H Bch Khoa H Ni

Bi M u

KHI NIM CHUNG

V PHN T T NG
1. M u
Phn t t ng l nhng thit b dng xy dng nn cc thit b t
ng. Cc thit b ny c th thc hin nhng chc nng no m khng
cn s tham gia trc tip ca con ngi.
Phn t t ng c nhiu chc nng khc nhau v nguyn l lm vic
khc nhau. V d : phn t in c, in t, in nhit, thu lc, kh nn...
Xt v d : cn duy tr nhit ca mt l sy vi cp = const
1. Khi khng s dng phn t t ng : s c bn gm nhit k v in
tr gia nhit.

Hnh 1
Mun duy tri nhit ta phi :
- Quan st tnh trng lm vic ca l thng qua nhit k
- So snh nhit d ca l vi nhit cn duy tr cp = const
- Nu thy c s sai khc gia hai nhit th cn tin hnh hiu chnh
+ < cp : cn kho K cho in tr hot ng gia nhit lm cho
l tng nhit cho php.
+ < cp : cn ngt kho K v hiu ho in tr gia nhit lm
nhit l gim ti nhit cho php.
2. Khi s dng phn t t ng : s c bn gm nhit k thu ngn c
gn tip im v cng tc t .

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Hnh 2
K k hiu ca cun dy nam chm in ca cng tc t
S duy tr nhit ca l trong mt khong nhit ln cn nhit
cn duy tr. Khi nhit ca l nh hn khong nhit cho php th tip
im m, K khng c in. Lc in tr gia nhit R hot ng gia nhit
cho l lm nhit ca l tng. Nhit ca l tng ti lc vt mc nhit
cho php, mc thy ngn trong nhit k dng cao lm tip im nhit k
ng. Cun dy K c in, in tr gia nhit khng c in nn l khng
c gia nhit. Do nhit l gim xung ti mc cho php. Khi nhit
l gim xung mc cho php th qu trnh li c lp li. Tm li qu trnh
Qua v d trn, ta thy mt h thng t bao gm nhng khu nh sau :
i tng iu
khin

Chp
hnh

Tng hp
x l

o lng
kim tra

- Khu o lng k thut: xc nh cc thng s ca i tng iu

khin v kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca n. Cc i tng o c
c th l i lng in hoc khng in nhng ch yu l khng
in. Do ngi ta phi bin i cc i lng khng in v i
lng in. V vy trong khu ny c s dng cc phn t cm bin
(sensor).
- Tng hp x l : tnh ton, so snh, nh gi cc i lng t b phn
o lng a ti theo mt qui lut no v a ra cc tn hiu cn
thit cho vic iu khin. V vy b phn ny phi c kh nng logic
cao, thng ngi ta s dng cc phn t logic. Ty theo mc
2

H Bch Khoa H Ni

phc tp ca qu trnh iu khin m b phn tng hp x l c th

phc tp hoc dn gin.
- Chp hnh : nhn cc tn hiu t khu tng hp x l a ti, theo
ni dung ca tn hiu , thc hin cc thao tc cn thit iu
chnh cc thng s trng thi ca i tng iu khin theo gi tr
t.
Thng dng cc phn t c in, in t, kh nn hoc thy lc...
- i tng iu khin : l nhng i tng c thng s cn phi iu
chnh s lm vic ca n tha mn yu cu nh. i tng
iu khin c th l mt n v nguyn cng hoc mt h thng sn
sut.

H Bch Khoa H Ni

2. Phn Loi Phn T T ng

Phn t t ng c th c phn loi theo nhiu tiu ch khc nhau. Di
y l mt vi cch phn loi
1. Theo quan im nng lng :
Coi phn t t ng nh mt phn t bin i nng lng chia ra 2 loi :
- Loi 1 : Nng lng u ra y ; x ng lng vo
y c chuyn i t x

PTTD

Hnh 1
Vi phn t t ng, nu cng sut nng lng ra nh hn cng sut nng
lng u vo th phn t ny l phn t t th ng.
- Loi 2 : z l ngun ph hay ngun nui

PTTD

Hnh 2
Nng lng z c tc dng iu ch qu trnh bin i nng lng t xy.
Phn t ny l phn t hot tnh (tch cc). Nng lng u ra ln hn nng
lng u vo.
2. Theo tnh cht ca i tng u ra, vo : gm c in, in t
3. Theo chc nng lm vic
- Phn t cm bin (sensor) dng bin i cc i lng t dng ny
sang dng khc. Thng t i lng khng in sang i lng
in, thng nm h thng o lng kim tra.
- Cc phn t khuch i : tng cng tn hiu, vi mt s bin thin
nh ca tn hiu u vo s dn n s bin thin ca tn hiu ra.
Quan h hai i lng th hin qua c tnh vo ra.
- Cc phn t rle : l cc phn t c mi quan h gia i lng vo
ra theo dng c tnh rle. Cc phn t rle c th tc ng hoc
khng tc ng.

H Bch Khoa H Ni

y (ra)

ymax

ymin

xnh

xt

X
(vo)

Hnh 3
- Phn t n nh : phn t t ng iu chnh mt thng s no
tr s khng i lu ng lng u vo thay i trong phm vi nht
nh
- Phn t bin i : dng bin i cc tn hiu t dng ny sang
dng khc nhm to iu kin thun li v tng chnh xc cho s
lm vic khc, cho cc phn t khc trong h thng.
- Phn t chp hnh : l cc phn t dng tc ng trc tip ln cc
i tng iu khin iu chnh cc thng s v trng thi ca i
tng theo yu cu nh.
4. Theo nguyn l : chia lm 4 nhm chnh
- Cc phn t in c
- Cc phn t nhit
- Cc phn t st t
- Cc phn t bn dn v vi mch

H Bch Khoa H Ni

3. Cc c Tnh C Bn V Cc Thng S
Ca Phn T T ng
1. H s bin i :
- H s bin i l t s gia ng lng u ra v ng lng u
vo hay l t s gia s bin thin ng lng u ra y v s bin thin
ng lng u vo x.
y dy
y

K = hoc K ' =
x dx
x
Ch :
+ gi tr K,K ph thuc c tnh vo ra ca phn t y = f(x)
+ Vi phn t tuyn tnh th K, K l const . Cn vi phn t phi tuyn
th K, K l hm s.
+ K, K l mt i lng vt l c n v o. Cn gi tr tng i th
n khng c n v.
+ Vi cc phn t khc nhau th h s bin i c nhng tn gi khc
nhau ph hp vi chc nng ca phn t.
2. Sai s :
Sai s l s thay i ca ng lng ra khi ng lng vo khng thay
i. Sai s c nhiu nguyn nhn :
- Ch quan : do t phn t gy nn.
- Khch quan : do cc i tng bn ngoi tc ng.
C 3 loi sai s :
- Sai s tuyt i : y = y y
y
- Sai s tng i : a % =
.100%
y
y
.100%
- Sai s qui i : b% =
y max
3. Ngng nhy :
Ngng nhy l s thay i gi tr ti thiu ca ng lng u vo m
khng gy ra s thay i ca ng lng u ra.
y

x1
x2

H Bch Khoa H Ni

hnh1
x1, x2 : ngng nhy
4. Phn hi :
- Tc dng : dng tng cng tn hiu (h s khuch i) hoc tng
tnh n nh.

HSBD

xph

H s
phn hi
Hnh 2

- C 2 loi phn hi :
+ phn hi dng l phn hi tn hiu tc dng cng chiu x
+ phn hi m l phn hi tn hiu tc dng ngc chiu x
H s phn hi : nu = 0 th y = k.x
kx
k
nu 0 th y =
k ph =
1
1

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Phn 1
CC B CM BIN
Chng 1 KHI NIM C BN V CM BIN
Trong cc h thng iu khin v o lng, mi qu trnh du c c
trng bi cc bin trng thi, thng l cc i lng khng in. o c
v theo di s bin thin ny ta phi dng cc b cm bin.
1 . mh Ngha V Phn Loi
1. nh ngha :
Cm bin l cc thit b cm nhn v p ng vi cc tn hiu v kch thch
- Trong m hnh mch : cc b cm bin l m hnh mng hai ca
B CB
y

Hnh 1
x bin trng thi cn o
y p ng
y = f(x)
2. Phn Loi :
a. Theo nguyn l chuyn i : nhit in, quang in, c in
b. Theo dng kch thch : m thanh, tn s
c. Theo chc nng : nhy, chnh xc, tr
d. Theo phm vi s dng : trong cng nghip, nng nghip, nghin cu
e. Theo thng s m hnh mch thay th ( 2 loi)
- Cm bin tch cc (b cm bin c ngun) c th coi l ngun dng
hoc ngun p
- Cm bin th ng (khng ngun ) c c trng bi cc thng s
L, R, C, M v s c th tuyn tnh v khng tuyn tnh .
2. Cc c Trng C Bn Ca B Cm Bin
Quan h gia kch thch v p ng ca cm bin c c trng bng
nhiu i lng c bn.
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H Bch Khoa H Ni

1. Hm truyn : l quan h gia p ng v kch thch c th c cho

di dng bng hoc biu thc ton hc
- Tuyn tnh : y = a + bx vi b nhy ; a khi x = 0
- Dng ln(a) : y = 1 + b.lnx
vi k = const
- Dng m : y = a.e kx
- Dng ly tha : y = a0 + a1.xk

2. ln ca tn hiu vo :
ln ca tn hiu vo l gi tr ln nht ca tn hiu vo m sai s ca
cm bin khng vt qu ngng cho php. Thng ln ca tn hiu vo
tnh theo dB hoc theo log
3. Sai s :
Sai s l s sai khc tn hiu o lng vi gi tr thc ca n.
Sai s c 4 loi :
Sai s tuyt i
Sai s tng i
Sai s qui i
Sai s h thng l sai s khng ph thuc vo thi gian v khng i
hay thay i theo thi gian. Nguyn nhn :
+ do sai s thit k
+ do x l kt qu o
+ do dc tnh phn t
Sai s ngu nhin l sai s xut hin c ln v chiu khng xc nh
do : nhiu v iu kin mi trng.
3. Cc B Cm Bin Tch Cc V Th ng
B cm bin tch cc (c ngun) hot ng nh mt ngun p hoc
ngun dng v biu din nh mt mng hai ca c ngun.
B cm bin th ng (khng ngun) l b cm bin c biu din
bng mng hai ca khng ngun c tr khng ph thuc kch thch
*) Cc hiu ng vt l dng trong cc b cm bin tch cc:
1. Hiu ng cm ng in t :
- Khi mt thanh dn chuyn ng trong t trng s xut hin trn mt
sc in ng t l vi bin thin t thng. Ngha l t l tc chuyn ng
ca thanh dn.
- ng dng : xc nh vn tc chuyn ng ca vt.
Cm ng l c s l lun cho cc thit b in t nh ng c in, my pht
in

H Bch Khoa H Ni

2. Hiu ng nhit in (cp nhit) :

- Hiu ng nhit in l hin tng xy ra khi 2 dy dn c bn cht ha
hc khc nhau c hn kn, s xut hin mt sc in ng t l vi nhit
mi hn

mV
T

Hnh 2
- Hiu ng ny thng c s dng o nhit .
- Ngc li khi cho dng in chy t cht c bn cht ha hc khc nhau
s to ra nhng chnh lch nhit .

