I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC KHOA HC T NHIN

BO QUN THC PHM

GIO VIN HNG DN: TS. TRNH TH HNG
NHM THC HIN: PHAN HU PHNG
CAO MINH THANH NGUYN
BI TH PHNG KHNH

Nguyn nhn gy h hng thc phm

Khng kh O2

nh sng

Nhit

S pht trin VSV

Nguyn nhn v qu trnh bin cht ca thc phm

Thc phm
giu m

Ln
men
chua

Ln
men
thi

Thc phm
giu lipid

Ha
chua

Oxi
ha

Thc phm
giu tinh bt

ng vt
T nhin

t
Nc

Con ng
ly nhim
vi sinh vt
trong
thc phm

Khng kh

Qu trnh ch bin

K ch trung gian

Vi khun
Clostridium botulinum Pseudomonas

Vi
sinh
vt
trong
thc
phm

Nm men
Zygosaccharomyces

Hansenula

Aspergillus flavus

Mucor

Nm mc

K sinh trng
To

Virus

Cc phng php bo qun thc phm

Vt l
1.Lm kh
2.S dng nhit
3.S dng bc x
4.Ht chn khng
5.Dng in cao tn
6.Siu m
7.Lc thanh trng
8.ng gi bng thay
i kh quyn
9.p lc thy tnh cao

Ho hc
1.Cht tc ng n
s pht trin ca
vi sinh vt (SO2,CO2
nitrat, nitrit, acid sorbic,
acid benzoic, ethanol,
acid acetic)
2.Cht chng oxy ha
(acid ascorbic, acid
citric, acid limonic, acid
tartric)

Sinh hc
1.Ln men (mui
chua)
2.S dng bacteriocin
3.S dng enzyme

PHNG PHP BO QUN

PHNG PHP VT L

PHNG PHP VT L
1.

PP LM KH
+ PP sy t nhin (phi nng)
+ PP sy nhn to

2.

PP S DNG NHIT
+ PP nhit thp
+ PP nhit cao

3.

PP S DNG TIA BC X

4.

PP HT CHN KHNG

5.

PP DNG DNG iN CAO TN

6.

PP SIU M

7.

PP LC THANH TRNG

8.

PP NG GI BNG THAY I KH QUYN (MAP)

9.

BO QUN BNG P LC THY TNH CAO

PHNG PHP LM KH
Nc cn thit cho VSV trao i cht v
mi hot ng sng
Vi khun cn 18% nc
Nm men __ 20%
Nm mc __ 13-16%

Ty thuc vo loi thc phm

Sa bt cha 8% nc VSV pht trin c
Bt tht __ 10-11%
Bt go __ 13-15%
Sa bt loi b __ 15%
Tinh bt __ 18%
Cc loi qu __ 18-25%

PHNG PHP LM KH

Thc phm c m cao mi trng thun li

cho VSV pht trin
Lm kh thc phm VSV khng pht trin
thc phm c bo qun lu hn
Cc yu t chnh ca ch sy
Loi thc phm em sy
Nhit sy
Vn tc lu thng ca khng kh
Thi gian sy
m (hm lng nc trong thc phm - m
khng kh)

PHNG PHP LM KH
1. PP sy t nhin (phi nng)
2. PP sy nhn to
Sy kh
Sy phun
Sy thng hoa
Sy bng bc x
Sy bng in cao tn

PHNG PHP LM KH

1. PP sy t nhin (phi nng)

Dng nhit ca nh sng mt tri lm kh sn phm

Thch hp cho cc loi ht ng cc, cc loi thy sn p mui
(c, tm, mc)
Cng c th hong kh rau qu m khng cn nng.
u im
Khng tn km nhin liu
C kh nng dit tr cc loi nm mc nh Aspergillus,
Penicillium, su mt
Hn ch
Ph thuc iu kin thi tit khng ch ng
Tn nhiu cng, khng c gii ha c
Thi gian t ti m an ton thng di
Cht lng sn phm khng tt, gim gi tr dinh dng v cm
quan.
D b m mc khi bo qun.

PHNG PHP LM KH

2. PP sy nhn to

Lm kh lng ln sn phm trong thi gian ngn

Tin hnh trong thit b nh c tc nhn sy, iu chnh
c ch sy
C nhiu phng php sy: sy kh, sy phun, thng hoa,
bc x v in cao tn.
u im
Sn phm ng nht trn th trng
Rt ngn thi gian sy
Sn phm c cht lng cao hn

Hn ch
t tin v phc tp
Tn nhiu nhit lng

PHNG PHP LM KH

2. PP sy nhn to

Sy kh: (vd cc l sy khoai sn th cng)

Dng l sy than, ci lm bay bt hi nc trong

thc phm
Cht lng sn phm khng cao (cht dinh dng,
vitamin b nh hng).

Dch thc phm

p sut thp/ Chn khng

dng bt kh
(sa bt,)
Sn phm kh &
cc VSV b cht

Nhit

C c

Vi phun cao p

Sy phun

Dng sng m trong

bung sy c nhit 95oC

PHNG PHP LM KH

2. PP sy nhn to

Sy thng hoa: c trin vng nht

Nc trong
thc phm
(th lng)

Th rn

Khng qua trng thi lng

Hi nc

3 giai on

Lnh ng

Sy thng hoa

Sy bng nhit

Nhit m
(ty thc phm)

Nc : thng hoa
Nc t do: bc hi
Nc lin kt: khng
bc hi

Nc lin kt: bc hi
Nhit : 27-55oC
(nh b phn t nng
v ht chn khng cao)

u im: Gi nguyn tnh trng sn phm (dinh dng, cm

quan), c kh nng phc hi nh ban u
Hn ch: Phc tp, cn nhiu thit b, cng sut in ln

PHNG PHP LM KH

2. PP sy nhn to

Sy bng bc x

Chiu tia hng ngoi (0.75-4m) vo sn phm

sn phm nng ln (v 80% cng sut n bin
thnh nhit bc x)
Dng cc n hng ngoi c cng sut 250-500W.

Hn ch: cha s dng rng ri

o Hao ph nhiu nng lng (2.5kW/kg cht m)
o Ch lm nng c b mt

PHNG PHP LM KH

2. PP sy nhn to

Sy bng in cao tn

t sn phm sy vo in trng xoay chiu c

tn s dao ng cao (500kHz) cho sn phm
kh u v nhanh.
Cc sn phm sau khi lm kh lm ngui ngay,
bao gi tt, trnh ht m tr li, gi ni kh mt
c lu di.

Hn ch
Thit b phc tp, tiu tn nhiu in nng
(3.5kWh/kg cht m).

