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A Study On Working Capital Management: SL - No Particuars NO
A Study On Working Capital Management: SL - No Particuars NO
CONTENTS
SL.NO
PARTICUARS
PAGE
NO
01
Executive summery
02
Company Profile
03
Objectives
04
05
Cash Management
37-49
06
45-46
07
Ratio Analysis
47-50
08
Finding
51-61
09
Conclusion
63
10
Bibliography
64
1
2-35
36
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INTRODUCTION
Backed by 10 years of experience in steel rolling, PATEL SHANTI STEELS PVT. LTD is the
Raichurs 1st steel production unit with an existing annual production of more than 4000 tons per
annum.
Production started in March-1998, initially, because of unavailability of power. The
production was stated by using Generator sets, using Diesel as fuel and continued for initial two
years, after that power was available, later generator set were disposed off and regular
production continued.
Initial years of company raw material were concerned because of recession period 19982001. The company would get raw materials (M.S Billets) from only USP Plant and Jindal
Vijaynagar Steel Ltd. But from 2002 onwards the above said materials got comparatively costly
and company could not afford to buy from them profitably. Hence it stated buying small T Bars.
The company production steel bars has been upgraded by Thermo Mechanical Treatment(TMT)
processes to the Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS). The necessary Research and Development
facility has been setup and clearance are being obtained.
With the BIS upgradation, the company hopes to increase it production to 50% more than
the existing level of production.
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Overview of Company business:M/s. Patel Shanti Steels Pvt Limited (the Company) is an private company. The
Company is presently involved in the business of manufacturing Steel Bars, which is used in the
Construction of Multistoried Buildings, Dams, bridges, flyovers, and power plants as a basic
reinforcement material. The Company is manufacturer of TMT Bars. The Company is using the
Tempcore Process, which is the most advanced technology worldwide for manufacturing
TMT Steel Bars. The Companys products meet IS 1786-2008 specification
The main manufacturing facility of the Company is situated at Bhiwadi (Karnataka). The
Plant Capacity is 4500 MetricTonnes per annum.
All these plants are using US Technology which makes Steels Bars.
The company has a network of more than 150 distributors and dealers spread across the
State of Karnataka.
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Factory Location
PAN No.
AADCP6628H
Status
Tin No.
29880042693
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PRODUCT PROFILE
TMT BARS
Chemical Composition
Chemicals Unit IS:1786 (Fe 415)
Carbon
% 0.30 max.
Sulphur
% 0.060 max.
Phosphorus % 0.60 max.
S&P
% 0.110 max.
Mechanical Composition
Mech Properties Unit IS:1786 (Fe 415)
Yield Stress N/mm2
415 min
Tensile Strength N/mm2 10% over YS
Elongation %min
14.5min.
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PATEL SHANTI STEELS PVT LTD manufactures following quality of steel bars:
CTD BARS
Cold Twisted Deformed Bars having high strength and proof stress produced by High Speed
Rolling and precision cold twisting.
TMT BARS
Our TMT bars are Thermo-Mechanically treated for high yield strength. The process involves the
rapid quenching of hot bars through a series of water jets after they come out of the last rolling
mill stand. The bars are cooled allowing the core and surface temperatures to equalize. The bar
core cools down slowly to turn into a ferritepearlite aggregate.
TMT Bars
TMT bars are Thermo-Mechanically treated for high yield strength. The process involves the
rapid quenching of hot bars through a series of water jets after they come out of the last rolling
mill stand. The bars are cooled allowing the core and surface temperatures to equalize. The bar
core cools down slowly to turn into a ferrlitepearlite aggregate.
The company is using the Tempcore Process, the most advanced technology worldwide for
manufacturing TMT bars in private sector after Tata Iron and Steel Corporation Limited. For
determining better quality monitoring of the different layers of the TMT bars at the micro level,
the company uses Micro Structure Analysis.
