NGN MCH TRONG H

THNG IN
PGS.TS L KIM HNG, TH.S ON NGC MINH T

Chng 1: KHI NIM V QU TRNH

QU IN T
I. KHI NIM CHUNG
Ch ca h thng in thay i t ngt s lm pht sinh qu trnh qu in t,
trong qu trnh pht sinh do ngn mch l nguy him nht. tnh chn cc thit b
in v bo v rle cn phi xt n qu trnh qu khi:
- ngn mch.
- ngn mch km theo t dy.
- ct ngn mch bng my ct in.
Khi xy ra ngn mch, tng tr ca h thng in gim, lm dng in tng ln, in p
gim xung. Nu khng nhanh chng c lp im ngn mch th h thng s chuyn sang
ch ngn mch duy tr (xc lp).
T lc xy ra ngn mch cho n khi ct n ra, trong h thng in xy ra qu trnh qu
lm thay i dng v p. Dng trong qu trnh qu thng gm 2 thnh phn: chu
k v khng chu k. Trng hp h thng c ng dy truyn ti in p t 330 KV tr
ln th trong dng ngn mch ngoi thnh phn tn s c bn cn cc thnh phn sng hi
bc cao. Nu ng dy c t b dc s c thm thnh phn sng hi bc thp.
Nhim v ca mn hc ngn mch l nghin cu din tin ca qu trnh ngn mch trong
h thng in, ng thi xt n cc phng php thc dng tnh ton ngn mch.

II. CC NH NGHA C BN
Ngn mch: l mt loi s c xy ra trong h thng in do hin tng chm
chp gia cc pha khng thuc ch lm vic bnh thng.
- Trong h thng c trung tnh ni t (hay 4 dy) chm chp mt pha hay nhiu
pha vi t (hay vi dy trung tnh) cng c gi l ngn mch.
- Trong h thng c trung tnh cch in hay ni t qua thit b b, hin tng
chm chp mt pha vi t c gi l chm t. Dng chm t ch yu l do in dung
cc pha vi t.
Ngn mch gin tip: l ngn mch qua mt in tr trung gian, gm in tr do
h quang in v in tr ca cc phn t khc trn ng i ca dng in t pha ny
n pha khc hoc t pha n t.
in tr h quang in thay i theo thi gian, thng rt phc tp v kh xc nh
chnh xc. Theo thc nghim:

R=

1000.l
I

[]

trong : I - dng ngn mch [A]

l - chiu di h quang in [m]
Ngn mch trc tip: l ngn mch qua mt in tr trung gian rt b, c th b
qua (cn c gi l ngn mch kim loi).

Ngn mch i xng: l dng ngn mch vn duy tr c h thng dng, p 3

pha tnh trng i xng.
Ngn mch khng i xng: l dng ngn mch lm cho h thng dng, p 3 pha
mt i xng.
- Khng i xng ngang: khi s c xy ra ti mt im, m tng tr cc pha ti
im nh nhau.
- Khng i xng dc: khi s c xy ra m tng tr cc pha ti mt im khng
nh nhau.
S c phc tp: l hin tng xut hin nhiu dng ngn mch khng i xng
ngang, dc trong h thng in.
V d: t dy km theo chm t, chm t hai pha ti hai im khc nhau trong
h thng c trung tnh cch t.

Bng 1.1: K hiu v xc xut xy ra cc dng ngn mch

DNG
NGN MCH

HNH V
QUY C

K HIU

XC SUT
XY RA %

3 pha

N(3)

2 pha

N(2)

10

2 pha-t

N(1,1)

20

1 pha

N(1)

65

III. NGUYN NHN V HU QU CA NGN

MCH
III.1. Nguyn nhn:
- Cch in ca cc thit b gi ci, h hng.
- Qu in p.
- Cc ngu nhin khc, thao tc nhm hoc do c d tnh trc...

III.2. Hu qu:
- Pht nng: dng ngn mch rt ln so vi dng nh mc lm cho cc phn t c
dng ngn mch i qua nng qu mc cho php d vi mt thi gian rt ngn.
- Tng lc in ng: ng lc in t gia cc dy dn c gi tr ln thi gian u
ca ngn mch c th ph hng thit b.
- in p gim v mt i xng: lm nh hng n ph ti, in p gim 30 n
40% trong vng mt giy lm ng c in c th ngng quay, sn xut nh tr, c th
lm hng sn phm.

- Gy nhiu i vi ng dy thng tin gn do dng th t khng sinh ra khi

ngn mch chm t.
- Gy mt n nh: khi khng cch ly kp thi phn t b ngn mch, h thng c
th mt n nh v tan r, y l hu qu trm trng nht.

IV. MC CH TNH TON NGN MCH V YU

CU I VI CHNG:
Khi thit k v vn hnh cc h thng in, nhm gii quyt nhiu vn k thut
yu cu tin hnh hng lot cc tnh ton s b, trong c tnh ton ngn mch.
Tnh ton ngn mch thng l nhng tnh ton dng, p lc xy ra ngn mch ti
mt s im hay mt s nhnh ca s ang xt. Ty thuc mc ch tnh ton m cc
i lng trn c th c tnh mt thi im no hay din bin ca chng trong
sut c qu trnh qu . Nhng tnh ton nh vy cn thit gii quyt cc vn sau:
- So snh, nh gi, chn la s ni in.
- Chn cc kh c, dy dn, thit b in.
- Thit k v chnh nh cc loi bo v.
- Nghin cu ph ti, phn tch s c, xc nh phn b dng...
Trong h thng in phc tp, vic tnh ton ngn mch mt cch chnh xc rt kh
khn. Do vy ty thuc yu cu tnh ton m trong thc t thng dng cc phng php
thc nghim, gn ng vi cc iu kin u khc nhau tnh ton ngn mch.
Chng hn tnh chn my ct in, theo iu kin lm vic ca n khi ngn mch
cn phi xc nh dng ngn mch ln nht c th c. Mun vy, ngi ta gi thit rng
ngn mch xy ra lc h thng in c s lng my pht lm vic nhiu nht, dng ngn
mch gy nn dng ln nht, ngn mch l trc tip, ngn mch xy ra ngay ti u cc
my ct ...
gii quyt cc vn lin quan n vic chn la v chnh nh thit b bo v
rle thng phi tm dng ngn mch nh nht. Lc y tt nhin cn phi s dng nhng
iu kin tnh ton hon ton khc vi nhng iu kin nu trn.

CHNG 2:CC CH DN KHI TNH

TON NGN MCH
I. Nhng gi thit c bn:
Khi xy ra ngn mch s cn bng cng sut t in, c in b ph hoi, trong h
thng in ng thi xy ra nhiu yu t lm cc thng s bin thin mnh v nh hng
tng h nhau. Nu k n tt c nhng yu t nh hng, th vic tnh ton ngn mch
s rt kh khn. Do , trong thc t ngi ta a ra nhng gi thit nhm n gin ha
vn c th tnh ton.
Mi phng php tnh ton ngn mch u c nhng gi thit ring ca n. y
ta ch nu ra cc gi thit c bn chung cho vic tnh ton ngn mch.
1. Mch t khng bo ha: gi thit ny s lm cho phng php phn tch v
tnh ton ngn mch n gin rt nhiu, v mch in tr thnh tuyn tnh v c th dng
nguyn l xp chng phn tch qu trnh.
2. B qua dng in t ha ca my bin p: ngoi tr trng hp my bin p 3
pha 3 tr ni Yo/Yo.
3. H thng in 3 pha l i xng: s mt i xng ch xy ra i vi tng phn
t ring bit khi n b h hng hoc do c c d tnh.
4. B qua dung dn ca ng dy: gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln, ngoi tr
trng hp tnh ton ng dy cao p ti in i cc xa th mi xt n dung dn ca
ng dy.
5. B qua in tr tc dng: ngha l s tnh ton c tnh cht thun khng.
Gi thit ny dng c khi ngn mch xy ra cc b phn in p cao, ngoi tr khi
bt buc phi xt n in tr ca h quang in ti ch ngn mch hoc khi tnh ton
ngn mch trn ng dy cp di hay ng dy trn khng tit din b. Ngoi ra lc
tnh hng s thi gian tt dn ca dng in khng chu k cng cn phi tnh n in tr
tc dng.
6. Xt n ph ti mt cch gn ng: ty thuc giai on cn xt trong qu trnh
qu c th xem gn ng tt c ph ti nh l mt tng tr khng i tp trung ti mt
nt chung.
7. Cc my pht in ng b khng c dao ng cng sut: ngha l gc lch
pha gia sc in ng ca cc my pht in gi nguyn khng i trong qu trnh ngn
mch. Nu gc lch pha gia sc in ng ca cc my pht in tng ln th dng trong
nhnh s c gim xung, s dng gi thit ny s lm cho vic tnh ton n gin hn v
tr s dng in ti ch ngn mch l ln nht. Gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln, nht l
khi tnh ton trong giai on u ca qu trnh qu (0,1 0,2 sec).

II. H n v tng i:
Bt k mt i lng vt l no cng c th biu din trong h n v c tn hoc
trong h n v tng i. Tr s trong n v tng i ca mt i lng vt l no
l t s gia n vi mt i lng vt l khc cng th nguyn c chn lm n v o
lng. i lng vt l chn lm n v o lng c gi i lng c bn.

Nh vy, mun biu din cc i lng trong n v tng i trc ht cn chn

cc i lng c bn. Khi tnh ton i vi h thng in 3 pha ngi ta dng cc i
lng c bn sau:
Scb : cng sut c bn 3 pha.
Ucb : in p dy c bn.
Icb : dng in c bn.
Zcb : tng tr pha c bn.
tcb : thi gian c bn.
cb : tc gc c bn.
Xt v ngha vt l, cc i lng c bn ny c lin h vi nhau qua cc biu
thc sau:
Scb = 3 Ucb . Icb
(2.1)

Z cb =
t cb

U cb

(2.2)

3.I cb
1
=
cb

(2.3)

Do ta ch c th chn ty mt s i lng c bn, cc i lng c bn cn

li c tnh t cc biu thc trn. Thng thng chn trc Scb , Ucb v cb .
Khi chn cc i lng c bn th cc i lng trong n v tng i c
tnh t cc i lng thc nh sau:

E* ( cb) =

E
U cb

U * ( cb) =

U
U cb

S* ( cb) =

S
Scb

I * ( cb) =

3.I cb
U cb

= Z.

Z * ( cb) =

Z
Z cb

= Z.

I cb

Scb
2
U cb

E*(cb) c l E tng i c bn (tc l sc in ng E trong h n v tng i

vi lng c bn l Ucb). Sau ny khi ngha r rng v s dng quen thuc th c th
b du (*) v (cb).
MT S TNH CHT CA H N V TNG I:
1) Cc i lng c bn dng lm n v o lng cho cc i lng ton phn
cng ng thi dng cho cc thnh phn ca chng.
V d: Scb dng lm n v o lng chung cho S, P, Q; Zcb - cho Z, R, X.
2) Trong n v tng i in p pha v in p dy bng nhau, cng sut 3
pha v cng sut 1 pha cng bng nhau.
3) Mt i lng thc c th c gi tr trong n v tng i khc nhau ty
thuc vo lng c bn v ngc li cng mt gi tr trong n v tng i c th
tng ng vi nhiu i lng thc khc nhau.
4) Thng tham s ca cc thit b c cho trong n v tng i vi lng
c bn l nh mc ca chng (Sm, Um, Im). Lc :

Z * ( m) =

Z
Z m

= Z.

3.I m
U m

= Z.

Sm
2
U m

5) i lng trong n v tng i c th c biu din theo phn trm, v

d nh khng in, my bin p...

X K % = 100.X * ( m) = X K .
X B % = X B.

3.I m
.100
U m

3.I m
.100
U m
=

UN %

TNH I I LNG TRONG H N V TNG I:

Mt i lng trong n v tng i l A*(cb1) vi lng c bn l Acb1 c th tnh
i thnh A*(cb2) tng ng vi lng c bn l Acb2 theo biu thc sau:
At = A*(cb1) * Acb1 = A*(cb2) * Acb2
V d, cho E*(cb1) , Z*(cb1) ng vi cc lng c bn (Scb1, Ucb1, Icb1) cn tnh i
sang h n v tng i ng vi cc lng c bn (Scb2, Ucb2, Icb2):

E* ( cb 2) = E* ( cb1) .
Z * ( cb 2)

U cb1
U cb 2

I
U
= Z * ( cb1) . cb 2 . cb1
I cb1 U cb 2

2
Scb 2 U cb
. 21
= Z * ( cb1) .
Scb1 U cb 2

Nu tnh i cc tham s ng vi lng nh mc (Sm, Um, Im) thnh gi tr ng

vi lng c bn (Scb, Ucb, Icb) th:

E* ( cb) = E* ( m) .

U m
U cb

Z * ( cb) = Z * ( m) .

I cb U m
.
I m U cb

= Z * ( m) .