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

1. Phng php nhit thp
2. Phng php nhit cao

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

1. PP nhit thp

Tc dng ca nhit thp

Nhit thp khng tiu dit c VSV nhng c
ch mi hot ng sng ca chng a s
chuyn sang dng tim sinh
Nhit thp lm gim nng lng hot ng
cc cht trong t bo
Lm cc phn ng sinh ha tin hnh kh khn
hn.
Nhit thch nghi nht: 35-37oC
Nhit cc tiu: 0-4oC

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

1. PP nhit thp

nh hng nhit thp n cht lng thc

phm
Cht m: ng -20oC, sau 6-12 thng b phn
gii nh.
Cht bo acid bo; thay i tnh ha tan
vitamin A
Vitamin thay i ty nhit v thi gian bo
qun
Carbohydrate t thay i
1 t saccharose ng hon nguyn
Cht khong gi nguyn gi tr dinh dng
Lm lnh t t ng bng t t hnh thi
thc phm b bin dng, t bo b ph v gim
gi tr dinh dng (sau khi gii lnh).

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

1. PP nhit thp

a)Lm lnh: ch yu bo qun rau qu ti

Nhit h xung gn 0oC tinh th nc cha
xut hin, h thng men (trong nguyn liu v trong
VSV) hot ng yu i km hm nhng bin i
v l, ha, sinh; hot ng VSV .
C tc dng lm tng phm cht mt s thc phm

Tht c chn ha hc nn tch t nhiu acid lactic,

hng v thm ngon
C mui, tht mui c thm mui tt hn v c mu sc
ti hn
Cc loi ru, bia, nc gii kht hp dn khu v ngi
tiu dng hn.

Bo qun vi ngy vi thng

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

1. PP nhit thp
b)Lm lnh ng (ng lnh): gi thc phm vi thng n
vi nm.
Nhit ca thc phm c h thp hn nhit ng
bng ca cc dung dch nc trong thc phm

phn ln nc trong thc phm b ng bng

mng t bo ca vi sinh vt b nn mnh.

cc qu trnh sng ca vi sinh vt v hot ng ca cc h

thng men b kim ch r rt
Nhit lm lnh ng tt nht khi lng nc cn li
trong thc phm b ng bng chim khng qu l5%.
v vy, ngi ta ch p ng tht, c n -32.-350C, rau qu 20-270C.

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

1. PP nhit thp
b)Lm lnh ng (ng lnh)
* u im:
Nhiu vi sinh vt khng kp thch nghi vi nhit lnh t
ngt mc nhim trng t hn.
Lm lnh ng nhanh tinh th nc to ra nh khi lm
tan gi, nc trong t bo t chy ra khng hao tn nhiu
cht dinh dng phm cht t b bin i
bo qun lu vi s lng ln nht v kh nng tin li.
tng kh nng iu ha, cung cp thc phm ti sng cho
cc thnh ph ln, khu ng dn
phc v tt cho vic giao lu hng ho thc phm trong nc
v ngoi nc,...
* Nhc im ln nht ca phng php ny l t tin v chi
ph nng lng v u t thit b cao.

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

1. PP nhit thp

b)Lm lnh ng (ng lnh)

PP p nc : gi c thc phm ti trong
thi gian ngn

Nc sch ng trong cc thng cha hoc khoang

cha
Mt s cht thm vo: khng sinh, mui n, mui
khong

PP lm lnh trong kho lnh: gi na thng

Gi thc phm nhit cao hn bng im ca dch t

bo
Tht sau khi m trong l m phi c lm ngui trc khi
lm lnh trnh hin tng phn gii ca tht

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao: dit vi sinh vt v c bo t ca chng

Tc dng ca nhit cao:

Mi loi vi sinh vt ch c kh nng hot ng trong mt gii

hn nhit nht nh, c th chia lm 3 nhm vi sinh vt:

Vi sinh vt a lnh (Psychrophile): thng gp vng a cc.

Vi sinh vt a m (Mesophile): ph bin nh nm mc, nm

men, cc VSV gy bnh cho ngi v ng vt.

Vi sinh vt a nng (Thermophile): thng gp cc sui nc

nng, ng phn rc .

Ngoi ra, mt s vi sinh vt c th sng nhit cao hn,

chng l nhng vi sinh vt chu nhit.

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao

Thng thng, s dng nhit 60-70oC/ 30 pht

c th tiu dit hu ht cc th sinh dng
nhit cao gy bin tnh enzyme,
mt nc
oxy ho cc thnh phn trong t bo.
Tnh chu nhit ca cc loi vi sinh vt khc nhau
nm men, nm mc cht kh nhanh nhit 5060oC

vi khun chu nhit b tiu dit 80-90oC

Nhit cng cao th thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt
cng ngn

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao

Tc cht ca VSV cn ph thuc vo hm lng

nc cha trong t bo.
Lng nc cha t sc chu ng toC cao.
Hm lng nc trong bo t rt t tnh chu nhit rt
cao.
Vi sinh vt b tiu dit trong mi trng m nhanh hn
trong mi trng kh
- khi protein s to thnh nhiu nhm SH t do hn
- cc cu ni peptid b ph hu nhanh hn khi c s hin din
ca nc.

protein d b mt hot tnh trong iu kin c nc

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao

s lng ln vi sinh vt trong thc phm, pH ca mi

trng trung tnh hoc kim, cc cht dinh dng

trong thc phm (ng, cht m, cht bo...): tnh
chu nhit ca vi sinh vt tng thi gian kh trng
phi ko di.
mui, cc ho cht bo qun, pH acid...: tnh chu
nhit ca chng gim.

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao

nh hng ca nhit cao n cht lng thc

phm:

tiu dit c vi sinh vt trong thc phm,

lm thay i trng thi ca thc phm
dch thc phm giu dinh dng c th b phn hu
mt s cht dinh dng hoc b thay i mu sc,
mi, v,...
phng php bo qun dng nhit cao phi kt
hp vi ch bin c ngay thc phm c ch
bin. Vd: hp...

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao

Kh trng Pasteur (gin on v lin tc)

Phng php kh trng Pasteur ra i sau khi Louis
Pasteur khm ph ra sinh vt gy h hng ru c th
b bt hot bi nhit thp hn nhit si.
Phng php ny thng dng kh trng sa v cc
sn phm t sa.

xc nh thi gian v nhit ti thiu trong

phng php ny, ngi ta da trn nhng nghin cu
v thi gian cht bi nhit ca vi sinh vt gy bnh
c kh nng chu nhit nht trong sa.
Phng php ny ch dit c t bo sinh dng

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao

Nguyn tc: dng nhit 60-80oC tiu dit vi sinh

vt gy bnh c trong thc phm v loi b cc vi sinh
vt gy hng thc phm ko di thi gian s dng.
Hn ch
Bo t v mt s vi khun chu nhit nh Enterococcus,
Microbacterium,
Clostridium
botulinum,
Cl.
sporogenes, Cl. putricium vn tn ti lm hng
nhanh chng sn phm nhit thng (hin tng
sinh hi, ph hy thc phm v lm bt np hp).
ngi ta thng kt hp vic gi lnh thc phm vi
vic b sung CO2 ko di thi gian s dng.