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High strength
High ductility
Weld ability
Dimensional Tolerance
Product Specifications
Trademark Tempcore TMT
Grades : TMT Grade Fe 415, Fe500
Diameter :8,10,12,16,20,25 mm
Standard Length 5.5 meters to 13 meters.
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PROPERTIES/COMPOSITION
TMT
COMPANYs
415 N/mm2
450 N/mm2
Tensile Strength
485 N/mm2
530 N/mm2
Elongation
14.50%
20%
Bend Test
Up to 22 mm-3D
0.30 Max.
0.30 Max.
Sulphur
0.06 Max.
0.06 Max.
Phosphorous
0.06 Max.
0.06 Max.
S+P
0.11Degree Max.
0.11Degree Max.
Proof Stress
500N/mm2
30N/mm2
Tensile Strength
545N/mm2
600N/mm2
Elongation
12%
15%
Bend Test
Upto 22mm-4D
Upto 22mm-3D
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0.30 Max
0.14-0.22 Max
Sulphur
0.060 Max
0.05 Max
Phosphorous
0.060 Max
S+P
0.110 Max
Mn
-----
0.4 Min
Si
-----
0.4 Max
0.05 Max
0.09 Max
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1ST DIRECTOR
2ND DIRECTOR
FACTORY
Manager
MARKETING
MANAGER
Asst. Manager
FINANCIAL
MANAGER
Asst. Manager
PRODUCTIO
N MANAGER
HUMAN
RESOURCE
MANAGER
Asst. Manager
Foreman
Sales Executives
Financial Executives
Fitter
Helper
The companys organizational chart is formed in a hierarchical way, where the hierarchy
starts with the Managing Director. Then in the next level of hierarchy two Directors are
there. After Director, Factory Manager leads to the next level which is further divided into
four departments namely Marketing Manager, Financial Manager, Production Manager,
Human Resource Manager. Where each department is further divided into assistant managers
and helpers which helps the upper level of the organization to work effectively and efficiently.
Hence the organizational chart shows the structure of the company and the flow of authority
between different levels.
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Managing Director
1st. Director
2nd. Director
Factory Manager
Mr. Shamlal
Marketing Manager
Mr. Mallikarjun
Finance Manager
Production Manager
Mr. Shamlal
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company
consists
of
four
departments
namely
Production,
Finance,
permanent staff and there are some 5-10 more who work on a daily wage basis. Every employee
who joins the company for the first time has to under go a probation period for one year. The
employee will be under observation during this period. If the director board is satisfied with the
performance, he will be made permanent. The permanent staff members are entitled for provident
fund, gratuity, employee state insurance, house rent allowance. The daily wage basis employees
are entitled for shift allowance. During the peek seasons the company works round the clock with
two shifts. The normal office working hours are from 9.00 to 14.00 hrs and 15.00 hrs to 19.00
hrs. The working shifts is of 6(six) hrs of two shifts.
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MARKETING DEPARTMENT
MARKETING DEPARTMENT
Marketing occupies an important position in the organization of any business unit.
Marketing functions are not limited to the functions of buying and selling but they include all
function necessary to satisfy the customer such as financing, storage, risk bearing and after sales
services etc. Marketing is a vital connecting link between the producer and the customer.
Functions
Target Customer
Target customer are small dealers vending in Taluks and small villages and house
constructing customers.
Market Research
Market Research are determined by the feedback by their dealers and walk-in customers.
Present Market Situation
The demand situation is slack due to general slowdown on the export front and there by
due to a slowdown general Indian economy. However due to agricultural production the rural
demand is intact and therefore demand situation is not totally hopeless and the production is
some-how seems to be picking up due to the seasonal demand.
Major Competitor
Major Competitor are from outside the state steel producers because there is very less
production as the local electricity power rate is very high, so there is minimum production allover
the state(being electricity is the major cost in the production of steel), naturally the goods comes
from out of the state for local demand within the state.
Market Segmentation
About 50% from city and other 50% from near by rural markets.
Market Target
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Sales Promotion
For sales promotion, suitable incentives in kind are being offered to the dealer and as well
as direct customer, so that the sales volume is maintained at the optimum level.
