NGHIN CU V LA CHN CC GII PHP HP L

X L T YU DI NN P TRONG IU KIN A CHT

THNH PH NNG
Ch nhim ti: ThS. BI HNG TRUNG
C quan ch tr: S Giao thng vn ti thnh ph Nng
I. T VN :
Vn xy dng nn p trn t yu l mt ti c nhiu nc
trn th gii quan tm v tin hnh nghin cu c h thng, bi y l mt
hin tng rt thng gp trong qu trnh xy dng, nu khng c cc bin
php x l thch hp thng d b mt n nh ton khi dn n ln st,
sp cng trnh.
nc ta, vn x l t yu di nn p vn cn l mt cng
vic mi m. Cho n nay vn cha c mt nh gi mang tnh ton din v
tnh hnh xy dng v khai thc nn ng p trn t yu, cha c cc i
chiu gia l thuyt v thc t thi cng nh ln, n nh trt, tri,
hay nghin cu v s thay i cc ch tiu c l ca lp t yu sau khi c
x l,
i vi thnh ph Nng, trc y thng xy dng cng trnh
trn cc vng a cht tt gim bt nhng vn k thut phi x l v
h gi thnh xy dng. Hin nay, theo Quy hoch tng th thnh ph
Nng, khng gian th ca thnh ph s c pht trin theo hng Ty Ty Bc dc theo sng Cu n Trng nh v hng Ty - Ty Nam
theo quc l 1A v 14B v pha cc x Ha Th, Ha Pht Nhn chung,
y l nhng khu vc c a cht kh phc tp, nhiu khu vc c a tng l
lp t mm yu, cng chu ti khng cao s nh hng rt ln n n
nh cng trnh h tng xy dng bn trn.
m bo cht lng, hiu qu ca cng trnh khi a vo khai
thc, s dng, mt vn lun c quan tm, t ln hng u chnh l s
n nh ca nn mng cng trnh.
Cho n nay, vic x l t yu cho cc cng trnh xy dng san nn,
knh, p, ng giao thng c dng nn p thng p dng theo Quy
trnh kho st, thit k nn ng t p trn t yu 22TCN 262-2000
hoc Tiu chun thit k nn cc cng trnh thy cng TCVN 4253-1986.
Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh cc n v T vn thit k vn dng Tiu chun
v Quy trnh trn thc hin, mc d t c mt s nhng yu cu
nht nh, vn cn tn ti nhng vn cn phi trao i, rt kinh nghim
trong cc trng hp x l t yu s gp v sau.

Hin nay, c rt nhiu khu vc c a cht yu (ao h, m ly, ven

sng, bin,) ang c quy hoch thnh nhng khu th mi nh khu
vnh Mn Quang, khu Cm L, Ha Xun, Ha Chu, Ng Hnh Sn, Kt
qu nghin cu ca ti s l c s cho vic tip tc khai thc nhng khu
vc c a cht yu trong vic xy dng cc cng trnh h tng trn a bn
thnh ph Nng ng thi s gip cho cc c quan QLNN c nhng nh
hng cho cng tc qun l, khai thc cc cng trnh c xy dng trn
nn t yu.
II. MC TIU NGHIN CU:
- R sot li cc gii php x l t yu di nn p la chn gii
php ph hp nht vi iu kin khu vc, c nhng hiu chnh thch ng
i vi bin php x l;
- xut phng n x l n nh nn p trn t yu m bo an
ton, hiu qu nht ng vi mi loi a tng, s gp phn nhanh chng la
chn phng n x l hp l, cng ng ngha vi vic rt ngn c qu
trnh chun b u t cho mt d n u t xy dng.
III. NI DUNG NGHIN CU:
a) Thu thp ti liu v a cht t yu v cc gii php x l khu vc thnh
ph Nng.
b) nh gi tnh hnh a cht t yu v cc gii php x l p dng
khu vc thnh ph Nng: Da trn cc s liu iu tra, thu thp v a
cht v a cht cng trnh; v cc gii php x l t yu di nn p
v ang p dng trn a bn thnh ph Nng, cng nh cc khi nim,
quy nh v loi t yu nhm gip cho cc c quan QLNN, cc t chc t
vn thit k c c s ban u trong vic:
- S b d lng kh nng n nh ca cng trnh dng nn p khi
lp d n u t xy dng, nh hng mt v chiu su l khoan a
cht cng trnh khi lp cng kho st a cht giai on bo co
nghin cu kh thi.
- D kin kh nng v quy m ca gii php x l, tnh ton s b kt
cu cng nh kinh ph khi ton cho phn nn mng cng trnh bc lp
bo co quy m u t.
c) Nghin cu v xut gii php cng ngh x l t yu di nn p
khu vc thnh ph Nng.
IV. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU:

