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SINTEZA SI REGLAREA
SINTEZEI DE PROTEINE
step process,
transcription and
translation, by
which the
information in
genes flows into
proteins: DNA
RNA protein.
CODUL GENETIC
Structura codului genetic
Initiation
Initiation
RNA polymerase from E.coli is composed of 6 polypeptide
subunits:
two alpha subunits;
one beta;
one beta prime;
one omega;
sigma subunit.
Five of these subunits(alpha 2, beta, beta prime, omega) are
tightly bound together and constitute core enzyme.
RNA polymerase holoenzyme(sigma subunit plus core
enzyme), recognize the beginning of a gene, the starting
region that is called the promoter;
The information coded in the DNA promoter enables the
enzyme to recognize the exact point where transcription
begin;
THE PROMOTER
A characteristic region of the
TERMINATOR SEQUENCE
TRANSCRIPTION IN
EUKARYOTES
Different features from
prokaryotes:
Eukaryotes have three different RNA
polymerases, whereas prokaryotes
have only one RNA polymerase;
mRNA from eukaryotes undergoes
chemical modification before it is used
to make proteins.
TRANSCRIPTION IN
EUKARYOTES
In eukaryotic cells are found three different RNA
polymerases and each is responsible for the
synthesis of a different class of RNA molecules.
RNA polymerase I is confined to the nucleolus
- synthesis of small and large subunit ribosomal
RNA(rRNA);
RNA polymerase II synthesizes mRNA from
all the various kinds of structural genes coded
for polypeptides and for some of snRNAs.
RNA polymerase III synthesizes tRNA, other
small nuclear RNA and 5s ribosomal RNA.
TRANSCRIPTION IN
EUKARYOTES
TRANSLATIA/TRADUCTIA
INFORMATIEI
GENETICE
Elementele implicate
in realizarea
translatiei sunt:
ARN-r
ARN-t
Aminoacizi
Enzime
Donatorii de energie
efectuat de catre
portiunea anticodon a
moleculelor de ARN-t
complementare cu
secventa de codoni de pe
ARN-m;
ARN-t este o molecula
tridimensionala cu forma
de frunza de trifoi
inversata, cu lungime
de aprox. 70 nucleotide;
atasa un aminoacid
specific;
La capatul opus se
gaseste bucla
anticodon, care contine
o serie de trei baze
complementare cu
codonul de pe ARN-m,
numit capatul de citire;
Una dintre buclele
laterale fixeaza enzima
de activare, iar cealalta
se ataseaza la
subunitatea ribozomala
de 50S.
unitate ribozomala de 30 S se
leaga la o secventa scurta de
ARNm numita situsul de
legatura ribozomal;
Anticodonul complementar de
In prezenta peptidil-
proteina ia o forma
functionala tridimensionala;
Pasul 2: Proteina
represor inactivata nu
se poate lega de
regiunea operator a
operonului;
Pasul 1: Gena
reglatoare codifica o
proteina represor
activa;
Pasul 2: Proteina
Proteina activatoare nu se
poate lega de situsul de
legare activator;
ARN polimeraza nu se
poate lega la promotor;
Inductorul se leaga la
activator;
Legarea activatorului
evidentiaza situsul de
legare al ARN polimerazei
la promotor;
Sinteza enzimei.
Inhibitie non-competitiva;
Inhibitie competitiva.
Aceasta blocheaza
Produsul final
(inhibitor) al caii
metabolice se leaga la
situsul activ al
primei enzime a caii;
Ca rezultat enzima nu
se mai poate lega la
substratul initiator al
caii metabolice.