Just like: 1. Quantity discount.
2. Price discount.
3. Better credit facility to credit worthy dealer and customers.
4. FOR delivery.
General economic and business conditions
The demand for company products is dependent on general economic conditions in India
and may affect if there are changes in business conditions in our country.
Demand
The demand for company products viz. Steel, Cement, SS Pipes and POP is a derived
demand, meaning that it is dependent upon the state and condition of the infrastructure,
construction and housing industry. Company have a very well diversified customer base which
obviates dependence on any major Customer. Company have further sought to expand company
customer base. The prospects and earnings growth of the customers company serve will have an
impact on company ability to generate sales.
Competition
Selling prices of company products may be affected if competition intensifies, including
as a result of increased capacity of Competitors or company competitors adopt aggressive pricing
strategies in order to gain market share or new competitors enter the markets we serve.
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DIRECTOR
MARKETING MANAGER
ASST. MARKETING
MANAGER
SALES EXECUTIVES
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1. Patel Shanti Steels recognizes that its people are the primary source of its
competitiveness.
2. It will pursue management practices designed to enrich the quality of life of its
employees,
3.
develop
their
potential
and
maximise
their
productivity.
Patel Shanti Steels will strive continuously to foster a climate of openness, mutual
trust and teamwork.
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of
workman.
They require much lesser manpower as there is centralized management.
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL
Performance appraisal assesses an individual's performance against previously agreed
work objectives. Performance appraisal is normally carried out once a year. They assess key
result areas of their employees, workers and supervisors. Since it is a joint responsibility of the
individual and the supervisor every individual in PSSPL are co prime to each other.
It also enables management to compare performance and potential between employees
and subordinates of the same rank. Rating of employees is done by their performances. It is given
as per ranks very good, average, and average to medium and below average.
TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT
Safety is a high priority area. Several movements to inculcate a culture of safety have
been
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its safety
record.
They are trained to know the changes in environment, market, and in steel prices.
They also get training of problem solving techniques, conflict management, etc.
COMPENSATION PLANNING
It depends on financial capabilities.
Yearly increments are given.
Compensation for inflation is common for all employees. (flat rates)
It is decided by union and management where various demands are negotiated.
It is paid as per other industries.
Individual performance bonus is also given.
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Accounting Policies
1. Basis of Accounting: Financial statement is prepared under the historical cost convention and
on annual basis.
2. Fixed Assets: Fixed Assets are stated at their historical and less accumulated depreciation
there own. The cost of fixed assets comprises their acquisition cost and any attributable of
bringing the asset to its working conditions. The cost of self - constructed fixed assets
comprise those costs that are related directly to the specific assets and overheads consistently
allocated at predetermined percentage of direct salaries and wages.
3. Valuation of Inventories
a. Raw Material, stores &Spares, Packing Material, Fuel, Stock in process are valued
at cost
b. Finished goods are valued at cost or realizable value whichever is less.
c.
Waste & scrap and Runner & Riser are valued at realizable value.
4. Sales
Sales are stated net of sales returns.
5. Cenvat
Cenvat claimed on Plant & Machinery is reduced from the cost of Plant&
Machinery. Cenvat claimed on purchases of raw materials and other materials reduced from
the cost of such materials.
6. Provision For Current And Deffered Tax
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Provision for current tax is made after taking into consideration benefits admissible
under the provision of income tax Act, 1961. Deferred tax resulting from timing difference
between book profit and taxable profit is accounted for using the tax rates and laws that have
been enacted or substantively enacted as on the dare of balance sheet. The deferred tax
liability is recognized and carried forward only to the extent that there is a reasonable
certainty that the same will be realized in future.
Companys Future Business strategy
Company has taken a conscious decision to develop and enlarge its business operations
by adopting Franchise route. The Franchisee markets the Products at its own using Marketing
network of PSSPL and paying the Company Royalty on sales per tone basis/per bag/percentage.
