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GV: Trn Th Thanh H

CHUYN CU TO NGUYN T
THNH PHN NGUYN T
I. Thnh phn cu to ca v nguyn t
Cc loi ht
K hiu
Tng s ht
Electron
e
E (Z)
(J.J
Thomson
1897)
Proton
p
P (Z)
(E.Rutherford1918)
Ntron
n
N
(J-Chatwick-1932)

in tch
-1,602.10-19C
Qui c: 1-

Khi lng
0,55.10-3 u
9,1094.10-31kg

+1,602.10-19C
Qui c: 1+

1u
1,6726.10-27kg

Khng
in

mang 1u
1,6748.10-27kg

II. Kch thc nguyn t

-n v o kch thc nguyn t l nanomet(nm) hay angstrom(A0)
1 A0 = 10-10 m ; 1 nm= 10-9 m; 1nm = 10 A0.
-Nguyn t dng hnh cu. ng knh khong 10-10 nm
-ng knh ca ht nhn nguyn t cn nh hn khong 10-5nm.
=> ng knh nguyn t =
ng knh ht nhn
-ng knh ca e v ca p cn nh hn nhiu (khong 10-8 nm). Electron chuyn ng
xung quanh ht nhn trong khng gian rng ca nguyn t.
=> Nguyn t c cu to rng.
- V 1 nguyn t = 4/3 r3 ; V 1 mol nguyn t = 4/3 r3 .6.10 23.
-Nguyn t nh nht l H c: r= 0,053 nm.
III. Khi lng nguyn t
n v khi lng nguyn t k hiu l u (u cn c gi l vC)
1u bng 1/12 khi lng ca mt nguyn t ng v C 12
mC = 19,9265.10-27 kg => 1u =
mH = 1,6738.10-27kg =
u
HT NHN NGUYN T- NGUYN T HA HC
I. Ht nhn nguyn t
1. in tch ht nhn
S n v in tch ht nhn = s e = s proton
2. S khi
S khi ca ht nhn bng tng s proton (Z) v s ntron(Z)
A= Z+ N
Lu : -Nguyn t c Z 82 => bn => 1

N
1,524 hay 3Z Tnghat 3,524Z
Z

- Nguyn t c Z > 83 khng bn, chng c gi l ng v phng x.

II. Nguyn t ha hc
1.nh ngha
Nguyn t ho hc l nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn.

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- Nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn u c tnh cht ha hc ging nhau.

-Ni n nguyn t l ni n mt loi ht vi m gm cc ht nhn v lp v,cn ni
nguyn t l ni n tp hp cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn nh nhau.
2. S hiu nguyn t (Z)
S n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca mt nguyn t c gi l s hiu nguyn t
ca nguyn t . N c trng cho mt nguyn t ha hc, k hiu l Z.
Z=P=
3. K hiu cc nguyn t
A
Z

X: k hiu ca nguyn t ha hc
Z: S hiu nguyn t
A: S khi ( A= Z +N )
NG V - NGUYN T KHI
I. ng v
Cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng
khc nhau v s ntron, do s khi A khc nhau.
- Phn ln cc nguyn t ha hc l hn hp ca nhiu ng v.
- Cc ng v c:
+ Cng s proton => tnh cht ha hc ging nhau.
+ Khc ntron => tnh cht vt l khc nhau.
II. Nguyn t khi v nguyn t khi trung bnh
1. Nguyn t khi
- Nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca nguyn t
- NTK ca mt nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln
n v khi lng nguyn t.
- n v ca nguyn t khi l u.
-KLNT= mp + m n +me
Do me rt nh(0,00055u), mp = mn = 1u
Vy c th coi nguyn t khi xp x s khi ca ht nhn.
2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh
Nguyn t khi ca cc nguyn t c nhiu ng v l nguyn t khi trung bnh.
Cng thc tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh
Xt nguyn t X c hai ng v Az X (x%) v Az X (y%)
1

xA1 yA2
x y

A1, A2: S khi ca cc ng v

x, y: l phn trm s nguyn t cc ng v (hay s nguyn t hoc t l s nguyn t)
37
V d: 1735Cl
17 Cl
(75%)
(25%)
Tnh A =?
V NGUYN T
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I . S chuyn ng ca e trong nguyn t

1. M hnh hnh tinh nguyn t (Rutherford)
Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng trn qu o trn hay bu dc xc nh xung
quanh ht nhn nh cc hnh tinh quay quanh mt tri (m hnh hnh tinh)=> cha m t
ng trng thi chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t.
2. M hnh hin i v s chuyn ng ca e trong nguyn t,obitan nguyn t
- Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn nguyn t
chuyn ng khng theo mt qu o xc nh no.
- Khu vc m kh nng c mt ca e ln nht cng l khu vc m mt in tch ln nht,
gi l obitan nguyn t.
- nh ngha:Obitan nguyn t l khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn m ti
xc xut c mt(xc sut tm thy) e khong 90%.
II. Hnh dng obitan nguyn t
- Obitan s c dng hnh cu
- Obitan p gm 3 obitan Px,Py,Pz c dng hnh s 8 ni. Mi obiatn c s nh hng khc
nhau trong khng gian.
-Obitan d (5 obitan),f ( 7 obitan) c hnh dng phc tp: khng xt.

- Obitan k hiu vung

- Obitan cha 2 e
,

, cha ti a 2 electron.
2e y gi l e ghp i.

- Obitan cha 1e
, e y gi l e c thn.
III. Lp v phn lp electron
1. Lp electron
- Cc e c mc nng lng gn bng nhau c sp theo lp.
- Electron mc nng lng cng cao cng km bn.
=> Cc e lp ngoi cng d tham gia phn ng ha hc v quyt nh tnh cht ha hc
ca mt nguyn t.
2. Phn lp electron
-Cc electron cng mt phn lp c mc nng lng bng nhau.
- Mi lp e phn chia thnh cc phn lp: s,p,d,f...
S phn lp = STT ca lp
Phn lp
s
p
d
f
S e ti a
S obitan
- Cc phn lp: s2, p6, d10, f14:
- Cc phn lp: s1, p3, d5, f7:
- Cc phn lp cn li gi:
V d:
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Lp 1 (K) c 1 phn lp , l 1s
Lp 2 (L) c 2 phn lp, l 2s, 2p.
Lp 3 (M) c 3 phn lp , l 3s, 3p, 3d
....Nh vy lp th n c n phn lp v n2 s obitan.
-Cc e phn lp s gi l electron s, phn lp p gi l electron p.
IV. Cc nguyn l v quy tc phn b electron trong nguyn t
1. Nguyn l vng bn
trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng
lng t thp n cao.
Cc mc nng lng AO tng dn theo trnh t sau: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 6s 4f 5d
6p 7s 5f..
Nhn xt:Khi in tch ht nhn tng c s chn mc nng lng.
2. Nguyn l Pau-Li
Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l 2 electron v hai electron ny chuyn ng
t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron.
Lp (n)
1 (K)
2(L)
3(M)
4(N)
2
S obitan n
S e ti a 2n2
3.Qui tc Hun
Trong cng mt phn lp,cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s electron
c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau.
IV.Cu hnh electron nguyn t
Cu hnh electron nguyn t biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp
khc nhau
Qui tc Klechkowski
(K) 1

(L) 2

(M) 3

(N) 4

(O) 5

(P) 6

(Q) 7

Theo qui tc Klechkowski vit cu hnh nng lng sau sp xp theo tng lp c cu
hnh electron. Vi nhng nguyn t c Z 20 th cu hnh nng lng l cu hnh electron
* Lu :
-Tnh bn ca lp v phn lp:
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+ Lp ngoi cng bn khi cha 8e (hoc 2e cho nguyn t c 1 lp e nh H v He).

+ Phn lp bn khi t bo ha hoc bn bo ha.
- Electron cui cng c dng d9 hoc d4 khng bn. Khi 1e phn lp s ngoi cng di
chuyn sang phn lp d.
29Cu
+ Cu hnh nng lng:
+ Cu hnh electron:
24Cr
+ Cu hnh nng lng:
+ Cu hnh electron:
-Vi nguyn t c cu hnh e phn lp ngoi cng l 4s1, ta c th c cc TH sau:
+ TH1: Khng c phn lp 3d (K)
+ TH2: C phn lp 3d t bn bo ha (Cr)
+ TH3: C phn lp 3d t bo ha (Cu)
VI. c im ca electron lp ngoi cng
-i vi nguyn t ca tt c cc nguyn t, lp ngoi cng c ti a l 8 e
-Cc nguyn t c 8 e lp ngoi cng (tr He c 2e) u rt bn vng, chng khng tham
gia vo cc phn ng ha hc=> l cc nguyn t kh him.
-Cc nguyn t c 1, 2, 3 e lp ngoi cng l nhng nguyn t kim loi.
-Cc nguyn t c 5,6,7 e lp ngoi cng l nhng nguyn t phi kim.
-Cc nguyn t c 4 e lp ngai cng c th l kim loi hoc l phi kim.
=>Cc e lp ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ha hc c bn ca nguyn t.
BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC
I. Nguyn tc sp xp cc nguyn t
- Theo chiu in tch ht nhn:
- Cng s lp electron:
- Cng s e ho tr:
II. Cu to bng tun hon
1. nguyn t
Mi nguyn t ho hc c xp vo mt ca bng, gi l nguyn t.
STT nguyn t =
2. Chu k
Chu k gm nhng nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp e, c xp theo
chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn.
S TT ca chu k = s lp e
*C 7 chu k
*Phn loi
-Chu k 1,2 v 3 l chu k nh.
-Chu k 4,5,6 v 7 l cc chu k ln.
*Nhn xt
-Chu k no cng m u bng

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-Trong mi chu k, s e ngoi cng tng

. V vy ha tr ca cc nguyn
t trong cc hp cht vi oxi tng tng ng t 1 n 7 ( tr cc kh him c cc e ngoi
cng u ghp i khng tham gia phn ng).
3. Nhm nguyn t
- L tp hp cc nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hnh electron tng t nhau, do c
tnh cht ho hc gn ging nhau v c xp thnh mt ct.
s e ha tr = s th t nhm (tr mt s t ngoi l).

*Phn loi theo nhm: BTH c 18 ct, chia thnh:

-Nhm A: gm nhm t n
(cha cc nguyn t s v p)
-Nhm B: gm nhm t n
(mi nhm l mt ct,ring nhm VIIIB c
ct).
*Phn loi theo khi
-Khi cc nguyn t s l khi nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c cc electron cui cng
in vo phn lp s) gm cc nguyn t nhm IA v IIA.
-Khi cc nguyn t p l khi nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c cc electron cui cng
in vo phn lp p gm cc nguyn t thuc cc nhm t IIIA n VIIIA(tr He).
-Khi cc nguyn t d l khi nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c cc electron cui cng
in vo phn lp d) gm cc nguyn t thuc cc nhm B.
-Khi cc nguyn t f l khi nhng nguyn t m nguyn t c cc electron cui cng
in vo phn lp f) gm cc nguyn t thuc cc nhm B, xp thnh 2 hng cui
bng, chng l hai h Lantan v h Actini.
Tm li: - Nhm A bao gm cc nguyn t:
- Nhm B bao gm cc nguyn t d v f
III. c im ca bng tun hon
nguyn t
chu k
nhm A
nhm B

=P=
=
STT
=
= s electron lp ngoi cng + s e
phn lp d k lp ngoi cha bo ha
Ha tr trong oxit cao nht
=
Ha tr trong hp cht kh vi =
Hidro
(xt nhm IVA n VIIA)

Kim loi
Phi kim
Nhm IA

Nhm IA, IIA, IIIA, IVA (Ge, Sn, Pb),

cc nhm B, h Lantan, Actini.
Nhm VA, VIA, VIIA, IVA ( C, Si)
Nhm IIA
Nhm VIIA

Tr H, B, He
Tr Sb, Bi, Po
Nhm VIIIA

IV. p dng
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1. T v tr nguyn t => Cu to nguyn t

V tr nguyn t
Cu to nguyn t
STT nguyn t
STT chu k
STT nhm A
2. T cu to nguyn t => V tr nguyn t
Cu to nguyn t
V tr nguyn t
Tng s electron
S lp electron
Nguyn t s hoc p
Nguyn t d hoc f
Nhm A: S e lp ngoi cng (tr He)
Nhm B: S e lp ngoi cng v phn
lp d k lp ngoi cng cha bo ha
3. V tr ca nguyn t => Tnh cht ha hc c bn
*Nguyn t c tnh kim loi hay phi kim
*Ho tr cao nht ca nguyn t vi oxi.
*Cng thc ca oxit cao nht v hidroxit tng ng c tnh axit hoc baz
+ Oxit v hidroxit ca kim loi c tnh:
+ Oxit v hidroxit ca phi kim c tnh:
(tr cc oxit v hidroxit lng tnh)
* Ha tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht kh vi hidro (nu c)
* Cng thc ca hp cht kh vi hidro(nu c).
4. Cng thc oxit cao nht Cng thc hp cht kh vi hidro
IA
IIA
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
R2O n
RHn
- Cng thc c dng R2O n
%R
=
%O

VIIA

%R =

- Cng thc c dng RHn

%R

%H

%R =

V d 7: Hp cht kh vi hidro c dng RH2 , trong oxit cao nht cha 60% oxi theo khi
lng. Gi tn nguyn t R. Tnh % khi lng R trong hp cht kh vi hidro.