- Phng php thng k: Thc hin thng k, tng hp ti liu kho

st a cht cng trnh, phng php x l t yu ca nhng cng trnh
dng nn p xy dng trn a bn thnh ph Nng.
- Phng php thc nghim: T chc trin khai khoan kim tra i
chng nh gi cc ch tiu c l ca t yu sau khi x l bng cc phng
n khc nhau.
- Phng php tng hp: Cn c vo kt qu ca phng php thng
k, phng php phn tch, tng hp cc s liu, kt hp vi kin thc khoa
hc, quy trnh, quy phm nh gi tng kt v a cht yu thnh ph
cng nh cc gii php x l t yu di nn p hin nay.
V. KT QU NGHIN CU:
1. nh gi chung v ti liu a cht thu thp:
Trong qu trnh thc hin ti, nhm nghin cu tm hiu, thu
thp c khong hn 300 tp h s ti liu a cht ca cc cng trnh,
hng mc cng trnh xy dng do 25 n v lm ch u t, iu hnh khc
nhau. Sai khi r sot, sng lc, s ti liu a cht khu vc c a cht yu
thu thp c tng cng l 91 loi h s khc nhau ca 51 hng mc cng
trnh c dng nn p (nn ng, san nn, b knh mng) hoc ang
trin khai xy dng. Trong :
+ Tng s l khoan a cht thu thp c l: 637 l khoan.
+ Tng chiu di l khoan a cht l: 4.916,34 m.
+ Tng s l khoan gp t yu: 482 l khoan.
+ S lng mu t yu th nghim l: 3.336 mu.
Cc cng trnh hay hng mc cng trnh ny nm ri rc khp cc khu
vc ca Thnh ph Nng, bao gm a bn cc qun Hi Chu (15), Sn
Tr (05), Cm L (04), Thanh Kh (05), Lin Chiu (11), Ng Hnh Sn
(04) v huyn Ha Vang.
S liu a cht khu vc Cm L v qun Ng Hnh Sn cha thu
thp c nhiu do hin nay s lng cng trnh trin khai khu vc ny
cn t, ch yu tp trung khu vc c a hnh kh cao, a cht tt. Ngoi
ra, s liu a cht thuc phm vi khu vc Ha Vang cng cn t nu so vi
din tch ca khu vc ny. y l hn ch cn nghin cu b sung kp thi
bng cc ti chuyn su hn v phn vng a cht trong thi gian n.
Mt s cng trnh s liu a cht ch c thu thp thng qua thuyt
minh thit k m khng c s liu c th nh: Khu Ti nh c Ha Lin,
Tuyn mng thot nc t cu Xu ra b sng Cm L giai on thit k
iu chnh, ng Bch ng ng ni di, ng ni Nam hm Hi Vn
n Ty Loan giai on bo co nghin cu kh thi giai on 2 Cc s

liu ny khng a vo bo co tng hp m ch lm c s trong vic

khoanh vng a cht t yu.
* Ti liu h s thit k lin quan n cc gii php x l t yu
di nn p:
thu thp c tng cng 32 tp h s ti liu thit k x l t yu
di t p ca 32 cng trnh do 12 n v lm ch u t, iu hnh khc
nhau. Cc cng trnh nn p trn t yu nm ri rc khp cc khu vc ca
thnh ph Nng, bao gm a bn cc qun Hi Chu, Sn Tr, Cm L,
Thanh Kh, Lin Chiu v huyn Ha Vang.
Cc gii php x l t yu, nng cao cng v m bo n nh
nn ng thng c p dng trn a bn thnh ph Nng hin nay:
+ o b mt phn hay ton b t yu, thay th bng lp m ct;
+ S dng ng thm thng ng bng bc thm hoc ging ct, v
cc ct;
+ p b phn p hoc gim dc mi taluy;
+ Gia ti tm thi nn ng;
+ Tng cng bng vt liu a k thut (tri vi a k thut);
Mt s cng trnh thu thp c h s a cht l t yu nhng
khng phi l cng trnh nn p, c x l ch yu bng gii php ng
cc tre gia c hoc x l bng mng cc BTCT nn khng c xt n
trong chuyn ny.
Ngoi ra nhm nghin cu cng thu thp c mt s ti liu x l
t yu ca cc cng trnh ang hoc trin khai thi cng cn c iu chnh
ph hp hn. Cc cng trnh l:
+ Bin bn x l cng trnh ng ven sng Tuyn Sn - Ty Loan,
ng ni KCN ng tu - KCN dch v thy sn.
+ Cng vn xut gii php x l t yu ca S GTCC i vi mt
s cng trnh trn a bn thnh ph Nng nh: phm vi chng ln vi
t san nn ng ni cu Tuyn Sn - ng Nguyn Tri Phng ni di,
ng u cu Qu Ging Quc l 1A, ng s 5 KCN Ha Khnh.
+ Bo co ca Ch u t v mt s hin tng ln nn ng ca
cng trnh ng T605, ng s 5 KCN Ha Khnh, hin tng trt tri
on Km1+700-Km2 ng trnh ni Nam hm Hi Vn - Ty Loan.
Cng tc thu thp s liu ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thnh lp
s phn vng t yu trn a bn thnh ph Nng cng nh xut
gii php x l cc khu vc t yu hp l ph hp vi a bn thnh ph
Nng. Tuy nhin do cc cng trnh ch yu c khai theo cc hng
pht trin h tng ca thnh ph, nn c nhng khu vc c lng s liu thu
thp nhiu nhng cng c khu vc t hoc cha c ngun s liu no nh
khu vc pha Nam v ng Nam thnh ph Nng. ng thi, do nhiu

cng trnh c s iu chnh gii php x l cho ph hp vi iu kin

thc t trong qu trnh trin khai. Chnh iu ny s nh hng khng nh
n mc chnh xc trong vic xy dng s phn vng t yu trn a
bn thnh ph Nng cng nh nh gi tnh hp l ca gii php thit k.
Cc c quan qun l Nh nc c thm quyn nn c mt quy nh
thng nht mt biu mu cn thc hin trong qu trnh thu thp s liu a
cht ng thi phi xy dng mt quy ch qun l ti liu a cht cc cng
trnh xy dng trn a bn (c th giao cho S Ti nguyn - Mi trng ch
tr) nhm thun li cho vic tng hp phn tch nh gi a cht khu vc
Thnh ph, phc v cho cng tc xy dng u t c s h tng.
+ ti cng a ra cc kin ngh cho cc ch tiu th nghim cn
thit cho t yu cn phi c thc hin, bao gm: Cc ch tiu th nghim
t trong phng th nghim xc nh cc c trng a k thut ca t
yu; Cc ch tiu th nghim hin trng.
Trong trng hp c iu kin v thit b, ty vo iu kin a cht,
nhm nghin cu ti kin ngh b sung: Th nghim xuyn tnh, hoc th
nghim ct cnh ti hin trng. Cc th nghim ti hin trng c u im
l khng lm ph hoi kt cu ca t khi ly mu, khi vn chuyn v chun
b th nghim nn s tng chnh xc ng thi cc thit b th nghim
cng tng i n gin.
Ngoi ra, mc d s liu a cht hin nay thu thp kh nhiu, kin
ngh cng tc iu tra thu thp s liu a cht cn tip tc trin khai n khi
hon thnh ti, trong lu n mt s d n ang c UBND Thnh
ph ng ch trng u t xy dng nh: D n h tng u tin, ng
Bch ng ni di, Khu ven sng t ng ng a n cu Thun Phc,
ng Trn Hng o ni di, ng T 602, cng vin ng Nam Tng
i, Khu phc hp phng Bnh Hin,
2. nh gi v tnh hnh t yu khu vc thnh ph Nng:
* Cc dng loi t yu:
Trn c s cc ti liu a cht thu thp c, cc loi a cht t yu
a bn thnh ph Nng bao gm 05 dng loi sau:
a) St pha ct trng thi do mm n do chy:
- S lng h s kho st a cht thu thp c: Bt gp hu ht
cc l khoan ca cng trnh c t yu. Tng cng c 27 cng trnh c a
cht l loi t ny.
- S lng mu t thu thp c s liu: 190 mu.
b) Bn, bn st pha:
- S lng h s kho st a cht thu thp c: Tng cng c 23
cng trnh c a cht l loi t ny.
- S lng mu t thu thp c s liu: 103 mu.

