VLN.
1.5. Phng tin vn chuyn ang cha VLN phi c y biu trng, k, bo
hiu nguy him theo quy nh hin hnh v vn chuyn hng nguy him.

1.6. Cho php c bc chuyn VLN t phng tin ny sang phng tin khc
(do phng tin ang c VLN b h hng, cn sa cha cp bch), nhng phi thc
hin theo qui nh khon 1 v 2 ca iu ny.
1.7. Khi vn chuyn kp n khng cn nguyn bao b ngoi th cc hp, gi kp
phi t trong hm kn c chn lt bn trong bng cc loi vt liu mm khng pht
sinh tia la do ma st v tnh in, k c trng hp kp n c cha trong hm ng
kp n chuyn dng.
1.8. Nhng bn bi bc d v trn cc phng tin vn chuyn VLN phi c
trang b phng tin cha chy theo quy nh.
1.9. Cm vn chuyn kp in hoc cc ph kin n in trn cc phng tin vn
chuyn c trang b thit b thu pht sng in t tn s radio hoc cc thit b tng t
tr trng hp kp in c bo qun trong bao b nguyn ca nh sn xut v
trong hm cha bng kim loi y kn c lt m mm.
1.10. Cm cc thao tc c kh nng pht sinh tia la gn phng tin vn
chuyn ang cha VLN. Vic sa cha phng tin vn chuyn ch c tin hnh sau
khi bc d ton b VLN khi phng tin vn chuyn v bo qun ti ni quy nh.
2. Vn chuyn VLN bng ng st v ng thy
2.1.

Cc quy nh chung

a) Trc khi dng toa tu, khoang tu, x lan, thuyn ch VLN, phi kim tra k
pht hin cc h hng ca sn tu, v tu, khoang tu, thng toa v ca. Nu pht hin thy
du vt ca cht kim, a xt, du m, sn phm du ho, vi sng th phi ty ra sch cc cht
v lm thng thong ni s cha VLN. Phi dn sch rc v cc hng ho khc trc khi
xp VLN vo phng tin vn chuyn.
b) Ch c php bc d, chuyn VLN t phng tin ny sang phng tin khc theo
th t tng chic mt.

c) Khi xp cc hm, bao VLN ln toa tu, khoang tu hoc thuyn phi xp u trn
ton b din tch sn cha. Phi chng buc cht cc hm, bao khng b x y, va p vo
nhau khi phng tin di chuyn.
d) Khi xp cc hm, bao VLN thnh nhiu lp, phi m bo khi xp lp trn, ngi
xp khng c trc tip dm ln lp di. Nu khng xp y toa tu, khoang cha th phi
c bin php chng sp cc khi VLN.
) Nu phi bc d mt phn VLN xung cc ga, bn trung gian, phi chng buc li
cc bao, hm VLN khng sp cc bao hm khi phng tin tip tc vn chuyn. Din
tch cn li ca toa tu hoc khoang tu sau khi d bt, ch c php xp thm VLN cng
nhm.
e) Khi VLN c vn chuyn n ga hoc bn th ngi trng ga hoc trng bn c
trch nhim:
- Thng bo cho ch hng VLN n tip nhn v t chc bc d kp thi;
- T chc bo v n khi bc d xong;
- Trc khi m ca toa tu, khoang tu phi kim tra bn ngoi xem c cn nguyn vn
khng. Khi m kho hoc kp ch cc ca phi c mt nhn vin p ti. Sau khi m ca nu
pht hin thy cc bao, hm VLN b h hng hoc thiu th phi lp bin bn, ng thi a
cc bao, hm h hng ra cch ch bc d 50 m ng gi li.
g) Ni bc d v ch ca tu ch VLN phi:
- Cch xa nh , nh cng nghip, kho hng ho, ch ang bc d v bo qun nhng
hng ho khc t nht 100 m, cch xa ng ga chnh t nht l 50 m;
- Cch bn tu v cng bc d v bo qun cc hng ho khc, cc cng trnh cng
nghip v dn dng t nht 250 m. Cc tu thy ch VLN phi cch lch tu t nht l 25 m.
Khi khng c iu kin nh qui nh trn th phi ngng cc vic hot ng bc d
khc.

Trong trng hp khng c nh ring bo qun VLN ti nh ga, bn cng, cho php
xp VLN thnh tng khi trn b hoc cch xa ng st tt thiu l 25 m vi thi hn lu
khng qu 5 ngy m.
VLN phi xp trn cc bc k, che bt kn, phi b tr lc lng bo v c v trang canh
gc sut ngy m. Ni xp VLN phi c cc phng tin PCCC.
h) Cm dng phng tin c ng c chy bng than ci ch VLN.

2.2.