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NH LUT TUN HON

I. S bin i tun hon cu hnh electron
1.Cu hnh electron nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm A
Nhn xt:
-Nhm A gm cc nguyn t thuc chu k nh v ln. Chng l cc nguyn t:
-Nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong cng 1 nhm A c s e lp ngoi cng bng nhau v
bng STT nhm. l nguyn nhn lm cho cc nguyn t trong cng 1 nhm A c tnh
cht ho hc tng t nhau.
-Sau mi chu k, cu hnh e lp ngoi cng c lp i lp li (tng t 1 n 8), tc l bin
i tun hon => chnh l nguyn nhn ca s b tun hon tnh cht cc nguyn t.
2.Cu hnh electron nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm B
-Cc nguyn t nhm B thuc chu k ln, l cc nguyn t d v nguyn t f cn gi l cc
nguyn t kim loi chuyn tip.
-Cu hnh e nguyn t c dng: (n-1)da ns2 (a=1 n 10)
-S e ho tr ca cc nguyn t nhm d v f tnh bng s electron nm lp ngoi cng
v phn lp st ngoi cng cha bo ho.
- Nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm B c s e ha tr khng bng nhau => Tnh cht ha hc
c bn khng ging nhau.
Kt lun: Cu hnh e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm B:
II. S bin i mt s i lng vt l v tnh cht ca cc nguyn t
i lng vt
Trong mt
Trong mt
Nhn xt
l
chu k
nhm A
-Cng s lp e, nhng in tch
Bn
knh
Gim dn
Tng dn
ht nhn tng dn => lc ht gia
nguyn t
ht nhn vi cc e lp ngoi cng
tng
-S e lp ngoi cng khng i, s
lp e tng dn.
Bn knh nguyn t cc nguyn
t nhm A bin i tun hon
Nng
lng
Tng dn
Gim dn
- Bn knh nguyn t gim, lc ht
ion ha (th
gia ht nhn vi cc e lp ngoi
nht I1 ca
cng tng => kh tch e.
nguyn t l
- Bn knh nguyn t tng, lc ht
NL ti thiu
gia ht nhn vi cc e lp ngoi
tch e th nht
cng gim => d tch e.
ra khi nguyn
NL ion ha ca nguyn t cc
t trng thi
nguyn t nhm A bin i tun
c bn).
hon
- Lc ht gia ht nhn vi cc
m in
Tng dn
Gim dn
(c trng cho
electron lp ngoi cng tng.
kh nng ht e
- Lc ht gia ht nhn vi cc
ca nguyn t
electron lp ngoi cng gim.
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khi to thnh
lin kt ha
hc)
Tnh kim loi

Gim dn

Tng dn

Tnh phi kim

Tng dn

Gim dn

Ha tr cao
nht i vi
oxi (IA-VIIA)
Ha tr vi
hidro ca phi
kim(nhm
IVA-VIIA)
Tnh axit ca
oxit
v
hidroxit
Tnh baz ca
oxit
v
hidroxit

Tng dn
(t 1-7)

Khng i

Gim dn
(t 4-1)

Khng i

Tng dn

Gim dn

m in ca nguyn t cc
nguyn t nhm A bin i tun
hon
Tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m
nguyn t ca n d nhng e
tr thnh ion dng. Nguyn t
cng d nhng e tnh kim loi
cng tng.
Tnh cht ca mt nguyn t m
nguyn t ca n d nhn e tr
thnh ion m. Nguyn t cng d
nhn e tnh phi kim cng tng.
Tnh kim loi v tnh phi kim
ca cc nguyn t nhm A bin
i tun hon
Ha tr cao nht ca nguyn t
i vi oxi v ha tr vi hidro
ca cc phi kim bin i tun
hon

-Bin thin cng chiu vi tnh phi

kim

-Bin thin cng chiu vi tnh

kim loi.
Tnh axit-baz ca oxit v
hidroxit tng ng ca cc
nguyn t bin i tun hon.
nh lut tun hon: Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn
v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu
tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
V d 1: Xp theo chiu tng dn tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t sau: Na, Al, Mg, K.
V d 2: Xp theo chiu gim dn tnh phi kim ca cc nguyn t sau: N, P, O, Cl, F.
V d 3: Xp theo chiu tng dn tnh baz: Ca(OH)2, KOH, Al(OH)3, Mg(OH)2.
V d 4: Xp theo chiu gim dn tnh axit: HNO 3, HClO4, H 3PO4, H2CO3 v H2SO4
Gim dn

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CHUYN LIN KT HA HC
KHI NIM V LIN KT HO HC-LIN KT ION
I.Khi nim v lin kt ho hc
1. Khi nim v lin kt
Lin kt ho hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay tinh th bn
vng hn.
2. Quy tc bt t(8 electron)
Theo qui tc bt t (8 electron) th nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt
vi cc nguyn t khc t cu hnh electron vng bn ca cc kh him vi 8 electron
(hoc 2 i vi Heli) lp ngoi cng.
II. Lin kt ion
1.S hnh thnh ion:
a. Ion
Nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn t mang in c gi l ion.
*Ion dng (hay cation)
- Nguyn t c t 1 n 3e lp ngoi cng (tr H, He) c khuynh hng:
M Mn+ + ne
-n=
- Tn cation: Cation + tn kim loi
* Ion m (hay anion)
- Nguyn t c t 5 n 7e lp ngoi cng c khuynh hng:
X + ne Xn-n=8
- Tn anion: Tn gc axit tng ng (tr oxi)
O + 2e O 2-(ion oxit).
b. Ion n v ion a nguyn t
-Ion n nguyn t:
-Ion a nguyn t:
2. S hnh thnh lin kt ion
a. S to thnh lin kt ion ca phn t hai nguyn t
V d 1: Xt s to thnh lin kt ion trong phn t NaCl
- Cu hnh electron Na:
- Cu hnh electron ca Cl:
- t cu hnh bn:
Na
Cl +
-Hai ion tri du ny ht nhau nh lc ht tnh in, phn t NaCl c to thnh:
Na+ + Cl-
-Vit phn ng to NaCl t cc n cht tng ng: Na + Cl2
S :S hnh thnh lin kt ion trong NaCl
Na
[Ne]3s1

Cl
[Ne]3s23p5

Na+ +
2s2 2p6

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b. S to thnh lin kt ion trong phn t nhiu nguyn t

V d 2: Xt s to thnh lin kt ion trong phn t CaBr2
* Lu : n cht tn ti dng phn t:
Nhn xt:
-Lin kt ion l lin kt c to thnh do lc ht tnh in hgia cc ion mang in
tch tri du.
-Bn cht lin kt ion:
- Lin kt ion to bi:
-Hiu s m in 1,7 : lin kt ion
-Ha tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht ion gi l in ha tr v bng in tch ion
mang.
+ CaCl2: in ha tr Ca =
; in ha tr ca Cl =
+ Al2O3: in ha tr Al =
; in ha tr ca O =
Tr s in ha tr = ha tr
- Khi nguyn t nhng hay nhn electron to ion th:
+ S electron lp ngoi cng thay i.
+ in tch ht nhn:
III. Tinh th v mng tinh th ion
1. Khi nim v tinh th
-Tinh th c cu to t nhng nguyn t, hoc ion, hoc phn t. Cc ht ny c
sp xp mt cch u n, tun hon theo mt trt t nht nh trong khng gian to
thnh mng tinh th.
-Tinh th c hnh dng khng xc nh.
2. Mng tinh th ion
Xt mng tinh th NaCl:
-Tinh th Natri clorua c cu trc hnh lp phng.
- 1 ion Na+ bao quanh 6 ion Cl- v ngc li.
3.Tnh cht chung ca hp cht ion
- k thng,tn ti dng tinh th.
- C nhit nng chy v nhit si kh cao.
- trng thi hi cc hp cht ion ch tn ti dng phn t ring r.
-Tan nhiu trong nc.
- Dn in(khi nng chy hoc dung dch).
LIN KT CNG HO TR
I. S hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr bng cp electron chung
S lin kt cng ha tr = 8 STT nhm (tr H)
1. S hnh thnh phn t n cht
CTPT
CT electron
CTCT
H2
Cl2

N2
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2. S hnh thnh phn t hp cht

CTPT
CT
CTCT
electron
HCl

GV: Trn Th Thanh H

Nhn xt
trong phn t HCl (nguyn t Cl c m in
= 3,16 > m in ca H = 2,20) cp e gp
chung lch v pha nguyn t Cl c m in
ln hn.

NH3
CO2

Lin kt cng ha tr gia C v O trong phn t

CO2 l lin kt phn cc. Cp e gp chung lch
v pha nguyn t O c m in ln hn.
Phn t CO2 c cu to thng nn phn cc
ca 2 lin kt i (C=O) trit tiu nhau phn
t CO2 khng phn cc.

H 2S
PCl3
Nhn xt:
- nh ngha:
-Bn cht lin kt cng ha tr: gp chung v dng chung
-iu kin xy ra lin kt: cc nguyn t phi kim hoc cc nguyn t c bn cht khc
nhau nhiu.
-Ha tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht cng ha tr gi l cng ha tr v bng s lin kt
cng ha tr m nguyn t ca nguyn t to ra c vi cc nguyn t khc trong phn
t.
V d: Trong phn t CH4
Nguyn t C c cng ha tr=
Nguyn t H c cng ha tr =
3. Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc v khng phn cc
Lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc
Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc
Cl2, N 2, H2, O 2, PH3,..
HCl, H2S, AlCl3,...
0 0,4

0,4 1,7

4. Tnh cht chung ca cc cht c lin kt cng ha tr

- Tn ti dng rn (ng, lu hunh, iot,...), lng (ru, nc,..), kh (clo, hidro,
cacbonic,..)
- Lin kt cng ha tr khng cc: Lu hunh, iot, cht hu c tan nhiu trong dung mi
khng phn cc nh benzen, cacbontetraclorua v khng dn in mi trng thi.
-LK cng ha tr c cc: ancol etylic, ng tan nhiu trong dung mi c cc nh nc.
II. LIN KT CHO NHN (LIN KT PHI TR)
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GV: Trn Th Thanh H

Lin kt cho nhn l trng hp c bit ca lin kt cng ha tr, trong i electron
dng chung ch do mt nguyn t n phng cung cp.
- Lin kt cho nhn k hiu hng t nguyn cho sang nguyn t nhn.
V d: Xt phn t SO2
Cu hnh e ca nguyn t S cho
[18Ar]

3s2
3p4
-Cu hnh e ca nguyn t O
[2He]

2s2
2p4
- Cu hnh e ca nguyn t O* nhn
[2He]

2s2

2p4
S

S
O

O*

Cng thc e
Cng thc cu to
-iu kin to lin kt cho nhn gia A v B:
+ Nguyn t A: t e bn ca kh him nhng cn i e t do.
+ Nguyn t B: cn thiu i e mi t c cu bn ca kh him
-Ha tr nguyn t trong hp cht c lin kt cho nhn:
+ 1 lin kt cho nhn 2 lin kt cng ha tr (tr N)
+ Vi Nit: 1 lin kt cho nhn 1 lin kt cng ha tr.
S LAI HA CC OBITAN NGUYN T
I. Khi nim v s lai ha
a. Xt phn t metan: CH4

C:

1s2

2s1

2p3

H: 1s1
1AO 2s v 3AO 2p ca nguyn t C xen ph vi 4AO1s ca 4 nguyn t H
H
H C H
H

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GV: Trn Th Thanh H

b. Khi nim v s lai ha

- Lai ha l s t hp cc AO ha tr ca 1 nguyn t cc phn lp khc nhau to cc AO
lai ha ging nhau.
- C n obitan nguyn t khi lai ha to n obitan lai ha ging nhau v hnh dng v kch
thc v hng khng gian.
- Cc obitan lai ha u c hnh s tm khng cn i.
- Cc obitan ch lai ha khi nng lng ca chng xp x bng nhau.
II. Cc kiu lai ho thng gp
1. Lai ha sp (lai ha ng thng).
- Kiu lai ha sp : 1AOs + 1AOp to thnh 2 obitan lai ho sp
- Hnh dng : 2 obitan lai ha ging ht nhau, cng nm trn 1 ng thng.
- Gc lai ha : 1800 .
- Lai ha sp thng gp trong: C2H2, BeCl2, BeH2.
V d: Xt phn t BeH2
Be(Z = 4)
Trng thi c bn:
Trng thi kch thch:
H ( Z = 1):
-Be dng 1AOs v 1Aop t hp nhau to 2AO lai ha sp ging nhau, cng nm trn
dng thng nhng ngc chiu. Trn mi obitan lai ha u cha e c thn.
-Hai AO lai ha sp ca Be xen ph trc vi 2Aos cha e c thn ca 2 nguyn t H to 2
lin kt , phn t BeH2 c dng ng thng.
2. Lai ho sp2:(kiu tam gic).
- Kiu lai ha sp2 : S trn ln 1AOS + 2AO p to thnh 3 obitan lai ho sp2
- Hnh dng : 3 obitan lai ha sp2 ging ht nhau hng v 3 nh ca tam gic u.
- Gc lai ha : 1200 .
- Lai ha sp 2 thng gp trong: C2H 4, BF3,...
V d: Xt phn t BF3:
B(Z =5):
Trng thi c bn:
Trng thi kch thch:
F(Z=9):
3. Lai ha sp3 (kiu t din).
- Kiu lai ha sp3 : S trn ln 1AOs + 3AOp to thnh 4 obitan lai ho sp3
- Hnh dng trong khng gian : 4 obitan lai ha sp3 ging ht nhau hng v 4 nh ca
hnh t din u .
- Gc lai ho: 109028.
-Lai ha sp 3 thng gp trong: CH4, NH 3, H2O,...
Xt phn t CH4
C (Z = 6):
Trng thi c bn:
Trng thi kch thch:
H (Z = 1):

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GV: Trn Th Thanh H

=> Thuyt lai ho c ngha gii thch dng hnh hc ca phn t.

