2.1 Fibras Ópticas PDF

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
Departamento de Electrnica
2.0 Componentes de un Sistema de

Comunicaciones por Fibra ptica
2.1 Fibras pticas
2.2 Fuentes y Transmisores pticos
2.3 Detectores y Receptores pticos
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Departamento de Electrnica
2.1 Fibras pticas
Fibra ptica
Envoltura
Una fibra ptica consta de
tres partes:
(Jacket)
El ncleo transporta la
(245 m)
seal de luz
El revestimiento mantiene la luz
en el ncleo
n1
La envoltura protege la fibra
Las dimensiones de la fibra se
miden en m
Revestimiento
(cladding)
(125 m)
n2
Ncleo (core)
(862,5 m)
ndice de refraccin (n1,2)
n1,2 = c/v
n1 ~ 1,46; n2 ~ 1.42
n1 (ncleo) > n2 (revestimiento)
Core
Cladding
Relator: Ricardo Olivares
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-31
Tipos de Fibras: Geometras
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-32
Tipos de Fibras: Perfil de ndice de refraccin
Geometra y perfil de ndice de refraccin en fibras

Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-33
Tipos de Fibras
Monomodo
ndice escalonado
Multimodo
ndice escalonado
Multimodo
ndice gradual
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-34
Tipos de Fibras: Propagacin de la luz

Propagacin en Fibras de ndice de Refraccin Escalonado
Considerando la figura, el ngulo del rayo refractado, segn Snell, es:
n0 sen i = n1sen r
Fig. 2.10: Propagacin de la luz en fibras con

ndice de refraccin
escalonado
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-35

As, la propagacin por reflexin interna total resultar para ngulos,
n2
c = arcsen
n1
Relacionando este ngulo con el ngulo de incidencia, i, podemos
encontrar el mximo ngulo (i,mx) que asegurar que el rayo permanezca
confinado en el ncleo de la fibra:
n0 sen i ,mx = n1 cos c = n12 n22

Apertura numrica:
AN = n1 2
n1 n2
n1
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-36

Fibras de ndice de Refraccin Escalonado
Cono crtico, tambin conocido como cono de aceptancia, es el
ngulo slido dentro del cual todos los rayos que son introducidos
en el ncleo, son reflejados en la separacin ncleo-revestimiento,
en o ms all del ngulo crtico, permitiendo por lo tanto la
propagacin por reflexin interna total.
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-37

Fibras de ndice de Refraccin Gradual
Para este caso, el ndice de refraccin del ncleo decrece
gradualmente desde su valor mximo, n1 (en =0), a su
valor mnimo, n2, en la interfaz ncleo-revestimiento. La
variacin es cercanamente cuadrtica, y se define a travs
del denominado perfil-, dado por:
n1 1 a para < a

n( ) =
n (1 ) = n para a
2
1
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-38

Fibras de ndice de Refraccin Gradual
Trayectoria de rayos en fibra multimodo con ndice de refraccin

gradual.
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-39
Tipos de Fibras: Modos en fibras

Campo elctrico en una seccin de fibra para los primeros
modos.
Configuracin de lneas de campo elctrico para una fibra ptica

Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-40
Tipos de fibra: Modos en Fibras
Constante de propagacin normalizada b en funcin del parmetro V

para algunos modos de orden menor
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-41
New Fiber for High Capacity WDM System

Low attenuation: <0.25dB/km,
Large diameter of MFD,
Large effective area,
Low PMD value:<=0.5ps/ km ,
Low dispersion slope,
Dispersion: 0.1-6ps/nm.km ,
High to press non-linearity,
low to minimize dispersion compensation.
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-42
G.652 Fiber (SSMF)

Characteristics:
Low loss <0.25dB/km

Large dispersion coefficient 20ps/nm.km
Large MFD 10um
Large effective area 80um2
Applications:
Meet the demand of n2.5Gb/s WDM systems.