c) Ct pha st trng thi chy:

- S lng h s kho st a cht thu thp c: Tng cng c 14
cng trnh c a cht l loi t ny.
- S lng mu t thu thp c s liu: 78 mu.
d) Ct ht mn, bi trng thi bo ha, ln hu c:
- S lng h s kho st a cht thu thp c: Tng cng c 23
cng trnh c a cht l loi t ny.
- S lng mu t thu thp c s liu: 104 mu.
e) St trng thi do mm:
- S lng h s kho st a cht thu thp c: Tng cng c 07
cng trnh c a cht l loi t ny.
- S lng mu t thu thp c s liu: 25 mu.
* Phn b ca cc lp t yu:
Qua h s a cht cc cng trnh v ang trin khai trn a bn
thnh ph Nng thu thp c ng thi tham kho cc ti liu a cht
khu vc nhn thy a hnh khu vc nghin cu c cc dng sau: a hnh
bc mn tng hp, a hnh tch t do hn hp sng - bin, a hnh tch t
do hn hp bin m ly, a hnh tch t do bin, a hnh ti tch t do gi.
Vi s a dng ca cc dng a hnh nh vy th cu trc a cht khu vc
cng kh a dng v ngun gc cng nh loi t cu to nn b mt a
hnh. c bit vi s xut hin ca cc lp t yu c thnh phn khc nhau
nh st, st pha, ct pha, bn st pha, bn ct pha cha hu c, ct mn bo
ha c trng thi t chy n do mm, trong ch yu l loi st pha
do mm, cc loi bn hu ht ch phn b trn tng mt hoc i ch nm
bn di lp ct mng.
C th nhn thy s a dng cc yu t a hnh khu vc c nh
hng rt ln n phn b c lp t yu. Trn a bn thnh ph Nng,
thng thng cc khu vc c a cht t yu thng nm cc v tr rung
trng, m ly ao h, bi bi ven sng, vnh bin. C th, t yu phn b
tri rng cc a bn sau y:
- Qun Hi Chu: Tp trung khu vc Ty Nam Ha Cng, ln cn
cc h trung tm thnh ph nh: h Thc Gin, m Rong, ng Bch
ng v khu vc Tuyn Sn ven b Ty sng Hn.
- Qun Ng Hnh Sn: Ch yu l cc vng dc theo lu vc sng
Vnh in.
- Qun Sn Tr: Tp trung nhiu khu vc Vnh Mn Quang, ng
Trn Hng o (dc theo b ng sng Hn).
- Qun Lin Chiu: Tp trung ch yu l cc khu m ly, ao h khu
th mi Ty Bc, khu vc KCN Ha Khnh m rng v dc sng Cu .

- Qun Thanh Kh: Khu vc khu dn c Thc Gin - Vnh Trung, khu
vc sng Ph Lc.
- Qun Cm L: Khu vc phng Khu Trung, phng Ha Xun,
Ha Th, ven sng Cm L.
- Huyn Ha Vang: Cc khu vc x Ha Chu, Ha Phc, Ha Tin,
Ha Nhn, dc hai bn h lu sng Yn.
Ty theo cao trnh xut hin lp t yu, c th phn chia khu vc t
yu thnh 02 loi:
- Loi phn b trn b mt t nhin (khng xt n lp t p ph,
t trng mn hu c,): Loi ny phn b dc theo cc thung lng hp ca
cc sng, sui, h, m ly nhng ni c a hnh trng thp nh lu vc
cc sng Yn, sng ty Loan, Vnh in (sng Ci), sng Cu , sng Ph
Lc, phm vi cc h Bu Trm, m Rong, Bu Su. Din phn b ca loi
ny thng khng rng, ko di theo hng dng chy. a cht khu vc
ny thng c mt cc lp bn st pha ln hu c, st pha, ct pha trng
thi do chy ca a tng mbQ II v amQI3. Chiu dy a cht t yu loi
ny thng t 4m n trn 10m nhng khng qu 20m.
- Loi phn b di su: Loi ny thng nhiu loi a cht xen k
ln nhau rt phc tp, phn b ven thung lng ca cc sng cch b sng
hin trng t 2-5km, st nn gm nhiu trm tch c ngun gc hn hp,
khng phn nh r quy lut phn b. Ti nhng khu vc ny, t yu thng
gp l bn st pha, st pha, st trng thi do mm, do chy kp vi cc
lp t dnh, chiu dy trung bnh t 3m - 5m.
* Tng hp cc ch tiu c l t yu trong khu vc:
t yu phn b khu vc thnh ph Nng c th c chia thnh
ba nhm chnh sau:
- t set, st pha, ct pha do mm n chy.
- t bn st, bn st pha, bn ct pha trng thi do mm n chy.
- t ct mn, ct bi trng thi do n chy.
Ni chung, t mm dnh (st, st pha ct, ct pha st) thng c
trng bng h s rng, st, h s nn ln, h s thm tng i thp.
Ngc li, khi lng t nhin, khi th tch lng th tch kh, gc ma st
trong, lc dnh kt, sc chu ti, m un bin dng tng i cao. Nu
nh thnh to trm tch loi st, st pha, thuc nhm t mm dnh c cc
c trng c l bin i c quy lut ni trn th bn st, bn st pha ct, bn
ct pha, than bn ca nhm t c thnh phn, trng thi, tnh cht c bit
su ln hn li c nhng tnh cht c l bin i theo quy lut ngc li.
Mt im ng lu na l trong loi t ny thng c mt lng vt cht
hu c cao. Do , bn st, bn st pha thng c gii hn chy v gii hn
do cao hn so vi cc gii hn ca t loi st, st pha. Tuy vy, ch s