TINH TH
I. CC DNG TINH TH
Tinh th nguyn Tinh th phn t Tinh th kim loi
Tinh th ion
t
Khi
Tinh th ion c Tinh th c Tinh th c Tinh th c
nim
hnh thnh t hnh thnh t hnh thnh t hnh thnh t
nhng ion mng cc nguyn t
cc phn t
nhng
ion,
in tch tri du,
nguyn t kim
l cc cation
loi
v
cc
v anion
electron t do.
V d
NaCl, KF,..
Kim cng, Si, I2, nc ,...
Cc kim loi
Ge,...
Lc lin Lc lin kt c Lc lin kt c Lc lin kt l Lc lin kt c
kt
bn cht tnh bn cht cng lc tng tc bn cht tnh
in.
ho tr
phn t
in.
c
*Tinh th ion bn *Nhit nng *t bn
*nh kim
tnh
*Kh nng chy chy v nhit * cng nh
*Dn in, dn
*Kh bay hi
si cao
*Nhit nng nhit tt.
*Tan
trong
chy v nhit *Do.
nc=> dn in
si thp.
So snh lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr
Loi lin
kt
Bn cht
lin kt
Th d:

Lin kt ion

Lin kt cng ho tr

L lc ht tnh in gia cc ion

mang in tch tri du.
Na+ + Cl- NaCl

L s dng chung cc electron.

H. + .H H..H
H. + .Cl H..Cl
iu kin
Xy ra gia cc nguyn t khc hn
Xy ra gia cc nguyn t ging
lin kt
nhau v bn cht ho hc(thng xy nhau hoc gn ging nhau v bn
ra vi cc kim loi in hnh v phi
cht ho hc (thng xy ra vi
kim in hnh).
cc nguyn t phi kim nhm IVA,
VA, VIA, VIIA).
Da vo gi tr hiu m in gia hai nguyn t ca mt lin kt ta c th bit c loi
lin kt no chim u th:
Hiu m in
Loi lin kt
0 < 0,4
Lin kt cng ho tr khng cc
0,4 1,7
Lin kt cng ho tr c cc
1,7
Lin kt ion.
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GV: Trn Th Thanh H

So snh lin kt kim loi vi lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt ion

*Lin kt kim loi v lin kt cng ho tr ging nhau l c nhng electron chung ca cc
nguyn t, nhng electron chung trong lin kt kim loi l ca tt c nhng nguyn t kim
loi c mt trong n cht.
*Lin kt kim loi v lin kt ion u c hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc
phn t tch in tri du, nhng cc phn t tch in tri du trong lin kt kim loi
l ion dng v cc electron t do.

MT S CHT OXI HA V CHT KH THNG THNG

Cht oxi ha
NO 3SO42MnO4Cr2O72Fe3+
X2
Cht kh
Kim loi M
Fe2+
SO32NO 2XMn2+
MnO2
H2O 2
Cr3+

Mi trng
H+
OHH+
H+
H 2O
OHH+
H 2O
OHMi trng
H+
H+
H+
H +(H 2O)
H+
OHH+
H+
OH-

Cht kh
NO 2, NO, N2O, N2,
NH4NO3
NH3
SO 2, S, H 2S
Mn2+
MnO 2
MnO 42Cr3+
Cr(OH)3 (KOH)
Fe2+
X-, XO3Cht oxi ha
Mn+
Fe3+
SO42NO3X 2( X l halogen)
MnO4Mn2+
MnO 42O2
2Cr2O7 (mu da cam)
CrO 42-(mu vng)

CHUYN TC PHN NG
CN BNG HA HC
TC PHN NG
I. Tc phn ng ho hc
-Trong qu trnh phn ng, nng cc cht phn ng gim dn cn nng cc sn phm
tng dn.
- Xt trong cng mt thi gian, nng cc cht phn ng gim cng nhiu th phn ng
xy ra cng nhanh. Tng t, nng sn phm tng cng nhiu th phn ng xy ra cng
nhanh.
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GV: Trn Th Thanh H

Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm

trong mt n v thi gian.
1. Tc trung bnh ca phn ng
*Xt phn ng:
AB
thi im t1:
C1
thi im t2:
C2 (C2< C1)
Tc ca phn ng tnh theo cht A trong khong thi gian t t1 n t2:

C1 C 2
C C1
2
C /t
t 2 t1
t 2 t1

*Xt phn ng:

AB
thi im t1:
C1
thi im t2:
C2 (C2> C1)
Tc ca phn ng tnh theo cht B trong khong thi gian t t1 n t2:

C 2 C1
C /t
t 2 t1

v l tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong khong thi gian t t1 n t2

V d: Khi bt u phn ng vi H2 nng ca Cl2 l 0,08M. Sau 10s xy ra phn ng

nng ca Cl2 0,06M. Tnh vn tc phn ng.
Gii:

2. Tc ca phn ng ti mt thi im c gi l tc tc thi.

xA + yB zD + tE
v

1 d A
1 d B 1 d D 1 d E

x dt
y dt
z dt
t dt

1 d A 1 d B
;
: tc tiu th
x dt y dt
1 d D 1 d E
: tc hnh thnh.
;
z dt t dt

V d: Xt phn ng xy ra trong dung dch CCl4 450C

2N2O5 2N 2O4 + O 2
Bng cch o th tch oxi thot ra, ngi ta tnh c nng N2O5 tng thi im v c
kt qu sau:

Thi gian (s)

CM N2O 5
- C
t , s
V
0
184
319
526
867

2,33
2,08
1,91
1,67
1,36

Biu thc tc : V = k[A]x[B]y

K: hng s vn tc ch ph thuc vo bn cht phn ng, nhit , xc tc.
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GV: Trn Th Thanh H

-[A], [B]: nng mol/l cht A, B.

- n, m: h s cn bng hoc h s hp thc.
Lu : xt nng cht lng, cht kh khng xt cht rn.
V d: Vit biu thc vn tc phn ng cc phn ng sau
N 2 + 3H 2 2NH 3
2SO2 + O2 2SO3
t
2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3
II. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng
1. nh hng ca nng
Kt lun: Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng. V nng cc cht phn
ng tng, tn s va chm tng do tc phn ng tng
t
V d: Xt phn ng: 2CO + O2
2CO 2
Vn tc phn ng thay i nh th no khi tng nng CO ln gp i ?
0

2. nh hng ca p sut
- Ch nh hng n cht kh.
- Khi p sut tng, nng cht kh tng. Do nh hng ca p sut ging nh hng
ca nng .
- Khi tng p sut, tc phn ng tng.
3. nh hng ca nhit
-Tng nhit chuyn ng nhit tng tn s va chm tng.
-Tn s va chm ca cc cht phn ng ph thuc vo nhit .
- Khi nhit tng, tc phn ng tng.
Thng thng khi nhit tng 100C th vn tc phn ng tng t 2 n 4 ln.
S ph thuc ca tc phn ng vo nhit c biu th bng biu thc ton hc sau:
Vt2 Vt1

t2 t1
10

: h s nhit ca phn ng, ch s ln tng ca vn tc phn ng khi nhit tng 10 .

V d: Vn tc phnar ng tng bao nhiu ln nu nhit tng t 200 n 2400. Bit rng
khi tng 10 0 th vn tc phn ng tng 2 ln.

4. nh hng ca din tch b mt

- Ch nh hng n cht rn. Khi tng din tch b mt cht phn ng tc phn ng
tng.
- V cht rn c kch thc ht nh c tng din tch b mt tip xc vi cht phn ng ln
hn so vi kch thc ht ln (cng khi lng).
5. nh hng ca cht xc tc:
- Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng cn li sau khi phn ng kt thc.
- Cht lm gim tc phn ng gi l cht c ch phn ng.

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GV: Trn Th Thanh H

CN BNG HA HC
1. Phn ng thun nghch
xA + yB zC + tD
-Phn ng thun nghch l phn ng xy ra ng thi theo hai chiu ngc nhau trong cng
mt iu kin.
- c im: cc cht phn ng khng chuyn ha hon ton thnh sn phm, nn trong h
cn bng lun lun c mt cc cht phn ng v cc sn phm.
2. Cn bng ho hc
Th d: H 2(k) + I2(k) 2HI(k)
Vy cn bng ha hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc phn ng thun
bng tc phn ng nghch (vt = vn).
3. Hng s cn bng ca phn ng thun nghch
a. Cn bng trong h ng th
H ng th l h khng c b mt phn chia trong h.
V d: h gm cc cht kh; h gm cc cht tan trong dung dch
k
[C][D]
Khi vt = vn kt [A].[B] = kn [C].[D] K = t hay K =
[A][B]
kn
p
q
[C] [D]
Tng qut: nA + mB pC + qD c K =
[A]n [B]m
Ch :
* Trng thi cc cht trong phng trnh
* Quan h gia h s ca phng trnh vi hng s cn bng.
* Hng s cn bng KC ch ph thuc vo nhit .
* [C], [D] l nng C, D to thnh sau phn ng.
[A], [B] l nng A, B d sau phn ng.
b. Cn bng trong h d th
H d th l h c b mt phn chia trong h, qua b mt ny c s thay i t ngt tnh
cht
C(r) + CO2(k) 2CO(k) ; KC =
CaCO 3(r) CaO(r) + CO 2(k); KC =
II. S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc-Nguyn l Lechaterlier
1. S chuyn dch cn bng
S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc l s di chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang
trng thi cn bng khc do tc ng ca cc yu t t bn ngoi ln cn bng.
2. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc
* nh hng ca nng
Khi tng hoc gim nng mt cht trong cn bng th cn bng s dch chuyn theo
chiu lm gim hoc tng nng cht .
* nh hng ca p sut
-Khi tng p sut th cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim s mol.
Khi gim p sut th cn bng s chuyn dch theo chiu lm tng s mol.
* nh hng ca nhit

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GV: Trn Th Thanh H

- Phn ng ta nhit (H < 0 hoc + Q): L phn ng xy ra c ta nng lng di dng

nh sng hoc sc nng.
- Phn ng thu nhit (H > 0 hoc - Q): L phn ng xy ra c hp thu nng lng.
- Phng trnh nhit ha hc: L phng trnh ha hc c ghi c hiu ng nhit.
- Khi tng nhit , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng thu nhit (H > 0).
- Khi gim nhit , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng ta nhit (H < 0).
3. Ni dung nguyn l
Nu mt trong cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc (nng , nhit , p sut) b
bin i th cn bng b chuyn dch theo chiu chng li s thay i .
III. ngha ca tc phn ng v cn bng ha hc trong sn xut ha hc
1. Qu trnh sn xut axit H2SO4, giai on sn xut SO3 l phn ng ta nhit
2SO2 + O2 2SO3 (H < 0 )
+Nu tng nhit th cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu nghch lm gim hiu sut
phn ng.
+Vy, nn dng d khng kh tng nng O 2 cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu
thun tng hiu sut phn ng.
2. Tng hp NH3 trong cng nghip theo phn ng
N 2(k) + 3H2(k)
NH3(k) (H < 0 )
+ Ngi ta phi thc hin phn ng ny p sut cao cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu
thun (to NH3) l chiu lm gim s mol kh (t 4 mol xung 2 mol).
+ Phn ng ta nhit, nn khi tng nhit th cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu nghch.
V th, tng hiu sut phi thc hin phn ng nhit thch hp v dng thm cht
xc tc (Fe hot ha bng hn hp K2O v Al2O3).

BI TP
Cu 1. Trng hp no di y c s ph hp gia k hiu nguyn t v s ht c bn?
Proton Ntron Electron
Proton Ntron Electron
56
23
B. 26 Fe
A. 11 Na
12
11
12
26
30
26
C.
D. 2963Cu
17
35
17
29
33
29
35
17

Cl

Cu 2. Nguyn t X c tng s ht l 46, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang

in l 14 ht. Hy la chn s khi ca X.
A. 27
B. 31
C. 32
D. 35
Cu 3. Mt nguyn t c 3 electron c thn. Hy cho bit nguyn t c th l nguyn
t ca nguyn t no sau y:
A. 2040Ca
B. 2144 Sc
C. 4823V
D. 2656 Fe
Cu 4. Hy cho bit cu hnh electron sau: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p1 ng vi nguyn t ca nguyn
t no?
A. Ne(Z=10)
B. Na(Z=11)
C. Mg(Z=12)
D. Al(Z=13)
Cu 5. Cho 2 nguyn t X, Y c tng s ht proton l 23. S ht mang in ca Y nhiu
hn ca X l 2 ht. Hy chn kt lun ng vi tnh cht ha hc ca X, Y.
A. Y l kim loi, X l phi kim.
B. Y l kim loi, X l kh him.
C. X, Y u l kim loi.
D. X, Y u l phi kim.

