p n

Ngnh o to: in t vin thng

H o to : i hc
Mn hc : L thuyt thng tin

M s 411 LTT 340A

S VHT: 4

Phn 1: l thuyt thng tin

Cu 1: (1 im): nh ngha lng thng tin ring ( bt nh) ca mt bin
ngu nhin. Xc nh cc n v o
- nh ngha lng thng tin ring ( bt nh)
Lng thng tin ring l bt nh tim nng cha trong mt bin c ngu
nhin xk .
K hiu I ( xk )

I ( xk ) = k ln p ( xk )
- Cc n v o
k = 1

I ( xk ) = ln p ( xk ) (nat)

1
I ( xk ) = log 2 p ( xk ) (bt)
ln 2
1
I ( xk ) = lg p ( xk ) (hart)
k=
ln10
1 nat = 1,443 bt
1 hart = 3,322 bt
k=

Cu 2: (1 im) nh ngha entropy ca ngun ri rc

Entropy ca ngun tin ri rc A l trung bnh thng k ca lng thng tin
ring ca cc tin thuc A
K hiu: H1 ( A )

H1 ( A ) = M I ( a i )
a2
...
as
a1
A=

p ( a1 ) p ( a 2 ) ... p ( a s )
0 p (ai ) 1

p(a ) = 1
i =1

s'

H1 ( A ) = p ( a i ) log p ( a i ) (bt)
i =1

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Cu 3: (1 im) Nu cc tnh cht ca entropy ca ngun ri rc

Cc tnh cht ca H1 ( A )

- Khi p ( a k ) = 1 , p ( a i ) = 0 vi i k th H1 ( A ) = H1 ( A )min = 0

- Mt ngun tin ri rc gm s du ng xc sut cho entropy cc i. Ta c

H1 ( A )max = logs
- Entropy ca ngun ri rc l mt i lng gii ni
0 H1 ( a ) logs
Cu 4: (1 im) nh ngha kh nng thng qua knh ri rc, nu cc tnh cht?
- nh ngha: Kh nng thng qua ca knh ri rc l gi tr cc i ca lng
thng tin cho trung bnh truyn qua knh trong mt n v thi gian ly theo
mi kh nng c th c ca ngun tin A.

C' = max I' ( A,B ) = v k max I ( A, B ) (bps)

A

- Cc tnh cht:
+ C' 0

C' = 0 khi A v B l c lp (knh b t)

+ C' v k logs

C' = v k logs khi knh khng nhiu

Cu 5: (2 im) Entropy ca ngun ri rc nh phn. ngha ca dn v o bt?
- Entropy ca ngun ri rc nh phn.
a1 a 2
A
=

(bits)
H1 ( A )
p 1 p
H1 ( A )max = plog p (1 p ) log (1 p )
1
Khi p = 1 p =
0,5

1
2

H1 ( A ) = H1 ( A )max = 1bit

- ngha: 1 bt l lng thng tin ring trung bnh cha trong mt bin c ca
mt ngun ri rc 2 phn ng xc sut.

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Cu 6: (2 im) Xc nh hai trng thi cc oan ca knh ri rc.

- Knh b t:
Cc ngun tin A v B hai u thu v pht l c lp.
p (ai b j ) = p(ai )

p ( b j ai ) = p (ai )
p (ai b j ) = p (ai ) p ( b j )

H(A bj ) = H(A)

Ta c:

H ( A B) = H ( A )
Nhn xt: Lng thng tin tn hao trung bnh ng bng entropy ca
ngun. Knh khng th truyn tin c
- Knh khng nhiu:
AB
p ( a k bk ) = 1

H ( A bk ) = 0
H ( A B) = 0
Nhn xt: Lng thng tin tn hao trn knh bng 0
Cu 7: (2 im) Entropy c iu kin H ( A B ) : nh ngha v nu cc tnh cht