do li khng khc nhau l my gia hai loi t ny. Mt khc bn st,

bn st pha cc loi c h s rng ln nhng h s thm gn nh tng
ng vi gi tr h s thm ca t loi st, st pha cc loi.
Trnh t nn cht cao hn ca t loi t st, st pha ct, ct pha
st nm trn so vi thnh to t bn, bn st pha, bn ct pha, than bn
nm bn di cng quan st thy r. Trong iu kin a hnh cao, mc nc
ngm nm su, kh nng thot nc t trong ra thun li th ti nhng ni
phn b bn ct pha, ct pha, st pha c cc ch tiu c l khng khc nhau
l my so vi gi tr tng ng ca cc loi t st, st pha c cng thnh
phn thch hc.
Do vy, t n kh nng ph hp vi mi tnh nng xy dng
cng trnh th cn phi c bin php x l nn t yu cho ph hp ng thi
phi c thi gian quan trc xem xt tng phng php x l i n thng
nht cc gii php hp l ng vi tng loi t yu khc nhau.
* Phn vng a cht t yu trn a bn thnh ph Nng:
ti s ha phn vng t yu phn chia khu vc thnh ph
Nng ra cc khu vc c c im tng ng v loi t yu. Nguyn tc
phn chia da trn s ng nht ca n v a mo theo nguyn tc ngun
gc hnh thi (vng a cht) cng nh s ng nht v thch hc, v trt t
cu trc ca cc phc h thch hc (khu a cht) v cc s liu thu thp
c t cc l khoan a cht.
Trn c s cc h s a cht thu thp c, bn a hnh t l
1:25000 ca thnh ph Nng v bn quy hoch tng th thnh ph
Nng n nm 2010 t l 1:10000, tin hnh nh du cc v tr l khoan
trn bn ri xc nh a cht c trng ca tng khu vc. Tn ca tng
khu vc c xc nh da trn tn ca ngun gc to thnh lp t .
Ranh gii gia cc khu vc ch mang tnh cht tng i.
Trn c s bn s ha phn khu a cht cng trnh, cc nh quy
hoch thit k nm c tng qut iu kin a cht chung ca khu vc,
qua chn gii php thch hp cho vic kho st, thit k v xy dng cc
cng trnh c th trong khu vc. Tuy nhin khi d kin xy dng cc cng
trnh mi cn tin hnh cng tc kho st y n su cn thit cho
tng loi cng trnh.
3. Cc gii php x l t yu di nn p khu vc thnh ph
Nng:
+ ti a ra: Cc yu cu khi thit k nn p trn t yu; Cc
trnh t tin hnh la chn mt gii php x l; Mt s gii php x l
t yu di nn p thng nghin cu p dng trn th gii v Vit
Nam.

+ ti cng a ra mt s vn lin quan n thit k x l t

yu di nn p khu vc thnh ph Nng.
+ Mt s nhn xt nh gi v cc gii php x l t yu p dng
trn a bn Nng: Nhng khu vc t yu trong phm vi thnh ph
Nng nhn chung tp trung cc bi sng, bin v c ngun gc trm tch
sng, sng bin v trm tch bin, m ly. i vi nhng khu vc ny,
c nhiu gii php x l tng cng n nh nn ng v tng thi gian ln
ca nn p trn t yu khc nhau ca nhiu n v T vn thit k. Cc
gii php sau y thng c s dng: Gia ti tm thi, p b phn p,
cm bc thm, cc ct, ging ct o b mt phn hay ton b t yu thay
bng lp m ct, s dng vi a k thut, kt hp ng thi hai hay nhiu
gii php nu. Thng qua cc ti liu x l t yu cc cng trnh nn p
c trin khai trn a bn thnh ph, ti rt ra c mt s nhn xt,
nh gi cho cc phng n nh: phng n thay t; phng n xy dng
b phn p; phng n s dng vi a k thut; phng n gia ti tm thi;
phng php s dng ng thm thng ng.
+ Trn c s cc nh gi nhn xt v cc phng n x l t yu
di nn p trn a bn thnh ph Nng, nhm nghin cu cng
a ra mt s xut i vi tng phng n.
4. La chn gii php x l t yu di nn p khu vc thnh ph
Nng:
- Da trn cc c s l thuyt ca gii php x l bao gm:
+ X l n nh mi dc.
+ C s l thuyt ca gii php tng nhanh tc ln c kt: bao gm
Bn cht ca hin tng ln c kt; Phn tch ln c kt theo phng php
Terxaghi (Tnh ton ln tng th; Xc nh phn b ng sut di t
p; Tnh ton c kt theo thi gian; Tnh ton c kt theo thi gian cho t
nn nhiu lp; Tnh ton c kt theo thi gian trong qu trnh thi cng p
t; S dng phng php phn t hu hn trong xc nh ln nn p).
- Da trn c s thc tin la chn gii php x l t yu nh:
tnh hnh a cht t yu khu vc thnh ph Nng; nh hng quy
hoch xy dng ca thnh ph Nng); So snh hiu qu kinh t - k thut
khi p dng cc gii php x l t yu trong iu kin thnh ph Nng
(gm cc gii php nh: Phng n thay t; Phng n xy dng b phn
p; Phng n s dng vi a k thut; Phng n gia ti tm thi; Phng
php s dng ng thm thng ng).
- Nghin cu la chn gii php x l t yu, ti nghin
cu:
a. xut gii php x l t yu hp l trong iu kin t yu
thnh ph Nng: Mc tiu cc gii php a ra m bo cc yu cu k