3. Hiu ng ha in :
- Mt s tinh th c gi l tinh th ha in c tnh cht phn cc in
t pht ph thuc nhit , s lng in tch tri du ph thuc s phn cc
in.

Hnh 3
- Thng dng o thng lng bc x quang.
4. Hiu ng p in :
- Khi tc ng ng sut c ln b mt ca vt liu p in (thch anh,
mui xec-nht) th lm vt liu bin dng v xut hin cc in tch bng
nhau v tri du. Thng qua in p xc nh c lc F tc dng.

10

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Hnh 4
5. Hiu ng quang in :
- C nhiu dng bin i khc nhau nhng cng chung bn cht, l vic
gii phng cc ht dn t do trong vt liu di tc dng bc x quang.
- S dng ch to cc cm bin quang.
6. Hiu ng quang in t :

I
A

Ut

Hnh 6.1
- Khi tc ng mt t trng vung gc bc x nh sng. Trong vt liu bn
dn c chiu sng, s xut hin mt hiu in th theo phng vung gc
vi t trng.

11

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Ut

Hnh 6.2
- Dng trong cc b cm bin o cc i lng quang bin i tn hiu
quang thnh tn hiu in.
7. Hiu ng Hall
- Trong vt liu bn dn c cc dng I chy qua t trong t trng B c
phng to thnh gc vi I, s xut hin in p UH theo hng vung gc
vi mt phng (B, I).
UH = k.B.I.sin
k - h s ph thuc vt liu v kch thc mu
+

I
B

Ut
Hnh 7

12

H Bch Khoa H Ni

4. Mch Giao Din Ca Cc B Cm Bin

1. Cc c tnh u vo ca cc mch giao din :
- p ng cc b cm bin thng l bin ph hp vi ti v in p, cng
sut V vy cn c mch giao din gia cc b cm bin vi ti. Ngoi ra
phi hp vi u ra ca b cm bin v u vo h thng x l d liu ta
phi s dng mch giao din. Mch giao din c tc dng chun ha tn hiu
o lng.
KT

B cm
bin

Mch giao
din

Ti

tn hiu o

- Tng tr vo mch giao din :

.

Z=

(nhn t ca vo ca mch giao din)

I
- Mch giao din c xy dng trn c s s dng cc b khuch i
thut ton. l cc b khuch i mt chiu c h s khuch i rt ln v
tng tr vo rt ln.
2. c im cc b khuch i thut ton :

Uvo

+
-

Ura
Hnh 1

Ura = Ao.Uvo
2 u vo : o hoc khng o
Rv rt ln
Rra rt nh
Uv rt nh
Di tn lm vic rt nh

3. B khuch i o lng :
- Tc dng : dng tng cng tn hiu o gm 2 u vo v 1 u ra.

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H Bch Khoa H Ni

Hnh 2

U ra = A( U + U ) = A.U
2R R 3
.
: h s khuch i
A = 1 +
Ra R2
4. Mch kh in p lch :
- in p lch in p bn trong to ra in p phn cc u vo ca
khuch i thut ton. Do c bin i u ra gy sai s.

Hnh 3
- chnh Ulch ta iu chnh in tr R3, khi Uv th Ur = 0 ( 2 u ni t)

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H Bch Khoa H Ni

5. Mch lp in p :
- C b khuch i thut ton c s dng lm b lp li in p chnh
xc. lm vic ny b khuch i thut ton phi lm vic ch khng
o, k =1.
- Chc nng : lm bin i in tr u vo. Do mch ny thng c
dng ghp ni gia hai khu.

Hnh 4
6. Ngun in p chnh xc :
- chun cc dng c o ta phi s dng in p chun. Ngi ta phi
dng pin weston l pin mu to in p chnh xc U = 0,018 V. Do nh
hng in tr trong pin gy ra s khng chnh xc. Do ta dng s nh
sau :

Hnh 5
15

H Bch Khoa H Ni

S ny l s kt hp 2 s kh in p lch v lp li in p.
7. Mch cu :

Hnh 7
Khi cu cn bng Va = Vb : R1.R4 = R2.R3 . Lc ny nhy ca cu l
ln nht.
Khi R1 >>R2 hoc ngc li th in p trn cu gim. Khi nhy
ca cu b nh hng.
R 4 = R.(1 + R )
K U
R1
=
.
K
=
vi
( nhy )
R2
1 + b2 R

8. B nhit ca cu in tr :
- Do nh hng ca nhit : in tr R bin thin. in p ra ca cu
bin thin v gy sai s. V vy ta phi b nhit ca cu in tr.
- Cc phng php b nhit :
+ S dng nhit in tr (hnh a)
+ S dng in tr c nh (hnh b)
+ S dng ngun p khng ch theo nhit (ngun dng)
+ S dng 4 in tr nhit.

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H Bch Khoa H Ni

Hnh 8a

Hnh 8b

Hnh8c

17

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Chng 2 CC B CM BIN
1. Cm Bin Quang in
Cm bin quang in l cc linh kin quang in bin i trng thi in
khi c nh sng thch hp tc ng vo b mt ca n.
Tn hiu vo l nh sng, tn hiu ra tn hiu in.
1. Tnh cht c bn ca nh sng :
- nh sng c 2 tnh cht c bn l tnh sng v tnh ht.
- Dng sng ca nh sng l sng in t c lan truyn trong chn
khng vi vn tc rt ln (3.108 m/s)
+ nh sng c tnh cht sng nn khi dng nh sng xuyn qua 1 cht
no c th b hp th hoc tn x lm cho cng tia sng gim.
+ nh sng c tnh cht ht : th hin qua s tng tc vi vt cht, nh
sng gm cc ht photon c nng lng rt nh. Do trong vt cht cc
in t c xu hng gii phng khi phn t thnh cc in t t do nn
cn cp cho n mt nng lng ln thot khi lc lin kt. Khi 1
photon c hp th s c 1 in t c gii phng gy nn hin tng
gii phng in t. Hin tng gii phng in tch di tc dng ca
nh sng do hiu ng quang in gy nn. l ni dung c bn ca cc
nh lut quang in.
2. Ngun sng : 3 dng
- n si t : l mt bng thy tinh cha kh him v si t bng
vonfram.
+ u im : thng lng ln, di ph tn rng v c th bin i c
+ Nhc im : qun tnh ln, tui th thp
- n LED (iot pht quang) : y l ngun sng bn dn, nng lng
c gii phng do s ti hp in t, l trng vng chuyn tip p-n lm
pht sinh cc photon.
+ u im : qun tnh nh, c kh nng iu bin tn s cao, tin cy
cao, tui th cao
+ Nhc im : thng lng nh, d nhy vi nhit .
- Lazer : l ngun sng n sc c chi ln rt nh hng v tnh lin
kt mnh. Da trn hin tng khuch i nh sng bng bc x kch thch.
+ u im : Bc sng n sc hon ton xc nh. Thng lng ln,
chm tia mnh, nh hng cao v truyn i xa.
3. T bo quang dn :
- T bo quang in l mt quang in tr c cu to gm 1 khi bn dn
c t trong mt ng thy tinh.

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H Bch Khoa H Ni

Hnh 3

- Nguyn l lm vic : da vo hin tng gii phng ht mang in trong

vt liu bn dn di tc dng ca nh sng. Kh nng dn in ca vt liu
bn dn tng.
- C nhy cao.
- Vt liu ch to l cc bn dn a tinh th ng nht.
4. Photo diot :

Ir

Ud

Rm

Hnh 4
Ud = 0 Iht = 0
Khi Ud 0 th Iht ca ht c bn gim
Iht ht dn khng c bn tng chnh Ir = Io
Khi chiu nh sng c bc sng < o (bc sng ngng) th xut hin cc
cp in t - l trng di tc dng ca in trng u, di chuyn theo
hng chuyn ng ca cc ht khng c bn lm cho dng ngc Ir tng,
dn n URm tng. T xc nh c quang thng
19

H Bch Khoa H Ni

5. Photo tranzitor :
- tranzitor : c cc baz c chiu sng v khng c in p dt trn .

Hnh 5a
Hnh 5b
- C th coi l mt t hp ca 1 photo diot v 1 tranzitor.
2. Cm Bin Pht X
Cm bin pht x l s bin i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in c
thc hin nh hin tng pht x quang in. S in t pht x khi b mt
khng t l vi quang thng chiu vo n.
1. T bo quang in chn khng :

Hnh 1a
- Cu to : gm 1 bng thy tinh c ht chn khng c t anot v
catot.
( p = 10-6 10-8 mmHg )

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H Bch Khoa H Ni

Ia

Rn
E

0,1lm

0,05lm

0,02 lm
Uac(mV)

Hnh 1b

Hnh 1c

- Nguyn l : di tc dng ca nh sng chiu vo b mt kim loi lm

cho cc in t t do ca kim loi c gii phng to nn dng Ia. Dng ny
ph thuc thng lng nh sng.
2. T bo quang in cht kh :
- Cu to : ging t bo quang in chn khng ch khc bn trong c kh
tr (Acgng)
- Nguyn l : di tc dng ca UAC ln cc in t chuyn ng mnh
trong cht kh. Chng va chm vo cc phn t kh gy nn ion ha cht kh
lm cho dng Ia tng.
3. ng dng ca cm bin quang in :
- Thng c s dng khi mt kha chuyn mch dng ng ngt

Led

mch in

21

H Bch Khoa H Ni

- Trng thi lm vic ca m bin ph thuc quang thng n LED gi

ti.