Not satisfied for n10Gb/s WDM systems due to its large dispersion
coefficient .
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-43
G.653 Fiber (DSF)

Characteristics:
low loss
<0.25db/km
Zero dispersion
Small MFD
7.8 um
Small effective area0ps/nm.Km
50 um2
Applications:
meet the high bit rate single channel system.
Not satisfied for DWDM systems due to its zero dispersion.
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-44
G.655 (NZDSF) Fiber Research History

Lucent began commercial production of G.655 fiber in 1993,
named Truewave fiber;
Corning began to produce G.655 fiber in 1995, named SMF-LS;
WRI of china finished the research program of G.655fiber in 1996;
YOFC of china, Japan, France and German have begun commercial
production of G.655 fiber.
ITU-T Specifications of G.655 Fiber

Non-zero dispersion region: 1530-1565nm
Dispersion value: 0.1D6 ps/nm.km
Polarization mode dispersion: 0.5ps/ km (1550nm)
Mode field diameter: 8-11um
Cutoff wavelength: c 1470um, cc 1470um
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-45
Refractive Index Profile of G.655 Fiber
RIP of WRI G.655 fiber
RIP of WRI G.655 fiber
with positive dispersion
with negative dispersion
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-46
Lucent G.655 Fiber-Truewave

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Standard Value
Test Value
1252
124.6 ~ 125
Cladding Diameter m

0.1~0.5
Non-circularity %
2%
Concentricity of Cladding
0.152~0.256

1
to Core m

8~11
8.14~8.15
MFD m

1234~1287
Cutoff Wavelength(nm)
1470

0.204
Attenuation dB/km
0.22@1550nm

Prooftest(8N,1s)
Pass
Pass
<0.04
Temperature Cycling
I nduced Loss
o
(-40~70 C, Two Cycles dB)
0.05

/
1464.35~1464.68
Zero Dispersion Wavelength
nm
Zero Dispersion Slope

0. 092

0. 0476
2
ps/nm .km
Dispersion
0. 1 |D|
6
2. 90~4. 33
(1530~1566nm, ps/nm.km
0.1
0.5
PMD ps/km1/2

0.001
Bending Loss dB
0.05
Splice Loss dB
0.05
2
48.9
Effective Area( m
)
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-47
Dispersion Values of G.652, G.653, G.655
Dispersion (Ps/nm.Km)
G.652Fiber: >95% of Total Fiber Used
18
DWDM
Wavelength Region
1310nm
1550nm
( nm)
G.653Fiber
G.655Fiber
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-48
G.655 Fiber to Limit FWM
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-49
Advantages of G.655 Fiber in DWDM Systems

Long dispersion limited distance,
Not need or need little dispersion compensation,
Effectively limit FWM,
Enhance reliability of WDM system, lower its cost,
Meet the demand of long haul DWDM systems,
G.655 fiber with positive dispersion meets the demand
of long haul terrestrial DWDM systems,
Internal use of G.655 fiber with positive dispersion
and G.652 fiber meets the demand of submarine
DWDM systems.
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-50
Large Effective Area Fiber (LEAF)
LEAF is the G.655 fiber with large effective area.

LEAF has MFD value of >9.3um.
Large effective area to reduce nonlinear effect.
Large dispersion slope and large bending loss.
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-51
Conception of Effective Area
I0
I0
0
Radius
[
rdrdI (r , )]
Radius
( Aeff / )1/ 2
Aeff
Aeff
2
rdrd
I
( r , )
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-52
Corning Co. Parameters of LEAF

Length m
Atten.Spectr.
Loss OTDR
MFD m

Cladding Dia. m

Non-Circularity m

Concentricity of
Cladding to Core %
c(nm)
cc(nm)
NZD Wavelength nm
Zero DS ps/nm2.km
1530nm D ps/nm.km
1555nm D ps/nm.km
1565nm D ps/nm.km
PMD ps/nm.km
1550nm B.S. dB
2
Aeff ( m
)
323667337804
323667337808
9859
0.211@1550nm; 0.377@1310nm
0.20@1550nm; 0.37@1310nm
9.695
124.6
0.26
0.252
9850
0.201@1550nm; 0.363@1310nm
0.20@1550nm; 0.36@1310nm
9.727
124.8
0.10
0.068
>1600
1276
1513.32
0.10
1.79
3.86
5.36
0.097
0.00
72
>1600
1507.36
0.11
2.48
4.50
6.00
0.12
0.05
72
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-53
Design of LEAF
Dispersion (ps/nmkm)
LEAF
0.10
Dispersion
+3ps/nm/km@1547.5
Truewave
0.07ps/nm2*km
Light Intensity
DSF
2
1
1530
1540
1550
1560
Wavelength(nm)
0
Taller Redes pticas
LEAF
10
15
Radius (mm)
Red Clara 2007-54
LEAF Reduces Impact of All Nonlinearities