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao

Do , thanh trng hp ngi ta thng s

dng phng php hp kh trng trn 100oC trong
thi gian di.
Sa 63oC/30 giy, hoc 72oC/16 giy.

Thc phm trng ming t sa ng lnh (kem ,

sa ,...): ti thiu l 69oC/30 giy, hoc ti thiu
80oC/25 giy.
Nhng sn phm t sa (kem, sa chocolate...):
66oC/30 giy, hoc 75oC/16 giy.

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao
C 2 phng php kh trng Pasteur: gin on v lin tc.
Phng php gin on (Batch method)
Phng php ny dng mt l hp Pasteur, bn trong c mt thng cha c bao

Trong thng cha ny, sa c lm

nng v c khuy u trong sut thi gian kh trng. Sau
sa c th c lm ngui trong thng cha. Ngoi ra, ngi
quanh bi hi nc lu thng.

ta c th lm nng sa mt phn trong mt l hnh ng trc khi a vo

thng cha.

Phng php ny t dng kh trng sa, thng dng

kh trng nhng sn phm t sa hn.
Trong cng nghip sn xut kem (ice cream), thng cha trn thng
dng khuy trn sn phm nhm t c cht lng sn phm tt hn
l bo qun sn phm.

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao
Phng php lin tc (Continuous method)
Phng php lin tc c nhiu thun li hn phng php gin on, n
tit kim c thi gian v nng lng.
Trong phng php ny, ngi ta s dng mt l hp Pasteur tit khun
nhanh nhit cao.

Mi trng lm nng sn phm c th cha hi nc hoc

nc nng chn khng. Sa th 4oC c cho chy qua
cc tht b ca l hp Pasteur ny, n dc lm nng n
nhit kh trng khong 72oC/16 giy. Sau khi kh trng,
sa c chy vo mt thit b lm ngui n 4oC hoc thp
hn. Sau cng, sa c chuyn vo mt h thng ng gi
sn phm.

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao
Phng php UHT (Ultra-high temperature)
Phng php UHT kh trng thc phm nhit ln hn
100oC, thc phm c kh trng trc khi ng gi, ri c
cho vo cc cha c kh trng trong iu kin v
trng.
Phng php UHT tiu dit ton b vi sinh vt v bo t, k c
vi sinh vt chu nhit c bo t.
Thc phm dc x l bng phng php UHT c th c
n 6 thng m khng cn lm lnh
Mt s sn phm thc phm kh trng bng phng php UHT:
Cc sn phm dng lng: sa, nc p hoa qu, kem sa chua, ru,
nc st rau x lch.
Thc phm c ht nh ring bit: thc phm cho em b, cc sn phm
c chua, sp, nc p rau v tri cy.
Thc phm c ht ln: cc mn hm.

PHNG PHP S DNG NHIT

2. PP nhit cao
Nhit cao kt hp p sut
gia tng nhit bng hi nc bo ho di mt p sut ln hn
p sut bnh thng ca kh quyn. Khi p sut hi nc tng ln
th nhit cng tng theo.
Di p sut cao v nhit cao, t bo dinh dng v bo t ca
vi sinh vt u b tiu dit (Clostridium botulinum).
Cn c vo ch s acid ca hp m ngi ta c nhit v thi gian thanh
trng thch hp.
i vi hp pH>6, cc VSV pht trin c di tc dng ca nhit
cao u thuc loi a nng nhit thanh trng ca cc loi hp ny
thng l 115-121oC.
hp pH 4.5-5, thng c loi vi khun k kh nh Cl.
thermosaccharalytium, Bac. stearothermolphilus lm hng thc phm
cn c nhit 100-119oC.
Cc loi hp c pH<4.5 th vi khun a nng khng nhng khng pht
trin c m tnh chu nhit ca n cn gim i, nn b tiu dit d dng
khi nng nhit ch cn thanh trng 100oC

PHNG PHP S DNG

TIA BC X

PHNG PHP S DNG TIA BC X

Tc dng ca cc tia bc x:
Ngi ta c th s dng cc tia bc x nh: tia t ngoi, tia X, tia gamma,
tia beta, tia alpha... trong bo qun thc phm.

Tia t ngoi: ngi ta c th s dng n chiu t ngoi chiu vo thc

phm.

tc dng mnh nhng kh nng m xuyn yu nn ch dng

dit khun mt ngoi thc phm, mt ngoi dng c cha
ng, khng kh ni sn xut thc phm.
lm phn hu mt s cht hu c trong t bo
lm ng t protein
Khi chiu x thi gian kh di, s ph hy protein c th dn
n phn gii c chui polipeptide thnh cc gc acid amin,
lm enzyme mt hot tnh, dn n ph hu t bo vi sinh vt.
sc chu ng ca bo t cao hn 4-5 ln so vi th sinh
dng;
Mt lng nht nh tia ny c th gy t bin.

PHNG PHP S DNG TIA BC X

Tia ion ho:

Cc tia c tn s dao ng cao th c lc m xuyn cao.
lm thay i cu trc ca mt s phn t protein ca t bo
VSV v lm ion ho dung mi.
Hiu qu thanh trng ca tia ion ha tu thuc vo thi gian
x l, dy ca thc phm v lng VSV nhim vo thc
phm.
Cc tia phng x ion c tc dng st trng mnh, khi nh
lng m bo y th tit trng hon ton trong vi giy.
thc hin mc ch , ngi ta dng cc tia m cc, tia
Rnghen v cc tia phng x ..
Hin nay, phng php ny ang c nghin cu m bo an
ton cho ngi s dng, v ch thanh trng hp l.

PHNG PHP S DNG TIA BC X

nh hng ca cc tia bc x n cht lng thc phm

Thc phm chiu x thng mt mu, mt mi.
Protein v acid amin trong thc phm rt nhy cm vi chiu
x. Sn phm do chiu x protein, acid amin, peptide gm:
NH3, H2, CO2, H2S v Carbonyl.
Cc acid amin c bit nhy cm vi chiu x l : methionin,
cysteine, histidine, arginine, tyrosine. Trong d cysteine nhy
cm nht.
Lipid trong thc phm cng b thay i rt mnh, c bit l
trong trng hp c oxy.

PHNG PHP S DNG TIA BC X

Cc loi vitamin nh: thiamin, niacin, pyridoxin, biotin, B12 b

ph hu, nhng riboflavin, pantothenic, folic li tng trong qu
trnh chiu x.
Cc cht pectin v cellulose cng b bin i khi chiu x, kt
qu l cc loi rau, qu s tr nn mm hn.
trng thi cm quan ca thc phm chiu x b thay i do cht
m b ph hu, mi i do m b oxy ho.