22

H Bch Khoa H Ni

3. Cm Bin Nhit
- o nhit trong h thng t ng c nhiu bin php khc nhau.
Trn c s ngi ta s dng cc b cm bin nhit vi nguyn l lm
vic khc nhau. VD : nhit in tr, nhit ngu, quang
1. Thang o nhit :
c xc nh t cc nh lut nhit ng
a. Thang nhit nhit ng tuyt i : Thang Kenvin (0K) l nhit
cn bng ca im cn bng 3 trng thi nc, nc v hi.
b. Thang Celcius : thang nhit bch phn (0C)
T( 0 K ) = t ( 0 C) + 273.15
c. Thang Farenheit :
5
T( 0 C) = T ( 0 C) 32 .
2
9
T( 0 F) = .T ( 0 C) + 32
5
2. Cm bin nhit in tr :
- Cm bin nhit in tr l cm bin c in tr bin i theo nhit
- Kim loi in tr bin i theo nhit , th hin qua (h s nhit in
tr)
- Phn loi : 3 loi
+ Cm bin nhit in tr kim loi
+ Cm bin nhit in tr bn dn
+ Nhit in tr
a. Cm bin nhit in tr kim loi
C 2 loi :
- Dy kim loi : gm mt si dy kim loi c dn trn ba cch in.
Vt liu thng dng l Pt, Ni, W, Cu.
Khong nhit o c : Pt (2000C 12000C)
Ni (-1900C 2500C)
Cu (-500C 1800C)
R = R 0 (1 + )
khi nhit tng th dn n R tng theo. Qua
R o c ta xc nh c nhit qua cng thc trn.
cm bin c nhy cao ta phi chn kim loi c in tr sut ()
l
khi R tng th l tng, q gim
ln
R = .
q
in tr R cng ln th nhy cng cao v di o cng hp.
- Mng mng : dng o nhit d trn b mt vt rn. Khi o ngi ta
dn mng mng ln b mt vt cn o (mng c m)

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H Bch Khoa H Ni

b. Cm bin nhit in tr silic (bn dn)

- Cc vt liu bn dn rt nhy cm vi nhit . Do ngi ta dng vt
liu bn dn ch to cm bin o nhit .
- Silic tinh khit c h s nhit in tr < 0, nhng khi c tc ng
mt di nhit no th > 0
< 2000C th > 0
> 2000C th < 0
R T = R 0 1 + A(T T0 ) + B(T T0 ) 2
Trong : R0, T0 l in tr, nhit im chun (00K)
A = 0,007874 (K-1)
B = 1,874.105 (K-2)
c. Nhit in tr :
- c ch to t cc hn hp bn dn oxit dng tinh th. Cc hn hp
ny dng bt vi t l nht nh sau c nn nh dng thiu kt
10000C.
- So vi cc loi cm bin khc th loi ny c nhy cao nht gp hng
chc ln so vi cm bin nhit in tr kim loi.
- Gm 2 loi :
+ cm bin nhit in tr c > 0
+ cm bin nhit in tr c < 0
3. Cm bin cp nhit ngu
a. Cu to : gm 2 dy kim loi c bn cht ha hc khc nhau c hn
kn vi nhau.
b. Nguyn l lm vic : da vo hiu ng nhit in, c hnh thnh t 2
c s l hiu ng Thomson v hiu ng Seebek.
- Hiu ng Thomson : nu trong dy dn c 2 im nhit khc nhau th
gia chng c hiu in th hay sc in ng s, ch ph thuc bn cht vt
dn v nhit ca 2 im.
- Hiu ng Seebek : nu mch in l 2 vt dn khc nhau c ni kn ti
2 im v gi 2 nhit t1,t2. Chng to thnh 1 cp nhit in, khi t1 t2
cc in tch khuch tn sang nhau v to nn 1 sc in ng. Do trong
mch c dng in i.
Khi t1 = t2 th E AB = e AB ( t1 ) + e BA ( t 2 ) = 0 e AB ( t1 ) = e BA ( t 2 )
Khi t1 t 2 th E AB ( t ) = e AB ( t1 ) + e BA ( t 2 ) = e AB ( t1 ) e AB ( t 2 )
Nu t 2 = t 0 = const : E AB ( t ) = e AB ( t ) C = f ( t ) vi C = e AB ( t 0 )
Nh vy bng cch o sc in ng nhit E, ta xc nh c nhit ca
vt cn o.
- S u dy : 1 - Mi hn lm vic ; 2-3 Mi hn t do ;

24

H Bch Khoa H Ni

mV

t0
2 A

t0
3 B

1
c dy dn
Hnh 3a

t0
2

mV

t
1

Hnh 1b

1 - Mi hn lm vic ; 2 Mi hn t do ; 3 4 Mi hn trung ha ;
c dy dn
c. o nhit bng bn dn diode, tranzitor :
- Dng diode :

25

H Bch Khoa H Ni

I
U
U
I

Hnh 2a

Hnh 2b

- Dng tranzitor
Khi nhit tng th I tng, U tng. Qua U ta xc nh c nhit
- Di o : -500C 1500C
- nhy : s =

du
(khong 2.5mV/0C)
dt

4. Cm bin quang o nhit :

- Ha k bc x (3000C 60000C) o gin tip
- Ha k quang hc (8000C 60000C)
- Ha k quang in (8000C 60000C)
5. Nhit k p sut (p k nhit) :
- Da vo s ph thuc ca p sut lm vic ca cc cht trong h thng
vo nhit . Ty theo trng thi lm vic ca cc cht m nhit k p sut
chia lm 2 loi : kh v lng
- Di o : -1500C 6000C
4. Cm Bin V Tr V Di Chuyn
A Khi nim chung :
- Trong t ng iu kin lm vic xc nh v tr v di chuyn ng mt
vai tr quan trng. C 2 phng php c bn xc nh v tr v di chuyn.
- Phng php 1 : b cm bin cung cp tn hiu l 1 hm ph thuc vo
v tr ca vt (phn t ca c bn). Phn t ny c lin quan n vt di chuyn
cn xc nh.
- Phng php 2 : ng vi 1 di chuyn c bn, b cm bin pht ra xung.
Vic xc nh v tr ca vt c xc nh bng vic m s xung pht ra.
- Cc b cm bin c thng s l : R, L, C, M, E
Ngoi 2 phng php trn cn c cc phng php hin i hn :
+ phng php song n hi t
+ phng php quang hc laser
+ phng php si quang
26

H Bch Khoa H Ni

B - Cm bin in tr :
- nh ngha : cm bin in tr l cm bin m ng lng u vo l
cc di chuyn c (thng hoc quay) cn ng lng u ra l s bin i
in tr tng ng.
- Phn loi : 3 loi
+ Cm bin in tr dy qun
+ Cm bin in tr tip xc
+ Cm bin in tr bin dng
1.Cm bin in tr dy qun :
- Cu to, nguyn l lm vic ging nh mt bin tr iu chnh. ng
lng u vo l ng lng vo tc ng trc tip vo tip im ng cm
bin dn n tr s u ra cm bin bin i tng ng. Tip im ng cm
bin c th chuyn ng thng hoc quay.

Uv

Ur
Uv

Hnh 1a

Ur
Hnh 1b

- Cu to : gm 3 b phn chnh
+ Khung qun dy : lm bng vt liu cch in chu nhit c tit din
khng i (tuyn tnh) hoc thay i (phi tuyn)
+ Dy in tr : c s dng c in tr sut ln, t b oxi ha v h s
nhit in tr thp. Bn ngoi dy c ph mt lp sn cch in.
ln in tr dy ph thuc chnh xc ca cm bin.
d = (0.03 0.1)mm : chnh xc cao
d = (0.1 0.5)mm : chnh xc thp
+ Tip im ng : c lm bng vt liu dn in tt, chu mi mn,
c in tr b
27

H Bch Khoa H Ni

- Nguyn l : Khi x bin i dn n in tr cm bin bin i theo. in

p u ra cng bin i theo in tr cm bin. Qua Ura o c ta xc nh
c x.
- Phn loi : gm 2 loi theo kt cu
+ Cm bin in tr dy qun tuyn tnh
+ Cm bin in tr dy qun phi tuyn
1. Cm bin in tr tuyn tnh :
- nh ngha : l loi cm bin m quan h gia Ura v x l dng ng
thng.
- Cc cch mc : mc phn p v mc bin tr

Uv

Uv

Ur

Ur

Hnh 1.1
- Khi khng ti (Rt = ) :

Hnh 1.2

U0
x,r

Ur

Hnh 1.3
U r0 =

U0
x
.r = U 0 = s.x
R0
l

vi s l nhy
28

H Bch Khoa H Ni

r=

r l in tr tng ng vi dch chuyn x

- Cm bin quay : U r0 =

U0
. = s.
l max

x
R0
l

c tnh cm bin

U
tgx =s
U0

Hnh 1.4
Nhc im : c tnh vo ra khng i du ( khng nhy cc tnh )
- khc phc nhc im ny dng cm bin in tr dy qun c cc
tnh.

Uv

x
Ur

Hnh 1.5

29

H Bch Khoa H Ni

U0/2

- l/2

l/2

- U0/2

Hnh 1.6

Khi Ur = f(x) l ng thng

Nhc im : in p ra ln nht l U0/2 . Nn gim nhy ca cm bin.
- khc phc nhc im ngi ta s dng cm bin cc tnh kp ( ghp
2 cm bin n ging nhau c 2 tip im ng chuyn ng ngc chiu
nhau, ni lin ng vi nhau).

U0

R0

R1

Ur
Hnh 1.7
30

H Bch Khoa H Ni

- u im : tng nhy cm bin, thay i du ca in p ra.