Relationship between dispersion, effective area
and nonlinear effects
Dispersion
Effective Area
FWM
SPM
XPM
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-55
Advantages of LEAF
Compare with G.655 fiber:
More amplifier spans,
Longer span lengths,
Enhance bit rate and channel number used,
Higher margin
Better upgrade flexibility,
To reduce all non-linear effects,
Save money up front.
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-56
Fiber Technology Trends

DWDM: More signal channel
TDM: More higher bit rate
Large bandwidth: C band, L band, .
Evolution to optical network.
Development of fiber amplifier:
More higher power output
Gain flattening : Er3+--doped telluride fiber amplifier
Large bandwidth : Raman amplifier
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-57
Dispersion Flattened LEAF

Large MFD : 10-11um
Large effective area : 80um2
Non-zero dispersion region : 1530-1600nm
Non-zero wavelength region : 1-4ps/nm.km
Zero dispersion slope : 0.04-0.05 ps/nm2.km
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-58
dispersion (ps/nm.km)
Chromatic Dispersion Flatness Fibers

20
G.652
G.653
10
G.655
0
1.1
-10
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
wavelength
CD FLATENESS FIBER
-20
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-59
G.652.A
The base subcategory for a single-mode optical fibre
cable
Suitable for the transmission systems in G.957 and

G.691 up to STM-16.
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-60
G.652.A Fibre Attributes

Mode field diameter
Cladding Diameter
Core concentricity error
Cladding noncircularity
Cable cut-off wavelength
Macrobend loss
Proof stress
Chromatic dispersion coefficient
Wavelength
1310 nm
Range of nominal values
8.6 9.5 mm
Tolerance
0.7 m
Nominal
125.0 mm
Tolerance
+/- 1 mm
Maximum
0.8 mm
Maximum
2.0%
Maximum
1260
Radius
37.5 mm
Number of turns
100
Maximum at 1550 nm
0.50 dB
Minimum
0.69 GPa
0min
1300 nm
0max
1324 nm
S0max
0.093 ps/nm2km
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-61
G.652.A Cable Attributes
Attenuation coefficient
Wavelength
Maximum at 1310 nm
0.5 dB/km
Maximum at 1550 nm
0.4 dB/km
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-62
G.652.B
The subcategory for a single-mode optical fibre
cable is suitable for the transmission systems in
G.957, g.691 and G.692 up to STM-64.
Chromatic dispersion will generally need to be
accommodated for high bit-rate transmissions
in the 1550 nm wavelength region.
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-63
G.652.B Fibre Attributes

Mode field diameter
Wavelength
1310 nm
8.6 9.5 mm
Tolerance
0.7 m
Nominal
125.0 mm
Tolerance
+/- 1 mm
Maximum
0.8 mm
Cladding non-circularity
Maximum
2.0 %
Maximum
1260 nm
Macro-bend loss
Radius
37.5 mm
Cladding Diameter
Number of turns
100
Maximum at 1550 nm
0.50 dB
Maximum at 16XX* nm
0.50 dB
Proof stress
Minimum
0.69 GPa
0min
1300 nm
0max
1324 nm
S0max
0.093 ps/nm2km
Relator:
Uncabled
Ricardo
fibre
Olivares
PMD coefficient
Taller Redes pticas