Vn chuyn VLN bng ng st

a) Trn cc cng trng xy dng ng st, nu xp VLN trong cc toa khng

kn nh toa xe gong, t ray, xe kim tra ng ray.. phi c bo v, th mn i km
vi VLN. Trn phng tin vn chuyn phi c dng c cha chy (bnh dp chy,
thng c ct, nc, x, xng).
b) Khi xp d VLN trn cc ng st chung, ch c php xp d hai toa ng
thi, phi p dng bin php kho ghi vo ng ny trnh cc on tu khc i
vo. Nhng toa xp VLN phi a ra ch qui nh theo yu cu ca im g,
khon 1 iu ny v phi cch xa ch ang xp d t nht 100 m.
c) i vi thuc n nhm D, S (dy n, dy chy chm) th cho php cha
trng ti ca toa xe. i vi VLN nhm A, B hoc kp n th ch c php cha
khng qu 2/3 trng ti ca toa xe.
d) Cc toa xe cha VLN cha c mc ni vi on tu phi c chn hm
chc khng b tri v phi c tn hiu bo v (bin hnh trn mu , n tn hiu
) t 2 pha u ca nhm toa xe ny. Tn hiu t mp ray bn phi v cch toa
xe cha VLN 50 m. Nu on tu cha VLN ng chim ton b on ng hoc
ng cch ct gii hn gn hn 50 m th bin tn hiu cng c t mp ray bn
phi v i in vi ct gii hn.

) Khi lp on tu ch VLN, phi xp cc toa c VLN cch u my 2 toa,

cch toa ch ngi t nht 4 toa. Toa xe ch kp phi cch toa xe cha cht n mt
khong cch t nht 6 toa xe v nm cui on tu. 6 toa xe cch ly ch hng khc
khng nguy him. Nu 6 toa ny ch g cy, st, ng ray, th cc toa xe loi ny
phi c thnh chn hai u.
e) Khi dn on tu ch VLN phi ht sc thn trng, trnh x y, dng t
ngt cm th tri t do cc toa c cha VLN . Tc chuyn ng khi dn toa khng
c qu 10 km/h. Cm dng sc ngi dn y toa cha VLN trn cc on
ng dc. Khi ng khng dc th c php y tay trn mt on di bng chiu
di mt toa xe hoc trn chiu di ca nh kho, nhng phi c gim st ca ngi ph
trch bc d hng.
g) Khi kim tra bn ngoi toa xe VLN vo ban m phi dng n in, c qui,
n xng an ton soi. Cm dng n c ngn la trn.

2.3.

Vn chuyn VLN bng ng thy

a) Cho php dng tu thy ch hng, ca n, x lan, thuyn ch VLN, cm

dng b, mng, thuyn nan, mng vn chuyn VLN. Nhng phng tin vn ti
thy dng vn chuyn VLN phi m bo hot ng tt v c c quan c thm
quyn Nh nc v ng kim, kim tra v cp giy php lu hnh.
b) Thuyn trng, thuyn vin vn chuyn VLN phi hiu bit tnh cht VLN v
cc iu kin vn chuyn chng bng ng thy, cc bin php phng nga, gii
quyt s c trn ng vn chuyn.
c) Tu thy vn chuyn VLN phi m bo yu cu:
- Khng c dy dn in trong cc khoang cha VLN;
- Sn khoang cha phi bng phng, ca xung khoang c th ng kn, cht;

- Tng ca khoang cha VLN nm k st vi bung my, cc ng dn hi phi

c lp cch nhit;
- Tu phi c cc tn hiu v k bo hiu nguy him theo qui nh hin hnh.
- Trong cc khoang cha VLN cho php lp t cm bin bo chy. H thng
thit b bo chy phi c thm duyt thit k v nghim thu cho php s dng.
d) Khi vn chuyn VLN bng thuyn gn my, phi c b phn thu tn la ng
x v c tm chn ngn cch bung my v bung cha VLN.
) Trn mi v ui ca phng tin thy vn chuyn VLN phi c bin ch ghi:
"Nguy him", ch phi cao t nht 20 cm, ban m phi thay bng n .
e) Khi xp VLN vo trong khoang ca phng tin vn chuyn, phi s dng
dung tch ca phng tin, phn b ti trng mt cch hp l. Gia cc hm vi nhau,
gia cc hm v thnh ca phng tin khng c h, phi dng dy mm, chc
chng buc chng x dch. Dng c chng buc phi lm bng vt liu khng pht
la khi va chm.
g) Cm phng tin thy ang vn chuyn VLN ko theo cc phng tin khc.
h) Khi s dng my trc nng h VLN (trong khi xp d) khng c php
nng h mt khi lng qu 50% ti trng nng ca my trc . My trc dng ng
c t trong th ng x phi c c cu dp tn la.
i) Khi bc d VLN bng my trc th phng tin ny phi m bo khng pht
ra tia la trong qu trnh lm vic. Cm s dng dy cp thp, li kim loi lm cc
phng tin kp gi bc d VLN.
k) Khi vn chuyn VLN trn sng h m gp sng m th phi cho phng tin
vn chuyn cp b, cch ch c cc cng trnh, dn c trn b t nht 250 m v cch
lung lch t nht 25 m.