Trong qu trnh lm vic cm bin c sai s do nhiu nguyn nhn : ch quan,
khch quan
+ Do vng khng nhy : Do cu to cm bin gm nhiu vng dy qun
lin tip nhau cho nn khi tip im ng chuyn ng t vng dy ny sang
vng dy khc th in p Ura cm bin bin i nhy cp vi Ura l in p
trn 1 vng dy ca cm bin.
U
U ra = 0 vi w l s vng dy ca cm bin
w

x
Hnh 1.8
ng knh dy cng nh th chnh xc cng cao. Do gim sai s
cm bin ta phi gim ng knh dy qun v tng s vng dy qun.
b. Sai s do ti :

U0

R0
U0
r

Hnh 1.9

Rt

Ur

R0- r
r

Rt

Ur

Hnh 1.10
31

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Khi c ti Rt ta c s nh hnh v

Uo

R0- r
r

Rt

Ur

Hnh 1.11
r.R t
R td =
r + Rt

ta c

U r = I.R td = I

r.R t
r+R

U0
r.R t
Ur = U0
R 0 r + R td
R 0 R t + R 0 .r r 2
Ta thy in p Ura ph thuc Rt
+ Khi Rt >> R0 : khng ti
r
Ur = U0
= U r0
R0
c tnh Ur0 = f(x) l ng thng
+ Khi Rt R0 c sai s
U
r.R t
U 0 r 2 (R 0 r )
U = U r 0 U r = 0 r U 0

R0
R 0R t + R 0r r 2
R t .R 02
U r 2 (R 0 r )
=
(*)
Sai s tng i : a =
U0
R t .R 02
Ta nhn thy a ph thuc r do tm amax ta xt
2
da
2
r = R
=0 3 0 x= l
dr
3
a = a max
4R 0
R
4
=
Thay gi tr a vo (*) ta c a max =
vi = t gi l h s ti
27 R t 27
R0
I=

32

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Nhn xt : amax ph thuc Rt suy ra nu Rt tng th a gim v ngc li. Do

gim sai s phi tng Rt .
1>2>3

Ur

1
2
Rt=

Umax

2/3l

Hnh 1.12
Nh vy do nh hng ca Rt nn c tnh Ur = f(x) khng phi l ng
thng m l cc ng cong c hnh dng ph thuc gi tr ca ti. Do nh
hng Rt cm bin c sai s U. Sai s cng ln khi Rt cng nh v ngc
li.

a
3
2
1
2/3 l

Hnh 1.13
Ngoi 2 nguyn nhn trn cn c nhiu nguyn nhn khc gy sai s cho cm
bin VD : nhit , ma st, in p tip xc

2. Cm bin in tr phi tuyn :

33

H Bch Khoa H Ni

- c tnh Ur = f(x) l phi tuyn

- Cc bin php ch to cm bin phi tuyn:
+ Thay i ng knh dy qun
+ Thay i bc dy qun
+ Thay i tit din ngang ca khung dy
+ Mc in tr vo cc phn on khc nhau ca cm bin tuyn tnh
2 phng php u khng dng v l do cng ngh, ch yu l dng 2 phng
php sau.
a. Thay i tit din ngang khung dy :
- d = const
- bc dy qun khng i
- gi nguyn b rng khung dy (b)
- thay i chiu cao khung dy (h) : tm h(x) ph hp vi Ur = f(x) cho
V d : Tm h(x) ca cm bin khi bit Ur = f(x)
b - b rng khung
l - chiu di cm bin
w - s vng dy
R0 - in tr cm bin
S - tit din dy qun
rx - in tr dy qun ng vi x

hx
dx

l
Hnh 1

Khi tip im ng cm bin chuyn dch 1 on l dx th in tr cm bin

thay i mt lng tng ng l drx
w

drx = 2(b + h x ). .dx

s
l
w

Do b << hx nn b + hx hx drx = 2h x dx
s
l
ng thi in p Ur bin i mt lng tng ng dUr
34

H Bch Khoa H Ni

U0
2 U 0 .h x w
drx =
dx
R0
R 0ls
R 0 ls dU r
dU
dU
.
hx =
= K. r h x = K. r
2U 0 ..w dx
dx
dx
b. Mc in tr vo cc phn on khc nhau ca cm bin tuyn tnh
- S dng 1 cm bin in tr tuyn tnh v chia n ra lm nhiu on
bng nhau. Ti mi on ta mc song song vi n 1 in tr Rsi c tr s ph
hp sao cho in p ri trn on bng in p chn
dU r =

Rs1

Rs2

U
r

I=

Rsn

r.R si
U
vi R td =
R td
r + R si
i 1

- Khi tip im ng v tr i th U ri = U k + Ii .rix

Ii = I Isi

(*)

k =1

R .r 1
Ui
r
= I. si .
= I.
R si
R si + r R si
R si + r
r
)
Vy Ii = I(1
R si + r
Thay Ii vo phng trnh (*) :
Isi =

35

H Bch Khoa H Ni
i 1

i 1

U ri = U k + I(1

).rix = U k + I.K.K i x i = A i + Bi .x i
R si + r
k =1
Ta nhn thy trong 1 phn on th i : Usi =f(xi) c dng ng thng v
nghing vi trc x gc i vi tgi = Bi . Gi tr ca i tu thuc vo Rsi. Do
Usi =f(xi) l mt ng gy khc gm nhiu on thng vi cc gc nghing
khc nhau c ni vi nhau. Nu phi tuyn ho ta s c 1 ng cong lin
tc, sai s cng gim khi phn on cng nhiu.
k =1

Ur

Uri
0

xi

x
Hnh 3

u im :
- Kt cu n gin, chnh xc cao, trng lng v khi lng nh
- C th to c dng in p Ur tu
- c tnh tng i n nh dng cho c ngun 1 chiu v xoay chiu
Nhc im :
- Do c tip xc nn tui th b nh hng
- nhy khng cao
- Tn hao nhit trong qu trnh lm vic
2.Cm bin in tr tip xc
- Cm bin in tr tip xc l cm bin m ng lng u vo l lc
tc ng, cn ng lng u ra l s bin i gi tr ca in tr tip xc
- Cu to : gm nhiu a than c xp chng ln nhau. Mi a c chiu
dy t 1-2 mm , ng knh d = 35 mm. Mt cm bin thng c 1015 a
than

36

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Hnh 1
- c tnh vo ra: Rtx = f(F)
R tx =

K
+ R tx 0
Fm

k l h s ph thuc vt liu a than

m l h s ph thuc dng tip xc ( m = 1)
Rtx in tr tip xc 0oC
Rtx

Fth

Hnh 2
+ c tnh c dng tr (v vt liu a than khng c tnh cht n hi )
+ C sai s, ng thi khi nhit mi trng cng gy sai s cm bin
+ c tnh Rtx = f(F) c dng phi tuyn
- ng dng : dng o p lc v o ti trng hoc c dng trong vic
n nh in p ca my pht in 1 chiu.
- u im : kt n gin, cng sut ln, gi thnh r
- Nhc im : bn khng cao
3.Cm bin in tr bin dng :
- Nguyn l : khi c lc tc ng vo cc vt dn in th kch thc v
cu trc ca chng b bin i, khi in tr s bin i theo.
- Loi cm bin ny thng c dng o cc lc tc ng hoc s
bin i ca cc chi tit my.
37

H Bch Khoa H Ni

- Phn loi : 3 loi

+ kiu dy
+ dt mng
+ bn dn
a. Cm bin kiu dy :
- Cu to : gm mt mng mng c bit trn c dn 1 dy dn mnh
c in tr sut ln ( d = 0,0020,05 mm) R = 100200 gm 40 mt ziczc.
F

Hnh 1
- Nguyn l : lc tc ng F bin i lm cho in tr R bin i nn in
p u ra bin i.
- Vi loi cm bin ny th vic bin i theo chiu di cm bin c tc
dng hn khi bin i tit din. khc phc sai s ca cm bin do nhit
ngi
ta
thng
dng
s

cu

o
.
R=const
R+R

R1

Icb

R1

38

H Bch Khoa H Ni

- Mun o lc tc ng ln mt vt no ngi ta dn cm bin ln vt

. Khi F bin i dn n in tr cm bin R bin i. Qua icb o c ta
xc nh c gi tr ca lc F ( E m un n hi)
l F
=
l Es
- u im : c tnh n nh, kt cu n gin
- Nhc im : nhy khng cao
b. Cm bin kiu dt mng :
- Dy in tr l dng dy dt, cng ngh ch to cm bin ging nh
cng ngh ch to mch in. Dn l kim loi mng ln b mt vt liu cch
in, sau dng phng php n mn ho hc ch to cm bin theo dng
tu . dy kim loi nh hn 10-3 mm
- Do dy dn kiu dt nn kh nng to nhit tt
- Do c th ch to cm bin c dng tu nn loi cm bin ny c th
o lc theo nhiu phng khc nhau.
c. Cm bin bn dn
- Dn 1 phin bn dn ln 1 ba cch in. Do c im vt liu bn dn
c nhy rt cao, khi b lc tc dng. Do ngi ta ng dng nguyn tc
ny ch to cm bin o lc v bin dng. Nhng nhc im l bin dng
ca vt liu nh, cho nn ch o c lc bin dng nh.
C. Cm Bin in Cm
- Cm bin in cm l cm bin m ng lng u vo l cc chuyn
dch c hoc lc cn ng lng u ra l s bin i in cm L tng ng
- Phn loi
+ Cm bin in cm bin i
+ Cm bin in cm kiu bin p
+ Cm bin kiu n hi t
1. Cm bin in cm bin i :
U

x()

R, L

x(s)

Hnh 1
39

H Bch Khoa H Ni

- Cu to : gm 1 mch t tnh trn c 1 cun dy mch t ng c

gn vo vt di chuyn cn o
- i lng u vo l dch chuyn x, cn i lng u ra l s bin i
ca dng in i.
- Nguyn l : Khi x bin i th in cm L bin i, dn n dng i bin
i. Qua i o c ta xc nh c x
U
U
I= =
Z
(R + R t ) 2 + X 2L
s

khi x bin i bin i L bin i : o chuyn ng ngang

khi x bin i s bin i L bin i : o chuyn ng dc
- c tnh cm bin : I = f(x) = f(s)
m XL = L = .w2.G = .w 2 0 .