- nh ngha: Entropy c iu kin v 1 trng tin A khi r trng tin B c

xc nh theo cng thc sau:
s

H ( A B ) = p ( a i b j ) log p ( a i b j )
i =1 j=1

- Cc tnh cht:
+ H ( AB ) = H ( A ) + H ( B A ) = H ( B ) + H ( A B )
+ 0 H ( A B) H ( A )
+ H ( AB ) = H ( A ) + H ( B )
Cu 8: (2 im) Lng thng tin cho trung bnh truyn qua knh ri rc: nh
ngha v tnh cht
- nh ngha:

I ( A, B ) = M I ( a i ,b j )

vi

I ( a i ,b j ) = log

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p (ai b j )
p (ai )

I ( A,B ) = p ( a i b j ) log
i =1 j=1

p (ai b j )
p (ai )

I ( A, B ) = H ( A ) H ( A B ) = H ( B ) H ( B A )
- Tnh cht:
+ I ( A,B ) 0
+ I ( A, B ) H ( A )
Cu 9: (3 im) Cho knh i xng nh phn sau
A
p ( a1 ) = p

p ( a2 ) = 1 p

p ( b1 a2 ) = pd

a1

b1

p ( b1 a2 ) = p ( b2 a1 ) ps = 1 pd
Cho tc truyn tin ca knh vk = 1 T

a2
Tnh kh nng thng qua C ' ca knh ny.
Gii:
1
1
Ta c C' = max I ( A,B ) = max H ( B ) H ( B A )
T A
T A
Trong :
2

ps

ps

b2

p ( b2 a1 ) = pd

H ( B A ) = p ( a i ) p ( b j a i ) log p ( b j a i )
i =1 j=1

= p ( a1 ) p ( b1 a1 ) log p ( b1 a1 ) + p ( b 2 a1 ) log p ( b 2 a1 )
p ( a 2 ) p ( b1 a 2 ) log p ( b1 a 2 ) + p ( b 2 a 2 ) log p ( b 2 a 2 )
= p (1 ps ) log (1 ps ) + ps log ps (1 p ) ps log ps + (1 ps ) log (1 ps )
= ps log ps + (1 ps ) log (1 ps )
Ta thy H ( B A ) khng ph thuc vo xc sut tin nghim ca cc tin thuc
ngun A. Do :
1
1
max H ( B ) H ( B A )
T A
T
Ta c max H ( B ) = H ( B )max = log 2 = 1bit
C' =

C'max =

1
khi ps = 0 (knh khng nhiu)
T

C'
= 1 + ps log ps + (1 ps ) log (1 ps )
C'max

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C' C'max

0,5

ps

Cu 10: (3 im) A chn ngu nhin mt trong cc s t 0 n 7. Tnh s cu

hi trung bnh ti thiu m B cn t cho A xc nh c s m A chn.
Nu thut ton hi? Gi s A chn s 3, hy t cc cu hi cn thit?
bt nh ca s c chn ngu nhin:
1
I ( a i ) = log p ( a i ) = log = 3bit
8
tm c s chn ca A, B phi t cc cu hi cho A thu c
mt lng thng tin cn thit l 3 bt.
Mi cu hi ca B (dng la chn) c th xem l ngun ri rc nh phn, bi
vy lng thng tin nhn c sau mi cu tr li tng ng l:
H ( B ) = plog p (1 p ) log (1 p )
Vi

p : xc sut nhn cu tr li ng
1 p : xc sut nhn cu tr li sai

Vy s cu hi cn thit n l : n =

I(ai )
H ( B)

S cu hi trung bnh ti thiu l: n min =

H ( B )max khi p = 1 p =
n min =

I (ai )
H ( B )max

1
2

3bit
= 3 ln hi
1bit

Gi s A chn s B. Cc cu hi b c th t cho A l:
- Cu 1 - S A chn ln hn 3? Tr li: Sai
- Cu 2 - S A chn ln hn 1? Tr li: ng
- Cu 3 - S A chn ln hn 2? Tr li: Sai
Vy s A chn l 3
Cu 11: (4 im) Mt thit b v tuyn in gm 16 khi c tin cy nh nhau
v c mc ni tip. Ta s dng mt thit b o o tn hiu ra ca cc khi.
Gi s c mt khi no b hng. Hy tnh s ln o trung bnh ti thiu tm
c khi b hng. Nu thut ton o? Gi s khi hng l khi th 6, tm v tr
cc im o cn thit?
Theo gi thit bt nh ca khi hng l:
1
I ( a i ) = log p ( a i ) = log = 4bit
16
Lng thng tin nhn c sau mi php o:
H ( B ) = plog p (1 p ) log (1 p )
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Vi

p : xc sut c tn hiu
1 p : xc sut khng c tn hiu

xc nh c khi hng (kh ht bt nh) s php o cn thit n l:

I (ai )
n min =
H ( B )max

1
2
= 1bit

H ( B ) max khi p = 1 p =

H ( B )max
n min =

4bit
= 4 ln o
1bit

nmin thut ton o phi m bo H ( B ) max Mi ln o phi o

im gia ca cc khi cn xc nh nhm m bo p = 1 p =

1
.
2

Gi s khi hng l khi 6. Cc php o cn thit l:

- Ln 1: o u ra khi 8: Khng c tn hiu, khi hng nm trong cc
khi t 1 8.
- Ln 2: o u ra khi 4: Khng c tn hiu, khi hng nm trong cc
khi t 5 8.
- Ln 3: o u ra khi 6: Khng c tn hiu, khi hng nm trong khi 5
hoc 6.
- Ln 4: o u ra khi 5: C tn hiu. Vy khi hng l khi 6
Cu 12: (4 im) Trong b t l kh 52 qun (khng k fng teo), A rt ra mt
qun bi bt k. Tnh s cu hi trung bnh ti tiu m B cn t cho A xc
nh c qun bi m A rt. Nu thut ton hi? Gi s A rt ra 7 qun r,
hy nu cc cu hi cn thit?
bt nh v qun bi m A rt:
1
I ( a i ) = log p ( a i ) = log < 6bit
52
Gi s B t cho A cu hi dng la chn, khi lng thng tin nhn c
sau mi cu tr li ca A l:
H ( B ) = plog p (1 p ) log (1 p )
Vi

p : xc sut nhn cu tr li l ng
1 p : xc sut nhn cu tr li l sai

S cu hi cn thit xc nh c qun bi A rt l: n =
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I(ai )
H ( B)

Ta thy n min khi H ( B ) max

H ( B ) = H ( B )max = 1bit khi p = 1 p =

1
2

S cu hi trung bnh ti thiu l: n min =

log52 bit
< 6 ln
1bit

1
.
2
Gi s A rt ra 7 r. Cc cu hi cn thit c th nh sau:
- Cu 1: Qun A rt l qun ? ng
- Cu 2: Qun A rt l qun c? Sai
- Cu 3: Qun A rt c gi tr 7? ng (gi s J = 11, Q = 12, K = 13,
At=1)
- Cu 4: Qun A rt c gi tr 3? Sai
- Cu 5: Qun A rt c gi tr 5? Sai
- Cu 6: Qun A rt l 6 r? Sai
Vy qun A rt l 7 r