l) Khi vn chuyn VLN bng thuyn, phi VLN nguyn trong bao b ca nh
my ch to hoc trong kho lu ng. Cc hm phi c chng buc v ph bt
kn. Nhng ngi p ti phi thng xuyn quan st.
m) Cm chuyn ch hnh khch, cc hng ho khc cng vi VLN trn cng mt
thuyn v ph qua sng.
n) Cho php dng n in c nh, hoc n c qui m chiu sng cc khoang
cha hng khi bc d VLN. Cng tc n phi b tr ngoi khoang cha.
o) Trn phng tin thy vn chuyn VLN, ch c php ht thuc, s dng
ngn la trn ti nhng ch cch bit do thuyn trng qui nh
p) Tu thy vn chuyn VLN phi c bo v chng st, cc ct cao ca tu c
dng lm ct gn kim thu st.

3. Vn chuyn VLN bng t

3.1.

Cc quy nh chung

a) Ch c php vn chuyn VLN bng phng tin t, xe th, xe sc vt ko

khi c ngi p ti i theo. Ngi p ti c th l th mn, th kho VLN hoc nhn
vin bo v. Cm ngi iu khin phng tin kim p ti.
b) Cm vn chuyn VLN bng:
- t chy bng gaz;
- t but cng cng, xe ray in, t chy in;
- t t ;
- R moc do t ko khi vn chuyn kp, thuc en, thuc n c cha ni tro este
lng.

Ch thch - Trong trng hp nhng a hnh khng c ng t cho php

dng my ko ko mt rmoc cha VLN nhm 1.5D trong cc bao b cn
nguyn vn, thng rmoc phi cn tt. C th dng my ko ko my np mn.
c) Trn ng i (thng i theo on), cm dng xe c ch VLN khi cha c
lnh ca ngi trng on. Trng hp xe c s c, ngi p ti phi c mt ti ch
xy ra s c cho ti khi gii quyt xong s c
d) Khi xe i thnh on (2 xe tr ln) phi c t nht hai ngi p ti. Ngi
trng on (thng l ngi p ti th nht) phi lun trong cabin xe i u tin.
Ngi p ti th hai ngi trong cabin ca xe cui cng
) Trn ng vn chuyn khi cn ngh ngi, ch c dng ngoi vng
dn c, cch xa ng giao thng cng cng t nht 100 m, cch nh, cng trnh t nht
200 m. Khi dng phi tt ng c, tho sc vt ko ra khi cng xe v c bin php
chn chng tri, trt xe. Khi khng c iu kin dng xe xa ng, cho php dng
l ng nhng phi xa vng dn c t nht 200 m.
Cm cc phng tin ang vn chuyn VLN trong ga ra, dng trong thnh ph
v trong vng dn c.
e) Khi i trn ng, cc xe vn chuyn VLN u phi c tn hiu ring theo qui
nh php lut v vn chuyn hng nguy him.
g) Khi i trn ng, nu gp m chy th phng tin vn chuyn VLN khng
c i qua gn hn 200 m k t m chy v 50 m k t ngn uc. Trong trng
hp sa cha ng c s dng la (un chy nha ng), trc khi qua on ng
ny phi xe ch c khong cch theo qui nh ti khon ny, dp tt la xong mi
cho xe i qua.
h) Trn cc phng tin vn ti ( t, xe sc vt ko) cm chuyn ch cc hng
ho khc cng vi VLN, ch c ch cng vi VLN cc my n mn, dng c phc

v n mn, nhng chng phi trong hm v buc chc trnh va p vo hm

cha VLN.
i) Khi vn chuyn thuc n nhm 1.1D, 1.5D, dy chy chm, cho php t chy
vi tc theo qui nh ca lut giao thng ng b, xe sc vt ko c cho con vt
ko chy nc kiu. Khi ch cc loi VLN cn li, nu tm nhn tt, tc xe t ch
VLN khng qu 40 km/h. Khi tri ma hoc c sng m tc ca xe gim i mt
na; nu vn chuyn VLN bng xe sc vt ko ch c cho con vt i bc mt.
k) Nu i thnh on xe, khong cch cc xe ch VLN khi chy trn ng c
qui nh nh sau :
Khi i trn ng bng v lc dng:
- 10 m i vi xe sc vt ko;
- 20 m i vi xe th;
- 50m i vi xe t;
khi xung hoc ln dc:
- 50 m i vi xe sc vt ko;
- 100 m i vi xe th;
- 300 m i vi xe t;
Cm t, xe th, xe sc vt ko vn chuyn VLN dng, trn ng dc.
Trng hp s c trn cc on ng dc phi chn v tm cch khc phc ngay.
3.2.