Nu chiu x mi trng khng c oxy nh chn khng hoc

kh oxy, thnh phn dinh dng v tnh cht cm quan t b thay
i hn.
Trc khi chiu x, ngi ta c th thm vo thc phm cc ho
cht bo qun nh cht chng oxy ho, cc cht dinh dng
trong thc phm s t b nh hng hn.

PHNG PHP S DNG TIA BC X

ng dng chiu x trong bo qun thc phm v nh hng

ca n i vi sc kho ngi tiu dng
Bo qun cc thc phm nh: khoai ty, hnh, gia v, chui,
xoi, ti, ht u, nem chua, tht g, tht vt, tht heo, tht b,
tm, i ch...
Vi liu thp hn 10 KGy, chiu x thc phm s phng nga
v ngn cn s ny mm ca khoai ty, hnh, dit cn trng v
ko di thi gian bo qun.
Vi liu chiu x 1 n 10 KGy c th gim s nhim vi khun
gy bnh nh Salmonella, bo qun tht gia cm, tm, chn ch.
Ti mt s nc m qu trnh bo qun thc phm bng chiu x
mc lu thng thng mi, nhng cn kh nhiu ngi tiu
dng vn gi thi khng chp nhn thc phm chiu x.

PHNG PHP HT
CHN KHNG

PHNG PHP HT CHN KHNG

phng php ny, ngi ta t cc sn phm thc phm

trong nhng bao b khng thm kh v ht khng kh trong
ra, to ra mt mi trng chn khng.
Trong trng hp ny nhng qu trnh oxi ho thng xy ra
di tc dng ca khng kh b km hm mnh, lp b mt ca

sn phm khng b kh, gi c mu sc v tnh cht ban u

ca sn phm.
Phng php ny thng c dng kt hp vi cc phng
php vt l khc, ch yu l lm lnh v lm lnh ng.

PHNG PHP DNG

DNG IN CAO TN

PHNG PHP DNG DNG IN CAO TN

Sn phm c t trong in trng ca dng in

xoay chiu c tn s cao thanh trng.
Cc phn t tch in trong sn phm (ion, in t) s
dao ng do tc dng ca in nng, chuyn in
nng c hp th thnh nhit nng lm cht vi
sinh vt.
Kh nng hp th in nng tu thuc kch thc bao
b ng thc phm, vo in p v tn s ca dng
in.
Tn s dng in cng ln hay bc sng cng ngn
th qu trnh thanh trng cng nhanh.
Phng php ny s dng cha ph bin v cn nguy
him cho ngi iu khin v gi thnh t (0,3-0,5
kWh/kg sn phm).

PHNG PHP DNG DNG IN CAO TN

S bt hot vi sinh bng xung in cao p da trn nhiu nhn

t, c th c phn loi thnh

Thng s x l
cng xung in v tng thi gian x l hay ngun nng
lng u vo l nhng tham s chnh nh hng n s
bt hot vi sinh.
Nu tng cng xung in hay tng thi gian x l s
tng s bt hot vi sinh.

Tuy nhin, t s gim chuyn bit v s lng vi sinh ,

cng xung in s dng phi vt hn gi tr ti hn.

PHNG PHP DNG DNG IN CAO TN

c im vi sinh
T bo sinh dng ca vi khun chu ng xung in cao p
tt hn nm men hay nm mc.

Vi khun gram + chu c xung tt hn gram do s khc nhau

v mng v vch t bo.

Cc bo t vi khun thng chng chu vi nhng iu kin

xung in m bt hot c cc t bo sinh dng. Tnh khng
cao vi xung in ca bo t l do kch thc nh v chng trng thi
loi nc v khang ha vi lp v v lp ph dy gip bo v nhn bn
trong.

Bo t men hay mc li d b bt hot bi xung in.

T bo pht trin pha log nhy cm vi xung in hn t bo
pha tnh. iu ny mt phn l do tnh yu ca mng t bo trong sut
s phn chia t bo.

PHNG PHP DNG DNG IN CAO TN

Thng s sn phm
dn in ca mu c x l l mt trong nhng tham
s sn phm quan trng v n quyt nh trc tip n
chng chu ca b phn x l.
nh hng ca pH sn phm ln s bt hot vi sinh bi
lung xung in thay i v ph thuc vo loi vi sinh
cng iu kin x l.
pH gim lm tng hiu qu bt hot vi sinh ca xung in.
Cc sn phm mang tnh acid thch hp hn vi bo qun
bng xung in cao p do pH thp c th trnh c cc t
bo tn thng nh phc hi.

PHNG PHP DNG DNG IN CAO TN

u im: bt hot nhanh ca cc vi sinh vt sinh dng gm c

chng gy bnh v gy h hng thc phm.
Nhc im
Ch nhng thc phm lng ng nht khng c bt kh hay cc
phn t ln c th x l hu hiu
Bo t vi khun khng b bt hot
enzyme ch b bt hot mt phn nn hu ht cc thc phm x
l bng xung in cn c tr lnh tng thi gian bo
qun.
S thay i bt li v ha hc c th xy ra nu cht in mi
b thng v hin tng ha in khng c qun l.

PHNG PHP SIU M

PHNG PHP SIU M

Siu m l sng m c tn s dao ng cao m con ngi

khng cm th c.
Di tc dng ca siu m, mi trng lng (sn phm) truyn
m b x i y li, b p v to chn khng lin tip sinh ra
nhiu khong trng.
Lc , cc cht ha tan v hi ca cht lng lp tc dn vo
cc khong trng y, gy ra tc dng c hc lm cht vi sinh
vt trong mi trng.
Mt khc, trong qu trnh y mt phn cht kh ho tan b ion
ha to ra nc oxi gi, nitro oxid l nhng cht c i vi vi
sinh vt, nht l vi khun.

PHNG PHP SIU M

Cc loi vi sinh vt khc nhau c sc chu ng khc nhau vi

sng siu m. Cc t bo ln hn nhy cm hn, dng hnh cu
chu ng sng siu m tt hn dng que v nhng loi hiu

kh cng chng chu vi sng siu m tt hn k kh.

C ch tc ng ca nng lng siu m trn h thng cc cht
mi trng lng ch yu cho l do s to l hng v cc lc
ny c mt nh hng nguy kch ln h thng sinh hc. S to
l do sng m c chia tng qut thnh 2 loi: loi tm thi

v loi bn vng.

PHNG PHP SIU M

Dng bong bng si trong nc cha y kh hay hi nc, tri qua s dao ng
khng u nhau v cui cng n tung. iu ny sinh ra nhit v p xut ti ch
cao s phn hy cc t bo sinh hc v lm bin tnh cc enzyme hin din. Cc
bong bng n tung vo trong cng sinh ra cc lc bin dng cao v cc tia lng

trong dung mi cng c th c nng lng ph hy mng t bo mt cch c

hc. C ch tc ng kiu ny cng tng c s dng quy m nh trong vic ty
u ngun nc b nhim bo t vi sinh.