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GV: Trn Th Thanh H

Cu 6. Nguyn t Urani ( Z= 92) c cu hnh electron nh sau: U [Rn] 5f36d 1 7s2 . Vi Rn

l mt kh him c cu to lp v bn vng v cc electron u ghp i. Hy cho bit
Urani c bao nhiu electron c thn.
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 3
5 2
Cu 7. Nguyn t X c tng s ht l 80. Cu hnh electron ca X l ...3d 4s . La chn
gi tr s khi ng ca nguyn t :
A. 54
B. 55
C. 56
D. 57
Cu 8. Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca brom (Br) l 79,91. Trong t nhin brom c
hai ng v trong mt ng v l 79Br chim 54,5%. Tm s khi ca ng v cn li.
A. 78
B. 80
C. 81
D. 82
Cu 9. Cho cc nguyn t sau: F(Z=9); Cl(Z=17); P(Z= 15) v Al(Z=13). Ti trng thi c
bn, nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trn u c:
A. 3 lp electron.
C. Obitan trng lp ngoi cng.
B. S electron c thn bng nhau. D. Electron c NL cao nht thuc vo phn lp p
Cu 10. Nguyn t Vanai (V) c s hiu nguyn t l 23. Cu hnh ng ca V l:
A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5
B. 1s2 2s2 2p 6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2
C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
D. 1s22s22p63s23p64s24p3
Cu 11. Nguyn t X khng phi l kh him, nguyn t c phn lp electron ngoi cng l
3p. Nguyn t nguyn t Y c phn lp electron ngoi cng l 3s. Tng s electron hai
phn lp ngoi cng ca X v Y l 7. Xc nh in tch ht nhn ca X v Y.
A. X (18+) ; Y (10+)
B. X (17+); Y (11+)
C. X ( 17+) ; Y (12+ )
D. X (15+); Y (13+)
Cu 12. Nguyn t mt nguyn t c tng s cc loi ht l 115 ht, trong s ht mang
in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 25. Hy cho bit s electron c thn ca X
trng thi c bn.
A. 0
B. 1
C. 2
D. 3
Cu 13. Cu hnh electron ca phn lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t nguyn t X l 4p 2. T
s ntron v proton bng 1,3125. La chn gi tr s khi ph hp ca X.
A. 72
B. 73
C. 74
D. 75
2+
Cu 14. Cho Zn (Z=30). Hy la chn cu hnh electron ng vi ion Zn .
A. 1s22s22p63s23p63d 10
B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2
C. 1s22s22p63s23p63d94s1
D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d 94s1
2+
Cu 15. Mt ion M c cu hnh electron l 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6. Hy cho bit cu hnh
electron ng ca M.
A. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2
B. 1s22s22p63s23p63d8
C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d4
D. 1s22s22p63s23p63d 74s1
Cu 16: Mt nguyn t c s hiu l 35 v s khi l 81 th nguyn t phi c:
A. 35 ntron.
B. 46 proton.
C. 35 electron.
D. 46 electron.
Cu 17: Mt nguyn t X c tng s ht proton, ntron v electron l 82, s khi l 56.
in tch ht nhn nguyn t X l
A. 26+.
B. 82+.
C. 138+.
D. 30+.
Cu 18: Nguyn t X c s hiu l 56 v s khi l 137 th tng s ht proton, ntron v
electron c trong nguyn t X l
A. 56.
B. 137.
C. 81.
D. 193.
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Cu 19: Cho 3 nguyn t:

Nguyn t X c s hiu l 20 v s khi l 40.
Nguyn t Y c s hiu l 19 v s khi l 39.
Nguyn t Z c s hiu l 21 v s khi l 41.
Vy X, Y, Z c cng:
A. s electron.
B. s proton.
C. s in tch ht nhn.
D. s ntron.
Cu 20: Nguyn t X c tng s cc loi ht l 115 ht. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 25 ht. X c s khi l
A. 55.
B. 68.
C. 70.
D. 80.
Cu 21: Nguyn t X c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 28. X c s khi l
A. 17.
B. 18.
C. 19.
D. 20.
Cu 22: Nguyn t X c tng s 3 loi ht l 36. S ht mang in gp i s ht khng
mang in. X c s in tch ht nhn l
A. 12.
B. 13.
C. 11.
D. 24.
Cu 23: Chn pht biu sai:
A. S hiu nguyn t cho bit v tr ca nguyn t trong bng tun hon.
B. S hiu nguyn t cho bit s n v in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
C. S hiu nguyn t cho bit s ntron trong ht nhn nguyn t.
D. S hiu nguyn t cho bit s electron v nguyn t.
Cu 24: Khi lng ht nhn nguyn t X l 31,73.10-27kg. X c s khi l
A. 24.
B. 19.
C. 26.
D. 38.
-18
Cu 25: in tch ht nhn nguyn t X l +4,16.10 Coulomb. X c s hiu l
A. 24.
B. 56.
C. 26.
D. 15.
Cu 26: Nguyn t X th 29 trong bng tun hon. Trong ht nhn nguyn t X s ht
khng mang in nhiu hn s ht mang in l 5 ht. X c s khi l
A. 29.
B. 56.
C. 94.
D. 63.
Cu 27. Mt nguyn t c tng s ht l 82 ; s ht mang in nhu hn s ht khng
mang in l 22. Hy cho bit v tr nhm ca X trong bng HTTH cc nguyn t ha hc.
A. nhm IIA
B. nhm IIB.
C. nhm VIB.
D. nhm VIIIB.
Cu 28. Mt cation c tng s ht l 78, s ht mang in ln hn s ht khng mang in
l 18 ; tng s ht trong ht nhn l 55. Hy cho bit CH electron ng ca tiu phn .
A. 1s22s2 2p6 3s2 3p 6
B. 1s22s2 2p 6 3s2 3p63d5
2 2
6
2
6
3 2
C. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
D. 1s22s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d6
Cu 29. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c 3 lp electron v phn lp ngoi cng c 3 electron.
S th t ca X trong bng HTTH l?
A. 13
B. 14
C. 15
D. 16
Cu 30. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X thuc chu k 4, lp ngoi cng ca X c 3 electron.
Hy cho bit s hiu nguyn t ng ca X.
A. 23
B. 27
C. 30
D. 33
Cu 31. Nguyn t X c tng s ht electron trong cc phn lp p l 11. Hy cho bit v tr
ca X trong bng HTTH cc nguyn t ha hc.
A. Nhm IIA.
B. Nhm VA.
C. Nhm VIIA.
D. Nhm VIA.
Cu 32. Nguyn t X c tng s electron trong cc phn lp d l 7. Hy cho bit s hiu
nguyn t ng ca X.
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A. 24
B. 25
C. 26
D. 27
2 2
6 2
4
Cu 33. Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron l : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p . Hy cho bit trng thi oxi
ha cao nht ca X ?
A. +3
B. +5
C. +6
D. +7
Cu 34. X, Y thuc cng mt phn nhm chnh v 2 chu k k tip nhau. Tng s s hiu
nguyn t ca X, Y l 30. Hy cho bit X, Y thuc nhm no ?
A. nhm I
B. nhm III
C. nhm V
D. nhm VII
Cu 35. Hy cho bit phn nhm chnh nhm V tng ng vi cu hnh electron no sau
y ?
A. 2s22p3
B. ns2 np3
C. ns2 np5
D. ns2 np2
Cu 36. Cho cc cu hnh sau : X ... .. ns2 ( n>1). Hy cho bit kt lun no sau y ng
nht :
A. X thuc nhm II
B. X thuc phn nhm chnh
C. X thuc chu k 2.
D. X l kim loi.
Cu 37. Phn t XY2 c tng s ht mang in l 46 ; phn t XY c tng s ht l 30. Hy
cho bit kt lun no sau y ng ?
A. X, Y u l phi kim.
B. X l kim loi, Y l phi kim.
C. X l phi kim, Y l kim loi D. X, Y u l kim loi.
Cu 38. Cho cu hnh electron sau : 1s22s22p6. Hy cho bit c bao nhiu nguyn t hoc
ion c cu hnh electron nh trn ?
A. 3
B. 5
C. 7
D. 6
Cu 39. Hy cho bit trong phn t KOH c nhng loi lin kt ha hc no?
A. lin kt cng ha tr.
B. lin kt ion.
C. c lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt ion.
D. khng xc nh c lin kt.
Cu 40. Trong phn t CO, nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi nguyn t oxi bng:
A. lc ht tnh in gia ion C2+ v ion O2- .
B. 2 cp electron dng chung gia 2 nguyn t cacbon v oxi.
C. 3 cp electron dng chung gia 2 nguyn t cacbon v oxi.
D. lin kt bng cc lin kt cho nhn.
Cu 41. Dy cc hp cht no sau y ch cha cc hp cht c lin kt cng ha tr:
A. BaCl2 ; CuCl2 ; LiF.
B. H 2O
; SiO2 ; CH3COOH
C. Na2O ; Fe(OH)3 ; HNO 3
D. NO2 ; HNO3 ; NH4Cl .
Cu 42. Hy cho bit phn t no sau y c cha lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc:
A. CCl4
B. CO2
C. H 2O
D. FeS2
Cu 43. Hy cho bit phn t no sau y c cha lin kt cho - nhn.
A. CO2
B. N 2O3
C. C2H4
D. HNO3
Cu 44: S electron ti a phn lp d l
A. 2.
B. 6.
C. 10.
D. 14.
Cu 45: S electron ti a lp M l
A. 8.
B. 10.
C. 18.
D. 32.
Cu 46: Nguyn t X c s hiu Z = 24. trng thi cn bn, s obitan c electron ca
nguyn t X l
A. 16.
B. 13.
C. 14.
D. 15.

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Cu 47: Nguyn t X c s hiu l 29. trng thi cn bn, s obitan khng phi hnh cu
ca nguyn t X c s electron l
A. 11.
B. 8.
C. 9.
D. 10.
Cu 48: trng thi cn bn. S nguyn t ha hc, trong cu hnh electron p phn lp
ngoi cng 4s1 l
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 1.
Cu 49: trng thi cn bn. S nguyn t ha hc, trong cu hnh electron c phn lp
ngoi cng l 4s2 l
A. 1.
B. 9.
C. 10.
D. 11.
Cu 50: Obitan 1s v obitan 2s c s khc bit l
A. hnh dng khc nhau.
B. kch thc khc nhau.
C. nh hng trong khng gian khc nhau.
D. A, B u ng.
Cu 51: Cc obitan phn lp 3p c s khc bit l
A. hnh dng khc nhau.
B. kch thc khc nhau.
C. nh hng trong khng gian khc nhau.
D. A, B, C u sai.
Cu 52: S nguyn t ha hc c 2e c thn lp ngoi cng vi iu kin s hiu
Z < 21 l
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 1.
Cu 53: S hiu nguyn t ha hc c 4e lp ngoi cng vi iu kin s hiu Z < 36 l
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 1.
Cu 54: Nguyn t X c s hiu Z = 24. S electron c thn ca X l
A. 6.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. 2.
Cu 55: Hai electron phn lp 2s c s khc bit l
A. hnh dng khc nhau.
B. kch thc khc nhau.
C. nh hng trong khng gian khc nhau.
D. chiu t quay khc nhau.
Cu 56: Cho 4 nguyn t: Na, Al, Cu, Cl. trng thi cn bn, s nguyn t c 1 electron
c thn l
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
Cu 57: Cho 5 nguyn t: O, C, Mg, Ne, Ar
trng thi cn bn, s nguyn t khng c electron c thn l
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
Cu 58. Cho bit cc gi tr m in: Na: 0,9; Li 1,0; Mg: 1,2; Al: 1,5; P: 2,1; S: 2,5; Br:
2,8 v N: 3,0. Cc nguyn t trong phn t no di y lin kt vi nhau bng LK ion?
A. Na3P
B. MgS
C. AlCl3
D. LiBr
Cu 59. Cho cc tnh cht sau: (1) Cht rn c nhit nng chy cao; (2) Dn in
trng thi dung dch hay nng chy. (3) D ho tan trong nc; (4) D ho lng v d
bay hi. Cc hp cht ion c nhng tnh cht no:
A. (1) (2)
B. (1) (3)
C. (1) (2) (3)
D. (1) (2) (3) (4)
Cu 60. Hy cho bit nguyn nhn no gy ra s bin i tun hon tnh cht ha hc cc
n cht v hp cht ?
A. do s bin i cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng.
B. do khi lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t tng dn.
C. do in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca cc nguyn t bin i tun hon.
D. o s khi ca cc nguyn t tng dn.
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Cu 61. X, Y, E l 3 nguyn t lin tip nhau trong bng HTTH cc nguyn t ha hc.
Tng s hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t l 54.
1/ Hy cho bit kt lun no sau y ng ?
A. X l halogen, Y l kh him, E l kim loi kim.
B. X, Y l phi kim, E l kh him.
C. X l kh him, Y, E l kim loi kim.
D. X, Y, E u l phi kim.
2/ S sp xp no sau y ng vi chiu tng dn v bn knh nguyn t ?
A. X < Y < E
B. E < X < Y
C. Y < X < E
D. Y < E < X
n+
n+
Cu 62. Hp cht E to t ion X v Y . C X , Y u c cu hnh electron l 1s2 2s2 2p6.
1/ So snh bn knh ca X, Y, Xn+ v Y-.
A. X n+ < Y < Y - < X. B. Xn+ < Y < X < Y- C. Xn+ < Y - < Y < X.
D. Y < Y- < Xn+ < X
2/ Tng s ht proton trong phn t E l 30 ht. Hy cho bit s hiu nguyn t ca X ?
A. 11
B. 12
C. 13
D. 14
2
1
2
Cu 63. Cho X, Y, G c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l : ns np ; ns np3 v ns2np5.
Hy cho bit kt lun no sau y ng ?
A. tnh phi kim : X < Y < G
B. bn knh nguyn t X < Y < G
C. m in X > Y > Z.
D. X, Y, G u l cc phi kim.
Cu 64. Cho dy cc axit halogen hiric HX. Tnh axit ca chng bin i nh th no ?
A. HF > HCl > HBr > HI
B. HF < HCl < HBr < HI
C. HF < HCl = HBr = HI
D. HI < HBr < HF < HCl
Cu 65. X c cu hnh electron l .. ns2np4. Hy cho bit oxit cao nht ca X l
A. XO2
B. X 2O5
C. XO3
D. X 2O7
Cu 66. Oxit cao nht ca X l X2O7. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca X l : 4s2. Hy
cho bit X c bao nhiu electron c thn ?
A. 0
B. 1
C. 3
D. 5
Cu 67. X to hp cht kh vi H c cng thc l XH 3. Hy cho bit v tr ca X ?
A. Nhm IIIA
B. Nhm VB
C. Nhm VA.
D. Nhm IIIA.
Cu 68. S sp xp no ng vi tnh axit ca cc axit sau :
A. HClO < HClO 2 < HClO 3 < HClO4.
B. HClO3 < HClO4 < HClO < HClO2.
C. HClO < HClO2 < HClO4 < HClO3.
D. HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 HClO4.
Cu 69. Nguyn t X to oxit cao nht l XO 3 ; Y to oxit cao nht l Y2O7. Hy cho bit
kt lun no sau, kt lun no ng ?
A. X, Y u l kim loi.
B. X l kim loi, Y l phi kim.
C. X, Y u l phi kim.
D. XO3, Y2O7 u l oxit axit.
Cu 70. X to c oxit cao nht l X2O 7. Khi cho X tc dng vi NaOH thu c mui c
cng thc l :
A. NaXO3
B. Na2XO3
C. NaXO4
D. Na2XO 4
Cu 71. phn cc ca cc lin kt trong dy oxit ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k 3 gm:
Na2O, MgO, Al2O 3, SiO2, P2O 5, SO3, Cl2O 7 thay i nh th no?
A. tng dn. B. ban u tng sau gim C. khng tng, khng gim.
D. gim dn
Cu 72. Sp xp theo th t tng dn phn cc ca lin kt cho m in ca O = 3,5;
S = 2,5; H = 2,1; Ca = 1 Na = 0,9
A. Na2O< SO2 < CaO < H 2O
B . SO2 < H2O< CaO < Na2O
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C. H 2O < SO2 < CaO < Na2O