Thut ton phi m bo p = 1 p =

Cu 13 :(4 im) Trong 27 ng xu c 1 ng xu gi nh hn. tm c

ng xu gi ngi ta s dng mt cn a thng bng. Hy tnh s ln cn
trung bnh ti thiu xc nh c ng xu gi. Nu thut ton cn ?
Theo gi thit bt nh cha trong s kin ng xu gi l :
I(xi) = - log p(xi) = - log 1/27 = log 27 bit
Khi s dng cn a thng bng, sau mi ln cn cc s kin c th c l :
- Cn thng bng vi xc sut p
- Cn lch tri vi xc sut q
- Cn lch phi vi xc sut 1-p-q
Lng thng tin nhn c sau mi ln cn :
H(B) = -plog p qlog q (1-p-q)log (1-p-q)
xc nh c ng xu gi tng lng thng tin nhn c sau cc ln cn
phi khng nh hn bt nh ca ng xu gi. Nh vy s ln cn cn thit
l : n = I(xi)/H(B)
n c gi tr nh nht th H(B) phi t gi tr cc i.
Ta c H(B) = H(B)max= log 3 khi p = q = 1-p-q = 1/3.
Khi nmin= I(xi)/H(B)max = log27/log 3 = 3 ln cn.
Thut ton cn nh sau( m bo p = q = 1-p-q )
- Ln 1 : Chia 27 ng xu thnh 3 phn, mi phn c 9 ng xu. Ly 2 phn
bt k t ln mi bn cn 1 phn . Nu cn thng bng th ng xu gi
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nm trong 9 ng xu cha cn. Ngc li, tu theo cn lch tri hay lch
phi ta cng xc nh c phn c cha ng xu gi.
- Ln 2 : Chia 9 ng c cha ng xu gi thnh 3 phn nh nhau, mi phn
c 3 ng xu. t 2 phn bt k ln 2 bn cn. Kt qu ca php cn s
gip ta xc nh c 3 ng xu c cha ng xu gi.
- Ln 3 : Ly 2 ng xu bt k trong 3 ng xu c cha ng xu gi t ln
2 a cn. Sau ln cn ny ta s xc nh c ng xu gi.
Cu 14 : (2 im) Tnh entropie ca trng s kin ng thi ?
Xt 2 trng s kin A v B sau :
b j
ai
A=
B=
i = 1,0
j = 1, t
p ( a i )
p ( b j )
Khi , trng s kin ng thi C = A.B l :
a i b j

C=
i, j, i = 1,0, j = 1, t
p ( a i ) p ( b j )
Theo nh ngha, entropie ca trng s kin ng thi c xc nh nh
sau :
s

H ( C ) = p ( a i b j ) log p ( a i b j )
i =1 j=1

Cu 15: (2 im) Cho knh nh phn i xng khng nh sau (hnh v).
Hy tnh phn b xc sut ca cc tin u ra?
Bit rng p(a1)=p ; p(a2)=1-p.
A
p ( b1 a2 ) = pd
Theo cng thc xc sut y ta c:
p ( b1 ) = p ( a1 ) .p ( b1 a1 ) + p ( a 2 ) .p ( b1 a 2 )

a1

b1

pS

p ( b 2 ) = p ( a1 ) .p ( b 2 a1 ) + p ( a 2 ) .p ( b 2 a 2 )
= 1 p ( b1 )

a2

pS

p ( b2 a1 ) = pd

b2

Phn 2: l thuyt m ho
Cu 1: (1 im): nh ngha di trung bnh ca t m ? Pht biu nh l m
ho th nht ca Shannon?
Xt php m ho cc tin ri rc sau: a i ini
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 ini
ai
A=

V =
p
a
(
)
i
p (ai )

- nh ngha: di trung bnh ca t m l k vng ca i lng ngu nhin n i

s

n = p ( ai ) ni
i =1

- nh l m ho th nht ca Shannon (i vi m nh phn)

Lun lun c th xy dng c mt php m ho cc tin ri rc c hiu qu
m di trung bnh ca t m c th nh tu , nhng khng nh hn
entropie xc nh bi cc c tnh thng k ca ngun
n H1 ( A )
Cu 2: (1 im) Nu nguyn tc lp m tit kim?
T nh l m ho th 1 ca Shannon:
s

i =1

i =1

n = p ( a i ) n i H1 ( A ) = p ( a i ) log p ( a i )
ta c: n i log

1
p (ai )

Nguyn tc: Cc tin c xc sut xut hin ln c m ho bng cc t m c

di nh v ngc li cc tin c xc sut xut hin nh c m ho bng cc t
m c di ln.
Cu3: (1 im) Trng s ca t m: nh ngha v tnh cht?

( )

- nh ngha trng s ca t m: W ini

Trng s ca 1 t m l s cc du m khc khng cha trong t m

- Tnh cht:

( )

+ 0 W ini 1

) (

+ W in + nj = d in , nj

Cu 4: (1 im) Nu cc nh l quy nh kh nng pht hin sai v kh nng

sa sai ca mt b m?