I
I = f(s)

I0
s
Hnh 2
L0
L
=
K =
2

0 1 +

0
L0 l gi tr in cm ban u = 0 hoc s0
L L 0
Ks =
=
s s 0
- Nhc im :
+ Dng ti khng i du ( It khng nhy cc tnh)
+ Do nh hng ca lc ht in t tc ng ln phn ng ca cm
bin gy sai s
+ Do nh hng ca dng in I0 nn gy kh khn cho php o hoc
iu khin. khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta s dng cm bin iu
chnh vi sai.

40

H Bch Khoa H Ni

S2

S1

I2
I1

Uv

Phn t t ng
I
I1
It

s/2

-c tnh It dc hn v tuyn tnh hn do nhy cao hn .

41

H Bch Khoa H Ni

-lc ht in t t ng ln phn ng chuyn bin bng nhau v tr s nhng

ngc du trit tiu nhau.
s
2

-ti s= th It=0.
- Du ca It ph thuc chiu chuyn ng ca np so vi v tr trung gian .
- ln ca It th hin c s chuyn i ca x tng ng .

*u im : nhy cao , gii hn o ln.

-t b nh hng do nhit .
- S bin i o c :0.015 mm.
- S bin i o c :0.515 mm.
2/ Cm bin in cm kiu bin p (cm bin h cm)
-Cu to :my bin p bnh thng.
-W1 c ni vi ngun.
-W0 c ni vi dng c o .
Khc nhau l np mch t hoc cun dy c gn vo phn t cn o do
khi phn t chuyn ng Ura bin i da vo Ura ta c th xc nh
c v tr ca phn t .
-Phn loi :theo kt cu chia lm hai loi .
+cm bin np chuyn dch , cun dy s cp ng yn .
+ Cun dy chuyn ng .
a) Cm bin in cm np chuyn dch , cun dy s cp ng yn .

42

H Bch Khoa H Ni

u1
zt
w

d
x

u2
-tn hiu u vo l cc dch chuyn thng ,
quay hoc o p lc bin dng kch thc .
-tn hiu ra l s bin thin U2 khi S bin
thin t Z1 cng bin i lm U1 cng
bin i dn ti U2 cng bin i .
Z1=jwL1= w1

s
2

(2S hai khe h )

Khi S thay i th z cng thay i
M
.

U = U1 + U r

Vi

U
U1 =
Z1
Z1 + Z t
.
W .
U 2 = 2 U1
W1
.

T suy ra :
.

U1 thay i th U 2 cng thay i tng ng

V c tnh vo ra Ura=f( ):

43

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Nhc im : -do nh hng Ft tc ng ln np gy ra sai s .

-Io# 0
.

- Du U1 khng thay i .
khc phc nhc im ny ngi ta s dng cm bin in cm bin p
kiu vi sai :

u2

w1
u1

W2

1 2

k.u 1

ku 2

U1 l hiu in p th 2 cun W1 u cng cc tnh , cn 2 cun W2 u

cc tnh .

u
u1

0
u2
Khi v tr gia (12) th Ur=0
Khi np dch chuyn 1# 2 th Ur # 0
.

cng ln th U1 cng ln .
.

U1
.

U2
.

Z1 i1 W12 .G1 2
=
=
Z 2 i2 W22 .G 2 1
.

U r = k (U1 U1 ) = kU (

G1 G2

) = kU ( 2 1 )
G1 + G2
1 + 2

44

H Bch Khoa H Ni
K=

W2
W1

Suy ra : Ur (21) .
Nhn xt :
nh tnh Ur=f() tuyn tnh
- Trit tiu lc ht in t tc dng ln phn np ng .
- Khi 1=2= th Ur=0 .
- Du ca U2 v ln ph thuc chiu chuyn ng ca np so vi v
trung gian .
b) Cun dy chuyn ng .

u1

u2

w2
w1

Thng dng o chuyn thng v o gc quay .

*o chuyn ng thng :
-Khi W2 chuyn dch thng .
+ v tr cn bng :
.

Ur =0 (do t thng chy ngc chiu trong mch t)

khi khc v tr cn bng : Un khc khng

cng ln th Ur tng
du ca U2 ph thuc vo s dch chuyn ca W2 so vi v tr trung gian .

* khi W2 chuyn dch quay:

Khi =0 mt phng ca cun dy trng vi chc Ur=0
Khi 0 th Ur cng khc khng.
Do nh nn sin nn Ur =KU
+ m rng phm vi o ngi ta t trong lng cun W2 mt khi roto bng
mt khi vt liu dn t . Do tuyn tnh ca cm bin cng tng ln .
u im : gia mch vo ra ca cm bin khng c s ni vi nhau v in .
Cng sut ca cm bin ln nn khng cn mch khuych i
Gii hn c rng .
Nhc im :
Sai s do nh hng ca lc in ng v momen in ng .
Sai s do s bin thin ca thng s v s dao ng ca din p ngun .
gim nh kch thc ca cm bin thng s dng tn s ln .
45

H Bch Khoa H Ni

3) cm bin in cm kiu n hi t .
Da vo tnh cht ca vt liu st t khi b mt lc c hc bn ngoi tc ng
th t thm bin thin . l hin tng h n hi t , ngi ta s dng
hin tng ny ch to cm bin in cm n hi t .
- loi ny c s dng o cc ti trng ng hoc tnh hoc o p lc
.

u
u1
+ Loi 1 : khi F bin thin th cng bin thin khi X2 cng bin thin
lm cho dng in cng bin thin .

Xl=WL =W2 ..

s
l

M
I=

U
U
=
s
Xl
W 2 ..
l

Suy ra :I ph thuc vo m li ph thuc vo F nn I ph thuc vo F.

+ loi 2 : = I1W1 G=I1W1.

s
l

Ur-4,44f.W2=4,44.f. W2. W1. I1..

s
l

Khi f thay i th thay i lm cho Ur cng thay i

s=

/ /
=
100
l / l
F / F

46

H Bch Khoa H Ni

khi tng nhy v tuyn tnh cm bin th mch t c chia lm bng

vt liu dn t tt ln
sai s :
+ do s dao ng ca n p ngn .
+do hin tng tr ca vt liu t .
+nh hng do nhit mi trng .
4) Cm bin cm ng .
- Da trn nguyn l : cm ng in t l s mc vng ca t thng qua cun
dy bin thin nn sut in ng cm ng trn cun dy bin thin tng ng
.

s
N
s
- phn loi : c 2 loi .
+ cun dy dch chuyn trong t trng .
+cun dy ng yn , t trng bin thin .
- ng dng :dng lm cm bin o tc chuyn ng ca phn t .
- khi cun dy chuyn ng nn x bin thin t sut in ng cng
bin thin .
E=kBlWv
Suy ra E=S.v
Vi s=kBlW : l nhy
Vi: k :h s t l
B :t cm .
l: Chiu di trung bnh ca mt vng dy
W :s vng dy
V : tc chuyn ng ca cun dy
khi vn tc tng ln th sut n ng cng bin thin qua E xc nh c
vn tc.
- Khi cun dy ng yn : dng o tc quay c dng my o pht
nh sng tc mt chiu hoc xoay chiu.
- Nguyn nhn gy sai s:
+s gi ho ca nam chm vnh cu.
+s bin i in tr cun dy cm bin
5) cm bin in dung.
-nguyn l :Da vo s bin i ca cc thng s cn o v s bin i ca
in dung t in tng ng.

47

H Bch Khoa H Ni
c=

.s
k 4

trong : l h s in mi.
s: din tch ca in cc
:khong cch gia hai cc.
Khi ta bin i mt trong cc thng s trn th c cng bin i tng ng .
+khi bin thin cm bin o chuyn dch thng.
+Khi s bin thin th cm bin o chuyn dch ca gc quay.
+khi bin thin th cm bin o chuyn dch mc cht lng.

R
c=

o ( H h)
2 ln(r n / rt )
c=

h
2 ln(rn / rt )

0 H + ( 0 ) h
2 ln(rn / r t )

Nn suy ra c ph thuc vo h hay c= f(h)

Qua c o oc ta xc nh c h
-c im :
+ nhy cao , qun tnh nh kch gn nh nhng c
hng n chnh xc v d b nh hng ca t trng ngoi .
Khc phc : s dng cm bin in dung kiu vi sai .

nh

Phn hai : rle tng t

1: khi nim chung .
1) nh ngha : l thit b tng t ng m tn hiu u ra bin i nhy cp
khi bin i u vo t nhng gi tr xc nh .
2) cu to : gm ba b phn chnh .
+ C cu thu: tip nhn tn hiu vo v bin i n thnh cc i lng vt l
cn thit rle tc ng (Rle in t l cun dy )
48

H Bch Khoa H Ni

+C cu trung gian : so snh tn hiu mu ri truyn cho c cu chp hnh . (

rle in t , l xo nh ).
+c cu chp hnh : pht tn hiu iu khin tc ng (Rle in t :tip
im rle).
2) Phn loi Rle
a)theo nguyn ly:
-Rle in t : l rle lm vic da trn nguyn l in t .
- R le in t phn cc : l rle in t nhng c thm t thng ca nam
chm vnh cu tc ng thm trong mch t rle .
+ Rle in t : da vo s tc ng tng h gia t trng ca nam chm
vnh cu phn tnh vi dng in chy trong cun dy phn ng ca rle.
+ R le in ng : da vo s tc dng tng h gia dng in chy trong
cun dy ny vi t trng dng in chy trong cun dy khc .
+Rle cm ng : da vo s tc dng tng h gia t trng cun dy ng
yn vi dng in cm ng trong phn ng ca rle do mt t trng to
nn .
+Rle nht : Da vo s bin i kch thc , th tch p sut ca cc vt liu
khi nhit tng .
+ Rle t bn dn : da vo nguyn l ca cc phn t t , in t , bn dn .
c) Theo nguyn l tc ng ca c cu chp hnh .
C hai loi :
+ Rle c tip im (Rle c )
+Rle khng tc ng (rle t , in t . bn dn ).
d) theo chc nng :
-Rle bo v (Rle th cp )
-Rle iu khin .
-Rle thi gian .
d) theo nguyn l s l s liu .
-Rle tng t .
-Rle s.
4) c tnh v thng s c bn ca rle.
a) c tnh vo ra : y=f(x).

y
ymax
ymin
0 xnh xtd

x
49

H Bch Khoa H Ni

y:ng lng ra.

x: tn hiu vo .
Khi 0< x <xtd th y=ymin tip im m .
Khi x= xdt th y= ymax (nhy cp ) tip im ng .
Khi x> xdt th y= ymax .
Khi x> xnh th y=ymax .
Khi x = xnh th y= ymin( =0)nhy cp tip im m .
Khi 0<x <xnh th y=ymin=0.
b) theo thng s c bn ca rle .
-H s nh rle (h s tr v )
Knh=

xnh
<1
xtd

Ph thuc tng loi rle .