D. H2O < SO2 < Na2O < CaO
24
26
Cu 73: Kim loi R c hai ng v R (80%) v R (20%).
Ha tan hon ton a gam kim loi R vo dd H2SO4 long d thu c 2,24 lt kh kc.
Gi tr ca a l
A. 4,88 gam.
B, 3,66 gam.
C. 2,4 gam.
D. 2,44 gam.
Cu 74: Nguyn t X nhm IB. Electron ha tr ca X l
A. ns1.
B. ns2 np1.
C. (n-1) d9 ns2.
D. (n-1)d10 ns1.
Cu 75: Nguyn t X nhm VIB. Electron ha tr ca X l
A. np 6.
B. ns2 np 4.
C. (n-1) d5 ns1.
D. (n-1)d4 ns2.
Cu 76: Nguyn t X chu k 4 nhm VIIB. S electron c thn ca X l
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 5.
D. 7.
Cu 77: Nguyn t X to hp cht kh vi hidro c CTPT H3X. Nguyn t X to ra anion
tng ng c tng s ht mang in l 69. S hiu ca X l
A. 34.
B. 33.
C. 66.
D. 68.
Cu 78: Xt cc nguyn t c lp electron ngoi cng l lp M. S nguyn t m nguyn
t c 1 electron c thn trng thi cn bn l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 5.
D. 4.
Cu 79: Cho 4 nguyn t sau trng thi cn bn
(1) Cr
(2) Fe
(3) Cu
(4) P
(5) Mn
5 nguyn t trn c xp vo mt dy t tri sang phi theo ng th t s electron cha
ghp i tng dn l:
A. (4) (1) (2) (5) (3). B. (3) (5) (4) (2) (1).
C. (3) (4) (2) (5) (1). D. (3) (2) (4) (5) (1).
Cu 80: S nguyn t ha hc m nguyn t ca n c lp ngoi cng l lp N l
A. 2.
B. 8.
C. 18.
D. 32.
Cu 81: Dy nguyn t trng thi c bn u c 2e lp ngoi cng l
A. Cr, Cu, Ca.
B. Fe, Zn, Cu.
C. Fe, Sr, Zn.
D. Fe, Cr, Zn.
Cu 82: Cu hnh electron nguyn t S trng thi kch thch ng vi s oxi ha +6 trong
hp cht SF6 l
A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 4.
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 3p3 3d 2.
C. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 4s1.
D. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 3d1.
Cu 83: Tng s ht mang in trong ion photphat l
A. 47.
B. 50.
C. 94.
D. 97.
23+
2+
2+
3+
+
Cu 84: Cho cc ion: Cl , S , P , Na , Ca , Mg , Al , K . S ion c 3 lp electron l
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 6.
D. 5.
Cu 85: Cho cc ion: sunfit, sunfat, nitrat, photphat, peclorat. S ion c tng s electron
bng nhau l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
2Cu 86: Tng s ht mang in trong ion AB3 bng 82. S ht mang in trong ht nhn
ca nguyn t A nhiu hn s ht mang in trong ht nhn ca nguyn t B l 8. V tr ca
A trong bng HTTH l
A. chu k 2, nhm IVA.
B. chu k 3, nhm IVA.
C. chu k 2, nhm VIA.
D. chu k 3, nhm VIA.
Cu 87: Cho 4 nguyn t phi kim v cu hnh electron tng ng
X: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 6 3d10 4s2.
Y: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1.
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6

Z: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s .
T: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p6 5s2.
Kim loi c tinh kh yu nht l
A. X.
B. Y.
C. Z.
D. T.
Cu 88: Cho 4 nguyn t phi kim v cu hnh electron tng ng
X: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 5.
Y: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2.
Z: 1s2 2s2 2p 6 3s2 3p4.
T: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3.
Phi kim to hidroxit cao nht c tnh axit mnh nht l
A. X.
B. Y.
C. Z.
D. T.
Cu 89: Cho 5 hp cht: NH4NO3, HCl, BaO, CsCl, AlF3. S hp cht c lin kt ion l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Cu 90: Cho 5 hp cht: N2O, NH4Cl, KNO 3, NO 2, HNO2. S hp cht c lin kt chonhn l
A. 2.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. 5.
Cu 91: Cho 4 cht: CH4, NH 3, H2O, HF. Cht c lin kt phn cc nht l
A. CH4.
B. NH3.
C. H 2O.
D. HF.
Cu 92: Bit m in ca Cl ln hn ca N. Chy c lin kt phn cc nht l
A. ClF.
B. NF3.
C. F2O.
D. Cl2O.
Cu 93: Cho 5 cht: C2H 4; C2H 2, N2, O 2, CO2. S cht trong phn t c 2 lin kt pi l
A. 5.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
+
2+
Cu 94: Cho 4 phn t: K, K , Ca, Ca . Phn t c bn knh ln nht l
A. K.
B. K+.
C. Ca.
D. Ca2+.
Cu 95: Dy no sau y sp xp cc phn t (nguyn t hoc ion) theo th t bn knh
tng dn t tri sang phi ?
A. Li, Na, K, Cs, Rb. B. N, B, C, O, F. C. Mg2+, Na+, Ne, F-, O2-. D. S2-, Cl-, K +, Ca2+.
Cu 96: Cho 4 ion: X+, Y2+, A-, B2-, cc ion ny u ch c mt ht nhn v u c cu hnh
electron ca kh him Ne. Bn knh ca cc ion trn gim dn theo th t l:
A. X + > Y2+ > A- > B2-.
B. B2- > A- > X + > Y2+.
2+
+
2C. Y > X > A > B .
D. Y 2+ > X+ > B2- > A-.
Cu 97. Trong cng mt phn nhm chnh ca HTTH, khi i t trn xung di th:
A. Bn knh nguyn t tng dn
B. Tnh kim loi gim dn
C. s electron lp ngoi cng tng.
D. m in tng dn
Cu 98. Nguyn t X d thu electron hn nguyn t Y th:
A. in tch ht nhn ca X ln hn in tch ht nhn ca Y.
B. Bn knh nguyn t X ln hn bn knh nguyn t Y.
C. m in ca X ln hn m in caY.
D. s electron lp ngoi cng ca X ln hn ca Y.
Cu 99. Cho 2 qu trnh sau: Mn+ + ne M (1) ; X n-- ne X. Hy cho bit kt
lun no sau y ng?
A. (1) l qu trnh oxh ; (2) l qu trnh kh. B. (1) l qu trnh kh; (2) l qu trnh oxh.
C. (1) (2) u l qu trnh oxi ha .
D. (1) (2) u l qu trnh kh.
Cu 100. Cho phn ng sau: KNO3 + Cu + H 2SO4 K 2SO4 + CuSO4 + NO +
H 2O. Hy cho bit kt lun no sau y khng ng?
A. KNO3 l cht oxi ha.
B. KNO 3 v H2SO4 l cht oxi ha.
C. Cu l cht kh
D. H 2SO4 l cht mi trng.
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Cu 101. Cho cc qu trnh sau : Na Na+ ; 2H + H2 ; CH3CHO CH 3CH2OH ;