- nh l v kh nng pht hin sai:

M u nh phn c tha vi khong cch Hamming d 0 > 1 c kh nng
pht hin t sai tho mn iu kin t d 0 1 .

- nh l v kh nng sa sai:
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M u nh phn c tha vi khong cch Hamming d 0 3 c kh nng

d 1
sa c t sai tho mn iu kin: t 0 . Trong [ x ] k hiu phn
2
nguyn ca s x.
Cu 5: (2 im) Khong cch m: nh ngha, tnh cht? nh ngha khong
cch m ti thiu?
- nh ngha:
Khong cch gia hai t m in v nj l s cc du m khc nhau v gi
tr tnh theo cng mt th t gia 2 t m ny.

i7 = 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

V d:

7j = 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
* *

* * *

d i7 , 7j = 5
- Tnh cht:

(
)
d ( , ) = 0
d ( , ) n

+ d in , nj 0

n
i

n
j

n
i

n
j

khi in nj

) (

) (

+ Tnh cht tam gic: d in , nj + d nj , nk d in , nk

nh ngha khong cch m ti thiu:

d0= min d( ain, ajn) vi mi i,j
Cu 6: (2 im) Cho m xyclic V - ( n - k ) c a thc sinh g ( x ) = 1+ x + x 3

( n = 7, k = 4 ) . Hy thit lp ma trn sinh v ma trn kim tra ca m ny?

Cho ma trn sinh G.

G= 2
x
3
x
Ma trn kim tra H :

+x
+x2
+x3
+x4

+x3 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

+x4 0 1 1 0 1 0 0
=
+ x5 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

+ x 6 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

x7 + 1
Ta c : h ( x ) =
= x4 + x2 + x + 1
g(x)

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10

x7 + 1
x3 + x + 1
x7 + x5 + x 4 x 4 + x 2 + x + 1
x5 + x 4 + 1
x5 + x3 + x2
x 4 + x3 + x 2 + 1
x4 + x2 + x
x3 + x + 1
x3 + x + 1
0

( )

h * ( X ) = X ( ) h X 1 = x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + 1
h* ( x )

*
x.h
x
(
)

H=
........
r 1 *

x
.h
x
(
)

2
3
1 + x + x + x 4 1 0 1 110 0

H = x + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 = 0 1 0 111 0
x 2 + x 4 + x 5 + x 6 0 0 1 011 1

deg h x

Ta c G.H T = 0
Cu 7: (2 im) hy thit lp t m h thng ca b m xyclic (7,4) c a thc

sinh g ( x ) = 1+ x + x 3 tng ng vi a thc thng tin a ( x ) = x + x 3 . (S dng

thut ton 4 bc).
- Bc 1: a ( x ) = x + x 3

- Bc 2: Nng bc a ( x ) x n-k = x 3 + x x 74 = x 6 + x 4
- Bc 3: Chia tnh d:

x6 + x 4 x 3 + x + 1
x6 + x 4 + x3 x3 + 1
x3
x3 + x + 1
r(x) = x +1
- Bc 4: Thit lp t m f(x)

f ( x ) = a ( x ) x n k + r ( x )
f (x) = x6 + x4 + x + 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
x6 . . . . . . x6
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11

Cu 8: (2 im) Cho phn tch x 7 +1 nh sau

)(

x 7 +1= ( 1+ x ) 1 + x + x 3 1 + x 2 + x 3

Hy nu tt c cc m xyclic c th c trn vnh Z2 [ x ] x 7 +1 .