Dng l n nh lin quan n nhng bt si m dao ng theo mt dng u cho

nhiu chu trnh m thanh. Cc bt si cm ng cc vi dng c th gy ra stress
trong cc cht lng xung quanh ln s hin din ca vi loi. Tc dng ny do
cung cp mt lc ln m khng c s n ca cc bt si. Dng to l trng ny

quan trng trn mt lot cc ng dng ca siu m trong cng ngh sinh hc

PHNG PHP SIU M

Hiu qu bt hot ca sng siu m cng c cho l do s

pht sinh cc l trng ni bo v ph v cu trc t bo v cc
thnh phn chc nng dn n vic phn gii t bo.
Bo t chu ng sng siu m tt hn dng t bo sinh dng
cc enzyme b bt hot bi sng siu m do tc dng kh trng hp.

S to l trng l s hnh thnh, pht trin v thnh thong s

n ca cc vi bt to ra trong cht lng khi cc sng siu m
truyn qua n. S v ra ca bong bng dn ti s tch t nng
lng trong cc im nng.

Nhit cao c c do s to l trng

Qua cc gc t do c to ra bi s m gii nc
Do cc lc to ra bi cc vi dng v sng in

PHNG PHP SIU M

Tc dng ca nhit v p sut trn sng m cm ng s ph v

t bo

S chu ng ca vi sinh vt v cc enzyme vi sng m rt

cao
x l ko di s sinh ra nhng thay i ko di trong thc
phm v nh hng ln n cht lng thc phm c x
l.
S dng sng siu m vi gia nhit va phi c gi l s
nhit m
Kt hp sng m v p sut va phi c gi l siu m p
lc
v cui cng s kt hp c 3 loi c gi l nhit siu m p
lc
thun tin cho s bt hat mt vi enzyme nhit thp.

PHNG PHP LC
THANH TRNG

PHNG PHP LC THANH TRNG

Mng lc xut hin cch y hn 40 nm v ngy

cng tr nn quan trng trong cng nghip thc
phm, phc v cho vic c c v phn on sn
phm
C 3 loi mng lc chnh:
1. Mng thm ngc: gi li cc ion n tr trn mng

2. Mng siu lc: gi li cc i phn t nh protein,

polysaccharides hay cht bo, ng hay amino acid c th
qua mng. ng knh l t 2-20nm
3. Mng vi lc: tch cc loi c kch thc khong 0.1
10nm, gi li cc i phn t

PHNG PHP LC THANH TRNG

K thut mng lc gp phn bo qun thc phm bng

cch gi li vi sinh vt trn mng v do dch lng thm
qua s v khun.
S vi lc l mt k thut phng th nghim c s dng tt
nht trong vic loi b vi sinh vt (c t bo sinh dng v bo
t), do sn phm s c v khun m khng cn x l
nhit.
K thut vi lc dng ngang (cross-flow MF) c ng dng
rng ri trong vic sn xut cc thc ung c lc nh bia,
ru vang, nc tri cy.
Vi lc di di hu hiu cc t bo v cc cht rn l lng, trnh
vic s dng cc tc nhn lm sch nh diatomite hay cc
enzyme, m vn gi li c mu.

PHNG PHP LC THANH TRNG

Xu hng tng lai

K thut mng to ra nhng tin b ng k trong cc ng
dng bo qun thc phm. Tuy nhin, k thut ny cha
pht huy ht tim nng ca n do cc l do:
Mc tinh sch khng cao u li vi cc k thut
khc
Vn v dng chy hay s gim v dng trong sut qu
trnh ch bin khng c kinh t
Nhiu khu vc ca cng nghip thc phm rt truyn thng
v chm nm bt cc c hi pht trin k thut mng mi
Ch bin mng l mt k thut hon ton vt l, thch hp
vi khoa hc sn xut cc thc phm ch bin rt nh v c
th tip tc thay th cc k thut phc tp khc lin quan
n nhit.
Mng lc c th s dng sn xut cc protein tinh khit vi
c im chc nng chuyn bit, tinh sch cc oligosaccharide
vi c tnh prebiotic hay sa c thi gian bo qun lu m
khng cn x l nhit.

PHNG PHP NG GI
BNG THAY I KH QUYN

PHNG PHP NG GI BNG THAY I KH QUYN

Tnh nng ca cng ngh bo qun bng cch bao gi sn

phm trong kh quyn thay i (MAP) nhm ko di tui
th ca thc phm c nhn bit cch y nhiu nm.
Ni khi xng ra phng php ny l Vng Quc Anh, bt u t thp
nin 1920 cc nh khoa hc nhn thy rng tui th ca nhng qu

to c th gia tng bng cch tn tr chng trong mi trng

vi nhng nng oxygen thp, kh carbonic li cao, v trong
thp nin 30 khi tht b c vn chuyn trong cc mi trng
c cha kh carbonic th thi gian bo qun ca chng tng
gp hai ln so vi trc.
Ngy nay thc phm ng gi trong MA bao gm tht ti v
nu chn, tht gia cm v c, rau qu, m si, phomat, cc loi
bnh nng t bt m, khoai ty chin, c ph v tr.

PHNG PHP NG GI BNG THAY I KH QUYN

Bao gi trong kh quyn iu chnh (CAP) : s bao gi trong

mt kh quyn m y thnh phn ca cht kh c lin tc

iu chnh trong sut qu trnh bo qun.

Bao gi trong kh quyn thay i cn bng (EMA): ng
dng ch yu cho rau v tri, bao gi c np y vi hn
hp kh cn thit hoc sn phm c ng gi m khng c
s thay i ca khng kh bo qun trong bao.

S ng gi ny s cho php mt trng kh quyn thay i

t c chnh l nh vo s h hp v sau ca sn phm v
tnh thm thu ca cht kh trong bao gi.

PHNG PHP NG GI BNG THAY I KH QUYN

u im:
Tui th c th tng n 400%
Tn tht v mt kinh t gim (lu b h hng)
Sn phm c th c phn phi n cc ni xa hn v vi t
dch v hn, gim chi ph trong phn phi
Cung ng sn phm vi cht lng cao
Vic phn loi cc sn phm d dng hn
Cng tc ng gi c tp trung ho v kim tra tng phn
mt
Tng tnh thm m trong trng by
Sn phm c nhn thy r rng v quan st c ton b
t hoc l khng cn cc ho cht bo qun.