CH4 HCHO; MnO2 Mn2+; Hy cho bit c bao nhiu qu trnh l qu trnh oxi ha ?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Cu 102. Hy cho bit, trong qu trnh in phn dung dch CuSO4, ti anot xy ra qu
trnh g?
A. oxi ha Cu2+
B. kh Cu2+
C. oxi ha H2O
D. kh H2O
Cu 103: Pht biu no sau y ng ?
A. Cc kim loi: Na, Ba, Be u tc dng vi nc nhit thng.
B. Theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn, cc kim loi nhm IIA c t0nc gim dn.
C. Kim loi Mg c kiu mng tinh th lp phng tm din.
D. Theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn, cc kim loi nhm IA c t0nc gim dn.
Cu 104. Trong pin in vi cc (+) bng Cu; cc m lm bng Zn v cng nhng vo dd
HCl. Hy cho bit ti anot xy ra qu trnh g?
A. oxi ha Zn
B. oxi ha Cu
C. kh H +
D. kh Zn.
Cu 105. Trong qu trnh n mn in ha khi nhng ming gang (hp kim Fe-C) vo
dung dch H2SO4 long d, hy cho bit ti cc dng xy ra qu trnh g?
A. oxi ha Fe
B. kh Fe
C. oxi ha H+
D. kh H+.
Cu 106: Nguyn t ca nguyn r A c tng s ht l 93, tng s ht mang in nhiu
hn s ht khng mang in l 23. Nguyn t A l
A. Fe.
B. Cr.
C. Mn.
D. Cu.
Cu 107: Tng s 3 loi ht: proton, ntron v electron trong nguyn t X l 10. Nguyn t
X c s khi l
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 6.
D. 7.
Cu 108: Cho 4 nguyn t: Cu ( Z = 29); Al (Z = 13); Na (Z = 11); Mg (Z = 12). S
nguyn t trng thi c bn c 1 electron lp ngoi cng l
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
Cu 109: S obitan (c electron) ca nguyn t N trng thi c bn l
A. 3.
B. 4.
C. 5.
D. 7.
Cu 110: Nguyn t X c phn lp electron ngoi cng l 3px. X c 2 electron c thn
lp ngoi cng. S hiu nguyn t ca X l
A. 14.
B. 12.
C. 12 hoc 14.
D. 14 hoc 16.
Cu 111: Bit Ar c s hiu l 18.
Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron: [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5. X l
A. kim loi nhm A. B. phi kim.
C. kh him.
D. kim loi nhm B.
Cu 112: Nguyn t X thuc chu k 3 nhm IIIA. Cu hnh electron ca X l
A. [Ar] 3s2 3p1.
B. [Ar] 3s2 3p3.
C. [Ne] 3s2 3p1.
D. [Ne] 3s2 3p3.
Cu 113: Nguyn t c nhiu electron c thn nht chu k 3 l
A. Al.
B. Cl.
C. P.
D. S.
Cu 114: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. Nguyn
t ca nguyn t Y c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht mang in ca X l 6. Y
nhm
A. IA.
B. VA.
C. VIA.
D. VIIA.
Cu 115: Nguyn t X c phn lp electron ngoi cng l 3p. Nguyn t Y c phn lp
electron ngoi cng l 3s. Tng s electron ca hai phn lp ny l 5 v hiu s electron
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ngoi cng l 3s. Tng s electron ca hai phn lp ny l 5 v hiu s electron ca hai
phn lp l 1. Mnh ng l
A. X l phi kim nhm VIA. Y l kim loi nhm IA.
B. X l phi kim nhm VA. Y l kim loi nhm IIA.
C. X l phi kim nhm VIIA. Y l kim loi nhm IIIA.
D. X l phi kim nhm VIIA. Y l kim loi nhm IA.
Cu 116: Cu hnh electron no di y c vit ng
A. Fe: [Ar] 3d6 4s2.
B. S2-: [Ne] 3s2 3p 4.
C. Cu: [Ar] 3d9 4s2.
D. Fe3+: [Ar] 3d 5.
Cu 117: Ion R2- c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s2 3p6. S hiu ca nguyn t R l
A. 18.
B. 16.
C. 8.
D. 14.
2Cu 118: Ion XO3 c tng s ht electron l 42 ht. Nguyn t X c s hiu l
A. 14.
B. 18.
C. 16.
D. 6.
Cu 119: Ion XO m c 50 electron. X l nguyn t phi kim chu k 3. Gi tr ca m l
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
+
Cu 120: Dy gm cc ion X , Y v nguyn t Z u c cu hnh electron 1s2 2s2 2p6 l
A. Na+, Cl-, Ar.
B. Li+, F-, Ne.
C. Na+, F-, Ne.
D. K +, Cl-, Ar.
Cu 121: Anion X - v cation Y2+ u c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s2 3p6. V tr
ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l:
A. X c STT 17, chu k 4, nhm VIIA. Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.
B. X c STT 18, chu k 3, nhm VIA. Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.
C. X c STT 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA. Y c s th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.
D. X c STT 18, chu k 3, nhm VIIA. Y c s th t 20, chu k 3, nhm IIA.
Cu 122: Trong ion YO3- oxi chim 77,4% theo khi lng. Nguyn t Y l
A. Cl.
B. N.
C. Br.
D. P.
109
Cu 123: Trong t nhin Ag c hai ng v, trong Ag chim 44%. Cho 0,1 mol
AgNO3 tc dng vi dd NaCl d thu c 14,338 gam kt ta AgCl. S khi ca ng v
th hai l (Cl = 35,5).
A. 107.
B. 106.
C. 108.
D. 106,5.
Cu 124: Trong mt nhm A, tr nhm VIIIA, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn
nguyn t th
A. tnh phi kim gim dn, bn knh nguyn t tng dn.
B. tnh kim loi tng dn, m in tng dn.
C. m in gim dn, tnh phi kim tng dn.
D. tnh kim loi tng dn, bn kinhhs nguyn t gim dn.
Cu 125: Dy cc nguyn t sp xp theo chiu tng tnh phi kim t tri sang phi l
A. P, N, F, O.
B. N, P, F, O.
C. P, N, O, F.
D. N, P, O, F.
Cu 126: Cho 4 nguyn t v cu hnh electron tng ng
X: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 6 4s1.
Y: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p 1.
Z: 1s2 2s2 2p 6 3s2.
T: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1.
Nguyn t to hidroxit c tnh baz manh nht l
A. X.
B. Y.
C. Z.
D. T.
Cu 127: Nguyn t X c tr tuyt i ca s oxi ha cao nht l x; tr tuyt i ca s oxi
ha thp nht l y; vi y + 2 = x. Nguyn t X to ra anion tng ng c tng s ht mang
in l 69. S hiu ca X l
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A. 34.
B. 33.
C. 35.
D. 32.
Cu 128: Bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t: 3Li, 8O, 9F, 11Na c xp th t tng dn
t tri sang phi l
A. F, O, Li, Na.
B. F, Na, O, Li.
C. F, Li, O, Na.
D. Li, Na, O. F.
Cu 129: Ba nguyn t X, Y, Z nm trong cng mt chu k ca bng HTTH. Hidroxit ca
X khng tan trong nc nhng tan c trong dd HCl v tan c trong dd NaOH. Oxit
cao nht ca Y tan trong nc to ra dung dch l qu tm ha . Z tan trong nc to ra
dung dch lm qu tm ha xanh. Ba nguyn t trn c sp xp theo th t s hiu tng
dn t tri sang phi l:
A. X, Y, Z.
B. Z, X, Y.
C. Y, X, Z.
D. Y, Z, X.
Cu 130: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns2 np4. Trong
hp cht kh ca nguyn t X vi hidro, X chim 94,12% khi lng . Phn trm khi
lng ca nguyn t X trong oxit cao nht l
A. 27,27%.
B. 40,00%.
C. 60,00%.
D. 50,00%.
Cu 131: X, Y, E l 3 nguyn t lin tip nhau trong BTH cc nguyn t ha hc. Tng s
hiu nguyn t ca 3 nguyn t trn l 54. Sp xp no sau y l ng vi chiu tng dn
v bn knh nguyn t ?
A. X < Y < E.
B. E < X < Y.
C. Y < X < E.
D. E < Y < X.
Cu 132: Mt cation c tng s ht l 78, s ht mang in ln hn s ht khng mang
in l 18; tng s ht trong ht nhn l 55. Cu hnh electron ca cation trn l
A. [Ar] 3d3.
B. [Ar] 3d 5.
C. [Ar] 3d6.
D. [Ar] 3d3 4s2.
Cu 133: Cht gm 3 ion u c cu hnh electron ging vi kh him Ne.
A. NaF.
B. MgCl2.
C. Na2S.
D. Na2O.
Cu 134: Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c nhiu electron c thn nht hng th t trong
BTH. CTPT oxit cao nht ca X l
A. X 2O 3.
B. XO 3.
C. X 2O5.
D. X2O 7.
Cu 135: Nguyn t X l halogen hng th t. Tng s ht mang in ca anion tng
ng l
A. 35.
B. 36.
C. 71.
D. 69.
Cu 136: Nguyn t X l kim loi kim chu k 4. Tng s ht mang in ca ion tng
ng l
A. 39.
B. 38.
C. 37.
D. 18.
Cu 137: CTPT ca hp cht kh to bi nguyn t R v hidro l RH3. Trong oxit m R c
ho tr cao nht th oxi chim 74,07% v khi lng. Nguyn t R l
A. S.
B. As.
C. N.
D. P.
Cu 138: Phi kim X hng th 3 ca BTH. trng thi c bn nguyn t X ch c 1
electron c thn. CTPT hidroxit cao nht ca X l
A. H2XO3.
B. H2XO 4.
C. HXO4.
D. H3XO4.
Cu 139: Cht c tnh oxi ha yu nht trong 4 cht: F2, Cl2, Br2, I2 l
A. F2.
B. Cl2.
C. Br2.
D. I2.
Cu 140: Cho 4 phn t: Cl, Cl , I, I . Phn t c bn knh nh nht l
A. Cl.
B. Cl-.
C. I.
D. I-.
Cu 141: X c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns2 np 3. Trong hp cht oxit cao nht
ca X c %X (v khi lng) = 43,66%. V tr ca X trong BTH l
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A. Chu k 3, nhm IIIA.

B. Chu k 4, nhm IIIA.
C. Chu k 3, nhm VA.
D. Chu k 4, nhm VA.
Cu 142: Cho cc nguyn t M (Z = 11); X (Z = 17); Y (Z = 9) v R (Z=19).
m in ca cc nguyn t tng dn theo th t
A. M < X < Y < R.
B. R < M < X < Y. C. Y < M < X < R.
D. M < X < R < Y.
Cu 143: Cho 4 hidroxit: H2CO3, H2SiO3, HNO 3, H3PO4.
Hidroxit c tnh axit yu nht l
A. H 2CO 3.
B. H2SiO 3.
C. HNO3.
D. H 3PO4.
Cu 144: Cht Y c CTPT MX3, tng s ht mang in trong phn t Y l 80. M thuc chu
k 3 trong BTH. Tng s electron c thn ca 2 nguyn t M v X trng thi c bn l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Cu 145: Hp cht c tng s electron trong phn t l 18 electron v c lk cng ha tr
phn cc nht l
A. SiH 4.
B. PH 3.
C. H2S.
D. HCl.
Cu 146: X v Y l hai nguyn t k nhau trong cng mt nhm. X c s hiu nh hn s
hiu ca Y. Tng s hiu ca X v Y l 32. S electron c thn ca Y l
A. 0.
B. 1.
C. 2.
D. 3.
Cu 147: X v Y l hai nguyn t k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k. X c s hiu nh
hn s hiu ca Y. Tng s ht mang in ca X v Y l 102. S electron c thn ca ion
X 2+ l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Cu 148: Trong bng tun hon, nguyn t c I1 ln nht l
A. H.
B. F.
C. He.
D. Rn.
Cu 149: Trong bng tun hon. Nguyn t c bn knh ln nht l
A. Ra.
B. Fr.
C. I.
D. Cs.
Cu 150. Cho C (Z=6). Hy cho bit trng thi oxh thp nht v cao nht ca cacbon l :
A. -4 v +2
B. - 4 v + 4
C. -2 v + 4
D. -2 v + 2
Cu 151. Hy cho bit trng thi oxi ha no khng th c i vi P (Z=15) ?
A. -3
B. -2
C. +5
D. + 6
Cu 152. Hy cho bit Fe v S trong FeS2 c trng thi oxi ha ln lt l :
A. + 2 v - 2
B. + 4 v - 2
C. + 2 v -1
D. - 2 v + 1
Cu 153. Dy cc cht no sau y c sp xp theo chiu tng dn v trng thi ca nit
trong cc hp cht ?
A. NH3, NO, HNO 2, NO 2, HNO3
B. NH3, NH+4, NO, HNO 2, KNO3
C. NH+4, NO, NO2, HNO 2, HNO3
D. NH3, NO, N2O, NO2, HNO3
Cu 154. Dy cc cht no sau y c sp xp theo chiu tng dn s oxi ha ca oxi ?
A. K 2O, KO3, KO2, F2O
B. KO3, K 2O, F2O2, F2O
C. KO3, K 2O2, F2O 2, F2O
D. K 2O2, KO3, F2O, F2O2.
3+
2+
Cu 155: Cho cc ion: Cr ; Cu ; Ca2+; Fe2+, Al3+, K+.
S ion khng c cu hnh electron bn vng ca kh him l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
3+
5
Cu 156: Ion X c phn lp electron c mc NL cao nht l 3d . S electron c thn
ca nguyn t X l
A. 6.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
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5

Cu 157: Nguyn t X c cu hnh ca phn lp cht l 3d . Mnh ng l

A. X nhm VIB.
B. X nhm VIIB.
C. X chu k 3.
D. X chu k 4.
Cu 158: Tng s nguyn t ha hc trong cc chu k nh ca BTH l
A. 10.
B. 8.
C. 18.
D. 20.
Cu 159: S cp electron chung trong phn t N2O4 l
A. 6.
B. 7.
C. 8.
D. 9.
Cu 160: Cho bit gi tr m in: Na (0,9); Li (1,0); Mg (1,2); Al (1,5); P (2,1); S (2,5);
Cl (3,0) v Br (2,8). Phn t c lin kt ion l
A. Na3P.
B. LiBr.
C. MgS.
D. AlCl3.
Cu 161: Nhm cc hp cht trong phn t c 3 loi lin kt ha hc (lin kt ion, lin
kt cng ha tr, lin kt cho nhn) l:
A. Ca(HCO3)2, NaHCO3.
B. FexO y, Fe3O 4. C. NH4Cl, NH 4NO 3. D. HNO3, H2SiO3.
Cu 162: Cho 6 hp cht: N2O, CH 3NH 3Cl, KNO3, NO2, C6H5NO2, HNO2. S hp cht c
lin kt cho nhn l
A. 6.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. 5.
Cu 163: Cho 8 hp cht: Ca(HCO3)2, FexO y, CH3NH3Cl, NH 4NO 3, Fe(NO3)3, HNO3,
NO2, Glixin. S hp cht trong phn t c 3 loi lin kt ha hc (lk ion, lin kt cng
ha tr, lin kt cho nhn) l
A. 4.
B. 5.
C. 6.
D. 7.
Cu 164: Cng ha tr v s oxi ha ca nguyn t N trong ion nitrat l:
A. V v +5.
B. IV v +5.
C. IV v +4.
D. III v +3.
Cu 165: S oxi ha ca nguyn t N trong phn t C6H5NH3Cl v nguyn t N trong
phn t C6H 5NO 2 ln lt l:
A. -3 v +4.
B. -2 v +3.
C. -3 v +3.
D. -4 v +4.
Cu 166: Trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t S trong phn t SO2 l
A. sp.
B. sp2.
C. sp3.
D. nguyn t S khng lai ha.
Cu 167: Trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t N trong phn t NH3 l
A. sp.
B. sp2.
C. sp3.
D. nguyn t N khng lai ha.
Cu 168: Trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t C trong phn t C2H 6 l
A. sp.
B. sp2.
C. sp3.
D. Nguyn t C khng lai ha.
Cu 169: Trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t C trong phn t C2H 2 l
A. sp.
B. sp2.
C. sp 3.
D. Nguyn t C khng lai ha.
Cu 170: Cho 5 cht H2S, C2H 5OH, HF, NH3, HCOOH.
S cht to c lin kt hidro lin phn t l
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Cu 171: Cht d ha lng nht l
A. NH3.
B. H 2S.
C. HCl.
D. HF.
0
Cu 172: Lin kt H bn nht trong ancol etylic 50 l
A. H ca ancol vi O ca ancol.
B. H ca ancol vi O cua nc.
C. H ca nc vi O ca nc.
D. H ca nc vi O ca ancol.
Cu 173: S oxi ha ca nguyn t clo trong hp cht kali clorit l
A. -1.
B. +1.
C. +3.
D. +5.
Cu 174:S obitan c electron trng thi c bn ca P (Z = 15) v Cr (Z = 24) ln lt l:
A. 9 v 15.
B. 8 v 14.
C. 9 v 14.
D. 8 v 12.
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Cu 175: nhit thng kh N2 tr v mt ha hc, nguyn nhn l do:

A. Phn t N 2 c lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc.
B. Phn t N2 c lin kt ba rt bn.
C. Nit c m in ln nht trong nhm VA.
D. Trong phn t N 2 c c 2 nguyn t N u t n CH electron bn vng ca kh him.
Cu 176: C s sp xp cc nguyn t trong BTH l
A. sp xp theo chiu tng ca nguyn t khi.
B. sp xp theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
C. sp xp theo chiu tng ca s electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t.
D. A, B, C u ng.
Cu 177: Tnh cht no sua y bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn
nguyn t (ca nguyn t trong BTH) ?
A. S lp electron. B. Khi lng nguyn t.
C. S electron lp ngoi cng.
D. in tch ht nhn.
Cu 178: Trong tinh th H2O. Lin kt ha hc gia cc phn t H2O l
A. Lin kt cng ha tr.
B. Lin kt ion.
C. Lin kt hidro. D. LK cho nhn.
Cu 179: S oxi ha ca mi nguyn t clo trong phn t CaOCl2 ln lt l:
A. 0 v 0.
B. -1 v +1.
C. -1 v +3.
D. A v B u ng.
Cu 180. Cho dy bin ha sau: CH4 X 1 X2 X3 CH 3COOH. Vi X1, X 2,
X 3 l cc cht hu c c cng s nguyn t cacbon v s oxi ha trung bnh ca cacbon
tng dn t X1, X 2 v X3. Vy X1, X 2, X3 l :
A. axetilen, anehit axetic, ru etylic
B. axetilen, etilen, ru etylic.
C. axetilen, anehit axetic, natri axetat.
D. axetilen, etilen, anehit axetic.
Cu 181. Hy cho bit loi phn ng no sau y lun l phn ng oxi ha-kh ?
A. phn ng ha hp.
B. phn ng phn hy. C. phn ng trao i. D. phn ng th.
Cu 182. Cho dy bin ha sau: CH4 C2H2 C6H6 C6H5NO2 C6H5NH 3Cl
C6H5NH2 2,4,6-tri brom anilin. Hy cho bit c bao nhiu phn ng trong s
trn l phn ng oxi ha-kh ?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
Cu 183. Cho bit M2+ v X 2- u c cu hnh electron l : 1s22s22p63s23p6. Hy cho bit
trong cc phn ng oxi ha-kh, n cht ca Mv X th hin tnh cht g ?
A. M tnh kh ; X tnh oxi ha.
B. M, X u th hin tnh kh.
C. M tnh oxi ha, X tnh kh
D. M tnh kh, X c oxi ha v kh.
2+
2Cu 184. Cho bit M v X u c cu hnh electron l : 1s22s22p63s23p6. Hy cho bit
trong cc phn ng oxi ha-kh, M2+ v X2- th hin tnh cht g?
A. M2+ tnh kh ; X 2- tnh oxi ha.
B. M2+, X2- u th hin tnh kh.
2+
2C. M tnh oxi ha, X tnh kh
D. M2+ tnh oxi ha , X 2- c oxi ha v kh.
Cu 185. Cho cc cht v ion sau : Cl-, S2- ; NO 2 ; Fe2+ ; SO2 ; Fe3+ ; SO2-4 ; MnO -4 ; Cu v
Na. Coi tnh kh ca O -2 l rt yu nn b qua. Hy cho bit nhng cht v ion no va c
tnh oxi ha ; va c tnh kh ?
A. Cl- , NO 2 ; Fe2+ ; SO2 ; SO 2-4 ; MnO -4 ;
B. NO2 ; Fe2+ ; SO 2 ; Na, Cu v S2- .
C. NO2 ; Fe2+ ; SO2 ; Na, Cu.
D. NO2 ; Fe2+ ; SO 2 ;
Cu 186. Hy cho bit dy cc cht no sau y c tnh cht ha hc c trng l tnh oxh?
A. Cl2, Fe3+, HNO 3
B. HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 c, nng.
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2+

C. Zn , Fe , SO2
D. NaOH, NH3, NaNO3.
Cu 187. Phn ng oxi ha kh xy ra khi sn phm to thnh l :
A. cht kt ta.
B. cht in ly yu
C. cht oxi ha yu hn v cht kh yu hn
D. cht oxi ha mi v cht kh mi.
Cu 188. Cho cc phn ng sau :
3K2MnO 4 + 2H2O 2KMnO4 + MnO 2 + 4KOH (1) ;
3KNO2 + 2HCl 2KCl + KNO 3 + 2NO + H2O (2) ;
Na2S2O3 + H 2SO4 Na2SO 4 + SO2 + S + H2O (3) ;
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H2O
(4) ;
4KClO3 KCl + 3KClO4 (5); 2KClO3 + 3C 3CO2 + 2KCl (6);
Hy cho bit nhng phn ng no l phn ng oxi ha-kh ni phn t ?
A. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) B. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
C. (1) (3) (4) (5) D. (1) (4) (5)
Cu 189. Cho cc phn ng sau : 2Cu(NO3)2 2CuO + 4NO 2 + O 2 (1);
2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2 (2);
CaCO 3 CaO + CO2 (3) ;
2KMnO 4 K2MnO 4 + MnO 2 + O 2 (4);
2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 (5) ; 2KNO 3 2KNO2 + O 2 (6)
Hy cho bit c bao nhiu phn ng l phn ng oxi ha- kh ni phn t ?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
Cu 190. Cho phn ng gia Mg vi HNO3 long, nng thu c mui NH4NO 3. Phng
trnh ion thu gn no sau y tha mn :
A. 2Mg + 10H+ + NO-3 2Mg2+ + NH+4 + 3H2O
B. 3Mg + 10H+ + NO-3 3Mg2+ + NH+4 + 3H2O
C. 4Mg + 10H+ + NO-3 4Mg2+ + NH+4 + 3H2O
D. 5Mg + 10H+ + NO-3 5Mg2+ + NH+4 + 3H2O
Cu 191. Cho phn ng sau: C6H5NO2 + Fe + HCl C6H5NH3Cl + FeCl2 + H2O.
Vi h s cc cht trong phng trnh l cc s nguyn n gin nht. Vy tng i s cc
h s ca chng l:
A. 17
B. 19
C. 21
D. 23
Cu 192. Cho phn ng sau: MnO m + HNO 3 c, nng M(NO 3)3 + NO + H2O.
Vi cc gi tr no ca k =m/n, phn ng cho l phn ng oxi ha kh.
A. k = 1; k= 4/3 hoc k = 2
B. k= 1; k = 4/3 hoc k = 1/2
C. k = 1/2; k = 4/3 hoc k = 2
D. k =1,5; k = 1/2 hoc k= 1
Cu 193. Cho phn ng sau: C6H5CH2OH + KMnO 4 + H2SO4 K2SO4 + MnSO4 +
C6H5COOH + H 2O. Vi h s cc cht trong phng trnh l cc s nguyn n gin v
khng th gin c. Vy tng i s cc h s ca chng l:
A. 31
B. 34
C. 41
D. 37
Cu 194. Cho phn ng sau: As2S3 + HNO 3 (,n) H 3AsO4 + H2SO 4 + NO 2 + H 2O
.Vi h s cc cht trong phng trnh l cc s nguyn n gin v khng th gin c.
Vy tng i s cc h s ca chng l:
A. 68
B. 70
C. 75
D. 72
Cu 195: Mt phn ng ha hc xy ra theo phng trnh: A + 3B 2X

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Khi bt u phn ng, nng ca cht b l 0,24M. Sau 10 giy, nng ca cht B l
0,21M. Tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong thi gian ni trn l
A. 0,001 mol/l. giy.
B. 0,004 mol/lt.giy.
C. 0,001333 mol/lt.giy.
D. 0,003 mol/lt.giy.
Cu 196: C phn ng sau: Fe(r) + 2HCl (dd) FeCl2 (dd) + H 2(k)
Trong phn ng ny nu dng 1 gam bt st th tc phn ng xy ra nhanh hn so vi
dng 1 vin st c khi lng 1 gam, l do:
A. bt st c din tch b mt nh hn.
B. bt st c din tch b mt ln hn.
C. bt st xp hn.
D. bt st c nng ln hn.
0
Cu 197: Khi nhit tng thm 10 C, tc ca mt phn ng ha hc tng ln hai ln.
Nng nhit t 250C ln 750C th tc ca phn ng trn tng ln
A. 10 ln.
B. 16 ln.
C. 24 ln.
D. 32 ln.
Cu 198: Cho phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng tng hp NH3
N 2(k) +3H2(k) 2NH 3(k)
Khi nng ca hidro tng ln 2 ln, tc phn ng thun
A. tng ln 8 ln.
B. tng ln 16 ln.
C. tng ln 32 ln.
D. tng ln 6 ln.
Cu 199: Cho phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng tng hp NH3
N 2(k) + 3H 2(k) 2NH3(k)
Khi p sut ca h phn ng tng ln 2 ln, tc phn ng thun
A. tng ln 8 ln.
B. tng ln 16 ln.
C. tng ln 32 ln.
D. tng ln 64 ln.
Cu 200: Cho phn ng: N2(k) + 3H 2(k) 2NH 3(k) H = -92 kJ
Bin php no di y lm tng hiu sut phn ng to thnh NH3 ?
A. gim nhit v tng p sut.
B. tng nhit v tng p sut.
C. tng nhit v gim p sut.
D. gim nhit v gim p sut.
Cu 201: Cho cc yu t (1) un nng; (2) thm H 2SO4 c; (3) tng nng axit axetic,
tng nng ru.
; (4) chng ct lm gim nng ca este.
Nhng yu t no lm tng hiu sut phn ng gia axit v ru to thnh este ?
A. (3).
B. (3) v (4).
C. (2), (3) v (4).
D. C bn yu t trn.
Cu 202: Phn ng nung vi: CaCO3 CaO + CO2 H = 178 kJ
Bin php no di y lm tng hiu sut phn ng to ra CaO ?
A. tng nhit v gim p sut.
B. tng nhit v tng p sut.
C. tng nhit , gim p sut v tng nng CaCO 3.
D. tng nhit , gim p sut, tng nng CaCO3 v gim nng CaO.
Cu 203: Khi phn ng sau t n trng thi cn bng
N 2(k) + 3H 2(k) 2NH3(k) H = -92kJ
Yu t no sau y khng lm chuyn dch cn bng ?
A. nng .
B. p sut.
C. nhit .
D. cht xc tc.
Cu 204: Cho cn bng ha hc: 2SO2(k) + O2(k) 2SO3(k); phn ng thun l phn ng
ta nhit. Pht biu ng l
A. cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun khi tng nhit .
B. cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch khi gim nng O2.
C. cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun khi gim p sut h phn ng.
D. cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch khi gim nng SO3.
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Cu 205: Xt phn ng: 2NO2(k) N2O4 (k)

Khi ngm bnh cha NO 2 vo nc , thy mu ca kh trong bnh nht dn. Vy:
A. Phn ng theo chiu thun l phn ng ta nhit.
B. Phn ng theo chiu thun l phn ng thu nhit.
C. Phn ng theo chiu nghch l phn ng ta nhit.
D. Khi ngm bnh vo nc th nng kh N2O 4 gim.
Cu 206: t0C, cho 1 mol CH 3COOH tc dng vi 1 mol C2H5OH. Khi phn ng t n
trng thi cn bng c 0,6 mol este to thnh. Kcb nhit trn l
A. 2,00.
B. 0,675.
C. 0,90.
D. 2,25.
Cu 207: Cho phn ng: 2SO2 + O 2 2SO3. Nng ban u ca SO2 v O 2 tng ng l
4M v 2M. t0C, phn ng t n trng thi cn bng c 80% SO2 phn ng. Hng s
cn bng ca phn ng xy ra nhit trn l
A. 40.
B. 10.
C. 25.
D. 4,4.
Cu 208: Nn 2 mol N2 v 8 mol H2 vo bnh kn c th tch 2 lt (bnh c sn cht xc tc
vi th tch khng ng k) nhit c gi khng i. Khi phn ng t n trng thi
cn bng, p sut cc kh trong bnh bng 0,8 ln p sut lc u. Hng s cn bng ca
phn ng xy ra l
A. 0,008.
B. 0,032.
C. 0,128.
D. 0,016.
Cu 209: Cho 1 mol axit axetic tc dng vi 1 mol ru etylic, lng este ln nht thu
c l 2/3 mol. t hiu sut cc i l 90% (tnh theo axit) khi tin hnh este ha 1
mol CH3COOH cn s mol C2H5OH l (bit cc p este ha thc hin cng nhit ).
A. 1,350.
B. 2,925.
C. 2,75.
D. 1,7.
Cu 210: Khi un nng HI trong mt bnh kn, xy ra phn ng
2HI (k) H 2(k) + I2(k). t0C, hng s cn bng ca phn ng trn l 0,015625. Phn trm
HI b phn hy l
A. 11,11%.
B. 14,29%.
C. 20%.
D. 40%.
Cu 211. Cho phn ng sau : FeS2 + HNO 3 c, nng NO2 + X + Y + Z. Hy
cho bit X, Y, Z tng ng vi trng hp no sau y l ng nht? Bit rng Fe, S trong
FeS2 b oxi ha n s oxi ha cao nht.
A. Fe(NO3)3, H 2SO4, H 2O
B. Fe2(SO4)3, H2SO 4, H2O
C. Fe2(SO4)3, Fe(NO3)3, H2O
D. Fe3+, SO2-4, H 2O.
Cu 212. Ha tan hon ton FeS trong HNO3 c, nng thu c 0,9 mol kh NO 2. Bit
rng Fe, S trong FeS b oxi ha n s oxi ha cao nht. Vy s mol FeS v HNO3 phn
ng tng ng l :
A. 0,1 mol v 0,9 mol
B. 0,1 mol v 1,0 mol
C. 0,1 mol v 1,2 mol
D. 0,15 mol v 1,5 mol
Cu 213. Cho cc cp oxi ha/ kh sau: Cu2+/Cu; Fe3+/Fe2+; 2H +/ H2 ; Fe2+/Fe v Cl2/2Cl-.
S sp xp no sau y ng vi chiu tng dn tnh oxi ha ca dng oxi ha.
A. Fe2+/Fe Fe3+/Fe2+ 2H +/H2 Cu2+/Cu Cl2/ 2ClB. Fe2+/Fe 2H+/H 2 Fe3+/Fe2+ Cu2+/Cu Cl2/ 2ClC. Fe2+/Fe 2H+/H2 Cu2+/Cu Fe3+/Fe2+ Cl2/ 2ClD. Fe2+/Fe 2H+/H2 Cu2+/Cu Cl2/ 2Cl- Fe3+/Fe2+