Vn chuyn VLN bng t

a) Ch c php dng t chuyn dng cho mc ch ch VLN, t ch VLN

phi tha mn cc yu cu sau:

- Thng l b g, nu khng l b g phi lt g dy t nht 13 mm hoc lt tm

mm ton b sn xe v thnh trong ca thng xe;
- Tnh trng k thut ca xe t phi tt, phi c khung mui v c ca kho chc
chn;
- Khng lp dy dn in v n chiu sng trong khoang cha VLN;
- C bnh dp la, phng tin chng ly, chng trt cho xe;
- Trc khi xp VLN ln t phi dn sch thng v cc ho cht khc.
b) Cho php cht ti trng t i vi VLN nhm D, S. Trng hp vn
chuyn kp, thuc n c nitr este lng v thuc en th ch c xp khng qu 2/3 ti
trng v khng c xp cao qu hai lp hm VLN. Cc hm, bao phi t nm st v
chng kht ln nhau nhng khng c cao vt qu chiu cao ca thnh xe t.
c) Trc khi xe t ch VLN xut hnh, ngi ph trch on xe phi ghi vo lnh
i ng: " t c kim tra, m bo hot ng tt c th dng ch VLN, k
xc nhn.
d) Khng c ch ngi trn thng xe t xp VLN.
) Ch c cho tng t mt vo ch xp d. Nhng t khc ang ch v
nhng t c VLN phi cch xa ch bc d t nht 100 m.
e) Cho php dng t vn chuyn VLN n ni n mn trong khu vc thnh
ph hoc im dn c, xe t phi c thng kn. Li xe t phi c Giy php li xe
hng B2 tr ln.
3. Vn chuyn chung kp v thuc n trn cng xe t
4. Vn chuyn VLN bng my bay

Vn chuyn VLN bng my bay phi c c quan c thm quyn cho php theo
qui nh php lut v hng khng dn dng v php lut lin quan v vn chuyn hng
nguy him.
5. Vn chuyn VLN trong khu vc kho
a). Cho php dng t vn chuyn trong khu vc kho (o chuyn VLN) n
tn ca cc kho. t phi l loi c thng bng g, c trang b bnh dp chy, khi dng
hoc xe phi tt my.
b). Trong kho VLN v trong cc nh kho bo qun VLN c php dng xe ng
c chy in c qui, c trang thit b in thuc loi phng n c gii ho vic bc
xp thuc n nhm 1.1D, 1.5D.
6. Vn chuyn ni b VLN n ni s dng trn mt t
Trong ranh gii vn chuyn ni b, cho php s dng xe ci tin, gnh, mang vc
VLN t kho tiu th n ni s dng. Vic vn chuyn ni b VLN khng phi c giy
php vn chuyn ca c quan c thm quyn.
Khi a VLN phi trong hm, trong cc ti kn, trnh ri vi. Cht n v ph
kin n phi trong cc ti hoc bao b ring. Kp n t phi trong hp g c
chn lt cht.
Cho php dng cc thng cng ch thuc n cha nitrat amn dng bt.
Ngi th mn va l ngi a vt liu n n ni s dng, va l ngi trng
coi t khi lnh vt liu n ra khi kho cho ti khi np vo l mn.
Ch th mn mi c xch kp n v cc bao mn mi. Khi mang mn mi, khi
lng tng cng khng c qu 10 kg. Cc bao mn mi phi t trong hm c np
y, tay xch. Mt trong hm phi c lp lt bng vt liu mm. Cc bao mn mi phi
xp ng thnh mt hng.

Khi dng xe ci tin a VLN n ni s dng, cho php ch khi lng

khng ln hn 1/2 ti trng xe. Xe phi c vn chc hai u v vt liu n phi chng
buc chc chn. Khi a VLN bng cch gnh, cho php gnh n 40 kg. Nu ng
trn, qua dc, sui, khi lng gnh phi gim 1/4. Dng c gnh phi chc chn.
Khi mang xch ng thi thuc n v phng tin n, mt th mn c th mang
tng cng khng qu 12 kg. Thuc n, phng tin n khng c chung trong mt
hm. Nu ch mang thuc n, mt th mn mang khng qu 20 kg. Nu thuc n
nguyn bao kin ca nh my sn xut, cho php mi ngi mang khng qu 40 kg
nhng ch vi on ng di khng qu 300 m v dc nh hn 300.