2
Scb U m
. 2
Sm U cb

Khi chn Ucb = Um ta c cc biu thc n gin sau:

E* ( cb) = E* ( m)
Z * ( cb) = Z * ( m) .

I cb
I m

= Z * ( m) .

Scb
Sm

CHN CC I LNG C BN:

Thc t tr s nh mc ca cc thit b cng mt cp in p cng khng ging
nhau. Tuy nhin, s khc nhau khng nhiu (trong khong 10%), v d in p nh
mc ca my pht in l 11KV, my bin p - 10,5KV, khng in - 10KV. Do trong
tnh ton gn ng ta c th xem in p nh mc Um ca cc thit b cng mt cp
in p l nh nhau v bng gi tr trung bnh Utb ca cp in p . Theo qui c c
cc Utb sau [KV]:
500; 330; 230; 154; 115; 37; 20; 15,75; 13,8; 10,5; 6,3; 3,15; 0,525
Khi tnh ton gn ng ngi ta chn Ucb = Um = Utb, ring i vi khng in nn
tnh chnh xc vi lng nh mc ca n v gi tr in khng ca khng in chim
phn ln trong in khng tng ca s , nht l i vi nhng trng hp khng in
lm vic in p khc vi cp in p nh mc ca n (v d, khng in 10KV lm
vic cp 6KV).
Ni chung cc i lng c bn nn chn sao cho vic tnh ton tr nn n gin,
tin li. i vi Scb nn chn nhng s trn (chng hn nh 100, 200, 1000MVA,...)
hoc i khi chn bng tng cng sut nh mc ca s .

Trong h n v tng i, mt i lng vt l ny cng c th biu din bng mt

i lng vt l khc c cng tr s tng i. V d nu chn b lm lng c bn th
khi *(b) = 1 ta c:

X * ( cb) = * (b) . L * ( cb) = L * ( cb)

X * ( cb) = * (b) . M * ( cb) = M * ( cb)
* ( cb) = I * (cb) . L * ( cb)

= L * ( cb) . X * ( cb)

E* ( cb) = * (b) . * ( cb) = * ( cb)

III. Cch thnh lp s thay th:

S thay th l s cho php th cc mch lin h nhau bi t trng bng mt
mch in tng ng bng cch qui i tham s ca cc phn t cc cp in p
khc nhau v mt cp c chn lm c s. Cc tham s ca s thay th c th xc
nh trong h n v c tn hoc h n v tng i, ng thi c th tnh gn ng hoc
tnh chnh xc.

III.1. Qui i chnh xc trong h n v c tn:

Hnh 2.1 : S mng in c nhiu cp in p

Xt mng in c nhiu cp in p khc nhau (hnh 2.1) c ni vi nhau bng n
my bin p c t s bin p k1, k2, ...... kn. Chn mt on ty lm on c s, v d
on u tin. Tham s ca tt c cc on cn li s c tnh qui i v on c s.
Sc in ng, in p, dng in v tng tr ca on th n c qui i v on
c s theo cc biu thc sau:

En q = (k1. k 2............... k n ) En
U n q = (k1. k 2............... k n ) U n
I n q

1
I
k1. k 2............... k n n

Z n q = (k1. k 2............... k n ) 2 Z n
Cc t s bin p k trong nhng biu thc trn ly bng t s bin p lc khng ti.
Cc thnh phn trong tch cc t s bin p k ch ly ca nhng my bin p nm gia
on xt v on c s, chiu ca t s bin p k ly t on c s n on cn xt.

k1 =

U cs
U1'
; k2 =
; .................. ;
U1
U2

kn =

U 'n1
Un

Trong nhng biu thc qui i trn, nu cc i lng cho trc trong n v tng
i th phi tnh i v n v c tn. V d, cho Z*(m) th:

Z = Z * ( m) .

U m

= Z * ( m) .

3.I m

2
U m
Sm

(2.4)

III.2. Qui i gn ng trong h n v c tn:

Vic qui i gn ng c thc hin da trn gi thit l xem in p nh mc
ca cc phn t trn cng mt cp in p l nh nhau v bng tr s in p trung bnh
ca cp . Tc l:

U1 = U1' = U tb1 ; U 2 = U '2 = U tb2 ; .................

Nh vy:

k1 =

U tbcs
U tb1
; k2 =
; .................. ;
U tb1
U tb 2

kn =

U tbn1
U tbn

Do ta s c cc biu thc qui i n gin hn:

En q =

U tbcs U tb1
U
U tbcs
.
.......... tbn-1 . En =
.E
U tb1 U tb2
U tbn
U tbn n

U tbn
.I
U tbcs n

I n q

Z n q

U
= tbcs . Z n
U tbn

Tng t:

Nu cc phn t c tng tr cho trc trong n v tng i, th tnh i gn ng

v n v c tn theo biu thc (2.4) trong thay Um = Utb.

III.3. Qui i chnh xc trong h n v tng i:

Tng ng vi php qui i chnh xc trong h n v c tn ta cng c th dng
trong h n v tng i bng cch sau khi qui i v on c s trong n v c tn,
chn cc lng c bn ca on c s v tnh i v n v tng i. Tuy nhin phng
php ny t c s dng, ngi ta thc hin ph bin hn trnh t qui i nh sau:
Chn on c s v cc lng c bn Scb , Ucbcs ca on c s.
Tnh lng c bn ca cc on khc thng qua cc t s bin p k1, k2, ......
kn. Cng sut c bn Scb chn l khng i i vi tt c cc on. Cc lng c bn
Ucbn v Icbn ca on th n c tnh nh sau:

U cbn =
I cbn

1
U
k 1. k 2............... k n cbcs

= (k 1. k 2............... k n )I cbcs =

Scb
3. U cbn

(Scbn = Scbcs = Scb )

Tnh i tham s ca cc phn t mi on sang n v tng i vi
lng c bn ca on :
Nu tham s cho trong n v c tn th dng cc biu thc tnh i t
h n v c tn sang h n v tng i. V d:

U * ( cb) =

U
U cb

Z * ( cb) = Z.

Scb
2
U cb

Nu tham s cho trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l nh mc

hay mt lng c bn no th dng cc biu thc tnh i h n v tng i. V d:

Z * ( cb) = Z * ( m) .

2
Scb U m
. 2
Sm U cb

III.4. Qui i gn ng trong h n v tng i:

Tng t nh qui i gn ng trong h n v c tn, ta xem k l t s bin p
trung bnh, do vy vic tnh ton s n gin hn. Trnh t qui i nh sau:
Chn cng sut c bn Scb chung cho tt c cc on.
Trn mi on ly Um = Utb ca cp in p tng ng.
Tnh i tham s ca cc phn t mi on sang n v tng i theo cc
biu thc gn ng.

III.5. Mt s im cn lu :
- chnh xc ca kt qu tnh ton khng ph thuc vo h n v s dng m ch
ph thuc vo phng php tnh chnh xc hay gn ng.
- Khi tnh ton trong h n v c tn th kt qu tnh c l gi tr ng vi on
c s chn. Mun tm gi tr thc on cn xt phi qui i ngc li.
V d: Dng tm c on c s l Ics = In q. Dng thc on th n l:
In = (k1. k2 ...... kn) In q
- Khi tnh ton trong h n v tng i th kt qu tnh c l trong n v
tng i, mun tm gi tr thc mt on no ch cn nhn kt qu tnh c vi
lng c bn ca on .
V d: Dng tnh c l I*n. Dng thc on th n l:

In

= I * n .I cbn = I * n .

Scb
3. U cbn

Bng 2.1: Tm tt mt s biu thc tnh ton tham s ca cc phn t

THIT B
S
THAM
TNH
TNH
TNH
THAY TH
CHNH XC
GN NG
S
TRONG
TRA
N V
TRONG VT
TRONG
C
C TN
VT
2
2
,
x
d
S
S U
U
My pht
" . cb
x "d . cb . m
x
x"d . m
Sm,Um
d
2

Sm

My bin
p (2 cun
dy)

uN%, k,
Sm

uN % U 2m
.
100 Sm

Khng in

X%,
Im, Um

X % U m
.
100 3.I m

ng dy

X1
[/Km]

X1.l

Sm U cb

Sm

2
u N % Scb U m
.
.
2
100 Sm U cb

uN % Scb
.
100 Sm

X % I cb U m
.
.
100 I m U cb

X % I cb
.
100 I m

X 1 .l.

Scb
2
U cb

X 1 .l.

Scb
2
U tb

Ch :
i vi my bin p 3 cun dy th cc tham s tra c l in p ngn mch gia
cc cun dy: uN I-II% , uN I-III% , uN II-III% , ta phi tnh uN% ca tng cun dy v sau
tnh in khng ca tng cun dy theo cc biu thc trong bng 2.1 i vi my bin p
2 cun dy. in p ngn mch uN% ca tng cun dy c tnh nh sau:
uN I% = 0,5 (uN I-II% + uN I-III% - uN II-III%)
uN II% = uN I-II% - uN I%
uN III% = uN I-III% - uN I%

IV. Bin i s thay th

Cc php bin i s thay th c s dng trong tnh ton ngn mch nhm
mc ch bin i nhng s thay th phc tp ca h thng in thnh mt s n
gin nht tin li cho vic tnh ton, cn gi l s ti gin. S ti gin c th bao
gm mt hoc mt s nhnh ni trc tip t ngun sc in ng ng tr E n im
ngn mch thng qua mt in khng ng tr X.

IV.1. Nhnh ng tr:

Php bin i ny c dng ghp song song cc nhnh c ngun hoc khng
ngun thnh mt nhnh tng ng. Xt s thay th (hnh 2.2a) gm c n nhnh ni
chung vo mt im M, mi nhnh gm c 1 ngun sc in ng Ek ni vi 1 in
khng Xk, ta c th bin i n thnh s ti gin (hnh 2.2b) bng cc biu thc sau:
n

Et

Ek . Y k

k =1
n

k =1

X t

Yk

k =1

Yk

trong : Yk = 1/ Xk l in dn ca nhnh th k.
Khi s ch c 2 nhnh th:

Et

E1. X 2 + E 2. X 1
X1 + X 2

X t

X1 . X 2
X1 + X 2

Khi E1 = E2 = .............. = En = E th Et = E.

Hnh 2.2 : Php bin i dng nhnh ng tr

IV.2. Bin i Y - :
Bin i s thay th c dng hnh sao gm 3 nhnh (hnh 2.3a) thnh tam gic
(hnh 2.3b) theo cc biu thc sau:

X 12

= X1 + X 2 +

X 1. X 2
X3

X 13

= X1 + X 3 +

X 1. X 3
X2

X 23

= X2 + X3 +

X 2. X 3
X1

Ngc li, bin i s c dng hnh tam gic sao thnh hnh sao dng cc biu
thc sau:

X1 =

X 12 . X 13
X 12 . X 23
X 23. X 13
; X2 =
; X3 =
X 12 + X 13 + X 23
X 12 + X 13 + X 23
X 12 + X 13 + X 23

Hnh 2.3 : Bin i Y -

Bin i Y - cng c th p dng c khi cc nt c ngun, lc c th ng
dng tnh cht ng th tch ra hay nhp chung cc nt c ngun (v d nh trn hnh
2.4).

Hnh 2.4 : Tch / nhp cc nt c ngun

IV.3. Bin i sao - li:

S thay th hnh sao (hnh 2.5a) c th bin i thnh li (hnh 2.5b). in
khng gia 2 nh m v n ca li c tnh nh sau:
Xmn = Xm . Xn .Y
trong : Xm , Xn l in khng ca nhnh th m v n trong hnh sao.
Y l tng in dn ca tt c cc nhnh hnh sao.

Hnh 2.5 : Bin i sao - li

Php bin i ny s dng tin li
trong tnh ton ngn mch khi c mt nt l
im ngn mch v tt c cc nt cn li l
cc nt ngun. Nu cc ngun l ng th
th in khng tng h gia cc ngun c
th b qua, lc s s tr nn rt n
gin. V d, t s li hnh 2.5b khi
cc nt 1, 2, 3, 4 c ngun ng th v nt
5 l im ngn mch ta c th n gin
thnh s trn hnh 2.6.
Hnh 2.6 : Ap dng bin i sao-li
IV.4. Tch ring cc nhnh ti im ngn mch:
Nu ngn mch trc tip 3 pha ti im nt c ni mt s nhnh (v d, hnh 2.7) ,
th c th tch ring cc nhnh ny ra khi vn gi u mi nhnh cng ngn mch nh
vy. S nhn c lc ny khng c mch vng s d dng bin i. Tnh dng trong
mi nhnh khi cho ngn mch ch trn mt nhnh, cc nhnh ngn mch khc xem nh
ph ti c sc in ng bng khng. Dng qua im ngn mch l tng cc dng tnh
cc nhnh ngn mch ring r.
Phng php ny thng dng khi cn tnh dng trong mt nhnh ngn mch no
.

10

Hnh 2.7 : Tch ring cc nhnh ti im ngn mch

IV.5. Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s :

Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s ta c th ghp chung cc nhnh mt cch n
gin hn hoc c th b bt mt s nhnh m dng ngn mch khng i qua (hnh 2.8).