-H s d tr .
kdt =

1
.xlv > 1
xtd

-h s iu khin (h s khuych i ): l t s gia cng sut iu khin vi

cng sut tc dng .
kdk =

pdk
ptd

pdk cng sut nh mc trn tip im rle .

ptd cng sut cho rle tc ng .
thi gian tip im rle : l khong thi gian k t khi cp tn hiu vo n
khi tn hiu ra t cc i .
tt=t1+ t2
t2: thi gian chuyn ng khi ng .
t1 : thi gian khi ng khi m .
tnh = t3+ t4.
L khong thi gian k t khi ngt tn hiu vo nn u ra t ymin.
- Tn s thao tc
Z=s ln ng ngt rle/1 n v thi gian .

2: Rle in t
-l rle lm vic da trn nguyn l in t .
-l loi c cu to n gin nhng c s dng rng ri nht .
- Cu to : gm 1 NC + thng tip im +h thng phn lc .
-Nguyn l : cho dng in vo cun dy (w) sinh ra mt t thng () sinh
ra mt lc in t Ft> Fph nn RL tc ng .
-Knh=

xnh I nh U nh
=
=
=
xtd I td U td

F nh
Ftd

Inh,Unh ng np bt u m .

50

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Itd,Ut ng no bt u ht .

F td

Fc
0

F nh

- phn loi :
a) theo tnh cht ngun : rle in t xoay chiu
- Rle in xoay chiu :thng c hin tng dnh (khi ngt in cun dy
rle nhng np khng m ) do t d ln ,s nh , c th ln hn phn lc l
xo nh nn chng dnh mun lm gim t d th tng khe h khng s ln
bng cch t trn np mch t m chng dnh .

b) theo chc nng :

-Rle bo v .
-rle trung gian .
-Rle thi gian .
1) Rle dng in cc i (Rle in t dng in cc i )
a) tc dng :
-dng bo v mch in khi dng trong mch ln hn dng tc ng .c
dng bo v qu ti v ngn mch .
b) cu to .

8
1-mch t

7
1
7-l xo nh

51

H Bch Khoa H Ni

2-cun dy
8- kim iu chnh
3-trc quay.
4- np mch t
5- c chn
6-h thng tip im .
Mch t lm bng thp k thut in ghp nhm gim tn hao
-Np mch t ch Z c cu to bng cc l thp k thut in ghp vi nhau.
c)nguyn l lm vic .
khi cho dng in vo cun dy th trong cun dy to ra mt t thng khi
sinh ra mt lc in t Ft khi i< itd th Fplc >F 4 ng yn nn rle
khng tc ng .
khi i>it th Ft>Fplcz th 4 quay nn 3 cng quay t lm tip im rle dng
nn rle tc ng .
khi i=0 th Ft =0 th Fplz a np rle v v tr ban u .
e) c im :
H khng lm vic mi trng va p rung ng .
H s knh ln ( 0,85)
Lm vic chc chn n nh .
Thi gian tc ng rle nhanh (I=1,2It th t=0,15 s
I=2It th t=0,02 s)
Cng sut tiu th nh c 0,1 w
Gii hn iu chnh dng tc ng ln (14)
iu chnh rle phc tp .
- bin i dng in tc ng thc hin bng hai cch :
+thay i cch u hai cun dy (bin i nhy cc)
+thay i lc cng ca l xo phn lc 7 nh lm vic 8.
Da trn kt cu v nguyn l ny ngi ta ch to rle iu p cc i
dng bo v qu p .Hoc rle iu p cc tiu bo v st p.

RI

RI

td

hn ch dng 1 chiu mc thm in tr

hn ch dng xoay chiu mc thm bin dng
Khi c s c Rle tc ng tip im ca rle m nn cun dy mt in
tip im k m ..
2) Rle thi gian

52

H Bch Khoa H Ni

a) tc dng : dng ng ct cc tn hiu iu khin trong h thng t

ng hoc c dng lm rle ph lu s lng v dung lng tip im
rle chnh khng .
khng c tc dng bo v thng dng v tr gia hai thit b
b) cu to :
3

NC cun p c th l 1 chiu hoc xoay chiu

1 chiu :110V24V9V12V
Xoay chiu : 110220V.
i vi NC 1 chiu cn m chng dnh.
c) nguyn l : dng in i vo cun dy w sinh ra t thng sinh ra sc
in ng in t Ft> Fpl nn rle ng
cc tip im thng ng c m ra .
cc tip im thng m c ng li.
khi dng in bng khng th lcin t bng khng Fpl ko np rle m
nn thng s tr v v tr ban u.
d)c im .
- s lng tp im nhiu 46 ln tip im thng ng (m)
-thanh dn ng lm bng ng l xo (phtpho) tng lc p ln tip
im .
-Knh (0,40,6)
Trn c s rle trung gian ngi ta ch to rle tn hiu l rle trung
gian nhng c thm b phn c bo hiu cho ngi vn hnh bit.
3)_Rle thi gian in t
- L rle int m c thm b phn duy tr thi gian trn nghuyn l s
dng dng cm ng trong ng ngn mch to ra thi gian ng chm
m chm ca rle .
Hki thi gian tc ng ln hn mt giy nn gi l rle thi gian .
a) tc dng : to nn thi gian ng chm hoc m chm (thng dng
nh chm )
b) cu to :

53

H Bch Khoa H Ni
3

4
5

c) nguyn l :
khi ng , ngt in cun dy rle y l qu trnh qu .
c(t) cm ng F trong ng xut hin ti trong ng .

-theo nh lut lenx : Ic sinh ra t thng ngc chiu c

c(t) bin i chm nn np rle ng chm hoc m chm nn tip

im ca rle s ng chm hoc m chm .

d) c im
W2
tchm = R
R

td (nh )

0 nhod

d
iW

WR l s vng ng tr rng .
R: : n tr ngn mch ca ng .
- bin i thi gian chm ca rle ta phi thc hin bng 2 cch :
+ thay di cng l xo phn lc .
+thay i b dy ca tm m chng dnh .
Thi gian nh chm , thi gian ng chm.
tchm=5s
thi gian chm cu rle b ph thuc vo nhit mi trng c s dao
ng ca a ngun .
4) Rle thi gian thu lc hoc kh nn.
Dng 1 nam chm in v mt h thng thu lc hoc kh nn

4
3
2

1
1-Nam chm in
2-l xo nh
3-xy lanh

54

H Bch Khoa H Ni

4-pittong h 1l
5- tip im
(3-4) h thng thu lc c y du nhn
Khi ng in vo cun dy nam chm in luc pittong 4 chuyn
ng v m chm . khi ngt th ngc li .
- u im :
+ dng vi c ngun 1 chiu v xoay chiu .
+thi gian ng chm v nh chm ln (hng trm giy)
+ tng thi gian chm ca rle c th thc hin bng cch iu chnh
pittng .
-Nhc im : kt cu phc tp do c thm h thng thu lc

3: Rle phn cc
L rle in t c t thng nam chm in vnh cu tc dng ln mch t
do vic ng m np rle ph thuc vo cc tnh ca dng iu khin
trong cun dy rle.
Phn loi : theo kt cu c 3 loi .
+mch t ni tip
+mch t song song
+mch t kiu cu .
a) mch t ni tip

F pl
ld

wld

NCVC mc ni tip mch t

c t thng nam chm vnh cu
k t thng iu khin .
Nu k ngc chiu vi cth Ft < Fpl lm cho np m ra .
Nu k cng chiu vi cth Ft >Fpl lm cho np ng .
M chiu k ph thuc cc tnh ca dng Ik hay vic ng m np rle
ph thuc vo cc tnh ca dng in .

55

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Nhc im : +Do nam chm vnh cu mc ni tip mch t nn k i qua

nam chm vnh cu gy ra hin tng kh t ca nam chm vnh cu nn t
c dng.
khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta dng mch t mc song song .
b) mch t song song :
ld
02

uld

01

N
s

1 th 0 cng chiu vi k
2 th 0 ngc chiu vi k
np ng v 1 .

k khng i qua nam chm vnh cu o R ca nam chm vnh cu ln .

Khi k=0 np ng yn v tr c (1) do 0>0
Mun i chiu tc dng ca np ta phi i chiu dng iu khin khi
np ng v 2.
c) Mch t kiu cu (sgk).
4: Rle t in .
- lm vic trn nguyn l tc dng tng h gia t thng ca nam chm
vnh cu vi dng chy trong cun dy phn ng .
- ch lm vic v dng in mt chiu .
F=k.I.B
vi k :l h s kch thc cun dy .
M= .I.B.
L loi c nhy cao .
Phn loi : 2 loi
+phn ng quay .
+phn ng tnh tin .
a. phn ng quay

56

H Bch Khoa H Ni
3

5
N

12345b.

mch t
Nam chm vnh cu
Tip im.
L xo nh .
Cun dy ng .
phn ng tnh tin

4
3

N
S

i dl

Cun dy ng rle c cun trn khung nhm

Mn men qun tnh qu b(nhm nh )
Chng c s dao ng ca cun dy trong khi quay .
Khung c th quay trn trc hoc dy treo .
Nguyn l : cho dng in iu khin vo cun dy tc dng ln t trng
nam chm in vnh c nn Ft >Fnc th cun dy quay chiu tc dng ca
rle ph thuc vo dng iu khin .
Ik=0 th l xo phn lc ko rle v v tr ban u.