Company have plans to establish our own Stock Yards at various strategic locations and materials
required for these yards will be sourced from the nearby Franchisees, who are manufacturers of
PSSPL Steel TMT/ CTD Bars.
Company would be able to increase its profitability by increased turn-around cycle of available
resources.
Company would be able to derive benefits of handling large volumes.
Company would get Royalty payments from the Franchisees for use of PSSPL brand.
. PSSPL proposes to establish the stockyards in leased properties. It is proposed to acquire land at
a suitable location.
Each stockyard would be managed by a team of 5-6 people.
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Director
Finance Manager
Asst. Finance
Manager
Financial Executives
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Roughing Mil
(Ingot 4 reduced to 2)
Finishing Mill
(2 to reduced to required finishing
size)
Cooling Bed
Finished Goods
(8mm,10mm,12mm,16mm,20mm TMT Bars)
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Quenching Stage
The first stage consists of a drastic water cooling applied to the bar as it leaves the last
finishing stand. The efficiency of the water cooling equipment used at this stage has to be as high
as to produce a very hard cooling, on the bar surface, faster than the critical rate to form the
martensite so as to obtain a surface layer of crude martensite while core remains austenite.
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Production
Manager
Asst.
Production/supervisor
Foreman
Operation
Manager
Fitter
Operation Mgr.
Production
Worker
Helpers
Work shop
Department
Electricity
Department
Electricity
Supervisor
Asst.
Electrician
Roughing
Mill
6 Workers
Turner
Helper
Finishing
Mill
8 Workers
Roller
Finisher
Helper
Materials
Handling
Store
Manager
Raw Materials
Finish Goods
4 Workers
24 Workers
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Director
Production Manager
Foreman
Fitter
Helper
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2.
The company has a network of more than 175 dealers and distributors spread across the
state.
9. Company produces quality product at reasonable prices which has competitive of the
company.
10. Direct Marketing helps company to deal directly with the customers to know their needs
and satisfaction.
WEAKNESS
1. Fluctuation in raw material prices results in fluctuation in daily prices of the product.
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Objectives of Study
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To understand and analyze the working capital position of PSSP Ltd. During the
period of 2004-2008.
To measure the overall financial position of the organization with the help of ratio
analysis.
METHODOLOGY
The information of the budgetary control where obtained from
Primary Data : The information Collected from Personnel Interaction with manager and
other staff
This study deals only with the data made available. Hence the result of this study
cannot judge the business of the firm in general
The study have been influenced by the limitation of the ratio analysis
The study extensively uses the data provided is the financial reports of the firm which
may also have their own limited perspective
The analysis made on the working capital management is for a particular period of
time the current assets and current liabilities will change for an analysis made at any
other of time.
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One of the vital aspects of companys financial management is to manage its current
assets and the current liabilities in such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is
maintained. Working capital management means administration of all aspects of working capital
i.e. current assets and current liabilities. Firm has to manage it properly in order to attain its goal
of wealth maximization.
Meaning
Working capital is that part of total capital which is used for carrying out routine business
operations. In simple terms, working capital is the capital with which the business of the
company is worked over. Working capital is the lifeblood of business and it is the controlling
system of every business firm.
The working capital management is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting
to manage the current assets and current liabilities and the interrelationships that exists between
them. This tries to evolve how much funds to be invested in each type of current assets and what
should be the proportion of long-term funds to short-term funds and which are the sources that
are ideal for financing current assets.
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To incur day-to-day expense and overhead costs like fuel, power and office expense
etc.
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WORKING CAPITAL
Permanent
Variable
Working
capital
working capital
Regular working
capital
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This is the difference between current assets and current liabilities. Current liabilities are
those that are expected to mature within an accounting year and include creditors, bills payable
and outstanding expenses.
Working Capital Management is no doubt significant for all firms, but its significance is
enhanced in cases of small firms. A small firm has more investment in current assets than fixed
assets and therefore current assets should be efficiently managed.