Hnh 2.8 : Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s

11

IV.6. S dng h s phn b dng:

H s phn b dng l h s c trng cho phn tham gia ca mi ngun vo dng
ngn mch vi gi thit l cc ngun c sc in ng bng nhau v khng c ph ti.
Dng h s phn b dng tnh tng tr tng h gia cc ngun v im ngn
mch, a s v dng rt n gin gm cc ngun ni vi im ngn mch qua tng
tr tng h:

Z kN

Z
Ck

trong : Z - tng tr ng tr ca ton s i vi im ngn mch.

Ck - h s phn b dng ca nhnh th k.
H s phn b dng c th tm c bng m hnh, thc nghim hoc gii tch.
Phng php gii tch c thc hin bng cch cho dng qua im ngn mch bng n
v v coi rng cc sc in ng bng nhau. Dng tm c trong cc nhnh s l tr s
ca cc h s phn b dng C1, C2, ..... , Ck tng ng vi cc nhnh .

Hnh 2.9 : S xc nh h s phn b dng

V d, cho s trn hnh 2.9a trong cc sc in ng bng nhau, khng c
ph ti v cho dng ngn mch IN = 1. Sau khi bin i s v t iu kin cn bng
th ta c:
IN . Xt = C1. X1 = C2. X2 = C3. X3

C1

v:

X t
X1

; C2

X t
X2

; C3

X t
X3

IN . X = C1. X1N = C2. X2N = C3. X3N

X 1N

X
C1

; X 2N

X
C2

; X 3N

X
C3

12

V. Cng sut ngn mch

Cng sut ngn mch SNt vo thi im t l i lng qui c c tnh theo dng
ngn mch INt vo thi im t trong qu trnh qu v in p trung bnh Utb ca on
tnh dng ngn mch:
SNt = 3 INt. Utb
Cng sut ngn mch dng chn hay kim tra my ct, lc t l thi im m
cc tip im chnh ca my ct m ra. Cng sut ny phi b hn cng sut c trng
cho kh nng ct ca my ct hay cn gi l cng sut ct nh mc ca my ct:
SNt < SCm = 3 ICm. Um
Ngoi ra, khi bit cng sut ngn mch SNH (hoc dng ngn mch INH) do h
thng cung cp cho im ngn mch c th tnh c in khng ca h thng i vi
im ngn mch:

XH

U tb

3.I NH

2
U tb
SNH

khi tnh ton trong h n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb v Ucb = Utb th:

X *H

I cb
I NH

Scb
SNH

Chng 3:QU TRNH QU TRONG

MCH IN N GIN
I. NGN MCH 3 PHA TRONG MCH IN N
GIN:
Xt mch in 3 pha i xng n gin (hnh 3.1) bao gm in tr, in cm tp
trung v khng c my bin p.
Qui c mch in c cung cp t ngun cng sut v cng ln (ngha l in p
u cc ngun in khng i v bin v tn s).

Hnh 3.1 : S mch in 3 pha n gin

Lc xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, mch in tch thnh 2 phn c lp: mch pha
khng ngun v mch pha c ngun.

I.1. Mch pha khng ngun:

V mch i xng, ta c th tch ra mt pha kho st. Phng trnh vi phn vit
cho mt pha l:

u = i.r ' + L' .

Gii ra ta c:
T iu kin u (t=0):

i = C.e
i0 = i0+ ,

di
dt

= 0

r'
t
L'

ta c: C = i0
-

r'

Nh vy:
i = i 0 .e L'
Dng in trong mch pha khng ngun s tt dn cho n lc nng lng tch ly
trong in cm L tiu tn ht trn r.

I.2. Mch pha c ngun:

Gi thit in p pha A ca ngun l:
u = uA = Umsin(t+)
Dng trong mch in trc ngn mch l:

i =

Um
sin(t + - ) = I msin(t + - )
Z

Lc xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, ta c phng trnh vi phn vit cho mt pha:

u = i.r + L.
Gii phng trnh i vi pha A ta c:

di
dt

r
Um
- t
sin(t + - N ) + C.e L
i =
ZN

Dng ngn mch gm 2 thnh phn: thnh phn th 1 l dng chu k cng bc c
bin khng i:

i ck =

Um
sin(t + - N ) = I ckmsin(t + - N )
ZN

Thnh phn th 2 l dng t do phi chu k tt dn vi hng s thi gian:

Ta =
i td =

L
r

r
- t
L
C.e

=
=

x
r
r
- t
L
i td0+ .e

T iu kin u: i0 = i0+ = ick0+ + itd0+ ,

ta c:
C = itd0+ = i0 - ick0+ = Imsin( - ) - Ickmsin( - N)

Hnh 3.2 : th vct dng v p vo thi im u ngn mch

Trn hnh 3.2 l th vct dng v p vo thi im u ngn mch trong UA,
UB, UC, IA, IB, IC l p v dng trc khi xy ra ngn mch, cn IckA, IckB, IckC l dng chu
k cng bc sau khi xy ra ngn mch. T th, ta c nhng nhn xt sau:
.

itd0+ bng hnh chiu ca vct (I m - I ckm ) ln trc thi gian t.

ty thuc vo m itd0+ c th cc i hoc bng 0.
itd0+ ph thuc vo tnh trng mch in trc ngn mch; itd0+ t gi tr ln
nht lc mch in trc ngn mch c tnh in dung, ri n mch in trc ngn
mch l khng ti v itd0+ b nht lc mch in trc ngn mch c tnh in cm.
Thc t him khi mch in trc ngn mch c tnh in dung v ng thi
thng c N 90o , do vy trong tnh ton iu kin c tnh trng ngn mch nguy
him nht l:
a) mch in trc ngn mch l khng ti.
b) p tc thi lc ngn mch bng 0 ( = 0 hoc 180o).

II. Tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phnv cc

thnh phn ca n:
II.1. Thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch:
i ck = I ckmsin(t + - N )
- Nu ngun c cng sut v cng ln hoc ngn mch xa my pht (Um =
const.), th:

I ckm =

Um
= const.
ZN

Trong trng hp ny, bin dng chu k khng thay i theo thi gian v bng
dng ngn mch duy tr (xc lp).
- Nu ngn mch gn, trong my pht cng xy ra qu trnh qu in t, sc in
ng v c in khng ca my pht cng thay i, do bin ca dng chu k thay
i gim dn theo thi gian n tr s xc lp (hnh 3.3).
Tr hiu dng ca dng chu k thi im t l:

I ckt =

I ckmt
2

Et
3. Z N

trong : Et - sc in ng hiu dng ca my pht thi im t

ZN - tng tr ngn mch (trong mng in p cao c th coi ZN xN)

Hnh 3.3 : th bin thin dng in trong qu trnh qu

Tr hiu dng ca dng chu k trong chu k u tin sau khi xy ra ngn mch gi
l dng siu qu ban u:

I "0 =

I ckm0+
2

E"
3.( x "d + x ng )

trong : E - sc in ng siu qu ban u ca my pht.

xd - in khng siu qu ca my pht.
xng - in khng bn ngoi t u cc my pht n im ngn mch.

II.2. Thnh phn t do ca dng ngn mch:

Thnh phn t do ca dng ngn mch cn gi l thnh phn phi chu k, tt dn
theo hng s thi gian Ta ca mch:

i td = i td0+ .e
vi:

t
Ta

i td0+ = I msin( - ) - I ckm0+ sin( - N )

Khi tnh ton vi iu kin nguy him nht, ta c:
a) mch in trc ngn mch l khng ti: Im sin( - ) = 0
b) p tc thi lc ngn mch bng 0 ( = 0) v N 90o .

th:

i td0+ = - I ckm0+ sin(-90o ) = I ckm0+

Tr hiu dng ca dng t do thi im t c ly bng tr s tc thi ca n ti

thi im :
Itdt = itdt

II.3. Dng ngn mch xung kch:

Dng ngn mch xung kch ixk l tr s tc thi ca dng ngn mch trong qu trnh
qu . ng vi iu kin nguy him nht, dng ngn mch xung kch xut hin vo
khong 1/2 chu k sau khi ngn mch, tc l vo thi im t = T/2 = 0,01sec (i vi
mng in c tn s f = 50Hz).
ixk = ick0,01 + itd0,01
trong :
ick0,01 Ickm0+

i td0,01 = i td0+ .e

0,01
Ta

Vy:

i xk = I ckm0+ .(1+ e

= I ckm0+ .e

0,01
Ta ) =

0,01
Ta

k xk .I ckm0+

2.k xk I "0

vi kxk : h s xung kch ca dng ngn mch, ty thuc vo Ta m kxk c gi tr khc

nhau trong khong 1 kxk 2.
Tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phn thi im t c tnh nh sau:
t+

1
T

I Nt =

T
2

2 + I2
I ckt
tdt

2 .dt =
iN

T
2

Tng ng, tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch xung kch l:

2
2
I ck
0,01 + I td0,01

I xk =
vi:

I ck0,01 = I "0
I td0,01 = i td0,01 = i xk - i ck 0,01 = i xk - I ckm0+
= (k xk -1)I ckm0+ =
2

2(k xk -1)I "0

Vy:

I xk =

hay :

I xk = I "0 1 + 2(k xk -1) 2

I "0 + 2I "0 (k xk -1) 2

III. NGN MCH 3 PHA TRONG MCH c my bin

p:

Hnh 3.4 : S mch in c my bin p

Gi thit in p ngun khng i pht (Um = const.) v mch t ca my bin p
khng bo ha. Khi xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, ta lp phng trnh vi phn cho mt pha
nh sau (tt c cc tham s ca my bin p c qui i v cng mt pha):

di 1
di
- M. 2
dt
dt

Pha s cp:

u = R1.i 1 + L1.

Pha th cp:

0 = R 2.i 2 + L 2.

di 2
di
- M. 1
dt
dt

Khi b qua dng t ha ca my bin p (i = 0) th i1 = i2.

Cng 2 phng trnh trn ta c:

u = (R1 + R 2 )i 1 + (L1 + L 2 - 2M)

= R B .i 1 + L B

di 1
dt

di 1
dt

trong : RB = R1 + R2 : l in tr ca my bin p.
LB = L1 + L2 - 2M = (L1 - M) + (L2 - M) : l in cm ca my bin p.
Phng trnh trn ging nh phng trnh ca mch in n gin kho st
mc I trc y. Do vy trong qu trnh qu khi b qua dng t ha, my bin p c
th c thay th bng in tr v in cm tnh ton nh mch in thng thng.

Chng 4:TNH TRNG NGN MCH

DUY TR
Tnh trng ngn mch duy tr l mt giai on ca qu trnh ngn mch khi tt c
cc thnh phn dng t do pht sinh ra ti thi im ban u ca ngn mch tt ht v
khi hon ton kt thc vic tng dng kch t do tc dng ca cc thit b TK.

I. Thng s tnh ton ca ngun v ph ti:

Cc thng s c bn ca my in ng b trong tnh trng ngn mch i xng
duy tr l in khng khng bo ha ng b dc trc xd v ngang trc xq.
Thay cho xd ngi ta c th dng mt i lng l t s ngn mch TN, chnh l
dng duy tr tnh trong n v tng i khi ngn mch 3 pha u cc my in vi
dng kch t tng i If = 1:

TN =

I ( I f =1)
I m

Xut pht t iu kin ngn mch u cc my in ta c:

xd =

C
TN

trong : C - sc in ng bo ha tng i ca my in khi If = 1.

Trung bnh c th ly cc tr s nh sau:
- i vi my pht turbine hi: C = 1,2 v TN = 0,7
- i vi my pht turbine nc: C = 1,06 v TN = 1,1
i vi my in cc li, in khng ng b ngang trc xq rt t ph thuc vo s
bo ha, thc t c th coi n l khng i v bng:
xq 0.6xd
Trong tnh ton gn ng coi: xd =1/TN
i vi my in c TK, thng s c trng l dng kch t gii hn Ifgh, khi dng
kch t kiu my in th tr s tng i ca Ifgh = (35).

II. nh hng ca ph ti v TK:

II.1. Anh hng ca ph ti:
Ph ti mt mt lm cho my pht mang ti trc ngn mch, nn trong tnh trng
ngn mch duy tr my pht c dng kch t ln hn so vi my pht lm vic ch
khng ti. Mt khc, khi c ph ti ni vo mng, n c th lm thay i ng k tr s v
s phn b dng trong s mng.