5 : Rle in ng
Nguyn l : da vo lc in ng sinh ra do sinh ra do s tc dng gia t
trng ca dng in ny vi dng in kia v ngc li .
Phn loi :c hai loi .
+Rle in ng khng li st .
57

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Rle in ng c li st.
a) Rle in ng khng li st
w1

w2
a

W1- cun dy tnh .

W2 cun dy ng .

i
i

w2
2

w1
1

-c im : thay i M1=f() mt cch tu .

- lm vic vi t s truyn cao (v khng li thp nn khng b nh hng
bo ho ).
-momen M nh .
-D b nh hng ca t trng ngoi.
b) rle in ng c li st .
u m :+ Momen quay ln nhng ch lm vic vi tn s thp .
+Rle in ng c ch to vi c ngun in mt chiu ph thuc vo
chiu dng in trong cc cun dy . Rle dng in xoay chiu th chiu
quay ph thuc vo gc lch pha gia hai dng in trong hai cun dy .
i vi ngun in xoay chiu cun dy ng c th c ni ngn mch
nn dng in trong cun ng l dng cm ng .R le ny c gi l
rle cm ng in ng .

58

H Bch Khoa H Ni

w2
w1

?1

W1,W2 : cun tnh .

W3 : cun ng
Cun dy W1 sinh ra t thng 1 to ra dng in cm ng W3 .
Cun dy W2 sinh ra 2 sinh ra dng in cm ng W3

2 tc dng vi Ic to ra Ft l lm cho cun dy W3 dch chuyn.

2 vung gc vi W3 nn khng to ra Ic .
Thng ng dng ny ch to rle cng sut cm ng in ng .
Trong : W1 : cun p .
W2 : cun dng.

6: Rle cm ng
Nguyn l : da vo s tc ng t thng cun dy phn tnh vi dng cm
n trong phn ng do cun khc to nn .
-phn ng : l vng ngn mch ca ca rle thng c dng hnh a hoc
tr rng c lm bng nhm gm hai loi :
+a quay (loi 1)
+dng tr rng quay (cc quay) (loi 2)
Loi 1 :
-mch t dng

59

H Bch Khoa H Ni

- kt cu n gin , M ln thi gian tc ng chm .

Loi 2:
Mch t :

M ln kt cu phc tp thi gian tc ng nhanh .

+kt hp cm ng vi in t gi l rle cm ng in t ,
+ kt hp cm ng vi in ng gi l rle cm ng in ng.
1)rle cm ng in t Imax .
a) Tc dng : dng bo v mch in khi dng in mch vt qa dng
chnh nh Ic hay dng hot ng c dng lm vic qu ti v ngn
mch .
b) cu to :
1-mch t chnh .
2- mch t ph
3-cun dy
4-np mch t

01

26

7
03 10
11

6
8

15

16

14

12

3
1

02

13
5-vt iu chnh

6- tip im
7- thanh truyn .
8- vt iu chnh .
9-trc vt .
10-bnh rng .
11-khung quay
12- Nam chm vnh cu .

60

H Bch Khoa H Ni

13- l xo nh
14-trc quay
15- a cc.
16-vng ngn mch.
- c tnh bo v ca rle .
Tt=f(KI)
KI=

I td
I kd

t
I
II
0

kI

Vng I: bo v c thi gian nn dng bo v qu ti tt ph thuc vo dng

in tc dng da trn nguyn l cm ng .
Vng II: bo v khng thi gian nn dng bo v ngn mch nn dng
nguyn l cm ng in t .
- nguyn l :
cho dng in va cun dy W sinh ra t thng chy trong mch t chnh
(so Rf ln ) .
khi i qua cc t :
+1ngoi vng ngn mch
+2 trong vng ngn mch.
Do XM ca vng ngn mch nn 2 chm pha sau 1gc .

1 (t)sinh ra Ic1 a cm ng (15).

2(t)sinh ra Ic2 a cm ng (15) .
T thng 1 tc dng vi Ic2 sinh ra sc t ng F1.

2 tc dng vi Ic1sinh ra sc t ng F2

61

H Bch Khoa H Ni

Momen lm cho a cm ng 15 quay .

Chiu quay theo vng ngn mch .
+ Khi I<Ic th momen nh hn phn lc ca l xo nh (13) nn lm cho
khung ng yn (11). Lm cho trc vt (9)v bnh rng(10) khng n khp
c vi nhau lm rle khng tc ng nn a xm ng (15) quay t do .
+Khi I>It (I=Iqt) lm momen ln hn phn lc ca l xo (13) lm cho
khung(11) quay nn trc vt v bnh rng n khp vi nhau tc ng ln
thanh truyn (7) thanh truyn tc ng ln np mch t lm cho khe h
khng kh () gim t lm t thng tng lm sc in ng ti khe h
khng kh tng ln ht np mch t .tc ng ln tip im ng khi
rle tc ng .
Thi gian tip im tc ng ph thuc vo dng in tc ng .
+ Khi ngn mch It =Inm nn t thng ph rt ln lm cho lc in ng
rt ln ht tc thi np t ph lm tc ng ln tip im khng cn qua
phn khung sau .
b) c im :
-momen quay ln .
-Knh ln (=0,8)
-lm vic chc chn .
- thay i dng ngn mch tc ng rle ta iu chnh vit(5).
- thay i thi gian tc ng rle ta iu chnh vt (8).
2)Rle cm ng in ng (sgk)

62

H Bch Khoa H Ni

-dng bo v mch in hoc cc thit b in khi cng sut vt qu

cng sut chnh nh.
-cu to ging watmet gm hai cun dy (dng v p )
a cm ng l a nhm hoc tr rng .

7: Rle nhit
-l rle m tn hiu u vo l nhit ,tn hiu u ra l s bin i thng s
in hay s bin i trng thi dng m ca rle.
- theo nguyn l b phn cm bin nhit trong rle chia rle thnh cc loi :
+Rle nhit kim loi kp
+Rle nhit cht lng .
+Rle nhit cht kh .
+ Rle nhit ngu nhit
+ Rle nhit nhit in tr .
I)Rle kim loi kp
-Da vo s bin i kch thc kim loi khi nhit tng .
-mt thanh kim loi c hng s gin n nhit 2 , nhit 1 di l1
Khi t nng nhit 2 lm di thm l=l1(2-1)
Nu ta hn ch s gin n ny th thanh kim loi tc dng ln vtcn mt lc
,tc dng lc ny ng m rle.
- Phn loi :
+Rle nhit bo v
+Rle nhit iu chnh nhit .
1)Rle nhit bo v
a) tc dng :
dng bo v qu ti cho thit b in . N thng c lp cng aptomat
v khi ng t .
c) cu to
d) do tn hiu vo l nhit u ra l lc nn s dng phn t nhy cm
nhit l mt tm kim loi kp .gm hai kim loi c khc nhau nn
c ghp cht vi nhau bng phng php cn nng . Tn kim loi c
nh gi l tm b ng .c nh mt u tm kim loi kp v t
nng th tm kim loi kp b un cong v 2 v dch chuyn mt on
f0
f0 =

3
l.
( 1 2 )
4

L: chiu di tm kim loi kp.

: b dy ca tm kim loi kp .

63

H Bch Khoa H Ni

= 2-1
Nu dng vt cn chn li u t do xc lp lc .
F0 =

3
b.E.
(1 ) 2
l
16

b: b rng tm kim loi kp .

E=

E1 E2
momen n hi trung bnh .
2

1: h s n hi ca Ni, Cr, ,hp kim.

2: h s n hi ca thp Inva.
nh tnh bo v Rle nhit l c tnh Ampe-giy

t
RLN

bvqn

0 Id0

- so snh rle vi nhau dng t=f(KI)

KI =

I td
I dm

*cc phng php t nng tm kim loi kp

+ t nng trc tip : dng in chnh i qua thit b ng thi i qua t
nng trc tip tm kim loi kp .
c im :
chnh xc cao .
Hng s thi gian nh nhng kh ch to .
+t nng gin tip : dng in i qua thit b c i qua mt in tr v t
nng ln ngoi tm kim loi kp .
c im :
H s thi gian ln .
chnh xc khng cao .
D ch to
t nng kt hp : kt hp trc tip v gian tip .

64

H Bch Khoa H Ni

c im :
chnh xc cao .
H s thi gian b.
- thng thng mi rle nhit c mt tm kim loi kp v phn t t
nng .Ring rle nhit lp trong aptomat v khi ng t th c hai hoc
ba tm kim loi thp . Mi tm c mc trong mt pha ca mch in
cc tm kim loi kp cng tc ng ln mt h thng truyn ng c
ng m tc ng . Vi rle nhit bo v , sau khi ta ng n khng t
tr v . Mun a rle tr v trng thi ban u ta phi tc ng vo nt
phc hi ca rle v rle nhit thng l tip im thng ng , phi
c nt phc hi m bo an ton cho thit b . Khi cha khc phc
kp s c .
- S (v mt pha , mt tip im ).
1) nt phc hi
2) tip m .
3)
4) Phn t t nng
5) Gi
Khi I=Iqt tm kim loi thp cong nn F0=Fplc rle tc ng tip im rle
m nn rle ngt .
Sau khi khc phc s c xong , mun a rle tr li v tr ban u n nt
phc hi .
Ch : khng nn hn tip im ng trc tip vo tm kim loi kp .
Cch chn rle nhit bo v .
- dng in Im ca rle nhit = Im thit b bo v .
- c tnh bo v rle nhit gn trng vi nh tnh ca ti thit b cn bo
v .
I bng khong (1,21,5) Im thi gian tc ng rle nhit =20 giy .
KI bng tm th thi gian tc ng khong 15 giy .
KI khong (2,53) th thi gian tc ng 30 giy .

lvkhong (90150)0 C .
2) Rle nhit iu chnh nhit .
a) tc dng : dng duy tr nhit thit b mt tr s khng i .
lm c iu ny th rle nhit lm vic c t tr v khi c nhit thit
b t ti nhit tc ng , rle nhit s tc ng v ngt khng cp nng
lng cho thit b lm cho nhit thit b gim n nhit ng th
rle nhit li ng tr li lm cho nhit li tng ln khi nhit bng
nhit tc ng th rle nhit li tc ng do nhit ca thit b c
t ng duy tr quanh gi tr nhit m ta t .

