Welcome to the class of MI-108 Mechanical Engineering Drawing Dr Sanjay H Upadhyay Assistant Professor Mechanical & industrial EngineeringDepartment Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee-247 667 , Uttarakhand Room No: 236 Contact No: 285520 (0) DrS. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT R + Contact Hours: L: 2 T: 0 P: 4 + Examination Duration (Hrs.): Theory : 03 + Relative Weight age: PRS : 25 MTE : 25 ETE: 50 + Credits: 04 Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, HT RDetails of Course Sk Topics to be covered No. 1 |General Instructions = Sheet Layout, Line Symbols and Groups, Preferred Scales, Technical Sketching ‘Types of projections: Reference Planes and Quadrants, Orthographic Projection w Projection of point and lines Projection of plane figures. Projection of solids ‘Section of solid and development ‘Shape Description(Extermal): Multiplanar Representation, Systems of Projection, ‘Sketching of Orthographic Views from Pictorial Views, Conventional Practices, Precedence of Views , Precedence of Lines 8 [Uniplaner Representation: Sketching of Pictorial Views (Isometric and Oblique) from Multiplaner Orthographic Views 9 [Shape Description (Internal): Sectioning as an Aid to Understanding internal features, Principles of Sectioning, Types of Sections, Section Lines, Cutting Plane Lines and Conventional Practices 10 [Size Description: Dimensioning. Tools of Dimensioning, Size and Position Dimensions, Unidirectional and Aligned Systems, Principle and Practices of Dimensioning, 11 [Conventional Representation: Representation and Identification of Common Machine Elements and Features 12 [Introduction to Solid Modeling walos|en]s fus Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R Practical Exercises Topics Practice Classes of Two Hour Duration Projection of points and lines 4 Projection of plane figures 02 Projection of solids 03 Section and development 02 ‘Sketching of Orthographic Views from Pictorial Views 4 Sketching of Pictorial Views (Isometric and Oblique) from oF Multiplanar Orthographic Views, Missing Lines Exercise, Missing Views Exercise ‘Sectioning Exercise 02 Dimensioning exercise 02 Identification Exercise ol Solid Modeling, orthographic views from solid models 04 Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT RSuggested Books: S.No. Name of Books/ Authors/ Publisher Year of Publication 1 _ [Technical Drawing, Giesecke. Mitchell, Spencer. 2003 Hill, Dygdon and Novak, Macmillan Publishing Company 2 [Engineering Drawing and Graphics Technology, 1993 TE. French, C.J. Vierck and RJ. Foster, McGraw- HillIne 3 [Fundamentals of Engineering Drawing, WJ. 1989 Luzadder, J. Warren and J.M. Duff, Prentice Hall International Editions 4 |SP 46:1988 Engineering Drawing Practice for] | ——— Schools and Colleges, Bureau of Indian standards 5. [Engineering Graphics, A. M. Chandra and Satish 2003 Chandra, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi Drs. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT R INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING DRAWING The role of engineers is to design & develop the products. In their business, engineers have to prepare drawings to convey their ideas. The graphical language used by engineers is called as Engineering Drawing. Just as a picture speaks thousands of words, a complete technical drawing tells everything about the geometry of the product. To draw accurate drat are used. These are expl: igs, various instruments & accessories ed on next slide. Drs. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT RDRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND ACCESSORIES Drawing Sheets and Papers Drawing sheets and papers are the ‘canvases’ on which drawings are composed by pencils or pens. Drawing sheets are available in standard sizes. Indian Standards (IS) for drawing sheets and drawing boards as recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) are shown in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 Recommended Sizes of Drawing Sheets and Drawing Boards Drawing Sheet (IS 10711:2001) Drawing Board (IS 144:1989) Designation @ (mn) Designation Size (nim) Length x Widih Length x Width AO 1189 x 841 Do 1270 x 920 Al 841 x 504 DI 920 x 650 Ad 594 x 420 be 650 x 470 AR 420 x 297 Ds 500 x 350 Ad. 297 x 210 Dr. H, Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R ig boards are used to support a drawing sheet or paper. They are made up of soft wooden platens fastened together by two cross plates (battens), Fig. 1.2. The working surface of the board is planned perfectly. A shorter edge of the board carries a hard ebony strip fitted in a groove. This straight ebony edge, perfectly lined up with the edge of the drawing board, provides the guide for the T- square. Working surtace +, Wooden platens a Ebony edge patter Fig. 1.2. Drawing board Drs. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R@ Mini Drafter A mini drafter is a portable device used to draw parallel, inclined and perpendicular lines speedily. It is mounted on a drawing board at the top left corner. A drafter consists of a scale, a scale screw, a scale plate, steel bars, a bar plate and a clamping mechanism, a S Seale ecrow - ‘Scale plate lampin ° strep Bar plate Fig. 1.3 Mini drafter Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R T-Square A T-square is a T-shaped device used to draw straight horizontal lines. It consists of a stock and a blade joined together at right angles, Fig. 1.4. Mating edge Working edge Fig. 1.4. T-square Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT RSet-squares Two set squares—{i) 45° set-square and (ii) 30°- 60° set-square, are the most common drawing instruments. A protractor is usually included in a 45° set- square, Fig. 1.5(a). The 30° 60° set-square may include French curves i Fig. 1.5(b). 48" oot-cquare with protcctor 20'-60" eot-oquare with curve @ Fig. 1.5. Set-squares Protractor Protractor is used to draw and measure the angles. It is available separately or as merged in 45° set-square. Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R Roller Scale Aroller scale is a handy device used to draw parallel and inclined lines. It is a speedy device and may be used for practice in classrooms. Protractor Roller Fig. 1.6 Roller scale Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT RCompasses Compasses are used to draw circles or arcs. Two sizes of compasses—(i) large compass and (ii) small spring bow compass are in common use. A large compass consists of a needle leg and a pencil leg hinged together at upper ends, Fig. 1.7(a). The two legs carry, respectively, a needle point anda pencil point at their lower ends. The pencil point can be interchanged with a pen point, Fig. 1.7(b). Lengthening bar, Fig. 1.7(c), is used to draw circles of diameter greater than 150 mm. Small spring bow compasses are of two types: bow pencil compass, Fig. 1.7(e) and Bow pen compass, Fig. 1.7(f). FE « Dr. H. Upadiyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R ers Dividers are used to transfer lengths from one place to other. They are also used to set-off desired distance from the scale on the paper. Large divider Spring bow divider (a) (b) Fig. 1.8 Dividers Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT RPencils/Lead Pens The quality of drawing largely depends on the selection and use of proper grade of pencil. The grade of a pencil is printed near its blocked end. For technical drawing, three grades of pencils, namely, H, 2H and HB are recommended. A lead pen, Fig. 1.10, is an alternative to the pencil. > a Lead pen Lead box f@) © Fig. 1.9. Pencils Fig. 1.10 Lead pen and lead box Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R Lead Sticks Lead sticks, Fig. 1.11, are used with compasses. HB and H grades are frequently needed for technical drafting. The end of lead sticks must be sharpened properly using sandpaper. Fig. 1.11 Lead sticks Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, UT RPencil Sharpener A pencil sharpener is a device used to mend the pencils. It conveniently removes the wooden shell covering the lead. A common hand-held sharpener, Fig. 1.12(a), is recommended. Poncil sharpener (hand held) Eraser fa) A non-dusting good quality eraser is recommended for erasing unwanted part of the pencil drawing. Fig, 1.13 Eraser Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R French Curve A French curve is a template of freeform curves made up of acrylic or celluloid, Fig. 1.14. It helps to draw a smooth curve passing through a number of non-collinear points. Fig. 1.14 French curves Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT R© ircle Template Atransparent circle template made up of acrylic is used to draw circles of different radii quickly. The circle templates should only be used to draw circles of diameters smaller than 5 mm. Fig. 1.16 Circle template Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R Lettering Set-squares Small sized transparent \set-squares without any graduations on their edges, Fig. 1.17, may be used for lettering purposes. Fig. 1.17 Lettering set-squares Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT R@ Lettering Template Lettering template is a plastic plate on which letters are carved, Fig. 1.18. Itmay be used for double stroke Gothic lettering (Section 2.3.4). AEA S ISCDEFGHIJKEMNOP (ie STUVWXYZ1234567690 ODS DELLS eer STUVWXYZ 1234567090 BWCWEFGHIJKLMNOPAR ak ea ee Fig. 1.18 Lettering template Dr5. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R cy Drawing Clips, Pins and Adhesive Tape Drawing clips, pins and adhesive tape are used to fix drawing paper/sheet on the drawing board. Their use is explained in Fig. 1.21. ar™ Drawing clips Drewing pins Adhesive tape (@) ) © Fig. 1.19 Drawing clips, drawing pins and adhesive tape Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT RSheet Container Asheet cont er, Fig. 1.20, may be used to store and carry dra Sandpaper Sandpaper (or sandpaper block) is used to sharpen the pencil lead and lead sticks. Fine grade wood sandpaper, should be preferred. Paper Napkins or Handkerchief Paper napkins or a small handkerchief may be used to clean the drawing sheet and drawing instruments frequently. Drs. H. Upadinyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R PRACTICAL LESSONS Before the start of drawing work, the drafting table and other drawing instruments should be cleaned properly. The user should also clean his or her hands. This helps to keep the drawing work clean Clamping a Drawing Sheet on Drawing Board and Setting the Drafter Refer Fig. 1.21 1. Place a drawing board on a table top or any other suitable surface. A specielly designed Grafting taole (with @ drawing board as a table top) may be used. The ebony edge of the board should be on your left-hand side. 2. Place the drawing sheet on the drawing board. The bottom and right edges of the sheet should be approximately 1 cm each from the corresponding edges of the board 3. Fix a drawing clip (Clip 1) at bottom right corner of the board. See INSET 1 for proper clip placement 4. Loosen the clamping screw of the mini drafter. Carry the drafter gently over the board and lace its claming strap over the top left corner of the board such that two of the inner faces of the strap will mate with the correspanding faces of the top edge of the board, INSET 2 The distance of the clamp from the left edge of the board may be 6 mm to 10 mm, JNSET 3. Tighten the clamping screw gently till the strap takes a firm grip on the board. Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT R5. Move the drafter scale to the centre of the sheet Loosen the scale screw and match the 0 degree mark on the degree scale with the mark on the scale plate, SET 4. You must look directly from above the 0 degree mark to avoid the parallax error. Tighten the scale screwgently 6. Move the drafter scale near the bottom edge of the sheet. Match the edge with the horizontal scale of the drafter. The sheet may be moved up and down pivoting about the Clip 1. Once the bottom edge of the sheet is matched perfectly with the horizontal scale, Place another clip (Clip 2) near the bottom left corner of the sheet. (If the sheet has a Printed drawing frame, then the bottom horizontal line of the frame should be matched with the horizontal scale.) Now, move the scale to the top edge of the sheet, sliding gently over the sheet, and place the third clip (Clip 3) near the top right comer of the sheet. Uso a drawing pin, INSET 5, or adhesive tape, INSET 6, to fix the top left comer of the shest The pin should be inserted at a point approximately 1 cm each from top and left edge of the sheet. In case of a sheet with @ printed drawing frame, the pin should be placed outside the frame. Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R inser INSETS sere © Uy = INSET ‘Osering or araRer 4.21 Clamping the drawing sheet and drafter Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT RPreparing the Pencil and Lead Sticks A penknife may be used to remove the wooden shell from the unlettered end of the pencil. Initially, around 35 mm length of shell should be removed to uncover approximately 10 mm length of lead, Fig. 1.22(a). The lead end should then be sharpened to a conical tip using a sandpaper. The sharp conical tip should be converted to a rounded tip. The lead sticks to be used in compasses may be sharpened using sandpaperin a similar way. . 