Maximum
** ps/km
Red Clara 2007-64
G.652.B Cable Attributes

PMD coefficient
Wavelength
Maximum at 1310 nm
0.4 dB/km
Maximum at 1550 nm
0.35 dB/km
Maximum at 16XX* nm
0.4 dB/km
20 cables
0.01 %
Maximum PMDQ
Taller Redes pticas
0.5 ps/km
Red Clara 2007-65
Fiber G.652.C
The subcategory for a single-mode optical fibre able is

suitable for the transmission systems in G.957 and G.691
and G.692 up to STM-64. Chromatic dispersion will generally
need to be accommodated for high bit-rate transmissions in
the 1550 wavelength region.
This subcategory also allows G.957 transmissions to

portions of the band above 1360 nm and below 1530 nm.
Chromatic dispersion in this extended band may impose
requirements on the maximum link length or the need for
accommodation.
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-66
G.652C Fiber Attributes

Mode field diameter
Cladding Diameter
Macrobend loss
Proof stress
Uncabled
fibre PMD
coefficient
Relator: Ricardo
Olivares
Wavelength
Tolerance
Nominal
Tolerance
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Radius
Number of turns
Maximum at 1550 nm
Maximum at 16XX* nm
Minimum
l0min
l0max
S0max
Maximum
Taller
Redes pticas
1310 nm
8.6 9.5 mm
0.7 m
125.0 mm
+/- 1 mm
0.8 mm
2.0 %
1260 nm
37.5 mm
100
0.50 dB
0.50 dB
0.69 GPa
1300 nm
1324 nm
0.093 ps/nm2km
** Clara
ps/km
Red
2007-67
G.652C Cable Attributes

Wavelength
Maximum at 1310 nm
Maximum at yyyy nm ***
PMD coefficient
****
Maximum at 1550 nm
0.35 dB/km
Maximum at 16XX* nm
0.4 dB/km
20 cables
0.01 %
Maximum PMDQ
0.4 dB/km
Taller Redes pticas
0.5 ps/km
Red Clara 2007-68
G.652c SMF
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-69
G.655 Fiber
Table 1 contains recommended attributes and values to
support many G.691 and G.692 applications. Concerning G.692
applications, depending on the channel wavelengths and
dispersion characteristics of the specific fibre, the maximum
total launch power could be restricted, and the typical minimum
channel spacing could be restricted to 200 GHz.
Table 2 contains recommended attributes and values to
support G.691 and G.692 applications. Concerning G.692
applications, depending on the channel wavelengths and
dispersion characteristics of the specific fibre, the launch power
can be higher than for fibres in the previous table, and the
typical minimum channel spacing is 100 GHz. The PMD
requirement allows operation of 10Gb/s systems to at least 400
km in length.
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-70
G.655A Fiber Attributes

Mode field diameter
Cladding Diameter
Macrobend loss
Proof stress
Band: 1530-1565 nm
Wavelength
Range of nominal Values
Tolerance
Nominal
Tolerance
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Radius
Number of turns
Maximum at 1550 nm
Minimum
min & max
Minimum value of Dmin
Maximum value of Dmax
Sign
Taller Redes pticas
1550 nm
8 11 mm
0.7 m
125 mm
+/- 1 mm
0.8 mm
2.0 %
1480 nm
37.5 mm
100
0.50 dB
0.69 GPa
1530 nm & 1565 nm
0.1 ps/nmkm
6.0 ps/nmkm
positive or negative
Red Clara 2007-71
G.655A Cable Attributes
Wavelength
Maximum at
1550 nm
Taller Redes pticas
0.35 dB/km
Red Clara 2007-72
G.655B Fiber Attributes

Mode field diameter
Cladding Diameter
Macrobend loss
Proof stress
Band: 1530-1565 nm

Band: 1565-16XX nm*
Uncabled fibre PMD coefficient
Wavelength
Tolerance
Nominal
Tolerance
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Radius
Number of turns
Maximum at 1550 nm
Maximum at 16XX* nm
Minimum
min & max
Sign
Dmax - Dmin
min & max
Sign
Maximum
Taller Redes pticas
1550 nm
8 11 mm
0.7 m
125.0 mm
+/- 1 mm
0.8 mm
2.0 %
1480 nm
37.5 mm
100
0.50 dB
0.50 dB
0.69 GPa
1530 nm & 1565 nm
1.0 ps/nmkm
10.0 ps/nmkm
Positive or negative
5.0 ps/nmkm
TBD
TBD
TBD
Positive
**
Red Clara 2007-73
G.655B Cable Attributes