thut v k thut: nn phi n nh, ln nm trong gii hn cho php m

bo tin thi cng sm a cng trnh vo khai thc km theo vic em
li hiu qu kinh t mt cch ti u nht, qua xem xt, nh gi u nhc
im ca cc phng n t yu di nn p, nhm nghin cu ti
xut cc gii php x l c th nh sau:
- Gii php nng cao n nh ca nn p bng hnh thc s dng
b phn p p 2 bn nn p: Thc t cho thy mi trng hp, gii php
dng b phn p hn ch ln st - trt tri l bin php n gin v hiu
qu nht.
+ C th m bo n nh ln tri v trt su trong qu trnh p m
khng cn khng ch tc p;
+ Rt ngn thi gian x l nn ng p, y nhanh c tin thi
cng cng trnh;
+ Trong iu kin cng trnh l nn ng trong th, vic p b
phn p s gp phn gim tng gi thnh u t xy dng h tng ca khu
vc do khi lng phn t p ca b phn p s lm gim khi lng p
san nn;
+ C kh nng lm gim bin ln ca nn p;
- Gii php tng nhanh tc c kt bng hnh thc gia ti trc:
+ Ph hp vi a cht nn t nhin khng qu yu, chiu cao t p
khng qu cao (4m);
+ Vi chiu cao ti hn ca nn t p ln (c th c x l tng
chiu cao ti hn bng b phn p), t mt khi gia ti bng t p trong
mt thi gian tng nhanh tc ln (tc c kt) nhm rt ngn thi
gian ch ln;
+ Khi lng t gia ti c th s dng cho cng trnh p ti nhng
khu vc c a cht khng yu hoc dng p san nn cho cc khu vc h
tng k thut ln cn.
b. Kt qu nghin cu l thuyt: Qua vic chy trn chng trnh
my tnh, xy dng nn cc biu phc v cho vic la chn ban u gii
php x l xut, c th nh sau:
- Xc nh chiu cao gii hn nn p trn t yu trong trng hp
khng x l thng qua bng tra:
+ Vic xc nh chiu cao gii hn nn p trn t yu trong trng
hp khng x l l cng tc bt buc v cn lm trc tin i vi bt k
gii php x l nn t yu no. Vi cc s liu a cht cho tng khu vc
tng ng, thay i chiu dy lp t yu D(m) v chiu cao nn p H(m),
ta s xc nh h s an ton ti thiu tng ng.
+ Tng hp cc s liu trn thnh tng bng biu. Thng qua cc bng
biu c lp, s gip cc cn b k thut nhanh chng xc nh c mc

 n nh ca nn p tng ng vi chiu cao thit k trong giai on lp

d n.
- Xc nh mi quan h gia chiu cao t p v kch thc b phn
p trong gii php x l n nh nn ng bng b phn p:
+ Vic la chn kch thc b phn p cho x l n nh nn ng l
mt bi ton k thut - kinh t mt nhiu thi gian. Chiu cao b phn p
h(m) l c gii hn (thng chn khng nn qu 0,5H - chiu cao nn p).
Do vy, cn tp trung vo xc nh chiu rng b phn p cho hp l, m
bo an ton cn thit ca nn ng. S dng c bng tra xc nh
kch thc b phn p thng qua cc ton s to iu kin thun li trong
vic rt ngn thi gian tnh ton n nh nn ng.
+ Vi s liu a cht s dng c ngun gc bi tch ven sng (c
trng cho t yu khu vc thnh ph Nng), chiu dy lp t yu D =
6m, thay i kch thc b phn p (h - L) theo chiu cao nn p H (m), ta
s xc nh h s an ton ti thiu tng ng.
+ Tng hp cc s liu trn thnh tng bng biu. Thng qua cc bng
biu c lp, s gip cc cn b k thut nhanh chng xc nh c mc
n nh ca nn p tng ng vi kch thc b phn p d kin trong
giai on lp d n.
- Xc nh ln d kin cho tng khu vc tng ng vi chiu cao
nn p:
+ Vi s liu a cht s dng c ngun gc bi tch ven sng (c
trng cho t nn khu vc thnh ph Nng), chiu dy lp t yu
D=6m, thay i chiu cao nn p H (m), ta s xc nh ln d kin
tng ng cho tng khu vc.
+ Tng hp cc s liu trn thnh tng bng biu. Thng qua cc bng
biu c lp, s gip cc cn b k thut nhanh chng xc nh c khi
lng p b cho nn p trong giai on lp d n.
- La chn gii php x l t yu di nn p cho tng khu vc
trn a bn thnh ph Nng:
+ Trn c s cc phn tch u nhc im, hiu qu kinh t u t xy
dng cng trnh, kin ngh gii php x l t yu di nn p bng
phng n p b phn p kt hp vi p gia ti nn ng p dng ph
hp cho hu ht cc loi a cht t yu trn a bn thnh ph khi chiu
cao nn p khng qu 4,0m, chiu dy lp t yu khng ln hn 8,0m. S
dng b phn p cng gp phn lm gim bin ln ca nn p t 5-10%.
+ Vi chiu dy lp t yu ln hn 8,0m cn nghin cu so snh
gia phng n s dng ng thm thng ng (l bc thm nu a cht
dng bn st, l cc ct hoc ging ct nu a cht dng st pha, ct pha, ct
mn trng thi chy) vi gii php trn.