PHNG PHP NG GI BNG THAY I KH QUYN

Nhc im:
Gi thnh cao
Nhit cn phi iu chnh
Cc cng thc cht kh khc nhau cho tng sn phm
i hi thit b c bit v cng tc hun luyn

Gia tng th tch bao gi- nh hng trc tip n chi ph vn

chuyn v khng gian trong bun bn l.
C 3 loi kh chnh c s dng: CO2, N2, v O2. Chng
c x dng ring l hay kt hp vi nhau

PHNG PHP NG GI BNG THAY I KH QUYN

Dng c bin i khng kh

Dng c ny l sn phm ring bit, thng dng ti nh.
Cc ti ny c ng gi cng vi sn phm thc phm v s
bin i tch cc khng kh trong vt cha cng nh cc sn
phm c ng gi v lu tr.
Ageless cha cc oxide st, c kh nng gim 02 trong kh
quyn vt cha <0.05% trong 9 gi v do , rt hu hiu khi
phng nga s pht trin cc vi sinh k kh nh mc.
Ageless c bit hu hiu trong vic nng cao thi gian bo
qun ca sn phm bnh m c cu trc l bi v vic di i
ton b O2 d by trong cu trc ca sn phm bng thit b
chn khng n gin v thay th n vi CO2 v N2 cc k kh.

BO QUN BNG P LC
THY TNH CAO

BO QUN BNG P LC THY TNH CAO

Da trn nguyn tc thy tnh, p lc thy tnh ti mt

im cho trc bng nhau mi hng v p lc c
truyn i lp tc v ging nhau qua mi trng truyn p
lc.
Do , hiu qu ca k thut ny th khng ph thuc vo
kch thc v hnh dng sn phm
Thi gian x l, t l p, nhit v s lng xung rt quan
trng i vi hiu qu ca qu trnh.
Cc thnh phn thc phm v trng thi sinh l ca vi sinh b
bt hot phi c tnh ton khi x l p lc ti a cho tnh an
ton v cht lng cao ca thc phm

BO QUN BNG P LC THY TNH CAO

nh hng ca p lc cao ln vi sinh vt

T bo sinh dng ca prokaryote nh nm men v nm mc
nhy cm vi p lc nht
vi khun gram dng chu p lc tt hn gram m .
vi khun hnh cu chu p lc tt hn hnh que do s thay i
hnh thi t hn.
Cc chng pht trin trong pha m nhy cm nhiu hn cc
chng trong pha log hay pha tnh.
Mt s t bo sinh dng b p lc nhiu ln c th tng tnh
khng p lc.
S nn bng xung hay dao ng p lc cao v chm cng hu
hiu trn s bt hot bo t hn l p lc lin tip.
S gim p nhanh gia tng lc tc ng trn v bo t nhiu
hn s gim p t t to ra s kh trng thch hp ti p lc
thp hn.

PHNG PHP BO QUN

PHNG PHP HA HC

BO QUN THC PHM BNG PHNG

PHP HA HC
S dng cc cht ha hc c ch tc nhn lm bin
i cc thnh phn ha hc trong thc phm.
c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt cng nh h enzym
do chng tit ra.
Cn tr qu trnh t bin i ca thc phm. Cc cht
bo qun tham gia vo qu trnh bt hot cc enzyme c
trong thc phm (cc enzyme ny gy bin i cc cht
c trong thc phm trong qu trnh bo qun).

YU CU C BN I VI HA CHT
BO QUN THC PHM
Phi c tnh khng khun, khng nm mc v khng nm men
mnh v phi c tnh cht chng oxy ho xy ra trong bo qun
v ch bin lng thc, thc phm.
Khng gy c cho ngi v gia sc.

Khng lm thay i hay lm thay i rt t tnh cht ho l, cm

quan ca thc phm.
Khng to ra nhng phn ng ph, nhng sn phm c hi
trong thc phm.
Cc cht bo qun thng c s dng dng ha tan.

HA CHT BO QUN THC PHM

1. Cht tc ng n s pht trin ca vi sinh
vt.
2. Cht c ch s t bin i ca thc phm
(Cht chng oxy ho).

HA CHT BO QUN THC PHM

1. Cht tc ng n s pht trin ca vi sinh
vt.
2. Cht c ch s t bin i ca thc phm
(Cht chng oxy ho).

CHT TC NG N S PHT
TRIN CA VI SINH VT
C ch s dng
Cc cht bo qun lm thay i cc yu t mi trng,
c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.
Cht bo qun tc ng n h thng protein cu trc,
enzyme tham gia vo cc qu trnh trao i cht, tiu dit
hay c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.

Mt s cht thng dng trong bo qun thc phm

SO2
Nitrit (NO2)
Nitrat (NO3)
Acid benzoic
Acid sorbic
Acid acetic
Ethylpyrocarbonat
CO2
O3

Cht gia tng p sut

thm thu
Khng sinh c sn
xut theo phng php
ha hc
Ethanol
H2O2
Hp cht ca halogen
Cht to mi

SO2 (sulfurous dioxide)

Kh SO2 nh hng n cc qu trnh oxy ha trong t bo
vi sinh vt, ng thi cng c tc dng tng h vi cc
nhm cacboxyl ca cc hp cht c bit c trong thnh
phn ca cht nguyn sinh, lm thay i trng thi l, ha
hc ca cht nguyn sinh.
Kh SO2 dng trong bo qun rau qu.

Khng dng cc hp cht SO2 bo qun tht, ng cc,

u , sa.
Dng s dng: kh SO2, acid sulfurous (H2SO3), cc loi
mui nh Natri bisulfite NaHSO3, Kali bisulfite KHSO3,
Canxi bisulfile Ca(SO3)2, Natri sulfite Na2SO3, Kali sulfite
K2SO3.
SO2 c tc dng bo v nng 0,1-0,2%.

Phng php s dng kh SO2

Phng php sulfite ho t: cho trc tip kh SO2
hoc dung dch axit sulfurous (H2SO3) vo sn phm
dng lng: rau qu hoc qu nghin, nc qu.
Phng php sulfite kh (xng khi sulfurous): Qu
c ng trong thng hay trong hm kn c cha
SO2, SO2 c th ly t bnh thp hoc t lu hunh.
Phng php xng khi cn c dng khi lm v
sinh kho.

Nitrit (NO2)
NaNO3, KNO3

Nitrit c ng dng trong cng nghip ch bin

tht.
Mc ch: gi mu cho tht mui mn, lm
thuc st khun trong bo qun c, tht v cc ch
phm t c, tht (c, tht mui hoc p lnh).

Pat gan

Jambon

Xc xch

 Liu lng s dng Nitrit:

- Khng hn ch 0 - 0,4 mg/kg th trng.
- C iu kin 0,4 - 0,8 mg/kg th trng.
- Dng trn ln vi mui n mui tht th t l khng c
ln hn 0,6%.
- Khng c dng cho vo thc n ca tr em.

Nitrit c tc dng chuyn hemoglobin

methemoglobin, gy hin tng tm ti xm.

thnh

Khi n phi thc n cha nhiu nitrit c th gy ng c.

Nitrat (NO3)
NaNO3, KNO3

S dng lm cht st khun v gi mu

cho tht, cc sn phm tht, c v
phomt.
Th nghim ngn ngy tru b, gia
sc n c kh (cha 1,5% nitrat) b cht
do nitrat b vi khun ng rut chuyn
ho thnh nitrit.