V d trn s hnh 4.1, ta thy ph ti

ni song song vi nhnh ngn mch nn n
lm gim in khng ngoi ca my pht, do
vy lm tng dng trong my pht, lm gim
in p u cc my pht v gim dng in
ti ch ngn mch. Ngn mch cng xa th nh
hng ca ph ti cng ln, ngc li khi ngn
mch ngay ti u cc my pht th ph ti
khng c tc dng trong tnh trng ngn mch
duy tr.
Hnh 4.1
Nu ph ti bao gm cc h tiu th tnh c tng tr khng i th vic tnh ton
tng tr ca ph ti khng kh khn g. Tuy nhin cc ph ti cng nghip a s l cc
ng c khng ng b c tng tr ph thuc rt nhiu vo trt. trt li ph
thuc in p t vo ng c, m trong tnh trng s c th in p li l mt hm ca
dng in phi tm. Bi v cc quan h tng h ny l khng tuyn tnh nn vic gii
mt bi ton nh vy gp nhiu kh khn.
Trong mt h thng in phc tp, thc t l khng th tnh ton ph ti mt cch
chnh xc. n gin ta thay ph ti bng mt tng tr khng i:
xPT = 1,2

II.1. Anh hng ca TK:

Khi ngn mch, TK lm tng dng kch t ca my pht v tr s dng, p ca
my pht s lun lun ln hn so vi khi khng c TK. Mc tng ph thuc vo v
tr im ngn mch v cc thng s chnh ca my pht.
Thc vy, khi ngn mch xa, khi phc in p n tr s nh mc ch cn tng
dng kch t ln mt t, nhng khi ngn mch cng gn th cn phi tng dng kch t ln
cng hn.
Nhng dng kch t ch c th tng n mt tr s gii hn Ifgh no tng ng
vi khi ngn mch sau mt in khng ti hn Xth.
z Khi xN Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn v dng ngn
mch l:

I=

Eqgh
xd + xN

trong : Eqgh - sc in ng tng ng vi dng kch t gii hn Ifgh. Trong n v

tng i th: Eqgh* = Ifgh*
z Khi xN Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi in p nh mc v:

I=
z Khi xN = Xth th:

U m
xN

Eqgh
U m
=
X th x d + X th

X th = x d

U m
Eqgh U m

Trong n v tng i, chn Ucb = Um th:

I = I th =

v dng ngn mch l:

X th* = x d*

1
Eqgh* 1

U m
X th

Bng 4.1: CC QUAN H C TRNG CHO TRNG THI

CA MY PHT C TK
Trng thi kch t gii hn
xN Xth
If = Ifgh ;

Eq = Eqgh

U Um

I=

Eqgh
xd + xN

Trng thi in p nh mc
xN Xth
If Ifgh ;

Eq Eqgh

U = Um

I th

I=

U m
I th
xN

Chng 5: QU TRNH QU TRONG

MY IN
I. Khi nim chung:
Qu trnh qu trong my in xy ra phc tp hn trong my bin p hay cc
thit b tnh khc do tnh cht chuyn ng ca n. Do vy nu k n tt c cc yu t
nh hng th vic nghin cu s v cng kh khn v phc tp. n gin ngi ta
a ra nhiu gi thit gn cho my in mt s tnh cht l tng ha. D nhin kt qu
s c sai s, nhng so snh vi cc s liu thc nghim thng sai s nm trong phm vi
cho php.
Vic nghin cu vo thi im u
ca qu trnh qu da trn nguyn l t
thng mc vng khng i v n gin
ch xt trn mt pha ca my in, cc cun
dy stato v rto xem nh ch c mt vng
dy, lc t thng trong mch t cng
chnh l t thng mc vng .
Qui c chn h trc ta trong my
in nh sau (hnh 5.1):
Hnh 5.1
Cc trc ta d, q gi theo dc trc v ngang trc ca rto.
Thnh phn dc trc ca dng stato dng khi sc t ng do n to nn cng
chiu vi sc t ng ca cun kch t.
Thnh phn ngang trc ca dng stato dng khi sc t ng do n to nn chm
o
90 so vi sc t ng ca cun kch t.

II. Cc loi t thng trong my in:

T thng ton phn ca cun kch t:
trong : Xf - in khng ca cun kch t.

f = I f .X f

- T thng hu ch:
d = I f . X ad
trong : Xad - in khng h cm gia cc cun dy stato v rto, c gi l in
khng phn ng phn ng dc trc.
.

f = I f . X f

- T thng tn:
trong : Xf - in khng tn ca cun kch t.
Nh vy:

f = d + f

va X f = X ad + X f

f =

H s tn ca cun kch t:

X f
Xf

T thng phn ng:

- T thng phn ng phn ng:
.

dctrc:

ad = I d . X ad

ngang trc:

aq = I q . X aq

- T thng tn:
.

dc trc:

d = I d .X

ngang trc:

q = I q .X

ton phn:

= I.X

trong : I =

I d2

Hnh 5.2

+ I q2

T thng tng hp mc vng vi cun kch t: (ch c theo trc dc)

.

f = f + ad = I f . X f + I d . X ad
T thng tng hp mc vng vi cun stato:
- dc trc:
.

sd = d + ad + d = I f . X ad + ( X ad + X ) = I f . X ad + I d . X d
- ngang trc:
.

sq = 0 + aq + q = I q .( X aq + X ) = I q . X q
T thng k h khng kh dc trc:
.

d = d + ad = I f . X ad + I d . X ad = ( I f + I d ) X ad
T thng cun cn:
- Cun cn dc:
t thng chnh:
t thng tn:
- Cun cn ngang:
t thng chnh:
t thng tn:

1d = I 1d . X ad
.

1d = I 1d . X 1d
.

1q = I 1q . X aq
.

1q = I 1q . X 1q

III. Sc in ng v in khng qu :
Sc in ng v in khng qu l nhng tham s c trng cho my pht in
khng c cun cn vo thi im u ca qu trnh ngn mch.
Khi ngn mch, t thng ad tng t ngt mt lng ado+ (hnh 5.3). Theo nh
lut Lenx, tng ado+ s lm cho f tng ln mt lng fo+ sao cho tng t thng
mc vng l khng i.

f = fo+ + ado+ = 0
Do f tng nn f cng tng mt lng t l v:
.

f = f . f
v t thng k h khng kh cng gim xung v:

d = f f

iu ny chng t d, d v sc in ng Eq, E tng ng ca my pht thay

i t bin vo thi im u ca ngn mch nn khng th s dng cc tham s ny
thay th cho my pht vo thi im u ca ngn mch.

Hnh 5.3
c trng cho my pht trong tnh ton ta s dng t thng khng t bin lc
ngn mch l f, trong phn xem nh mc vng vi cun dy stato l:
. '

d = (1 f ) f
d c gi l t thng qu dc trc.
. '
.
.
X f
X ad
d = (1
)( f + ad ) =
X f + X ad
X f + X ad

2
X ad
= I f X ad + I d
X f + X ad
T thng mc vng ny ng vi sc in ng Eq c gi l sc in ng qu
.

I. ( X + X ) + I. X
ad
ad
f
d
f

E' q = Eq j I d

2
2
.
.
.
.
X ad
X ad
= Uq + j I d (x d
) = U q + j I d . x 'd
X f + X ad
X f + X ad

xd c gi l in khng qu dc trc.

x 'd

2
X .X
X ad
= xd
= X + f ad
X f + X ad
X f + X ad

i vi my pht khng c cun cn ngang

trc, t thng phn ng phn ng ngang trc aq
trong qu trnh qu c th t bin. S t bin
ca t thng ny c th xem nh l in p ri do
dng Iq trn in khng xq, ngha l:
Ed = 0 ; xq = xq
Tm li, nu my in khng c cun cn th
thi im u ngn mch c th thay th bng
Eq v xd.
Dng qu thi im u ngn mch ch
c thnh phn dc trc:

Hnh 5.4
'
I o' = I do
=

Eq'
x d' + x ng

trong : xng - in khng t u cc my in n im ngn mch.

IV. Sc in ng v in khng siu qu :

Sc in ng v in khng siu qu l nhng tham s c trng cho my pht
in c cun cn vo thi im u ca qu trnh ngn mch.
Xt mt my in c cc cun cn dc trc v ngang trc, gi thit cun kch t v
cun cn dc trc l nh nhau nn c 2 u lin h vi cun dy stato bi t thng h
cm chung ad c xc nh bi Xad.
Khi c mt lng tng t ngt t thng ad, rto s c thay i tng ng t
thng ca cun kch t f v ca cun cn dc trc 1d sao cho tng t thng mc
vng khng i, do vy:
.

f + 1d + ad = 0

- i vi cun kch t:
.

I f ( X f + X ad ) + I 1d X ad + I d X ad = 0
.

(5.1)

- i vi cun cn dc: 1d + 1d + d + ad = 0
.

I 1d ( X 1d + X ad ) + I f X ad + I d X ad = 0
.

(5.2)

T (5.1) v (5.2) ta c:
(5.3)
I f X f = I 1d X 1d
T (5.3) thy rng lng tng Id to ra 2 cun kch t v cun cn dc cc dng
in tng cng chiu nhng ln t l nghch in khng tn ca chng.
Thay th phn ng ca 2 cun dy rto ti thi im u ca ngn mch bng
phn ng ca mt cun dy tng ng dc trc c dng bng:
.

I rd = I f + I 1d
v in khng tn Xrd vi iu kin vn tha mn nguyn l t thng mc vng khng
i, tc l:

rd + rd + ad = 0
.

I rd ( X rd + X ad ) + I d X ad = 0
.

( I f + I 1d )( X rd + X ad ) + I d X ad = 0

(5.4)

Gii cc phng trnh (5.2), (5.3) v (5.4) ta c:

X rd =

X f . X 1d
X f + X 1d

Nh vy in khng tn ca cun dy tng ng vi cun kch t v cun cn

dc bng in khng tn ca 2 cun dy ny ghp song song.
tm in khng c trng cho my in theo trc dc thi im u ca ngn
mch, ta thc hin tnh ton tng t nh mc III (i vi my in khng c cun cn)
trong thay cun kch t c Xf bng cun dy tng ng c Xrd v ta cng tm
c:
2
X ad
1
x ''d = x d
= X +
1
1
1
X rd + X ad
+
+
X f X 1d X ad
xd c gi l in khng siu qu dc trc.
Tng t cho trc ngang, ta cng c in khng siu qu ngang trc:
2
X aq
X 1q . X aq
''
xq = xq
= X +
X 1q + X aq
X 1q + X aq
Cc sc in ng tng ng vi cc
in khng trn c gi l sc in ng
siu qu ngang trc Eq v dc trc Ed,
chng c gi tr khng t bin vo thi im
u ngn mch.
.

Eq '' = U qo + j I do . x d''
Ed '' = U do + j I qo . x q''
trong :
Uqo, Udo, Iqo, Ido
- p v dng trc
ngn mch.

E''o = Eq'' 2 + Ed'' 2 - sc in ng siu

qu ton phn.
Hnh 5.5
Vy my pht thi im u ngn mch c th c trng bng sc in ng siu
qu v in khng siu qu .
Gi tr dng siu qu dc trc v ngang trc tng ng l:

I d''

I q'' =

Eq''
x d'' + x ng
Ed''
x q'' + x ng

I ''o = I d'' 2 + I q'' 2

V dng siu qu ton phn l:

Trong tnh ton thc dng gn ng xem xd = xq ta c:

E''o = ( U cos ) 2 + ( U sin + I . x d'' ) 2

hay:

E''o = ( U + I . x d'' sin ) 2 + (I . x d'' cos ) 2

V. ngha vt l ca cc in khng:
T cc biu thc tnh ton in khng ta thy: xd < xd < xd
V mt vt l iu c gii thch nh sau: Trong ch bnh thng t thng
to bi dng stato gm mt phn mc vng theo ng tn t, cn phn chnh i ngang
k h khng kh khp vng qua cc cc v thn rto. V t tr ch yu l k h khng
kh c t dn ad nh (hnh 5.6a), t cm ln; do vy tng ng vi in khng xd.
Khi t thng stato thay i t ngt, trong cun kch t s c dng cm ng to nn
t thng ngc hng vi t thng stato, v vy c th xem nh mt phn t thng stato
b y ra ngoi i theo ng tn t ca cun kch t c t dn f (hnh 5.6b). Nh vy
t thng stato phi i qua mt tng t dn ln, t cm s nh hn v s c:
xd < xd

Hnh 5.6
Rto cng c nhiu mch vng kn, t thng stato cng kh xm nhp vo rto.
Trng hp gii hn, khi t thng hon ton khng th i vo rto, ngha l ch i theo
ng tn t ca cun dy stato c t dn , in khng ca stato lc chnh l in
khng tn X, tng ng vi trng hp xd nh nht c th c.
i vi cc my in khng c cun cn, bn thn rto cng c tc dng nh cun
cn nn c th xem:
xd = (0,750,9) xd

VI. Qua trnh qu trong my in khng cun cn:

n gin trc tin ta kho st cc my in khng c thit b TK. Gi thit
ngn mch ti u cc ca my in, mch in xem nh thun khng, dng ngn mch
ch c theo trc dc.
Khi xy ra ngn mch, thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch s thay i t bin.
tng l:

I d =

'
I do
+

I do =

E'qo+
x 'd

I do

trong : Ido - dng lm vic trc ngn mch.