- Gii php x l nn p yu bng ng thm thng ng, kt hp

vi p gia ti n 2m v b phn p: Nn s dng ti nhng v tr ng
u cu p cao trn 4m qua bi bi lu vc cc sng Cm L, sng Ci,
sng Cu , c a cht t yu loi bn st, bn st pha, bn ct pha hoc
st pha trng thi chy chiu di lp t yu t 8,0m tr ln.
Trong trng hp tng mt t nhin c 01 lp ct ht mn n th vi
chiu dy >1,0m; s dng ng thm thng ng dng ging ct hoc cc
ct, m khng s dng bc thm.
- Gii php x l t yu bng phng n thay t: Nn s dng cho
khu vc nn p cao di 4,0m qua t yu c ngun gc sn tch, rung
trng khu vc Ty, Ty Nam thnh ph, a cht t yu loi t st pha
trng thi do mm, t st bo ha nc, ng thi chiu dy lp t yu
nh hn 4,0m.
* Trong trng hp ny, phi lu mt s vn sau:
+ Vic b ln nn p phi c tnh ton v quan trc thc t m
bo cao quy hoch.
+ Nu khu vc khng thng xuyn b ngp nc, khng nht thit
phi thay t bng cc ht th; c th s dng t loi st pha hoc ct pha,
ct mn c m nh hn, cng chu ti cao hn thay th;
+ Trng hp pha trn lp t yu do mm, do chy l mt lp st
pha hoc st trng thi do cng c chiu dy trn 1,0m ng thi chiu
cao t p khng qu 3,0m th khng s dng phng n o thay t (s
dng phng n p gia ti v b phn p sau khi kim tra mt n nh).
* Trong tt c cc gii php trn, cn thit phi b tr:
+ 01 lp vi a k thut khng dt cu to di nn p (nu t yu
dng bn st, st pha trng thi chy) ngn t p bn trn chm vo
trong t yu cng nh phn b u ng sut bn trn truyn xung t nn;
+ 01 lp m ct ht th dy ti thiu 0,5m di nn p (nu t yu
dng st pha, ct pha trng thi do mm, do chy) to iu kin thun
li tng nhanh kh nng thot nc trong nn t theo phng ngang.
c. Kt qu trin khai thc t cho cng trnh ng ven sng Tuyn
Sn - Ty Loan v ng Bch ng ni di (giai on 2):
Cc d n xy dng cng trnh dc theo cc tuyn sng trn a bn
thnh ph, c bit l cc cng trnh dng nn p nh ng giao thng,
san nn khu dn c, ang c trin khai nghin cu quy hoch, u t v
xy dng theo nh hng ko di b sng, ko di bi bin ca Thnh
ph. Tuy nhin, ni y l ni a cht kh yu, khng m bo n nh
cng trnh nu khng c gii php s liu thch hp. Nhm nghin cu
la chn 02 d n c trin khai ven tuyn sng Cm L (ng ven sng
Tuyn Sn - Ty Loan - trin khai nm 2005) v ven sng Hn (ng Bch

ng ni di - trin khai vo nm 2007) nghin cu, la chn phng n

x l t yu cho ph hp.
- D n ng ven sng Tuyn Sn - Ty Loan:
Trn c s cc nghin cu trc y v cc gii php x l nn t
yu, nhm nghin cu la chn phng n gia ti nn ng thc
hin. Tuy nhin so snh, nh gi, S GTVT thng nht chn on
Km0+520Km0+620 (l on cm bc thm tng i thun li), vn tin
hnh cm bc thm theo thit k c duyt.
Ni dung trin khai nh sau:
+ Tnh ton n nh, xc nh thi gian ch ln v chiu dy b ln
theo l thuyt; sau p t gia ti nn ng ng b H=2,5m.
+ Trin khai thi cng trn thc t, lp t cc mc quan trc theo di
ln v chuyn v ngang.
+ Theo di cht ch tc v ln thc t, i chiu vi l thuyt
tnh ton quyt nh thi gian d ti thi cng cc bc tip theo.
Kt qu thc hin: Nn ng vn m bo n nh.
- ng Bch ng ni di (Giai on 2):
Cng trnh c bt u trin khai thi cng p nn ng qua khu
vc t yu Km1+040-Km2+00 vo thng 12/2007. Phng n x l t
yu xut l p gia ti vi chiu cao H=1,0-1,5m tng nhanh tc c
kt, kt hp vi b phn p n nh nn ng (H=1,5m, L=6,0-8,0m). Thi
gian gia ti d kin l 2-6 thng ty thuc vo ln thc t i chiu vi
ln tnh ton.
Tuy nhin, do nhiu l do khch quan v ch quan, cho n thi im
bo co ti mi thi cng p xong phn 1 v phn 2 giai on 1 tin
hnh quan trc chuyn v. Kt qu thu thp ban u cho thy:
- Nn ng m bo n nh, khng c cc hin tng trt tri,
trt mi taluy nn p.
- So snh kt qu quan trc ln thc t, i chiu vi cc s liu khoan
i chng v ln tnh ton nhn thy:
+ i vi ln tc thi: Qua s liu khoan kim tra nn ng sau khi
p ct n cao thit k (+1,0m), cho thy sai s gia s liu d kin
(0,05-0,10m) v thc t (trung bnh 0,40m) l kh ln.
+ i vi ln c kt: Sai s gia ln thc t v ln tnh ton l
khng ln, kt qu quan trc ln thc t phn nh ng nh d ln tnh
ton.
Mc d gia kt qu tnh ton l thuyt v thc tin vn cn mt sai
s nht nh m nguyn nhn l do sai s t s liu u vo, gi thit iu
kin bin cng nh cc cng thc tnh ton l thuyt cha tht s ph hp
vi ng x ca t nn trong qu trnh c kt. Tuy nhin, gii php x l