Tht mui

Liu lng s dng cho ngi :

- Khng hn ch 0 - 5 mg/kg th trng
- C iu kin 5 - 10 mg/kg th trng

Tht hp

Acid benzoic, mui benzoat

c ch mnh nm men v nm mc, c tc dng yu i vi vi
khun.
Tc ng ln mng t bo nm, c ch qu trnh h hp ca t
bo, c ch qu trnh oxy ha glucose v pyruvate, c ch qu
trnh bin dng cc hp cht a lng (N, P,) ca sinh vt.

Mt s loi vi sinh vt c th s dng acid benzoic trong qu

trnh trao i cht hay c cc c ch c hiu (cc bm mng)
loi b cc cht c ra khi t bo.
Acid benzoic c th tc ng h h hp v h thn kinh trung
ng, gy kch ng mt.
Tc dng bo qun ca Acid benzoic v Natri benzoat ch xy ra
mi trng acid, pH=2,5-3,5.

 Nng acid benzoic s dng trong thc phm: 0,05-0,15%.

Nng benzoat trong sn phm c tc dng bo qun l

0,07-0,1%.
Acid benzoic c s dng nhiu trong bo qun tri cy v
rau qu. Nu s dng nng cao s lm thay i mi v
sn phm, nh hng ti thn ca ngi s dng.
Dng benzoic hoc benzoat trong bo qun sn phm c th
lm cho sn phm b thm en, v d nhn bit d v, lm
gim ch tiu cm quan ca sn phm.
Liu gy cht ngi: 500 mg/kg.

Acid sorbic (C5H7COOH)

Dng thng s dng lm cht bo qun: acid
sorbic, sorbate natri, sorbate calci, sorbate kali.
Acid sorbic v kali sorbat c tc dng c ch nm
mc v nm men, t c tc dng vi vi khun.
Acid sorbic nh hng ti protein trn mng t bo
nm mc, gy nh hng n qu trnh vn chuyn
cc ion m qua mng: lm chuyn i pH bn
ngoi t bo, thay i s vn chuyn ca cc acid
amin; lm gim sinh tng hp protein v thay i
s tch ly nucleotide trong t bo.

Acid sorbic nh hng ti hot tnh ca cc

enzyme nht l enzyme dehydrogenase.

Acid sorbic

 Acid sorbic v kali sorbat khng c i vi c th con

ngi, dng trong bo qun thc phm khng gy ra mi v
l, khng lm mt mi t nhin.
S dng cho bo qun sn phm lm nguyn liu cho ch
bin: bo qun rau qu cho mui chua, sa lm sa chua.
Dng nhiu trong ch bin rau qu, ru vang, sn xut
hp, ch bin sa, bo qun v ch bin c, tht, sn phm
bnh m, bo qun nc mm, nc chm, c ngm dm.
Phi hp acid sorbic hoc sorbat vi cc cht bo qun khc:
Dng acid sorbic vi natri benzoat trong bo qun nc qu
Dng acid sorbic cho sn phm p ng c th gim mt
na lng ng p.
Trn 0,1-0,2% acid sorbic (so vi lng mui) vo dung dch
mui mui c trc khi hun khi.

Ester diethyl ca acid pyrocarbonic

Dit nm men, nm mc v vi khun, km hm hot ng
ca enzyme.
Ethylpyrocarbonat hon ton khng c i vi ngi, khi
tip xc vi nc s phn hy dn dn thnh ethanol v
CO2.
Dng trong bo qun nc qu, qu ti.
S dng ethylpyrocarbonat thay th phng php sulfite
ho trong bo qun ru nho v nc qu.

Ethylpyrocarbonat

Carbonic (CO2)
Kh carbonic tc ng ti qu trnh
trao i cht ca vi sinh vt, c ch
mt vi qu trnh bin dng ca
vi sinh vt.
Nm mc nhy cm hn i vi
kh carbonic, cn vi khun th t
nhy cm hn.
Nng kh carbonic cao c ch
s pht trin ca nhng vi khun
hiu kh v c vi khun ym kh.

Kh carbonic km hm s oxy ha
cht bo ngay c nhng nng
nh.

Ozon (O3)
Ozon c tnh oxi ha rt
mnh, tc ng trc tip ti
cc cht sng gy bin i
v bt hot cc i phn t
sinh hc, gy ri lon cc
hot ng sng ca vi sinh
vt.
Hiu qu tc dng ca ozon
s c nng cao khi h thp
nhit v tng m tng
i ca khng kh. Kt hp
bo qun lnh thc phm vi
vic ozon ha khng kh s
cho kt qu tt hn.

Cht gia tng p sut thm thu

S dng ng hay mui trong bo qun thc phm lm gia tng
p xut thm thu ca mi trng, to p sut thm thu cao
nc trong t bo thm ra khi mng t bo cht v gy ra hin
tng co nguyn sinh; ng thi t bo vi sinh vt khng th hp
thu c cc cht dinh dng, lm c ch hot ng v s pht
trin ca vi sinh vt.
S dng nng mui t 5-20% hoc 30%, nng ng 5060%.
Sn phm in hnh: mt tri cy, tht mui, c mui.

Acid acetic (Ngm dm)

Acid acetic lm gim pH ca sn phm, lm cho qu trnh
trao i ion ca vi sinh vt khng thc hin c. S thay
i qu ln ca nng ion trong v ngoi mng t bo lm
ri lon cc qu trnh trao i cht ca vi sinh vt, c ch s
pht trin ca vi sinh vt trong thc phm.
Nng acetic acid thng dng: 1,7-2% (pH 2,3-2,5).
Phng php ngm dm thng dng acid acetic, acid citric,
tartric.

Khng sinh c sn xut theo phng

php ha hc
Trc nm 1960, khng sinh c s dng rng ri trong bo
qun thc phm do nhng u im ca khng sinh: c ch vi
sinh vt mt cch hiu qu, d b bin tnh v phn hu
nhit cao.
T sau nm 1969 ngi ta thy nhng tn ti trong vic s
dng khng sinh lm cht bo qun thc phm:
i vi cc khng sinh kh phn hy, d lng trong thc phm s
nh hng ti sc kho ca ngi s dng.
Lm thay i h vi khun ng rut v s tng hp vitamin rut.
Sinh ra s nhy cm i vi khng sinh.
Gy ra ng c do cc cht dng chuyn ho ca khng sinh.
C hin tng khng khng sinh ca vi sinh vt (ln thuc) lm cho
vic iu tr bnh khng hiu qu.

Cc cht khng sinh c tc dng ch yu vi vi khun, tc

ng yu i vi nm mc, nm men.
Lm ngng tng hp thnh t bo vi khun; ph v tnh thm
thu ca mng t bo.
nh hng ti qu trnh tng hp protein ca vi khun.
nh hng i vi acid nucleic.