Ido+ - dng qu ti thi im u ngn mch.
t thng mc vng khng i, dng kch t If cn phi tng mt lng:

I f = I d

X ad
X ad + X f

Do cun kch t c in tr rf nn tr s ny s suy gim theo hng s thi gian Td

ca cun kch t v If chnh l tr s ban u ca thnh phn t do khng chu k iftd ca
dng kch t (hnh 5.7):

i ftd = i ftdo+ .e

t
Td '

= I f . e

t
Td '

Dng iftd to nn sc in ng Eq trong cun dy stato v lm xut hin thnh

phn t do chu k ick trong dng stato vi tr hiu dng ban u l:
'
I 'ck = I d' = I do
+ I d

Id = IN : dng ngn mch xc lp ng vi sc in ng ng b ngang trc Eq

do dng kch t cng bc Ifo = If to ra.
Nh vy, thnh phn chu k c bn ca dng ngn mch gm 2 thnh phn:
z t do chu k ick do dng t do ca cun kch t iftd sinh ra v do cng tt
dn theo hng s thi gian Td.
z chu k cng bc ick do dng kch t cng bc Ifo = If to ra.
ick = ick + ick gi l dng ngn mch qu v c tr hiu dng ban u l Ido+.
Do dng chu k tng so vi trc khi ngn mch nn trong cun dy stato xut hin
thnh phn t do khng chu k itd sao cho dng ngn mch ton phn thi im u
ngn mch l khng t bin. Dng ny tt dn theo hng s thi gian Ta ca mch stato:

i td = i tdo+ .e

t
Ta

= I d . e

t
Ta

Dng itd to t thng ng yn i vi stato, do s cm ng sang rto thnh phn

t do chu k ifck trong dng kch t. V dng kch t if thi im u ngn mch khng
t bin nn tr s ban u ca cc thnh phn trong dng kch t phi tha mn:
ifcko+ = -iftdo+ = -If
Dng ifck tt dn theo hng s thi gian Ta v dng itd stato sinh ra n tt dn theo
hng s thi gian Ta.

Hnh 5.7

Dng ifck sinh ra t trng p mch rto nn c th phn ra thnh 2 t trng

quay ngc chiu nhau:
- T trng quay ngc chiu vi rto (-) s ng yn so vi stato nn khng cm
ng sang stato.
- T trng quay cng chiu vi rto (+) s quay vi tc 2 so vi stato v
cm ng sang stato to nn dng t do chu k ick(2) c tn s 2. Dng ny tt dn theo
hng s thi gian Ta.
Tm li:
Dng trong cun dy stato l:
iN = ick + ick - itd - ick(2) = ick - itd - ick(2)
Dng trong cun dy kch t l:
if = Ifo + iftd - ifck

VII. Qu trnh qu trong my in c cun cn:

Khi t thng phn ng phn ng thay i, trong cun cn cng cm ng nn mt
dng t do khng chu k tng t nh trong cun kch t. Dng ny li tc dng ln
cun dy stato v cun cn trong qu trnh qu .

VII.1. Dng trong cun dy stato:

Ngoi cc thnh phn dng in ging nh my in khng cun cn, trong cun
dy stato ca my in c cun cn cn bao gm:
z Thnh phn siu qu t do dc trc ick do dng t do trong cun cn dc
trc sinh ra, do n tt dn theo hng s thi gian Td ca cun cn dc trc. Nh vy
thnh phn chu k dc trc gm:
ick = ick + ick + ick = ick + ick
ick gi l dng ngn mch siu qu dc trc, c tr hiu dng ban u l:

I "do+

E"q
x "d

Do Td b nn dng trong cun cn v dng ick tt nhanh hn dng ick do

cun kch t sinh ra.
z Thnh phn siu qu t do ngang trc iq do dng t do trong cun cn ngang
trc sinh ra, do n tt dn theo hng s thi gian Tq ca cun cn ngang trc v c tr
hiu dng ban u l:

I "qo+

E"d
x "q

Vy dng ngn mch ton phn ca my in c cun cn:

iN = ick + ick + ick + iq - itd - ick(2)
Tr hiu dng ca dng siu qu ban u l:

I "o = I "do2+ + I "qo2+

Trong tnh ton gn ng, khi coi xd = xq th:

I "o =

E"o
x "d

VII.2. Dng trong cun kch t:

Vn gm cc thnh phn nh my in khng cun cn nhng thnh phn t do
khng chu k c khc do nh hng ca cun cn.
iftd = iftd(KCC) - if
iftd(KCC): thnh phn t do khng chu k xut hin trong my in khng cun cn.
if
: thnh phn t do khng chu k do nh hng ca cun cn, tt theo hng s thi
gian Td.

VII.3. Dng trong cun cn:

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch duy tr, qua cun cn
khng c dng in. Trong qu trnh qu , cun cn dc trc xut hin dng t do
khng chu k tt dn theo 2 hng s thi gian Td v Td. ng thi di tc dng ca
dng t do trong cun dy stato, cun cn s c thnh phn chu k i1dck tt dn theo
hng s thi gian Ta sao cho dng trong cun cn khng t bin.
i1d = i1dtd + i1dck
Trong cun cn ngang trc cng xut hin cc thnh phn dng tng t.
i vi my pht turbine hi khng c cun cn, li thp cng c xem nh c
tc dng tng t cun cn. Do vy trong qa trnh qu , din bin dng trong cun
dy stato v rto c dng ging nh i vi cc my in c cun cn. V trong tnh ton
vn dng nhng tham s siu qu thay th ti thi im u ngn mch.

VIII. Cc hng s thi gian tt dn:

Do trong mch c in tr tc dng nn cc thnh phn dng t do s tt dn vi
hng s thi gian T = L/r. Trong h n v tng i th:

T* =

L* X * X
=
=
r*
r*
r

VIII.1. Hng s thi gian ca cun dy stato:

Ta =

X2
rst

trong : X2 - in khng th t nghch ca my in

Nu ngn mch cch my in mt on c tng tr Z = r + jx th:

Ta =

X2+x
rst + r

VIII.2. Hng s thi gian ca cun kch t:

H Khi my pht khng ti:

Tfo =

X f X ad + X f
=
rf
rf

H Khi ngn mch ngay ti u cc my pht:

X f +
Tf' = Td' =

X . X ad
X + X ad X 'f
=
rf
rf

10

C th chng minh c rng:

Td'

X 'f
x d'
= Tfo
= Tfo
Xf
xd

trong : Xf - in khng ca cun kch t khi ni tt cun dy stato.

Nu ngn mch cch my pht mt on c in khng bng x th:

Td'

x 'd + x
= Tfo
xd + x

VIII.3. Hng s thi gian ca cun cn:

Hng s thi gian ca cun cn dc Td v cun cn ngang Tq cng ph thuc
vo khong cch n im ngn mch. C th ly cc tr s trung bnh nh sau: - My
pht turbine hi: Td Tq 0,1 sec.
- My pht turbine nc: Td Tq 0,05 sec.

IX. nh hng ca TK v ph ti n qu trnh ngn

mch:
IX.1. Anh hng ca TK:
Ti thi im u ca ngn mch, v t thng mc vng vi cc cun dy l khng
i nn thit b TK khng c nh hng. iu cho php tnh ton cc tham s thi
im u ca ngn mch (chng hn nh Io, Eo, ixk) ging nh i vi cc my in
khng c TK.
Trong khong thi gian tip theo ca qu trnh qu , TK lm tng dng kch t
v do lm tng cc thnh phn dng trong cun dy stato v cun cn dc. Qu trnh
ny din ra chm, do vy thc t n ch lm thay i sc in ng quay ca stato v
thnh phn chu k ca dng stato. Thnh phn khng chu k v sng iu ha bc 2
stato vn ging nh khi khng c TK.
i vi cun cn dc, dng sinh ra trong n l do sc in ng bin p, sc in
ng ny nh v dng kch t if thay i chm. Do vy dng t do c b gim xung
nhng khng ng k.

IX.2. Anh hng ca ph ti:

Anh hng ca ph ti thi im u ca ngn mch ph thuc vo in p d ti
im ni ph ti, tc ph thuc vo in khng xN t ph ti cho n im ngn mch.
z Khi xN < 0,4: ph ti xem nh ngun cung cp lm tng dng ngn mch.
z Khi xN > 0,4: ph ti tiu th dng in lm gim dng ngn mch.
z Khi xN = 0 th dng ph ti chim khong 25% dng ngn mch.
Trong tnh ton thc t, cc ph ti c gp chung thnh ph ti tng hp mt
im ca h thng in v c thay th gn ng bng:
XPT = 0,35 v EPT = 0,8
Ch k n mt cch ring r cc ng c c ln v c thay th nh sau:
- Cc ng c ng b c cu to ging nh my pht. thi im u ca ngn
mch, ng c ang quay theo qun tnh xem nh vn cn tc ng b nn c th thay
th bng cc tham s ging nh i vi my pht l Eo v xd.

11

- Cc ng c khng ng b vi h s trt b xem nh l ng c ng b khng

c cun kch t, cng c thay th bng sc in ng v in khng siu qu :

E''o U o I o . X '' .sin o

1
X "* = x "* N =
= (0,25 0,35)
I * mm
trong : I*mm - dng m my ca ng c.
Uo, Io, o - tham s ca ng c trc khi xy ra ngn mch.

Chng 6: CC PHNG PHP TNH

TON NGN MCH
I. Khi nim chung:
Phng php tnh dng ngn mch bng cch gii h phng trnh vi phn i hi
nhiu cng sc, mc d chnh xc nhng ngay c tnh mt s n gin khi lng
tnh ton cng kh cng knh, bc phng trnh tng nhanh theo s my in c trong s
. Ngoi ra cn c nhng vn lm phc tp thm qu trnh tnh ton nh: dao ng
cng sut, dng t do trong cc my in nh hng nhau, tc dng ca thit b t ng
iu chnh kch t (TK), tham s d trc v ngang trc khc nhau.... Do , trong thc
t thng dng cc phng php thc dng cho php tnh ton n gin hn.
Ngoi cc gi thit c bn nu trc y, cn c thm nhng gi thit sau:
Qui lut bin thin thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch trong s c mt
my pht tng t nh trong s c nhiu my pht.
Vic xt n thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn mch trong tt c cc
trng hp c th tin hnh mt cch gn ng.
Rto ca cc my in ng b l i xng do khng cn phn bit sc in
ng, in p, dng in theo cc trc v c th b qua thnh phn chu k 2.
Ty mc ch tnh ton c th s dng cc phng php khc nhau vi sai s khng
c vt qu phm vi cho php 5% i vi tr s ban u v 1015% cc thi im
khc.

II. Phng php giI tch:

II.1. Tnh dng siu qu ban u:
Trnh t tnh ton nh sau:
a) Lp s thay th, tnh ton qui i tham s ca cc phn t trong h n v
c tn hay n v tng i:
- My pht: thay th bng Eo v X = xd = xq, i vi my pht khng c
cun cn xem rto nh cun cn t nhin, tc l cng dng cc thng s siu qa
tnh ton vi xd = (0,750,9) xd.
Sc in ng Eo c tnh theo cng thc gn ng vi gi thit my pht lm
vic ch nh mc trc khi ngn mch:

E"o = ( U F sin + I F x "d ) 2 + ( U F cos ) 2

Nu my pht lm vic ch khng ti trc khi ngn mch th Eo = UF.
- ng c v my b ng b c tnh nh my pht.
- ng c khng ng b v ph ti tng hp thay th bng:

X "* = X * N =

1
I * mm

v:
Eo Uo - IoXsino
trong : X*N - in khng ngn mch (lc ng c b hm).
I*mm - dng m my ca ng c.
Uo, Io, sino - c ly tnh trng trc ngn mch.
Khi khng c s liu cn thit c th tra bng sau:
THIT B

My pht turbine hi
My pht turbine nc c cun cn
My pht turbine nc khng cun cn
ng c ng b
My b ng b
ng c khng ng b
Ph ti tng hp

Eo

0,125
0,2
0,27
0,2
0,2
0,2
0,35

1,08
1,13
1,18
1,1
1,2
0,9
0,8

b) Tnh ton: Bin i s thnh dng n gin gm mt hay nhiu nhnh ni

trc tip t ngun n im ngn mch (hnh 6.1), t tnh c dng siu qu ban
u theo biu thc sau:
n

E"i

i =1

X "i

I "o =

c) Ch : Trong thc t, vic tnh

ton dng siu qu ban u thng ch
xt n nhng ph ti ni trc tip vo
im ngn mch.
Hnh 6.1

II.2. Tnh dng ngn mch i vi ngun cng sut v cng ln:
Trong tnh ton n gin s b hay trong mng c ngun cng sut v cng ln th
thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch l khng i v c tnh nh sau:

I ck =

U tb
= I "o = I
3X

trong : Utb - in p trung bnh ca on c im ngn mch.

X - in khng gia ngun v im ngn mch qui v on c im ngn
mch.
Trong h n v tng i vi lng c bn l Scb v Ucb = Utb th:

S* N = I * ck =

1
X *

SN = 3U tbI ck

vi:

Trong tnh ton thc dng, vic xt n cc h thng thng l gn ng.