xut m bo c chi ph x l nhng vn m bo yu cu k thut, em

li hiu qu kinh t nht nh.
d. Nhn xt chung v cc kt qu thu c t thc t:
Gii php iu chnh cng ngh x l t yu tuyn ng ven sng
Tuyn Sn - Ty Loan c UBND thnh ph thng nht ti Quyt nh
s 2441/Q-UBND ngy 30/3/2007. Kinh ph xy dng sau khi iu chnh
tit kim so vi ban u 2,261 t ng. Trn c s , ngy 04/4/2007,
UBND Thnh ph cho php trin khai phng n x l t yu di nn
p tuyn ng Bch ng ni di bng phng n gia ti kt hp vi b
phn p. Nu so snh vi phng n s dng bc thm kt hp vi vi a s
dng, gii php x l trn cng lm gim chi ph u t cho tuyn ng
khong 1,45 t ng. Qua qu trnh nghin cu, thit k v trin khai thc
hin x l t yu trn tuyn ng ven sng Tuyn Sn - Ty Loan (on
Km0-Km5) v ng Bch ng ni di (Km1+040-Km2+00), c th nhn
thy mt s vn sau:
- V a cht cng trnh c chn trin khai nghin cu cng
ngh:
+ c im a cht t yu ven sng Tuyn Sn - Ty Loan v
ng Bch ng ni di kh in hnh cho a cht t yu c ngun gc
trm tch sng v sng bin. y l loi t yu c din phn b chim t l
ln nht trong cc loi t yu thnh ph Nng.
+ Do iu kin cc phng th nghim trn a bn thnh ph, mt s
cc thng s th nghim khng c xc nh trc tip m da trn c s cc
bng tra kinh nhgim. iu ny cng nh hng khng nh n kt qu
tnh ton x l t yu giai on sau.
+ Thng qua kt qu cc l khoan a cht cch nhau mt khong
cch khng ln (<50m), cho thy t yu tng i phc tp vi chiu dy
t chnh lch tng i ln. Do vy, cc tnh ton da trn s liu 01 l
khoan cho 1 on tuyn ch l tng i.
- V kt qu thc hin x l t yu:
+ Cc tnh ton v xc nh n nh nn ng p trn t c
thc hin theo phng Bishop vi mt trt trn khot xung vng t yu
c bn da theo quy trnh 22TCVN262-2000. Nn ng ca 02 cng trnh
thc t quan trc u m bo n nh, khng b ph hoi do trt tri trong
qu trnh thi cng. Cc cc quan trc ngang c chuyn v theo phng ngang
v dch chuyn sau khi thi cng nn ng gia ti u <2cm, chuyn v
u cc theo phng ng hu nh khng c (<3mm). Tuy nhin, cha xc
nh c h s n nh sau khi x l c ph hp vi tnh ton hay khng.
+ Kt qu xc nh ln tc thi chnh lch nhiu so vi d kin
trong tnh ton. iu chng t vic xc nh ln tc thi thng qua

mt h s ch ph thuc vo gii php x l l cha ph hp m phi da

vo loi t yu nn p ln.
+ Cc kt qu tnh ton chuyn v thng ng (ln) do c kt ca nn
p ng c 02 cng trnh u ln hn nhiu so vi kt qu quan trc thc
t. iu ny c th l gii do s liu a cht ti thi im kho st, th
nghim t nhiu c s khc bit thin v bt li hn so vi thi im thi cng
(thi cng vo ma kh, thi tit thun li). Tuy nhin, trong cng thc tnh
ln ca quy trnh 22TCVN262-2000 cng cn c s iu chnh, b sung cc
thng s lin quan n nh hng ca ln tri, p trn din rng (p c b
phn p, p san nn).
+ Phng n x l tuyn ng bng p giai ti kt hp vi b phn
p tit kim c mt khong kinh ph ng k u t xy dng cng
trnh so vi cc phng n x l bc thm kt hp vi vi a k thut vn
thng c s dng.
- xut ch dn k thut thit k, thi cng v nghim thu p n
nh nn ng trn t yu bng p b phn p:
Hin nay trong cc Quy trnh k thut Vit Nam hin hnh cha
cp c th v gii php x l n nh nn ng bng b phn p. Trn c s
tng kt, rt kinh nghim qu trnh p dng gii php cng ngh, nhm
nghin cu xy dng xut Ch dn k thut thit k, thi cng v nghim
thu x l t yu tng n nh nn ng bng b phn p vi cc ni dung
c th c nh km Ph lc ca ti.
VI. KT LUN V KIN NGH:
1. Kt lun:
Vi ch trng m rng phm vi u t xy dng h tng ca Thnh
ph cng nh vi tc th ha nh hin nay, vic phi nghin cu x l
cc khu vc c a cht yu c th khai thc l vic lm ht sc cn thit.
c c cc gii php x l hp l, i hi cc s liu kho st a cht
t yu cn phi ht sc y v chnh xc. Thng qua cc ti liu kho st
a cht, thit k x l t yu di nn p cc cng trnh xy dng trn a
bn thnh ph Nng thu thp c, chng ta c th nh gi v ngun
gc hnh thnh t yu, phn loi v phn vng cc khu vc a cht l t
yu thnh ph ng thi c nhng nh gi, xut chn la gii php x
l t yu di t p hp l cho tng khu vc.
Thng qua qu trnh thu thp ti liu, nghin cu l thuyt v ng
dng thc tin, ti t c mt s kt qu sau:
a) Xc nh c cc c trng c bn ca a cht t yu khu vc
thnh ph Nng ng thi xy dng ha khu vc a cht trn a
bn thnh ph:

Da trn cc s liu kho st a cht v t yu cc cng trnh trn

a bn thnh ph Nng do cc n v T vn thit k thc hin, thng
qua vic tng hp x l s liu, c th nhn thy cc khu vc c nn a cht
t yu c dng trm tch bi tch (sng bin, sng, bin m ly), vi chiu
dy khng ln (<15m), ch yu c phn b cc khu vc ca sng, vng
vnh, cc khu vc ao h, m ly v ng rung.
Kt qu trn to c s cho cng tc nh gi quy m, xc nh
phm vi phn b ca cc loi a cht yu ng thi s l cn c ra
gii php c bn v x l nn p v quy hoch cao xy dng ng vi
tng khu vc cho ph hp giai on nghin cu sau ny trn a bn thnh
ph Nng.
Ngoi ra, thng qua vic thu thp, phn tch cc s liu v a cht,
ti cng pht hin ra mt s tn ti trong cng tc kho st a cht cng
trnh cng nh cng tc qun l nh nc chuyn ngnh v kin ngh mt s
gii php khc phc.
b) Phn tch, nh gi u nhc im, hiu qu kinh t - k thut ca
cc gii php x l c p dng trn a bn thnh ph Nng:
Da trn cc ti liu thu thp v tnh hnh thc t trin khai cc gii
php x l t yu di nn p v ang p dng trn a bn thnh ph
Nng, i chiu vi cc khi nim, quy nh v loi t yu, ti
phn tch, nh gi u nhc im, hiu qu kinh t - k thut ca 05 gii
php x l c p dng trn a bn thnh ph Nng.
C th nhn thy gii php x l t yu di nn p hin nay trn
a bn thnh ph kh a dng, ni dung tnh ton x l cng nh trin khai
thi cng thc t mi cng trnh c khc nhau do ti liu, quy trnh hng
dn thit k cha r rng, cn nhiu ni dung cn phi tip tc nghin cu,
tho lun. Tuy nhin, do cng trnh nn p c chiu cao khng ln (thng
thng nh hn 4,0m) nn cho n nay hu nh cha c s c nghim trng
no xy ra, tr nh hng do bin dng ln. Cc cng trnh x l hu nh
u tip tc qu trnh ln c kt vi tc khc nhau. Vic so snh nh gi
cc gii php x l t yu ch yu l v hiu qu kinh t.
Thng qua kt qu nghin cu nh gi cc gii php x l t yu
di nn p trin khai trn a bn thnh ph, c th gip cho cc c quan
qun l Nh nc, cc t chc t vn thit k c c s ban u trong vic:
- S b d lng kh nng n nh ca cng trnh dng nn p khi
d n u t xy dng, nh hng mt v chiu su l khoan a cht
cng trnh khi lp cng kho st a cht giai on bo co nghin cu
kh thi.