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Cu 214. Cho dung dch FeCl3 vo dung dch KI+h tinh bt thy hn hp c mu xanh.
Sc kh clo vo hn hp thy mt mu xanh. Hy sp xp cc cp oxi ha/kh theo
chiu tng dn tnh oxi ha dng oxi ha ?
A. Fe2+/Fe I2/2I- Cl2/2ClB. Fe3+/Fe I2/2I- Cl2/2Cl3+
2+
C. Fe /Fe I2/2I Cl2/2Cl
D. I2/2I- Fe3+/Fe2+ Cl2/2ClCu 215. Cho phn ng oxi ha-kh sau : FeCl2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 .. Vy cc
cht sn phm l : (chn phng n ng nht)
A. FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, MnSO 4 , K 2SO4, H 2O. B. Fe2(SO4)3, MnSO 4 , K 2SO4, HCl, H2O.
C. FeSO4, MnSO4 , K2SO4, FeCl3, H2O
D. Fe2(SO4)3, MnSO 4 , K2SO 4, Cl2, H2O
Cu 216. Cho phn ng sau : NO 2 + MnO 4 + OH- .... + .. . + . Vy cc cht
sn phm l:
A. NO-3, MnO2, H +
B. NO-3, MnO2, H 2O
C. NO-3, Mn(OH)2, H 2O
D. NO-3, MnO2-4, H 2O
Cu 217. Cho dy cc ion sau : Fe2+/Fe ; Zn2+/Zn ; Ni2+/Ni ; Cu2+/Cu ; Ag+/Ag. S sp
xp no ng vi chiu tng dn tnh oxi ha ca cc dng oxi ha ?
A. Fe2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ag+ B. Zn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ag+
C. Zn2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ag+ D. Ni2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Cu2+, Ag+
Cu 218. Hy cho bit nhng cp khi nim no tng ng nhau ?
A. qu trnh oxi ha v s oxi ha.
B. qu trnh oxi ha v cht oxi ha.
C. qu trnh kh v s oxi ha.
D. qu trnh oxi ha v cht kh.
Cu 219. Hy cho bit yu t no sau y lun khng lm chuyn dch cn bng?
A. nhit
B. nng
C. p sut
D. xc tc.
Cu 220: Cho phn ng n gin trng thi kh: A + xB ABx
Khi gim nng cht B xung 2 ln, tng nng cht A gp 4 ln th tc phn ng
khng thay i. Gi tr ca x l
A. x = 1.
B. x = 2.
C. x = 3.
D. x = 4.
Cu 221: Cho cn bng ha hc: 2SO2(k) + O2(k) 2SO3(k)
Khi phn ng t n trng thi cn bng, gi nguyn nng SO3, gi nguyn nhit
ca h. Cn bng ha hc khng b dch chuyn khi
A. gim nng SO2 2 ln v tng nng O2 ln 2 ln.
B. tng nng SO2 2 ln v gim nng O2 3 ln.
C. gim nng SO2 2 ln v tng nng O2 ln 4 ln.
D. tng nng SO2 2 ln v gim nng O2 2 ln.
Cu 222: Cho bn cn bng ha hc
(I) N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k); (II) 2HI(k) H2(k) + I2(k)
(III) 2NO 2(k) N2O 4 (k); (IV) CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k)
Khi thay i p sut, s cn bng ha hc b chuyn dch l
A. 1.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 4.
Cu 223: Mt bnh phn ng c dung tch khng i, cha hn hp N2 v H2 vi nng
tng ng l 0,3M v 0,7M. Khi phn ng t n trng thi cn bng t0C, NH3 chim
25% th tch hn hp thu c. Hng s cn bng KC t0C ca phn ng c gi tr l
A. 3,125.
B. 4,128.
C. 4,812.
D. 3,521.
Cu 224: ddX l ddNH3. Khi pha long ddX (nhit khng i). Chn pht biu ng
A. in li v hng s in li u thay i.
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B. in li v hng s in li u khng i.
C. in li thay i v hng s in li khng i.
D. in li khng i v hng s in li thay i.
Cu 225: ddX l dd HCOOH 0,46% (D = 1g/ml), ddX c pH = 3. in li ca HCOOH
trong dung dch X l
A. 1%.
B. 1,1%.
C. 1,2%.
D. 1,5%.
0
Cu 226: t C dd CH3COOH 0,1M c in li l x%; dd CH3COOH 0,025M c
in li l y%. Biu thc lin h gia x v y l
A. y = 2x.
B. y = 4x.
C. y = 2,5x.
D. y = 1,5x.
-5
Cu 227: pH ca dd hn hp CH3COOH 0,1M (Ka = 1,75.10 ) v CH3COONa 0,1M l
A. 1,98.
B. 3,38.
C. 2,46.
D. 4,76.
Cu 228: t0C hng s in li ca CH3COOH l 1,8.10-5. in li ca CH3COOH v pH
ca dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M nhit trn ln lt l
A. 1,34%; 2,9.
B. 1,43%; 2,2.
C. 1,36%; 1,9.
D. 1,35%; 2,2.
Cu 229. Cho P sau : 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) 2SO3 (k) -H. Hy cho bit yu t no
sau y lm cn bng chuyn dch v pha thun ?
A. tng t0.
B. gim p sut. C. tng nng SO2, O 2 D. tng lng xc tc V 2O5.
Cu 230. Cho cn bng sau : NH 3 + H 2O NH+4 + OH-. Hy cho bit yu t no sau
y lm cn bng chuyn dch v pha nghch?
A. pha long
B. thm NaOH
C. thm NH3
D. thm HCl
Cu 231. Cho cc phn ng sau : (1) CH3COOH + C2H5OH (xt H2SO4 c,t0) ;
(2) H2 (k) + I2(k) (t0 cao) ; (3) SO2(k) + O2(k) (xt V 2O5, t0 cao) ;
(4) N2 + H2 (t0 cao, p cao, xt Fe) ; (5) N2 + O2 (tia la in) ;
(6) NO + O 2 (t0 thng); Hy cho bit c bao nhiu phn ng l phn ng thun nghch ?
A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6
Cu 232. Hy cho bit nhng cp khi nim no tng ng nhau :
A. phn ng hon ton v hiu sut phn ng 100%
B. phn ng hon ton v phn ng t trng thi cn bng.
C. phn ng hon ton v sau mt thi gian phn ng.
D. phn ng t trng thi cn bng v kt thc phn ng.
Cu 233. Cho m gam hn hp X gm Cu, Fe, Al, Zn t trong kh clo d thu c 99 gam
mui. Mt khc, cho m gam hn hp X tan hon ton trong dung dch H2SO4 c, nng d
thu c 11,2 lt kh SO2 (ktc). Vy khi lng hn hp X ban u l :
A. 25 gam
B. 27 gam
C. 29 gam
D. 30 gam
Cu 234. Cho m gam Fe ngoi khng kh thu c 24,24 gam hn hp Xgm Fe v cc
oxit. Ha tan hon ton hn hp X trong dung dch HNO3 long, nng d thu c 2,016 lt
kh NO (ktc).
1/ Vy khi lng Fe ban u l :
A. 17,36 gam
B. 18,48 gam
C. 19,6 gam
D. 16,8 gam
2/ S mol HNO3 tham gia phn ng l :
A. 0,98 mol
B. 1,02 mol
C. 1,08 mol
D. 1,12 mol
Cu 235. Cho s phn ng sau : FeS2 SO 2 SO3 H 2SO4.
1/ T 1 mol FeS2 c th c c bao nhiu mol H 2SO4. Bit hiu sut qu trnh t 60%.
A. 0,6 mol
B. 1,2 mol
C. 0,9 mol
D. 1,5 mol
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2/ T 1 mol FeS2 c th iu ch c bao nhiu mol H2SO4 nu hiu sut ca cc phn

ng u t 80%.
A. 0,8 mol
B. 1,6 mol
C. 1,28 mol
D. 1,024 mol
0
Cu 236: Xt cn bng N2O4(k) 2NO 2(k) 25 C. Khi chuyn dch sang mt trng thi
cn bng mi nu nng ca N2O4 tng ln 9 ln th nng ca NO2
A. gim 4,5 ln.
B. tng 3 ln.
C. tng 4,5 ln.
D. gim 3 ln.
Cu 237: Cho bn cn bng ha hc:
(1) 2SO2(k) + O 2(k) 2SO3(k); (2) 2HI(k) H2(k) + I2(k)
(3) FeO(r) + CO(k) Fe(r) + CO 2(k); (4) CaCO3(r) CaO (r) + CO2(k)
Khi gim p sut ca h, s cn bng b chuyn dch theo chiu nghch l
A. 1.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 4.
Cu 238: Dung dch axit fomic 0,007M c pH = 3. Kt lun no sau y khng ng
A. in li ca axit fomic s gim khi thm dd HCl
B. Khi pha long dung dch trn th in li ca axit fomic tng.
C. Khi pha long 10 ln dung dch trn th thu c dd c pH = 4.
D. in li ca axit fomic trong dung dch trn l 14,29%.
Cu 239: Cho 8 cht: HBr, CO2, CH 4, Cl2, C2H2, NH 3, C2H4, AlF3. S cht phn t khng
phn cc l
A. 1.
B. 6.
C. 4.
D. 5.
3+
Cu 240: Mt ion M c tng s ht l 79, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang
in l 19. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t M l
A. [Ar] 3d5 4s1.
B. [Ar] 3d6 4s2.
C. [Ar] 3d6 4s1.
D. [Ar] 3d3 4s2.
Cu 241: Cho cn bng 2SO2(k) + O2 (k) 2SO3(k)
Pht biu ng khi ni v cn bng ny khi tng nhit l
A. T khi ca hn hp kh so vi H 2 gim i v cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun.
B. T khi ca hn hp kh so vi H2 tng ln v cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun.
C. T khi ca hn hp kh so vi H2 gim i v cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu nghch.
D. T khi ca hn hp kh so vi H 2 tng ln v cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu nghch.
Cu 242: C 4 mnh :
(I) Nc thuc loi tinh th phn t
(II) th rn, NaCl tn ti dng tinh th phn t.
(III) Photpho trng c cu trc tinh th nguyn t.
(IV) Fuleren v kim cng u c cu trc tinh th phn t.
S mnh ng l
A. 1.
B. 3.
C. 2.
D. 4.

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P N CHUYN HA I CNG
1B
11C
21C
31C
41B
51C
61A,C
71D
81C
91D
101B
111B
121C
131C
141C
151D
161C
171D
181D
191A
201C
211D
221C
231D
241C

2B
12
22A
32D
42D
52A
62A,B
72B
82B
92B
102C
112C
122B
132B
142B
152C
162D
172D
182B
192B
202A
212B
222B
232A
242A

3C
13
23C
33C
43D
53B
63A
73D
83D
93C
103D
113C
123A
133D
143B
153A
163A
173C
183B
193D
203D
213C
223A
233C

4D
5C
14A
15A
24B
25C
34A
35B
44C
45C
54A
55D
64B
65C
74D
75C
84D
85B
94C
95C
104A
105D
114C
115B
124A
125C
134B
135C
144C
145D
154D
155B
164B
165C
174A
175B
184C
185D
194B
195A
204B
205A
214
215D
224C
225A
234B,C 235B,D

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6A
16C
26D
36D
46D
56D
66D
76C
86D
96C
106D
116D
126A
136C
146A
156C
166B
176B
186A
196B
206D
216D
226A
236B

40

7B
17A
27D
37A
47A
57C
67C
77B
87C
97A
107D
117B
127B
137C
147D
157D
167C
177C
187C
197D
207A
217B
227D
237A

8C
18D
28B
38C
48B
58D
68A
78B
88A
98C
108B
118C
128A
138C
148C
158C
168C
178C
188B
198A
208C
218A
228A
238C

9D
19D
29C
39C
49B
59C
69D
79C
89C
99B
109C
119D
129B
139D
149B
159B
169A
179B
189C
199B
209B
219D
229C
239B

10B
20D
30D
40B
50B
60A
70C
80C
90B
100B
110D
120C
130B
140A
150A
160B
170C
180C
190C
200A
210C
220B
230B
240B

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