TT

a thc sinh g(x)

1+ x

1 + x + x3

1 + x 2 + x3

1 + x + x2 + x4

1 + x2 + x3 + x 4

i=0

M (n, k)

d0

( 7,6 )
( 7,4 )
( 7,4 )
( 7,3)
( 7,3)
( 7,1)

( 7,7 )

3
3
4
4
7

Cu 9: (4 im) Hy thc hin m ho Shannon Fano cho ngun ri rc A sau:

a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 a10

A= 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
1
1

4 4 8 8 8 32 32 32 64 64
nh gi hiu qu ca php m ho ny?
Hy gii m cho dy bt nhn c c dng: 101100111010101
TT

ai

p (ai )

a1

14

a2

14

a3

18

a4

18

a5

18

a6

1 32

a7

1 32

a8

1 32

a9

1 64

10

a10

1 64

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T m ini

12

ni

- nh gi hiu qu:
10
1
1
1
1
n = p ( a i ) n i = 2.2. + 3.3. + 3.5. + 2.6.
4
8
32
64
i =1
9 15 6
25
=1+ +
+
= 2.
du
8 32 32
32
10
1
1
1
1
1
= 2. .log 4 + 3. log8 + 3. log 32 + 2. log 64
H1 ( A ) = p ( a i ) log
p (ai )
4
8
32
64
i =1

= 2.

25
bit
32

n = H1 ( A ) php m ho l ti u
- Gii m cho dy bt nhn sau:
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ...

a4
a3
a8
a4 a2

Cu 10: (4 im) Gi s t m nhn c ca m xyclic (7,3) vi a thc sinh

g ( x ) = 1+ x + x 2 + x 4 c dng sau v ( x ) = x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 . Hy s dng

thut ton chia dch vng tm c t m pht, bit rng m (7, 3) ny c
d0 = 4 .

- Bc 1: Chia v(x) cho g(x)

x6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 x 3 + x + 1
x6 + x 4 + x3 + x 2
x2 + x
x5
x5 + x3 + x 2 + x
r0 ( x ) = x 3 + x 2 + x
d 1 4 1
- Bc 2: W ( r0 ( x ) ) = 3 > t =
=
= 1,5
2 2
- Bc 3: (ln 1) x.v ( x ) = x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + 1
x6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + 1 x 3 + x + 1
x6 + x 4 + x3 + x 2
x2 + x
x5 + x 2 + 1
x5 + x3 + x 2 + x
r1 ( x ) = x 3 + x + 1
W ( r1 ( x ) ) = 3 > t = 1 Bc 3
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13

- Bc 3: (ln 2): x 2 .v ( x ) = x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x + 1

x6 + x 5 + x 4 + x + 1 x 3 + x + 1
x6 + x 4 + x3 + x 2
x2 + x
x5 + x3 + x 2 + x + 1
x5 + x3 + x 2 + x
r2 ( x ) = 1
W ( r2 ( x ) ) = 1 = t
- Bc 4:
x 2 v ( x ) + r2 ( x ) x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x
f (x) =
=
2
x
x2
^
f ( x ) = x 6 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 0011101
^

Sai x 5 c sa

Cu 11: (3 im) Hy xc nh tp tt c cc t m ca b m xyclic (7, 3) c a

thc sinh g ( x ) = 1+ x 2 + x 3 + x 4 .
Cho m xyclic (7, 3) c g ( x ) = 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 ma trn sinh:

1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 1 0 1 110 0

G = x + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 = 0 1 0 111 0
x 2 + x 4 + x 5 + x 6 0 0 1 011 1

Tp 2 k = 23 = 8 t m, trong 7 t m khc khng l tp cc t hp tuyn

tnh cc hng ca ma trn G
g ( x ) = 1+ x 2 + x 3 + x 4 1 0 1 1 1 0 0

xg ( x ) = x + x 3 + x 4 + x 5 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
x 2g ( x ) = x 2 + x 4 + x 5 + x 6 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

(1 + x ) g ( x ) = 1 + x + x 2 + x 5
(1 + x 2 ) g ( x ) = 1 + x3 + x 5 + x 6

(x + x )g(x) = x + x + x + x
(1 + x + x ) g ( x ) = 1 + x + x + x
2

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14

111 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 11
0 111 0 0 1
11 0 0 1 0 1

Cu 12: (3 im) Pht biu v chng minh gii hn Hamming? nh ngha m

hon thin?
- Gii hn Hamming.
Vi m tuyn tnh (n, k), iu kin cn s c t sai l:
t

C
i =0

i
n

2n k

Chng minh: S cc kiu sai c trng s i l Cin

t

S cc kiu sai c trng s t l: C0n + C1n + ... + Cnt = Cin

i =0

S cc trng thi khc nhau ca cc du kim tra l: 2r = 2n k

sa c sai, mi trng thi ca cc du kim tra ch c gn ti a
cho 1 kiu sai.
Vy sa c tt c cc kiu sai c trng s t ta c:

C
i =0

- nh ngha m hon thin.