4 de gy. > Le fe x 1 >t) Mending the Pencil Conical Lead Tip Rounding othe Lae Tip Rounded Leas Tip @ © o co} Sharponing the Looe Tip ©) Fig. 1.22 Steps in pencil preparation Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R Preparing the Compass Loosen the screw of the pencil point of the compass. Insert a lead stick of appropriate length and prepared with tip as explained below. Adjust the needle and lead so that the needle tip extends slightly more than the lead tip. Paper depth ' t Fig. 1.24 Compass preparation Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT RWorking Pencil The pencil should be gripped at an approximate distance of 35 mm from the lead tip, Fig.1.25. The pencil is usually held inclined at about 60° with the paper. The slope of the pencil should be in the direction of the stroke of the line, For horizontal lines, the pencil should slope up toward the right-hand side. For vertical lines, it should slope up toward the user. The pencil may be rotated slightly while drawing a line to ensure the uniformity in line thickness. , 4 Stroke direction __ Drawing (paper 7 == Line to be drawn Fig. 1.25 Working with pencil Drs. H. Upadinyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IIT R Working with Set-squares The set-squares, in combination with T-square, can be conveniently used to draw lines inclined at 15°, 30°, 45° and so on. The positions of the set- squares are shown in Fig. 1.26. Fig. 1.26 Working with set-squares Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT RDrawing Margins and Title Block Sufficient margins should be kept on all the sides of the drawing sheet. The margin widths at the four sides of A2 size (trimmed) sheet are shown in Fig. 1.27. A thick drawing frame should be drawn after fixing the margin width. Often, a longer frame line, say the bottom line, is drawn parallel to the corresponding edge of the sheet. 20 Drawing space sot Lettthagin—-Oraning fame \trimmes shoot Fig. 1.27 Drawing margins and location of title block Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED. IIT R The title block is located at the bottom right corner of the frame attached to the frame lines, Fig. 1.27. It typically includes information like, name of the organization, name of the designer or draftsman, drawing title, scale of the drawing, etc. The projection method symbol is also included in the title block. 4 RAWING TITLE: 2 8 ao) 40 \ 40 \ 160 \— Projection method symbol Fig. 1.28 Title block Dr. H. Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT RTIPS FOR GOOD QUALITY DRAWING 1. Sharpen the tip of the pencil from time to time by using a penknife and sandpaper. ‘Sharpen the lead tip inserted in the compass frequently by sandpaper. Use. proper grade of the pencil andior lead, i.e. H, 2H or HB 2s the case may be. Avoid frequent use of eraser. 2 3. 4 5. Complete a line, circle or arc in one stroke only. Avoid overcrawing 6. Maintain constant hand pressure while drawing a particular line, circle or arc. 7. Check frequently the 0 setting of the drafter scale. 8. Don't use a drafter to draw measured inclinations. Use a protractor for this purpose. 9 While moving the drafter scale from one paint to another, care should be taken that it does not rub with the drawing sheet. 10. Use @ bow compass to draw smaller circles or ares. A circle template should only be used to draw circles or ares having a diameter less than 5 mm. 11. Draw smooth curves (@.g., engineering curves, loci of points, sections of solids, development, curves of intersection, etc.,) initially very lightly by freehand and then use the French curve to make them sufficiently thick and uniform Dr. H, Upadhyay, Asst. Professor MIED, IT R 12. Use a paper napkin or clean handkerchief to clean away the rubbed particles from drawing sheet. 13. Avoid the contact of drawing instruments with drawing sheet except during their actual use, 14. Your drawing sheet gets stained by dirt on the drawing instruments, drawing board and your hands. Keep all these ahvays clean. 15. Protect your drawing sheet from all external factors which may spol or make it dirty. 18. Before placing the drawing sheet inside the container, roll it properly and place a rubber- band over it Dr 5. #. Upadhyay, Asst. ProfessorMieD, 1IT R