Nu bit tr s dng siu qa ban u Io hoc cng sut SN khi ngn
mch 3 pha ti mt nt bt k trong h thng (hnh 6.2), th c th xc nh in khng
XH ca h thng i vi im nt ny:

XH =

U tb
3.I "o

2
U tb

S"N

hay

X *H =

I cb
I "o

Scb
S"N

(6.1)

Nu khng bit dng hay cng sut ngn mch, c th xc nh in khng XH

gn ng t cng sut ct nh mc ca my ct dng ct cng sut ngn mch
(hnh 6.3), tc l trong cc biu thc (6.1) trn dng ICm v SCm thay cho Io v SN.

Hnh 6.2

Hnh 6.3

Nu ti nt ang xt cn c nh my in a phng (hnh 6.3) th phi gim bt

lng IF, SF do nh my in ny cung cp, tc l trong cc biu thc (6.1) trn dng
(ICm- IF) v (SCm- SF) thay cho Io v SN.
Trng hp c mt s h thng lin lc vi nhau qua mt s im nt, nu
bit dng hay cng sut ngn mch mi im nt, cng c th xc nh c in
khng XH ca h thng. V d, trn hnh 6.4 ta c:

X M =

U tb

va

3.I "M

X N =

X H1 ( X H 2 + X MN )
X H1 + X H 2 + X M N
( X H1 + X MN ) X H 2
=
X H1 + X H 2 + X M N

X M =
X N

t , khi bit IM, IN v XMN c th tnh c XH1 v XH2.

Hnh 6.4

II.3. Tnh dng xung kch:

a) i vi mng c cng sut v cng ln:
Io = Ick = I
lc :

i xk = k xk I ckm = 2k xk I ck
I xk = I ck 1 + 2( k xk 1) 2

U tb
3.I "N

b) i vi mng c cng sut hu hn:

i xk = 2k xk I "o
I xk = I "o 1 + 2( k xk 1) 2
trong cc biu thc trn, kxk l h s xung kch, ph thuc vo hng s thi gian Ta=L/r.
Khi xt ring nh hng ca cc ng c v ph ti tng hp th:

i xk = 2k xk I "o + 2k xk I "
vi: I - dng siu qu ban u do ng c hay ph ti cung cp.
kxk - h s xung kch ca ng c hay ph ti tng hp.
Trung bnh c th ly gi tr nh sau:
Ngn mch ti thanh gp in p my pht hoc u cao p ca my bin p
tng:
kxk = 1,9
Ngn mch cc thit b cao p xa my pht:
kxk = 1,8
Ngn mch pha th cp ca cc trm h p (S<1000KVA): kxk = 1,3
i vi ng c khng ng b, suy gim ca cc thnh phn dng chu
k v t do do n cung cp cho im ngn mch l gn nh nhau, c th ly:
- ng c c ln :
kxk = 1,8
- ng c c 100200KW:
kxk = 1,51,6
- ng c c b v ph ti tng hp: kxk = 1

II.4. Tnh dng ngn mch duy tr:

Cc phn t c thay th bi cc tham s ging nh ch lm vic bnh
thng ca h thng in.

a) i vi h thng in bao gm cc my pht khng c TK:

- My pht c thay bng Eq v xd vi Eq* = If*. Nu cha bit dng kch t If
th c th tnh Eq t ch lm vic ca my pht trc khi xy ra ngn mch:

E"q = ( U F sin + I F x d ) 2 + ( U F cos ) 2

- Ph ti tp trung ti cc nt c thay bng: xPT = 1,2 v EPT = 0
- Lp s thay th v bin i tm dng ngn mch:

I N = I ck =

E
X

b) i vi h thng in bao gm cc my pht c TK:

Trng hp mch n gin ch c mt my pht th tnh trng lm vic ca my
pht khi ngn mch duy tr c th c xc nh bng cch so snh in khng ngn
mch XN vi Xth:

X th = x d
hay khi Ucb = Um th:

X th* = x d*

U m
Eqgh U m
1
Eqgh* 1

Nu XN > Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi nh mc v c thay bng Eqgh

v xd vi:
Eqgh* = Ifgh*

Nu XN < Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn v c thay bng
Um v XF = 0.
Trng hp mch phc tp c nhiu ngun lin kt nh hng nhau thng khng
th s dng ch tiu nu trn xc nh tnh trng lm vic ca cc my pht. Do
phi dng phng php gn ng nh sau:
- Ty thuc vo v tr ca my pht i vi im ngn mch, gi thit trc tnh
trng lm vic ca my pht.
- Lp s thay th v tin hnh tnh ton dng ngn mch IN.
- Kim tra li gi thit bng cch tnh ngc li tm dng IF do mi my pht
cung cp cho im ngn mch v so snh vi Ith ca tng my pht.

I th* =

Eqgh* 1
1
=
X th*
x d*

Nu IF > Ith th my pht lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn.

Nu IF < Ith th my pht lm vic trng thi nh mc.
i vi nhng my pht gi thit lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn cng c
th kim tra theo in p u cc my pht (UF < Um)
Nu gi thit ng xem nh bi ton gii xong. Nu gi thit sai mt my pht
no cn phi thay i trng thi ca n v tnh ton li.
- Nhng im cn lu :
Ph ti lm tng tng dn so vi im ngn mch, v vy nu b qua nh
hng ca ph ti th kt qu tnh ton c th c sai s ln, ch b qua nh hng ca ph
ti khi xt n ngn mch ngay u cc my pht.
Ph ti cng c th nh hng n tnh trng lm vic ca my pht trong
iu kin ngn mch, do vy cn phi xt n chng khi gi thit.
Nu trong h thng c my pht khng c TK th thay th n bng Eq v
xd .

II.5. Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn:

my ct lm vic m bo cn chn SCm v ICm ca n sao cho vo thi im
ct t ta c:
SCm > SNt v ICm > INt
Do cn xc nh tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phn vo thi im t:
2
2
I Nt = I ckt
+ I tdt

trong , Ickt tnh ton bng gii tch rt phc tp, thng tra theo ng cong tnh ton,
cn Itdt c tnh bng biu thc sau:

I tdt = I tdo+ .e

t
Ta

= 2I "o .e

t
Ta

Thc t n gin dng cng thc gn ng sau:

INt = t.Io
t : h s tnh ton, gi tr trung bnh ca n c th ly nh sau:
H khi t = 0,05sec: t = 1,1
H khi t = 0,1 sec: t = 1
H khi t 0,2 sec: c th xem INt Ickt v hu nh thnh phn t do tt ht.

III. Phng php ng cong tnh ton:

III.1. ng cong tnh ton:
ng cong tnh ton l ng cong biu din tr s tng i ca thnh phn chu
k trong dng ngn mch ti nhng thi im ty ca qu trnh qu ph thuc vo
mt in khng - in khng tnh ton x*tt = xd + xN.
I*ckt = f(x*tt , t)

Hnh 6.5

ng cong c xy dng theo s n gin nh hnh 6.5, trong coi rng

trc ngn mch my pht lm vic vi ph ti nh mc v ph ti khng i trong
sut qu trnh ngn mch, nhnh b ngn mch 3 pha ti im N c in khng xN khng
mang ti trc khi xy ra ngn mch.
Cho xN cc gi tr khc nhau, theo cc biu thc bit hoc bng m hnh tnh Ick
ti im ngn mch cc thi im khc nhau. T kt qu tnh c, xy dng h ng
cong I*ckt = f(x*tt , t). Cc tham s u tnh trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l
nh mc ca my pht: Ucb = Utb v Scb = SmF.

ng cong tnh ton

Hnh 6.6
Thc t c 2 loi ng cong tnh ton khc nhau cho 2 loi my pht: turbine hi
v turbine nc (hnh 6.6).
Cc c im ca ng cong tnh ton nh sau:
H Khi xtt cng ln (ngn mch cng xa) th s bin thin ca bin dng in chu
k theo thi gian cng t. Khi xtt > 3 c th xem Ickt = Io.
H Khi xtt cng tng ln th s khc bit v dng gia 2 loi my pht cng nh v
khi xtt > 1 th ng cong tnh ton ca 2 loi my pht hu nh trng nhau.
H ng cong tnh ton tng ng vi cc thi im khc nhau c th ct nhau.
iu ny l do tc dng ca thit b TK lm tng dng ngn mch sau khi qua mt tr s
cc tiu no . Cc ng cong tnh ton b gii hn bi ng cong I*ck = 1/x*N do
phi tha mn iu kin Ickt Um/xN.
H Nu hng s thi gian Tfo ca my pht khc vi Tfotc ca my pht tiu chun th
cn hiu chnh thi gian t ng cong tnh ton thnh:

t ' = t.

Tfotc
Tfo

i vi my pht turbine hi: Tfotc= 7sec, my pht turbine nc: Tfotc= 5sec.
ng cong tnh ton c v vi my pht c ph ti nh mc, do trng
hp my pht khng c ph ti u cc th tr s dng in tm c I*ck phi hiu
chnh thnh:
H

I *' ck

x tt x "d
= (1 +
) I * ck
1,2

III.2. Phng php tnh ton:

III.2.1. Tnh ton theo mt bin i:
Tnh ton theo mt bin i cn gi l tnh ton theo bin i chung. Phng php
ny s dng khi khong cch gia cc my pht n im ngn mch gn nh nhau, lc
s tt dn ca thnh phn chu k trong dng ngn mch ca cc my pht l gn nh
nhau, cho nn c th nhp chung tt c cc my pht thnh mt my pht ng tr c cng
sut tng tnh ton. Trnh t tnh ton nh sau:
H Lp s thay th trong n v tng i theo php qui i gn ng (vi cc
lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb):
- in khng ca my pht ly bng xd.
- khng cn t bt k sc in ng no trong s .
- ph ti c th b i, tr trng hp nhng ng c c ln ni trc tip vo
im ngn mch th tnh ton nh my pht c cng cng sut.
H Bin i s thay th, a n v dng n gin nht tnh in khng ng tr
x* ca s i vi im ngn mch.
H Tnh i v in khng tnh ton:

x * tt = x * .

Sm
Scb

trong : Sm - tng cng sut nh mc ca cc my pht.

H T in khng tnh ton x*tt v thi im t cn xt, tra ng cong tnh ton (hnh
6.6) s tm c I*ckt. Tnh i v n v c tn (nu cn) vi lng c bn lc ny l
Sm v Utb:

I ckt = I * ckt .I m = I * ckt .

Sm
3. U tb

Mt s im cn lu :
- Khi x*tt > 3 th dng chu k khng thay i v bng: I*ck = 1/x*tt.
- Nu cc my pht khc loi th dng ng cong tnh ton ca my pht c
cng sut ln, gn im ngn mch.
- Nu r < x/3 th khng th b qua in tr tc dng v phi tnh ton Z, sau
dng Ztt thay v xtt.

III.2.2. Tnh ton theo nhiu bin i:

Tnh ton theo nhiu bin i cn gi l tnh ton theo nhng bin i ring bit.
Phng php ny s dng khi trong s khong cch t cc my pht n im ngn
mch khc nhau nhiu, nht l khi c ngun cng sut v cng ln, lc phi k n s

thay i dng in ring r ca tng my pht hay tng nhm my pht. Trnh t tnh
ton nh sau:
H Lp s thay th, tham s ca cc phn t c tnh ton gn ng trong h n
v tng i (vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb).
H Da vo s xc nh nhm cc my pht c th nhp chung, h thng cng
sut v cng ln phi tch ring ra.
H Dng cc php bin i a s v dng tng nhnh c lp ni vi im ngn
mch.
H Tnh ton vi tng nhnh ring r theo phng php bin i chung. Cng sut
c bn tnh x*tt l tng cng sut cc my pht trn mi nhnh.

x * tti = x * i .

Smi
Scb

Tra theo ng cong tnh ton ti thi im ang xt tm ra dng I*ckti trn mi
nhnh ring bit.
H Tnh dng tng trong h n v c tn:
Ickt = I*ckti.Imi
Nhnh c h thng cng sut v cng tch ring ra v tnh trc tip dng ngn
mch do n cung cp:
H

I NH =

I cb
x * NH( cb)

hay I * NH =

1
x * NH ( cb)

trong : x*NH(cb) - in khng tng h gia h thng v im ngn mch tnh trong h
n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb.
Thng thng trong tnh ton s dng 2 n 3 nhnh bin i c lp.

Chng 7:NGN MCH KHNG I

XNG
I. Khi nim chung:
Ngoi ngn mch 3 pha i xng, trong h thng in cn c th xy ra ngn mch
khng i xng bao gm cc dng ngn mch 1 pha, ngn mch 2 pha, ngn mch 2 pha
chm t. Khi h thng vct dng, p 3 pha khng cn i xng na.
i vi my pht, khi trong cun dy stato c dng khng i xng s xut hin t
trng p mch, t sinh ra mt lot sng hi bc cao cm ng gia rto v stato:
sng bc l stato s cm ng sang rto sng bc chn v ngc li. Bin cc sng
ny ph thuc vo s i xng ca rto, rto cng i xng th bin cc sng cng b.
Do thc t i vi my pht turbine hi v turbine nc c cc cun cn dc trc v
ngang trc, cc sng hi bc cao c bin rt nh, c th b qua v trong tnh ton ngn
mch ta ch xt n sng tn s c bn.
Tnh ton ngn mch khng i xng mt cch trc tip bng cc h phng trnh
vi phn da trn nhng nh lut Kirchoff v Ohm rt phc tp, do ngi ta thng
dng phng php thnh phn i xng. Ni dung ca phng php ny l chuyn mt
ngn mch khng i xng thnh ngn mch 3 pha i xng gi tng ri dng cc
phng php bit gii n.