The working capital needs increase as the firm grows. As sales grow, the firm needs to
invest more in debtors and inventories. The finance manager should be aware of such needs and
finance them quickly.
Current Assets can be financed through long term and short-term sources. The ratio of
long term to short-term source will depend on whether the firm is aggressive or conservative. If
the firm is aggressive then it will finance a part of its permanent current assets with short-term
funds. On the other hand , a conservative firm will finance its permanent assets and also a part of
temporary current assets with long- term financing.
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1. Bank credit
2. Customer advances
3. short term public deposits
4. Installment credit
5. Factoring
6. Commercial papers
7. Indigenous banker
8. Trade credit
9. Outstanding expenses
CASH MANAGEMENT:
Cash is the liquid money, which a firm can disburse immediately without any restriction.
The term cash includes coins, currency and cheques held by the firm and balances in its bank
accounts. Sometimes near cash items, such as marketable securities or bank time deposits are
also included in cash. The basic characteristics of wear cash assets are that they can readily be
converted into cash, and we invests it in marketable securities. The kind of the investment
contribute some profit to the firm.
Cash is often called as non earning asset. It is needed to pay for labor and raw
materials, to buy fixed assets, to pay taxes, to service debts, to pay dividends and so on.
However, cash itself earns no interest. Thus the goal of the firms must hold for use in conducting
its normal business activities. It the same time it should have sufficient cash.
1. To take trade discounts
2. To maintain its credit rating
3. To meet unexpected cash needs
The cash management is concerned with the managing of
1. Cash flows into and out of the firm
2. Cash flows within the firm at
3. Cash balance held by the firm at a point of time by financing deficit.
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Collection technique:
1. Speedy cash collections
2. Prompt payment by customer
3. Early conversion of payments into cash
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Particular
2004-05
2005-06
Increase
Decrease
11108491
10293700
814971
A. Current assets
Inventories
Sundry debtors
4955298
6466001
1510703
2115880
1466183
649697
646872
10095831
3627103
24648397
28321715
B. Current Liabilities
42403714
9516509
32887205
(17755317)
18805206
38025011
1464488
Decreased W C
36560523
36560523
18805206
18805206
38025011
38025011
Interpretion As we can see increase in the table 2005-06 as compared to 2004-05. above table
current assets are increases more. In current assets are llike inventeiors, bank and loan, sundry
detros.
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Particular
2006-07
2007-08
Increase
Decrease
10293700
8244141
2049560
Sundry debtors
646600
5805123
660878
1466183
1266688
199495
10095831
12995701
2899871
Total current
assets or gross
working capital
28321715
28311653
2899871
2909933
B. Current Liabilities
9516510
5474299
4042211
18805205
22837454
4032149
Decreased W C
(4032149)
6942082
22837454
22837454
6942082
A. Current assets
Inventories
As we can decreases in the above table 2006-07assets are decreases because of increases the
inventories decrease bank and loan sundry debtors decreases as compare to previous years.
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Particular
2007-08
2008-09
Increase
Decrease
8244141
13318258
5074117
A. Current assets
Inventories
Sundry debtors
5805123
30322092
24516969
1266688
1019325
247363
Loans and
advances
12995701
4977737
8017962
Total current
assets
or gross working capital
28311653
496377414
29591086
8265325
B. Current Liabilities
5474299
12616200
7141901
22837354
37021314
Decreased W C
14183860
37031214
37021314
29591086
14183860
29591086
Interpretation As we can increases in the above table current assets 2007-08 as compared to
2006-07 are decreases because of increases the inventories bank and loan sundry debtors
increases as compare to previous years.
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RATIO ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION
The financial statement of a company contains a lot of information about the financial
performance of the company. Financial statements mainly consist of the Balance Sheet and Profit
and Loss Accounts. These statements give the overall picture of the company, but to analyse each
aspect of business extensively, financial ratios are used. The Balance Sheet and the Statement of
Income are essential, but they are only the starting point for successful financial management.
Financial Ratio Analysis derived from Financial Statements analyses the success, failure, and
progress of business.