Wavelength
PMD coefficient
Maximum at
1550 nm
Maximum at
16XX* nm
M
Q
Maximum
PMDQ
Taller Redes pticas
0.35 dB/km
0.4 dB/km
20 cables
0.01 %
0.5 ps/km
Red Clara 2007-74
Ribbon Cable Applications

High fiber counts
Limited duct space
Limited cable splice time due to road
congestion
Mid-span entry to drop fibers to customer
premises
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-75
Types of Ribbon Cables

The difference between ribbon cables and common cables is that the
smallest unit of ribbon cables is fiber ribbon, not fiber
The structures of ribbon cables include:
Central tube cable
Layer cable
Slotted core cable
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-76
Fiber Ribbon Structure

Fiber ribbon includes two structure:
Edge-bonded ribbon
Encapsulated ribbon
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-77
Fiber Ribbon Design

Fiber ribbon units consist of edge -bonded colored fibers
or encapsulated colored fibers in UV-acrylate matrix
Organized in units of 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 fibers
Robust, transparent and water resistant matrix material
gives excellent handling and long service life
Each ribbon and fiber uniquely identifiable
Units easily field separated into sub-units
Optimum for mass fusion splicing
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-78
Properties of Fiber Ribbon

Fiber
Fiber
Fiber
Fiber
Fiber
Fiber
ribbon
curl
ribbon
ribbon
ribbon
ribbon
geometry and dimensions

tear (separability)
strip ability
torsion
residual twist
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-79
Central Tube Cable

Properties:
Smaller cable diameters enable longer
reel lengths
15-20% longer for 72-fiber cable
40-50% longer for 96-fiber cable
Low cost
Max. Fiber counts: 216 fibers for 12-fiber
ribbon
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-80
Layer Cable
Properties:
Bigger cable diameters result in smaller
reel lengths
Higher cost
Fiber counts: 144-600 fibers for 12fiber ribbon
Easily separated into sub-units
Easy for mass fusion splicing
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-81
Layer Cable
Properties:
Bigger cable diameters result in
smaller reel lengths
Higher cost
Fiber counts: 144-600 fibers for 12fiber ribbon
Easily separated into sub-units
Easy for mass fusion splicing
Taller Redes pticas
Red Clara 2007-82

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Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

2.0 Componentes de un Sistema de

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

2.1 Fibras pticas

ndice de refraccin (n1,2)

n1 (ncleo) > n2 (revestimiento)

Relator: Ricardo Olivares

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-31

Tipos de Fibras: Geometras

Relator: Ricardo Olivares

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-32

Tipos de Fibras: Perfil de ndice de refraccin

Geometra y perfil de ndice de refraccin en fibras

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-33

Relator: Ricardo Olivares

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-34

Tipos de Fibras: Propagacin de la luz

Fig. 2.10: Propagacin de la luz en fibras con

Relator: Ricardo Olivares

Red Clara 2007-35

Tipos de Fibras: Propagacin de la luz

n0 sen i ,mx = n1 cos c = n12 n22

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-36

Tipos de Fibras: Propagacin de la luz

Relator: Ricardo Olivares

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-37

Tipos de Fibras: Propagacin de la luz

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-38

Tipos de Fibras: Propagacin de la luz

Trayectoria de rayos en fibra multimodo con ndice de refraccin

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-39

Tipos de Fibras: Modos en fibras

Configuracin de lneas de campo elctrico para una fibra ptica

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-40

Tipos de fibra: Modos en Fibras

Constante de propagacin normalizada b en funcin del parmetro V

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-41

New Fiber for High Capacity WDM System

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-42

G.652 Fiber (SSMF)

Low loss <0.25dB/km

Meet the demand of n2.5Gb/s WDM systems.

Relator: Ricardo Olivares

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-43

G.653 Fiber (DSF)

Small effective area0ps/nm.Km

Relator: Ricardo Olivares

Taller Redes pticas

Red Clara 2007-44

G.655 (NZDSF) Fiber Research History

ITU-T Specifications of G.655 Fiber