II. Phng php thnh phn i xng:

Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc Fortesene - Stokvis. Mt h thng 3 vct
.

Fa , Fb , Fc khng i xng bt k (hnh 7.1) c th phn tch thnh 3 h thng vct

i xng:
.

- H thng vct th t thun : Fa1 , Fb1 , Fc1

- H thng vct th t nghch: Fa 2 , Fb 2 , Fc 2
- H thng vct th t khng : Fa0 , Fb0 , Fc0
Theo iu kin phn tch ta c:
.

Fa = Fa1 + Fa 2 + Fa0
Fb = Fb1 + Fb 2 + Fb0
.

Fc = Fc1 + Fc 2 + Fc0

Hnh 7.1
o

Dng ton t pha a = ej120 ta c:

F.
. a 1
Fb = 1
.
Fc 1

.
1 1 F0
.
a2 a Fa1
.
a a2 Fa2

v ngc li:

F.

. 0 1 1
Fa1 = 1
. 3
Fa2
1

.

.
1 1 Fa
.
a a 2 Fb
.
a2 a Fc

Khi Fa + Fb + Fc = 3 F0 = 0 th h thng 3 vct l cn bng.

H s khng cn bng: b0 = F0/F1
H s khng i xng: b2 = F2/F1
H thng vct th t thun v th th nghch l i xng v cn bng, h thng
vct th t khng l i xng v khng cn bng.
Mt vi tnh cht ca cc thnh phn i xng trong h thng in 3 pha:

Trong mch 3 pha - 3 dy, h thng dng in dy l cn bng.

Dng i trong t (hay trong dy trung tnh) bng tng hnh hc dng cc pha, do
bng 3 ln dng th t khng.
H H thng in p dy khng c thnh phn th t khng.
H Gia in p dy v in p pha ca cc thnh phn th t thun v th th
U d1 = 3U f 1 ; U d2 = 3U f 2
nghch cng c quan h 3:
H C th lc c cc thnh phn th t.
H
H

III. Cc phng trnh c bn ca thnh phn i xng:

Quan h gia cc i lng dng, p, tng tr ca cc thnh phn i xng cng
tun theo nh lut Ohm:
.

U1 = j.I 1 . X 1
U 2 = j. I 2 . X 2
U 0 = j I 0.X 0
trong : X1, X2, X0 - in khng th t thun, nghch v khng ca mch.
Khi ngn mch khng i xng ta xem tnh trng mch nh l xp chng ca cc
mch tng ng vi cc thnh phn i xng tun theo nhng phng trnh c bn sau:
.

U N1 = E . j I N1 . X 1
.

U N 2 = 0 . j I N 2 . X 2
U N 0 = 0 j I N 0 . X 0
trong : UN1, UN2, UN0, IN1, IN2, IN0 - cc thnh phn th t ca dng v p ti im ngn
mch.
Nhim v tnh ton ngn mch khng i xng l tnh c cc thnh phn i
xng t cc phng trnh c bn v iu kin ngn mch, t tm ra cc i lng ton
phn.

IV. Cc tham s thnh phn th t ca cc phn t:

Tham s ca cc phn t l c trng cho phn ng khi c dng, p qua chng. Do
tham s thnh phn th t ca cc phn t l phn ng khi c h thng dng, p th t
thun, nghch v khng tc dng ln chng.
- Tham s th t thun ca cc phn t l cc tham s trong ch i xng bnh
thng bit.
- i vi nhng phn t c ngu hp t ng yn nh my bin p, ng dy ...
th in khng khng ph thuc vo th t pha, tc l in khng th t thun v th t
nghch ging nhau (X2 = X1). i vi nhng phn t c ngu hp t quay th X2 X1.
in khng th t khng th ni chung l X0 X2, X1, tr trng hp mch khng c
ngu hp t th X0 = X2 = X1.

IV.1. My in ng b:
- in khng th t nghch X2 l phn ng ca my in do dng th t nghch to
t trng quay ngc vi vn tc 2 so vi rto. Tr s ca X2 ty thuc i xng ca
my in, thng ghi trong l lch my. Trong tnh ton gn ng c th ly:
My in khng cun cn:
X2 = 1,45xd
My in c cun cn:
X2 = 1,22xd
- in khng th t khng Xo c trng cho t thng tn ca dng th t khng:
Xo = (0,15 0,6)xd
X1 thay i trong qu trnh ngn mch nhng X2 v Xo nu khng xt n bo ha
th c th xem l khng i. Tnh ton gn ng c th ly gi tr trung bnh trong bng
7.1.

Bng 7.1:
LOI MY IN

My pht turbine hi < 200MW

My pht turbine hi 200MW
My pht turbine nc c cun cn
My pht turbine nc khng cun cn
My b v ng c ng b c ln

X2

0,15
0,22
0,25
0,45
0,24

XO

0,05
0,05
0,07
0,07
0,08

IV.2. Ph ti tng hp:

Ph ti tng hp ch yu l ng c khng ng b nn c th ly mt ng c
khng ng b ng tr thay th cho ton b ph ti tnh ton.
- in khng th t nghch X2 ng vi t thng th t nghch c trt (2-s), lc
s=1 (tc ng c b hm) th X2 b nht, l trng hp nguy him nht c tnh ton
trong thc t:
X2 = X2(s=1) = XN
trong : XN - in khng ngn mch ca ng c vi X*N = 1/I*mm
Tnh ton gn ng ly:
X2 = X = 0,35
- Hu ht cc ng c c trung tnh cch in vi t nn khng c dng th t
khng i qua chng. Do vy khng cn tm Xo ca cc ng c (tc Xo ).

IV.3. Khng in:

Khng in l phn t ng yn, lin lc v t yu nn:
Xo X1 = X2

IV.4. My bin p:
My bin p c X1 = X2, cn Xo ph thuc vo t ni dy. T ni dy ch c th
cho dng th th khng chy qun trong cun dy m khng ra ngoi li in. T ni
dy Y cho dng th th khng i qua cun dy ch khi trung tnh ni t.
H Ni Yo / :(hnh 7.2)
xo >> xII
Xo = xI + xII =X1

Hnh 7.2

H Ni Yo / Yo :(hnh 7.3)
Xo ty thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh li in.

Hnh 7.3
H

Ni Yo / Y :(hnh 7.4)
Xo = xI + xo

Hnh 7.4
i vi my bin p 2 cun dy gm 3 my bin p 1 pha hoc i vi my bin p
3 pha 4 tr hay 5 tr th xo = , i vi my bin p 3 pha 3 tr th xo = 0,3 1.
i vi my bin p 3 cun dy thng c 1 cun dy ni v vy c th b qua
xo
H Ni Yo / /Y :(hnh 7.5)
Xo = xI + xII

Hnh 7.5
Ni Yo / /Yo :(hnh 7.6)
Xo ty thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh li in.

Hnh 7.6

Ni Yo / / :(hnh 7.7)

Xo = xI + (xII // xIII)

Hnh 7.7

IV.5. ng dy:
IV.5.1. ng dy trn khng:
X2 = X1
Xo ph thuc ng i ca dng th th khng, ngha l ph thuc vo s phn
b ca chng trong t, trong dy trung tnh, trong nhng mch ni t song song (dy
chng st). H cm gia cc pha lm gim X1, X2 nhng lm tng Xo.
- i vi ng dy n 3 pha (1 l): Xo > X1
- i vi ng dy kp 3 pha (2 l), Xo ca mt l ln hn in khng th
t khng Xo ca ng dy n 3 pha do c h cm gia 2 mch song song:
Xo = Xo + XI-IIo
trong : XI-IIo - in khng th t khng h cm gia 2 l.
in khng tng ng ca 1 pha ng dy kp l:
Xo = Xo/2 = (Xo + XI-IIo)/2
- Anh hng ca dy chng st:
Dy chng st thng c ni t mi ct to thnh nhng mch vng kn cho
dng cm ng i qua khi c dng th t khng trong cc pha (i vi dng th t thun
v dng th t nghch khng c cm ng v tng t thng mc vng do chng to nn
bng khng).
Chnh h cm gia dy chng st v cc pha lm gim Xo ca ng dy, h cm
ny ph thuc vo vt liu, s lng v s b tr ca dy chng st. Trong tnh ton gn
ng c th ly tr s trung bnh trong bng 7.2.
Bng 7.2:
z
z

TNH CHT NG DY

ng dy n khng c dy chng st
ng dy n c dy chng st bng thp
ng dy n c dy chng st dn in tt
ng dy kp khng c dy chng st
ng dy kp c dy chng st bng thp
ng dy kp c dy chng st dn in tt

T S Xo/X1

3,5
3
2
5,5
4,7
3

IV.5.1. ng dy cp:
V cp thng c ni t 2 u v nhiu im trung gian (hp ni cp), do
to thnh ng i i vi dng th t khng, v cp c nh hng tng t nh dy
chng st ca ng dy trn khng. Gi tr ro, Xo ca dy cp thay i trong phm vi
rng. Trong tnh ton gn ng, vi cp 3 li c th xem:
ro 10r1
Xo (3,5 4,6)X1

V. S Cc thnh phn th t:
V.1. S th t thun v th t nghch:
S th t thun l s dng tnh ton ch i xng. Ty thuc vo
phng php v thi im tnh ton, cc my pht v cc phn t khc c thay th
bng sc in ng v in khng tng ng.
S th t nghch v s th t thun c cu trc tng t nhau v ng i ca
dng th t nghch v dng th t thun l nh nhau. im khc bit ca s th t
nghch so vi s th t thun l:
- cc ngun sc in ng bng khng.
- cc in khng th t nghch khng thay i, khng ph thuc vo dng ngn
mch v thi im tnh ton.
Ta gi:
im u ca s th t thun v th t nghch l im ni tt c cc trung tnh
my pht v ph ti, l im c th in bng khng.
im cui ca s th t thun v th t nghch l im s c.
in p gia im cui v im u ca s th t thun v th t nghch tng
ng l in p ngn mch th t thun v th t nghch.
z

z
z

V.2. S th t khng:
ng i ca dng th t khng rt khc vi dng th t thun v th t nghch.
S th t khng ph thuc rt nhiu vo cch ni dy ca my bin p v ch ni
t im trung tnh ca h thng in.
Mun thnh lp s th t khng cn bt u t im ngn mch, coi rng c 3
pha ti im nhp chung v c in p l UNo. S th t khng ch bao gm cc
phn t m dng th t khng c th i qua. Tng tr ni t cc im trung tnh cn
nhn 3, v s th t khng c lp cho 1 pha trong khi qua tng tr ni t c dng
th t khng ca c 3 pha.

VI. Tnh ton cc dng ngn mch c bn:

Qui c:
- Coi pha A l pha c bit ( trong iu kin khc 2 pha cn li).
- Xt ngn mch ngay ti u nhnh r ca phn t v chiu dng ca dng in l
t cc pha n im ngn mch.
Theo iu kin phn tch h thng vct khng i xng, ta c:

I.
. NA 1
I NB = 1
.
I NC 1

1 1 I N 0
.
a2 a I NA1

.
a a2 I NA 2

I.

. N 0 1 1
I NA1 = 1
.
3
I
NA
2

.
1 1 I NA
.
a a2 I NB
.
a2 a I NC

v cc phng trnh c bn:

.

(7.1)

(7.2)

(7.3)

U NA 1 = E A j I NA 1 . X 1
.

U NA 2 = 0
.

U N0 = 0

j I NA 2 . X 2
j I N 0 . X 0

VI.1. Ngn mch 2 pha:

Xt ngn mch gia 2 pha B,
C (hnh 7.8). iu kin ngn mch
l:
.

I NA
.

I NB

=0

(7.4)
.

= I NC

(7.5)

U NB = U NC
(7.6)
Thay vo cc phng trnh
th t:
U.

1 1 1 U. NA
N0
.

.
U NA1 = 1 1 a a2 U NB
.
3

.
2
a
a
1
U
NB
U NA 2

I.

. N 0 1 1 1 1 . 0
I NA1 = 1 a a2 I NB
3
.
.
2
I NA 2
1 a a I NB

Hnh 7.8

U NA1 = U NA 2

I N0 = 0

(7.8)

I NA1 = I NA 2

Gii cc phng trnh t (7.1) n (7.9) ta c:

.

EA j I NA1 . X 1 = 0 j I NA 2 . X 2 = 0 + j I NA1 . X 2
Nh vy:
.

I NA 1

EA
=
j( X 1 + X 2 )

(7.7)

(7.9)

I NB = I NC = j 3 I NA 1
.