M hon thin l m (n, k, d) t c gii hn Hamming
V d: M (7, 4) c d = 3
d 1
=1
Ta c : t =
2
C07 + C17 274 = 23 = 8
1 + 7 =8
Vy m (7, 4) l 1 m hon thin.

Cu 13: (4 im) Cho phn tch ca x15+1 nh sau :

X15+1=(1+x)(1+x+x2)(1+x+x4)(1+x3+x4)(1+x+x2+x3+x4)
Hy nu tt c cc m xyclic c di 15 trn vnh Z2[x]/x15+1?

t
g1 ( X ) = 1 + X

g2 ( X ) = 1 + X + X2

g3 ( X ) = 1 + X + X 4

g 4 ( X ) = 1 + X3 + X 4

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15

i
n

2n k

TT
1

a thc sinh
g1 ( X )

M (n,k)
(15,14)

g2 ( X )

(15,13)

g3 ( X )

(15,11)

g4 ( X )

(15,11)

g5 ( X )

(15,11)

g1.g 2

(15,12)

g1.g3

(15,10)

g1.g 4

(15,10)

g1.g5

(15,10)

10

g 2 .g 3

(15,9)

11

g 2 .( g 4 )

(15,9)

12

g 2 .g 5

(15,9)

13

g 3 .g 4

(15,7)

14

g 3 .g 5

(15,7)

15

g 4 .g 5

(15,7)

16

g1.g 2 .g 3

(15,8)

17

g1.g 2 .g 4

(15,8)

18

g1.g 2 .g 5

(15,8)

19

g 2 .g 3.g 4

(15,5)

20

g 2 .g 3 .g 5

(15,5)

21

g1.g 3 .g 4

(15,6)

22

g1.g 3.g 5

(15,6)

23

g1.g 4 .g 5

(15,6)

24

g 2 .g 4 .g 5

(15,5)

25

g 3 .g 4 .g 5

(15,3)

26

g1.g 2 .g 3 .g 4

(15,4)

27

g1.g 2 .g 3.g 5

(15,4)

28

g1.g 2 .g 4 .g 5

(15,4)

29

g 2 .g 3 .g 4 .g 5

(15,1)

30
31

g1.g 3 .g 4 .g 5

(15,2)
(15,15)

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16

Cu 14:(3 im) M t s chc nng thit b m ho theo phng php chia

cho m xyclic h thng (7,4) c a thc sinh g(x)=1+x+x3. Tm t m u ra ca
thit b ny khi a thc thng tin u vo a(x)=1+x3.

M (7, 4) c g ( X ) = 1 + X + X 3
1 4

V1

Vo

RA
1 7

57

V2

a ( X ) = 1 + X3
a ( X ) .x n k = X 6 + X3
Xung
nhp

Vo

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1
0
0
1
0
0
0

Trng thi cc nh
1
2
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0

T m ra 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 X + X 2 + X3 + X 6

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17

Ra
1
0
0
1
1
1
0

Cu 15: (2 im) M t vnh a thc vi 2 php ton cng v nhn cc a thc

theo modulo xn+1

Vnh a thc:

Z2 [ x ]

n + 1
n 1

f ( X ) = fi xi ; deg f ( X ) n 1 ; fi GF ( 2 )
i =0
n 1

n 1

Php cng: a ( X ) = a i xi ; b ( X ) = bi xi
i =0

i =0
n 1

c ( X ) = a ( X ) + b ( X ) = ci xi trong ci = a i + bi mod 2
i =0

Php nhn: a ( X ) .b ( X ) = a ( X ) .b ( X ) mod X n + 1

Ta c Xi .X j = Xi + jmod n

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18