Cc cht khng sinh c php dng: biomixin

(clotetraxyclin), teramixin, oreomixin,

Nguyn tc s dng khng sinh lm cht bo qun thc

phm:
Ch s dng nhng khng sinh no khng dng cho cha bnh
quan trng, khng gy hin tng khng khng sinh, khng nh
hng n vic s dng nhng khng sinh khc trong iu tr
bnh.
Khng s dng nhng khng sinh gy hi cho sc kho ngi
tiu dng.
Cn xc minh loi khng sinh s dng khng gy hi cho h vi
sinh vt ng rut.
Khi s dng khng sinh bo qun, phi m bo khng h
thp bt c ch tiu v sinh no khc.

Ethanol

nng cao, ethanol c tc Dng bo qun

dng bin tnh protein mng cc dng bn ch
t bo, lm cht vi sinh vt.
phm.
C kh nng oxy ha mnh.

H2O2

ng dng trong bo
qun sa, phomat,
sn phm t c.

Hp cht Bin i protein, gy ri lon St trng cc dng

cc hot ng sng ca sinh c ng thc phm.
ca
halogen vt, c ch v tiu dit vi sinh
vt.

HA CHT BO QUN THC PHM

1. Cht tc ng n s pht trin ca vi sinh
vt.
2. Cht c ch s t bin i ca thc phm
(Cht chng oxy ho).

CHT CHNG OXY HA

Cc cht chng oxy ha c c tnh d b oxi ha hn so vi
cc cht bo c trong thc phm.
S oxi ha cc hp cht chng oxi ha s lm gim s oxi ha
ca cc cht bo trong thc phm.

Cc cht chng oxy ha c hai dng nh sau:

+ Acid (hoc mui hay ester ca chng) nh acid citric, acid
ascorbic,...

+ Hp cht phenol lm chm kh nng oxy ha cht bo v

du c trong thc phm.

YU CU I VI CHT CHNG OXY HA

S DNG TRONG THC PHM
Khng c c tnh.
C kh nng ho tan, hoc phn tn ng u trong khi thc
phm.
Tng kh nng n nh cht lng sn phm khi hn ch hay loi
b qu trnh oxy ha cc cht d b oxy ha trong sn phm.

Cc gi tr dinh dng c bn trong thc phm phi c bo tn.

Bo m cc gi tr cm quan v mu v mi, trng thi ca du
m.

Bo m vic tiu th thun li khi s dng cc cht chng oxy

ha.

Mt s cht chng oxy ho dng v c trin vng dng

nc ta:
Acid ascorbic (vitamin C): bo qun tht ng thng; hoa qu
ng l, lm cht chng oxy ho du m
Acid citric, acid limonic: bo qun sn phm sa, ko, nc
gii kht
-tocopherol (vitamin E): l cht chng oxi ha t nhin, c
trong mt s du m t nhin nh du u tng, du ht
bng, du mm ng cc. Trong k thut bo qun, ngi ta
dng dung dch pha trong du, khng cha t hn 31%
tocopherol
Acid tartric

Kt hp gia cht chng oxy ha v cc k thut

bo qun khc
lnh: bo qun du tinh ch t cy ci du vi liu
lng 500 mg tocopherol/kg 400C trong 2-4 tun.
Nu du 100C, c th bo qun hn 15 thng.
Nu rt ht khng kh hay bm kh tr vo bao gi
thc phm c th gim 50% lng cht chng oxy
ha.

PHNG PHP BO QUN

PHNG PHP SINH HC

Phng php sinh hc

1/ Phng php ln men (mui chua)
2/ Phng php dng bacteriocin
3/ Phng php dng enzyme

1/ Phng php ln men (mui chua)

S dng cc vi sinh vt ln men to ra acid lm
thay i pH mi trng c ch s pht trin ca
vi sinh vt gy h hng thc phm v ko di thi
gian bo qun thc phm.

Vi khun sinh acid lactic (LAB) l mt nhm vi khun a dng

c sn phm trao i cht cui cng l acid lactic.

Lactococcus

Lactobacillus

Leuconostoc

Pediococcus

Phn loi:
Da trn sn phm cui: nhm vi khun ln men
lactic ng hnh v nhm vi khun ln men lactic
d hnh
Da trn kh nng chu nhit: nhm chu nhit cao,
nhm chu nhit trung tnh, nhm a lnh

Trong qu trnh ln men cc vi khun ny tit ra

acid lactic v acid acetic lm acid ha mi trng
gp phn km hm v tiu dit vi khun gy h
hng thc phm.
Ngoi ra cc vi khun sinh lactic cn tit ra cc
bacteriocin khng khun

2/ Phng php s dng bacteriocin

Bacteriocin l cc protein c tnh khng mt s
gy h hng v gy ng c thc phm, n c
cc vi sinh vt ch yu l nhm vi khun sinh
lactic tit ra.
Bacteriocin lp I c ph khng khun kh rng

Enterococcus

Lactobacillus

Streptococcus

S.aureus

L.monocytogenes

Bacteriocin lp IIa li c ph khng khun hp

Tin trnh thng s dng ng dng

bacteriocin trong bo qun thc phm

Nui cy LAB trn

thc phm vi
khun pht trin v
to bacteriocin

S dng cc sn
B sung bacteriocin
phm ln men bi
tinh khit hay
chng to bacteriocin
bn tinh khit vo
lm thnh phn
thc phm
ch bin thc phm

Nisin l mt
bacteriocin c sinh ra
bi Lactococcus lactis
v Streptococcus lactis.
Nisin lin kt vi anion
phospholipid di
chuyn vo t bo gy
ri lon qu trnh trao
i ion v lm cht vi
sinh vt

Lactococcus lactis Streptococcus lactis

Nisin

Nisin c tc dng vi mt s vi khun (Enterococcus, Listeria

monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus,
Clostridium botulinum..), nhng khng c tc dng vi nm men,
nm mc.

L.monocytogenes Enterococcus

S.aureus

B.cereus

C.botulinum

Nisin b ph hy pH=8,0 nhit 37oC t 15-30 pht

N c dng trong cng nghip ch bin pho mt, bo
qun hp, nc p qu ng hp, rau qu ti
Liu dng trong thc phm l 20 U.I/g thc phm

3/ Phng php s dng enzyme

Enzyme

Ngun gc

Lyzozyme

Sa ng vt Xc tc qu trnh ct t
ni peptidoglycan trn
vch t bo vi khun

Lactose peroxidase Sa b
Glucose peroxidase A.niger

C ch

Xc tc qu trnh oxy
ha, gii phng cht c
hay cc sn phm lm bt
hot vi khun

Glucose oxidase

Penicillium, Xc tc qu trnh oxy ha

loi b c cht hay cht
A.niger
dinh dng

Hydrolase

Nhiu ngun Xc tc qu trnh thy

khc nhau
phn polysaccharide
ngoi bo

CM N C V CC BN
LNG NGHE!