Ratio Analysis is a very powerful analytical tool useful for measuring the performance
of an organization. The ratio analysis concentrates on the interrelationship among the figures
appearing in the mentioned financial statements. The ratio analysis helps the management to
analyze the past performance of the firm and to make further projections.
Note: we have used the ratio analysis in this project in order to substantiate the managing of
working capital. For this, we used some of the ratios to get the required output.
Liquidity ratios
Turnover/activity ratios
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Current Ratio
Current Assets
Current Liabilities
Current
Current
Assets
Liabilities
2004-05
24648397
42403714
0.58
2005-06
28321715
9516509
2.97
2006-07
28311652
5474299
5.171
2007-08
49637413
12616200
3.93
Year
Ratio
INTERPRETATION
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Quick asset
Current Liabilities
Year
Quick
Current
Assets
Liabilities
Ratio
2004-05
13539906
42403714
0.31
2005-06
18028015
9516507
1.89
2006-07
20067511
5474299
3.66
2007-08
36319155
20012616
2.87
INTERPRETATION
Table 1.2 Standard of ratio is 1:1 . in the year 2004-05 ratio was 0.31. in the year 200506 increasing 1.89. in the year 2006-06 increasing ratio 3.66. and in the year 2007-08 decreasing
trend 2.87. company position is favorable.
Year
Quick Assets
Current Liabilities
Ratio
2004-05
2115880
42403714
0.04
2005-06
146183
9516509
0.15
2006-07
1266688
5474299
0.23
2007-08
1019325
12616200
0.08
INTERPRETATION
In the year 2004-05 ratio was 0.04 in the year 2005-06 increased o.15. in the year 2006-07
increased o.23. in the year 2007-08 again decreased 0.08 . there fore company position is
unfavorable.
Table 1.3 reveals that absolute quick ratio is below the standard ratio i.e. 0.5:1 indicates that 50
paisa worth of absolute liquidity assets are sufficient to meet one rupee worth of current
liabilities.
NWC
Year
NWC
Net Asset
Ratio
2004-05
17755317
65071495
0.27
2005-06
18805206
88085255
0.21
2006-07
22837353
822771402
0.02
2007-08
36751213
98137066
0.37
borrowing is
INTERPRETATION
In the year 2004-05 ratio was 0.02 in the year 2005-06 decreased 0.5. in the year 2006-07
increased 0.26. in the year 2007-08 again increased 0.37 . there fore company position is
unfavorable.
Table 1.3 reveals that absolute quick ratio is below the standard ratio i.e. 0.5:1 indicates that 50
paisa worth of absolute liquidity assets are sufficient to meet one rupee worth of current liabilities.
In Relation to Sales
Gross Profit Ratio
G.P.Ratio measures the relationship between gross profits & sales; it is usually
represented in percentage. Thus Gross profit margin highlights the production efficiency at a
concern
G.P.Ratio
Gross Profit
X 100
Sales
G.P.Ratio indicate the extent to which selling price of goods per unit may decline without
resulting in losses on operations of firm. It reflect efficiency with which firm produces the
product.
Year
Gross Profit
Sales
Ratio
2004-05
3218328
125946615
2.55
2005-06
5556628
108477129
5.12
2006-07
3446889
107302000
3.212
2007-08
7459228
122909228
6.06
INRTEPRETATION
In the year 2004-05 ratio was 2.55 . in the year 2006-07 increased 5.12 and in the year 2006-07
decreased 3.21 and 2007-08 increased 6.06.
Findings:1)
2)
3)
4)
CONCLUSION
Today working capital is considered to be an important tool for progress. Working capital
management techniques are playing significant role in assistant the management for design
making. The study of working capital system at Patel Shanti Steel Pvt at Raichur is found to
be very affective. The working capital contains the management of cash, management of
receivables and management of inventory.
BIBOLOGRAPHY
Financial management by M.Y. Khan and P.K. Jain
Financial management by I.M. Pandey
ANNEXURE