- D kin kh nng v quy m ca gii php x l, tnh ton s b kt

cu cng nh kinh ph khi ton cho phn nn mng cng trnh bc lp
bo co quy m u t.
Ngoi ra, thng qua qu trnh nghin cu l thuyt x l t yu di
nn p, ti cng pht hin ra mt s tn ti, vng mc trong vic p
dng quy trnh 22TCN 262-2000, quy trnh kho st thit k nn ng t
p trn t yu nh quy nh v loi t nn cn tnh ln, chiu su v
chiu cao t p tnh ln, cch xc nh ln tc thi, cng thc tnh ln,
tnh ton ln c kt,, c nhng lu v kin ngh i vi cc n v c
lin quan nh cc Ch u t, T vn thit k, c quan QLNN chuyn ngnh
trong qu trnh nghin cu tnh ton, x l t yu.
c) Nghin cu v xut gii php cng ngh x l t yu di nn
p ph hp vi iu kin khu vc thnh ph Nng:
Trn c s cc phn tch nh gi tnh hnh, c trng a cht t yu
trong khu vc, so snh i chiu cc gii php x l khc nhau, ti
kin ngh 03 gii php cho 03 loi c im a hnh - a cht c trng cho
khu vc xy dng nn p trn a bn thnh ph.
ti cng kin ngh p dng rng ri gii php p t gia ti kt
hp vi b phn p l gii php x l t yu di nn p ph hp nht vi
hu ht iu kin a cht - quy hoch ca thnh ph, m bo c n
nh v ln cho php nhng khng qu tn km. Ni dung kin ngh
c p dng th im cho 02 cng trnh xy dng dng nn p ang trin
khai xy dng, bc u mang li hiu qu kinh t xc nh c.
ti cng xy dng cc bng biu phc v cho vic tra cu n
nh, kch thc b phn p, ln d bo nhm gip cho cc ch u t,
cc n v T vn thit k rt ngn thi gian tnh ton giai on lp d n
u t cc cng trnh xy dng h tng qua khu vc t yu. ti cng
xut ch dn thit k, thi cng v nghim thu cho cng ngh thi cng n
nh nn p qua t yu bng b phn p.
Kt qu nghin cu ca ti s to iu kin thun li cho cc c
quan Qun l Nh nc lnh vc chuyn ngnh c lin quan nh S Xy
dng, S Giao thng vn ti, S K hoch u t trong vic nh gi u t
d n h tng k thut cng nh cc Ch u t, cc n v T vn thun li
hn.
2. Kin ngh:
a. i vi cng tc kho st a cht cng trnh:
- Kin ngh cc Ch u t cn c s quan tm n cng tc nh gi
cc s liu kho st a cht, c bit l cc v tr, khu vc t yu m bo
tnh chnh xc.

- Cc c quan qun l Nh nc (S Ti nguyn - Mi trng l c

quan ch tr) cng cn c nhng quy nh, hng dn kp thi thng nht v
biu mu, cc yu cu i vi s liu a k thut m cng tc kho st a
cht t yu cn cung cp, nh hng cho cng tc kho st v thit k
x l t yu c ph hp vi quy nh hin hnh.
b. i vi cng tc thit k x l t yu:
- Mt s tn ti vng mc v l thuyt tnh ton n nh v tnh ton
ln trong Quy trnh 22TCN 262-2000, quy trnh kho st thit k nn ng
t p trn t yu nh quy nh v loi t nn cn tnh ln, chiu su v
chiu cao t p tnh ln, cch xc nh ln tc thi, cng thc tnh ln,
tnh ton ln c kt, cn c tip tc nghin cu, xut mt ti
nghin cu su hn;
- Cc n v T vn cn quan tm nghin cu k quy trnh, i chiu
vi thc t trin khai t c rt c nhng kinh nghim x l ph
hp cho tng trng hp, cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit v cc vng
mc tn ti xy ra trong qu trnh x l t yu do mnh thc hin, trao i
vi nhau nhng kinh nghim thc hin, cng nh c nhng kin ngh
xut iu chnh Quy trnh, quy phm kp thi, m bo vic thit k v xy
dng cng trnh trn t yu c n nh, vng chc.
3. i vi vic trin khai p dng kt qu ti:
- C th s dng kt qu ca ti trong vic nh gi a cht t
yu khu vc thnh ph cho vic nhng xut cc gii php kt cu mng
x l n nh cho cc cng trnh xy dng nh (nht l nh cao tng), cu
cng, cng xng, khi xy dng trong cc khu vc ny.
- Cc n v trn a bn thnh ph nh S Xy dng, S K hoch
u t, S Ti nguyn - Mi trng, UBND cc qun huyn c th nghin
cu kt qu t c ca ti vn dng trong qu trnh thc hin cng
tc thm tra, thm nh h s x l t yu di nn p, t c ng gp
b sung kin cho c quan ch tr ti tip tc hon thin kt qu nghin
cu.
- UNND Thnh ph Nng cho php nghin cu, trin khai iu
chnh gii php x l t yu tuyn ng ven sng Tuyn Sn - Ty Loan
on Km5 - Km10 v mt s cng trnh x l t yu di nn p theo
hng xut ca ti nhm tit kim kinh ph u t xy dng.