U NA 1 = U NA 2 = j I NA 1 . X 2
.

U NA = 2 U NA 1

U N0 = 0

U NB = U NC = U NA 1

Hnh 7.9

VI.2. Ngn mch 1 pha:

Xt ngn mch 1 pha pha
A (hnh 7.10). iu kin ngn
mch l:
.

I NB

=0

(7.10)

=0

(7.11)

I NC
.

U NA = 0
(7.12)
Thay vo phng trnh th t
dng:

I.
1 1 1 I. NA
N0

1
.

I NA1 = 1 a a2 0

3
.

2
a
a
1
0

I NA 2

T phng trnh th t p ta c:
.

Hnh 7.10

.
.
.
1.
I N 0 = I NA 1 = I NA 2 = I NA
3

U NA = U NA 1 + U NA 2 + U N 0 = 0
V t cc phng trnh c bn (7.1) (7.3) ta c:
.

EA j I NA 1 ( X 1 + X 2 + X 0 ) = 0
Nh vy:

I NA 1 =

j( X 1

EA
+ X 2 + X 0 )

(7.13)

10

U N 0 = jX 0 I N 0 = jX 0 I NA 1
.

U NA 2 = jX 2 I NA 2 = -jX 2 I NA 1

U NA 1 = ( U N 0 + U NA 2 ) = j I NA 1 ( X 0 + X 2 )
Dng ti ch ngn mch, cng l dng i qua t I:
.

I NA = I = 3I NA 1
Ap ti ch ngn mch:
.

U NB = U N 0 + a2 U NA 1 + aU NA 2 = j[( a2 a) X 2 + ( a2 1) X 0 ] I NA 1
.
.
X
= 3 I NA 1 ( X 2 aX 0 )
= 3 I NA 1 X 2 (1 a 0 )
X 2
.

U NC = U N 0 + aU NA 1 + a2 U NA 2
.

= 3 I NA 1 ( X 2 a2X 0 )

= j[( a a2 ) X 2 + ( a 1) X 0 ] I NA 1
.
X
= 3 I NA 1 X 2 (1 a2 0 )
X 2

Hnh 7.11

VI.3. Ngn mch 2 pha chm t:

Xt ngn mch 2 pha B, C
chm t (hnh 7.12). iu kin
ngn mch l:
.

=0

(7.14)

U NB = 0

(7.15)

I NA
.
.

U NC = 0
(7.16)
Thay vo phng trnh th t
Hnh 7.12

p:

U.

. N 0 1 1
U NA1 = 1
.
3
U
NA
2

1 1 U NA
.
.
.
1 .
a a2 0 U N 0 = U NA1 = U NA 2 = U NA
3

a2 a 0

T (7.14) ta c:
I NA = I NA 1 + I NA 2 + I N 0 = 0
V t cc phng trnh c bn (7.1) (7.3) ta c:
.

jX 2 I NA 2 = jX 0 I N 0

(7.17)

11

I N 0 = I NA 1 (

Nh vy:

X 2
)
X 0 + X 2

X 0
)
X 0 + X 2

X 2
) X 0
X 0 + X 2

I NA 2 = I NA 1 (

T cc phng trnh c bn v (7.17) ta c:

.

U NA 1 = EA j I NA 1 X 1 = U N 0 = j I N 0 X 0 = j I NA 1 (
.

EA
X 2 X 0
)
+
X 2 + X 0

I NA 1 =

Do :

j( X 1
Dng ti ch ngn mch:
.

I NB = ( a 2

X 2 + aX 0 .
) I NA 1
X 2 + X 0
.

I NC = ( a

X 2 + a 2X 0 .
) I NA 1
X 2 + X 0

X 2
X 0 + X 2
.
X 2 X 0
= 3j I NA 1
X 0 + X 2
.

I = 3I N 0 = 3I NA 1

Dng i qua t I l:
.

p ti im ngn mch: U NA = 3U NA 1

Hnh 7.13
Bng 7.3: TM TT BIU THC I VI CC DNG NGN MCH
Dng NM
(2)

Dng
.

I NA 1
.

EA
=
j( X 1 + X 2 )
.

I NA 2 = I NA 1 ;
(1)

I NA 1 =
.

j( X 1
.

U NA 1 = jX 2 I NA 1
.

U NA 2 = U NA 1 ; U N 0 = 0

I N0 = 0

EA
+ X 2 + X 0 )

I NA 2 = I N 0 = I NA 1

U NA 1 = j( X 2 + X 0 ) I NA 1
.

U NA 1 + U NA 2 + U N 0 = 0

12

(1,1)

I NA 1 =
j( X 1
.

EA
X 2 X 0
+
)
X 2 + X 0

U NA 1 = j I NA 1 (

X 2 X 0
)
X 0 + X 2
.

U NA 2 = U N 0 = U NA 1

I NA 1 + I NA 2 + I N 0 = 0

VII. Qui tc ng tr th t thun:

Qua bng 7.3 thy rng cc thnh phn i xng ca dng v p t l vi dng th
t thun ch ngn mch, do vy nhim v tnh ton mt dng ngn mch khng i
xng bt k trc ht l tm dng th t thun ch ngn mch. tnh ton ngi ta
a ra qui tc ng tr th t thun nh sau:
Dng th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch khng i xng bt k c tnh nh
l dng ngn mch 3 pha mt im xa hn im ngn mch thc s mt in khng
ph X(n). Tr s ca X(n) khng ph thuc vo tham s ca s th t thun m ch
ph thuc vo X2 v Xo.
. ( n)
I NA 1

EA
=
j( X 1 + X (n) )

( n) . ( n)
. ( n)
U NA 1 = jX . I NA 1
( n) . ( n)
. ( n)
I N = m . I NA 1

trong , m(n), X(n) ty thuc vo dng ngn mch c tnh theo bng 7.4.
Bng 7.4:
Dng NM

(n)

3 pha
2 pha
1 pha
2 pha - t

(3)
(2)
(1)
(1,1)

m(n)

X(n)

0
X2
X2 + Xo

X 2 X 0
X 2 + X 0

1
3
3

3 1

X 2 X 0
( X 2 + X 0 ) 2

Nh vy cc phng php tnh ton, cng thc s dng cho ngn mch 3 pha i
xng u c th dng tnh ton thnh phn th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch
khng i xng bt k.

VIII. S thay th phc hp:

S thay th phc hp l s trong bao gm cc s th t ni vi nhau
tha mn iu kin quan h gia cc thnh phn dng in v in p ti im ngn
mch.
Dng th t ti im ngn mch hay trong mt phn t no l dng trong s
th t tng ng. Ap th t l hiu th gia im ang xt v im u ca s th t
tng ng.

13

H Ngn mch 2 pha:

.

U NA 1 = U NA 2
.

I NA 1 = I NA 2

EA
=
j( X 1 + X 2 )

Hnh 7.14

Hnh 7.16

Hnh 7.15

H Ngn mch 2 pha - t:

H Ngn mch 1 pha:

.

U NA 1 + U NA 2 + U N 0 = 0

U NA 1 = U NA 2 = U N 0

I NA 1 = ( I NA 2 + I N 0 )

I NA 1 = I NA 2 = I N 0

j( X 1

EA
+ X 2 + X 0 )

=
j( X 1

EA
X 2 X 0
)
+
X 2 + X 0

S phc hp rt thun tin khi cn nghin cu cc thnh phn dng v p ti mt

phn t hoc mt nhnh no , nht l khi dng m hnh tnh ton, v n cho php o
trc tip kt qu ngay trn m hnh.

14

IX. S dng phng php ng cong tnh ton:

Bng qui tc ng tr th t thun ta c th s dng ng cong tnh ton tm
dng th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch bt k v t tnh c dng ngn mch.

IX.1. Dng mt bin i:

Lp cc s th t thun, th t nghch, th t khng; tnh X1, X2, Xo ca s
i vi im ngn mch tnh ton trong n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb
= Utb.
(n)
z Tnh in khng ph X
ty theo dng ngn mch v t tm c in khng
tnh ton X*tt:
z

X * tt = ( X 1 + X (n) )

Sm
Scb

trong : Sm - tng cng sut nh mc ca tt c cc my pht c trong s .

z Tra ng cong tnh ton ti thi im t cn xt tng ng vi in khng tnh
ton X*tt c dng th t thun I(n)*N1t.
z Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn trong n v c tn:

I (Ntn) = m( n) .I *( nN)1t .I m
trong : Im - dng nh mc tng tng ng vi cp in p cn tnh dng ngn mch.

IX.2. Dng nhiu bin i:

z Lp cc s th t nghch, th t khng tnh X2, Xo ca s i vi im
ngn mch trong n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb.
(n)
z Tnh in khng ph X
ty theo dng ngn mch.
(n)
z Lp s th t thun v t thm in khng ph X
vo im ngn mch,
xem nh ngn mch 3 pha sau in khng ny.
z Dng cc php bin i, tch ring tng nhnh i vi im ngn mch gi tng
tnh in khng Xi ca tng nhnh.
z Tnh in khng tnh ton ca tng nhnh:

X * tti = X i

Smi
Scb

trong : Smi - tng cng sut nh mc ca cc my pht ghp chung trong nhnh th
i.
z Tra ng cong tnh ton ti thi im t cn xt tng ng vi in khng tnh
ton X*tti c dng th t thun I(n)*N1ti ca nhnh th i.
z Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn trong n v c tn:
k

I (Ntn) = m( n) I *( nN)1ti .I mi
i =1

trong : k - s nhnh tch ring ca s thay th.

Imi - dng nh mc tng ca nhnh th i tng ng vi cp in p cn tnh
dng ngn mch.

15

MT S IM LU :
- Nu c h thng cng sut v cng ln th phi tch n thnh mt nhnh ring,
sau khi thm X(n) dng cc php bin i tnh in khng tng h gia h thng v
im ngn mch X*HN v tnh ring dng do h thng cung cp:

I (Nn1)H =

I cb
X * HN

n)
I (NH
= m( n) I (Nn1)H

- V phng php ng cong tnh ton s dng cch tnh gn ng nn c th xem

X2 X1 m khng cn lp s th t nghch.
- Do cch im ngn mch gi tng thm mt in khng ph X(n) nn s khc
bit gia cc ngun t hn. V vy thng dng 1 hoc 2 bin i chung l m bo
chnh xc yu cu, ch tch ring nhng nhnh cn thit.

X. S bin i ca dng v p qua my bin p:

Qua my bin p, dng v p thay i c v tr s ln gc pha. Thng t ni dy
ca my bin p c gi theo ch s ca kim ng h:
.

( U a , U A ) = = 30o . N
trong : N - ch s ca kim ng h.
Nh vy c th s dng h s bin i phc:
.

UA

k1 =

= k.ej = k.ej 30

.N

Ua
vi k =

UA
U
= mI l t s bin p khng ti.
U a U mII

k1 chnh l h s bin i ca in p th t thun v n c xc nh trong ch

bnh thng, i xng.
.

k1 =

U A1
.

U a1 =

U a1

1
.

k1

U A1 =

o
1 .
U A1.e j 30 .N
k

T ta c biu thc bin i dng th t thun da vo quan h:

.
. .
U A1 .
U A1 I A1 = U a1 I a1 I a1 = . I A1 = k1 I A1
U a1

.
. .
.
o
I a1 = k1.I A1 = k.I A1.e j 30 .N
.

hay:

Dng v p th t thun bin i qua my bin p vi cng mt gc pha nh nhau

(hnh 7.17).
z

16

Hnh 7.17

Hnh 7.18
Tng t, dng v p th t nghch bin i qua my bin p cng vi cng mt
gc pha (hnh 7.18) ca h s bin i phc k2 lin hip vi k1.
z

.
o
k 2 = k1 = k.e j 30 .N
.
o
1 .
1 .
U a2 = . U A 2 = U A 2.ej 30 .N
k
k
.

.
.
o
I a2 = k 2.I A 2 = k.I A 2.ej 30 .N
.

Dng v p th t khng bin i qua my bin p (nu c th c) hoc cng

pha hoc lch pha nhau 180o.
z Xt mt s trng hp sau:
- Trng hp my bin p ni Y/Y-12 hay /-12 (tc N=12), cc vct dng
v p 2 pha trng pha nhau, ngha l h thng vct xem nh khng lch pha khi bin
i qua my bin p.
Khi N=6, h thng vct 2 pha ca my bin p s lch nhau 180o.
i vi my bin p ni Yo/Yo cn tnh n s bin i ca thnh phn dng v p
th t khng.
- Trng hp thng dng nht my bin p ni Y/-11, khi bin i t pha Y
qua pha th h thng vct th t thun s quay mt gc 30o ngc chiu kim ng h.
z Mt s lu :
- Dng trong cun dy ni ca my bin p c th c thnh phn th t
khng, nhng dng dy v p dy khng c thnh phn ny.
- Trong h n v tng i th t s bin p k = 1, do h thng vct 2 pha
ca my bin p c ln bng nhau, ch khc nhau v gc pha.
z