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H Bch Khoa H Ni

7: Rle k thut s (Rle s )

L rle m vic x l cc tn hiu lm vic trn cc b phn chc nng ca
rle c thc hin bng k thut s .
c xc nh ch yu l cc vi mch s v cc linh kin bn dn .
- phn loi :
theo chc nng th c hai loi :

rle bo v
rle iu khin
theo kh nng x l th c hai loi :
Rle c b vi x l .
Rle khng c b vi x l .
Theo i lng vo :

C mt i lng vo l(I,U,)

C nhiu i lng vo .

u im :
+_ tin cy cao .
+ hn ch c s nh hng ca tn hiu nhiu n s lm vic ca rle
.
+cng sut tiu th ca rle nh cho nn iu kin to nhit d dng v
vy cc thng s c tnh ca rle nhit l n nh .
+do khng c chuyn ng c nn thi gian tc ng ca rle nhit
nhanh .
+ chnh xc cao , c th iu chnh t thng s lm vic ca rle st
vi kh nng lm vic ca thit b c bo v .
+Rle s c kch thc trng lng nh rt gn nh .
+ cc thng s bo v v lm vic cu rle c biu th r rng v y
. ng thi n c th ghi nh v lu tr s liu , tnh trng
lm vic ca d liu do thun tin cho ngi s dng .

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H Bch Khoa H Ni

+_c th kt ni vi my tnh s dng cc chng trnh phn mm lm

cho cc chc nng ca n cng a dng hn .

y l loi rle hin i nht .

- Nhc im :
+ i hi ngi s dng phi c trnh cao .
+Cng tc d phng kh .
+ gi thnh u t ln .
+cht lng lm vic b nh hng nhiu bi mi trng .
-S khi rle s:

u
TH tng tvo
Tng

Tn hiu s u
vo

B
bin
i

A/D

RAM

u ra

Interger

PC

-khi u vo : rle so c hai u vo :s tng t u vo tng t tn hiu

vo t cc phn t o lng a ti . Cc tn hiu ny s c bin i ph
hp vi u vo ca b phn chuyn i tn hiu A/D.
- u vo tn hiu s : tn hiu a thng vo vi x l m khng qua x l
- Khi vi x l : chc nng ghi nh ni dung cc thng s v chng trnh lm
vic ca rle . N thc hin ci thao tc tnh ton so snh cc tn hiu vo vi
ni dung c nh ,tu theo tn hiu ny m n n s pht tn hiu u ra
ca rle v hin th trn b giao din s lng phn t logic cng nhiu th
nng lc lm vic ca rle cng ln v phm vi s dng cng rng khi u
ra : l ni chuyn tn hiu pht ra ca rle n cc thit b chp hnh pha sau
khi ny thng dng cc phn t ng ct bn dn hoc cc rle in t
cng sut nh .

67

H Bch Khoa H Ni

--Khi giao din : s dng bn phm hoc nt n ngi s dng rle thao
tc cc vic iu chnh thng s v ni dung chng trnh lm ca rle . y
l ni ni ngi v phng tin trao i thng tin .
- Khi ngun : c nhim v cung cp ngun lm vic cho cc b phn rle
lm vic bnh thng v n nh ngun cp .
Rle dng cc i (digital overloadrelay)
-c cu to trn thng s s dng vi x l v nam chm vnh cu .
Tc dng :
+dng bo v qa dng .
+bo v khng i xng pha (lch pha ).
+bo v mt pha .
+bo v ngc th t pha .
+ bo v kt roto.
-u vo c ba my bin dng ng vi ba pha .
-ch th ca rle :
+tr s dng qu ti cc pha .
+thi gian ct v thi gian tr ca rle .
+nguyn nhn rle tc ng .
-thng s k tht :
+in p ngun cp : 24V,85V,220V,250V,,f=6050 Hz ,AC ,DC.
Imkhong 1600 A
Tip im rle gm :cng tc , in tr khong mt m , dng in nh mc
khong ba ampe.

Chng 4: cc b n nh in p xoay chiu

1: khi nim chung
-cc b phn n nh in p xoay chiu l cc thit b in t ng duy tr
in p xoay chiu u ra khng bin i khi in p u vo bin i trong
phm vi nht nh .
Ur khng i theo thi gian v bng in p nh mc .
-dng cc b n nh in p vi nhiu nguyn l khc nhau chnh lu b n
nh c nh gi bng h s n nh.
Ur.U v
U v .U r
Ur
Khi Uv bng Ur bng Um th kod =
U v

kod =

Khi h s n nh cng nh th chnh lu n nh cng cao .

-ngoi ta cht lng n nh ca b n nh nh gi qua m ca dng
sng in p ra khi in p u vo hnh sin .
Do thnh phn sng bc cao lm cho in p mo .
- Phn loi : theo nguyn l n nh gm hai loi:
+ n nh kiu thng s (1).

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H Bch Khoa H Ni

+n nh kiu b(2).
Kiu (1): gm mt tng tr tuyn tnh ni vi tng phi tuyn tnh theo mt
s ph hp sao cho in p ra bin i ca n ph thuc vo phn t
phi tuyn .y l b n nh kiu h khng s dng mch phn hi .
Kiu (2) : l n p m in p ra c so snh mt in p chun v cho ra
tn hiu so snh l hiu ca hai in p . tn hiu ny s iu khin b phn
chp hnh ca b n nh iu chnh in p ra t gi tr s cn thit
cho n khi tn hiu so snh bng khng . trong b n p c s dng mch
phn hi .y l b n nh kiu kn .

2: n p st t
1) n p st t .
cu to gm mt cun khng tuyn tnh c ni vi mt cun
khng bo ho , cun khng phi tuyn in p c ly trn cun
khng phi tuyn .

u1
L1

B
B
bh

uv

L2

u2

+ khi B< Bbh tuyn tnh.

+ khi B=Bbh bo ha

w1

w1

w2

ur

Ta c : Uv= U1+ U2.

th V-A:

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H Bch Khoa H Ni

uv2 uv

uv1

IA

u2
u1 U
IB

Nhn xt :
khi in p vo bin i nhiu ng vi Uv ln th in p ra tng t
ng vi Ur nh . Do in p Ur tng i n nh .
Do cun khng lm vic ch bo ho nn dng khng ti ln
phm vi iu chnh dng in nh .
Uv min phi ln hn in p bo ho cun khng.
Ur ly trn phn t bo ho nn dng sng khng sin . in p ra
nh hn in p vo.
Nn nng cao cht lng n nh in p gim n mc nh nht
ngi ta cun trn li cun tuyn tnh mt cun dy ph hp v u
ngc cc tnh vi cun bo ho .

w1

w2
*

*
*
Ur =U2-Ub = U2

wb

Wb
U1
W1

Chn Wb /Ur l nh nht .

w1

w1

w2

ur

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H Bch Khoa H Ni

iu chnh in p Ur tu ta mc cun khng bo ho theo s

bin p t ngu.

uv

w1

w2
*

*
*

ur

wb

2) n p dng t phi tuyn:

Uv
C1

C2
Ur
c2 t phi tuyn
c 1 tuyn tnh
dng s sau :
3) n p in tr phi tuyn

Uv
R1

R2

Ur
R1 - in tr nhit (f(t))
4) n p dng n c kh

71

H Bch Khoa H Ni

3: n p kiu b
1) n p st t cng hng c t
- nng cao cht lng n nh v m rng phm vi iu chnh ti ca
n p st t ngi ta mc thm t in song song vi cun khng bo
ho to thnh mch cng hng dng.
u
L1
uv

u
u

L2

uv

L2

u2

L1

IA

IB

I(A)

-in p ra nh in p cng hng nn mch mang tnh dung .

- in p ra ln hn in p cng hng mang tnh cm .
*Do c t in nn quan h gia dng in v in p tng i phc tp .
Khi in p ra nh hn in p cng hng th mch mang tnh dung
Khi in p u ra ln hn in p cng hng th mch mang tnh cm .
Khi in p ra bng in p cng hng th mch cng hng dng .
Do c t in cho nn cht lng n nh tt hn.
Dng n khng ti nh do phm vi iu chnh ti ln .
gim bin thin in p ra n mc nh nht ngi ta cun thm cun
b trn li cun tuyn tnh v ngc cc tnh vi cun bo ho . gim tr s
t in ngi ta mc t in vo in p ln hn in p ra nh cun tng p
kiu t ngu . lc thnh phn sng bc cao ca in p ra . Ta mc thm
cun lc .

72

H Bch Khoa H Ni

*
*

w1
L1

C
u2

wloc

uv

2) n p khuych i t .
l n p m nguyn l hot ng lm vic da vo nguyn l khuych i
t .
AT

u2

uv
*

w2*

w cd*

w1*

w' 1*

R cd
R cd
R cd

Ur = (Uv Ukt)KAT
Ukt : in p ri trn khuyt i t .
KAT : h s bin p ca bin p t ngu aptomat.
- Nguyn l : bng cch bin i dng in mt chiu lm cho ng khng
Khuych i t tng ng bin i nn in p ri trn n cng bin i tng
ng lm cho in p ra khng thay i .
Hai cun iu khin W1, W1 u ngc cc tnh cun dy W1 ni in tr phi
tuyn .
in p ra t ng n nh nh mch phn hi phi tuyn nh hnh v :

iu chnh in tr R1, R1 sao cho khi in p ra bng in p nh mc ra th

( I1 ,W1 )

- Khi in p ra ln hn n p ra nh mc th ( I1 ,W1 ) > 0 nn in

khng khuych i tng ln gn bng khng .

- Khi th in p khuych i t tng ln lm cho in p ra gim
bng in p nh mc .

73

H Bch Khoa H Ni

- Khi in p ra m nh hn in p nh mc th ( I1 ,W1 ) < 0 nn lm

cho in khng khuych i t gim dn v in p khuych i t

cng gim nn in p ra tng ln n khi bng in p nh mc .
Nhc im : cu to phc tp do c nhiu cun dy lm cho trng
lng ln .
u im : in p hnh sin dng in ti nh .
3) n p serrmtor.
Thc cht y l mt bin p aptomat nh vic t ng duy tr in p
u ra khng

74