Tnntroduction to Category Theery, Graham Hutton INTRODUCTION Recall thet a functor F:€->D is a total Function F that maps the ckjects ond arrows of a cateyry € to thae of a cotegty D, with FE: FASEB fir each $98 and. sich that the equations | F(a) = i, F(gef) = Fy FF Lecuce 3 - Natural Transformations Special. cases Functor on pre-ordered sets = monotonic functions; Functors on mmoncids = monoid homomorphisms Functors fran product clegies = bigness The_alesa of cents CAT = exter os diets, Lends 0 ates. This_lecture: Nlucal ttnsfrwatins = napa bee Ses » Feld for all Aland all £3. of apgrepiate ‘apes. | Beaglas (SET~ set) P= the poserset finder ; List = the list functor Tree = the tee f functor. COMMUTING DIAGRAMS DIAGRAMS | | | Prluring Frayets of 0 cateyry in a dion “is a efil way of cect ype iafratin bak particlar arias, ie, Her suremet objets Exangle: AN Dingpomns ore alo vsefol for ceding eunbions about arcous. A diagan canmukes when any a0 pals between cbjects are equal as compesite arrows.Exangle: for the diagean. ap—roe +| |: 8 D 9 to commute means gef = ich, Exanple; far the diagram A JAN 6<——-C-——D b commute mens fx ieg ad he jog NATURAL TRANSFORMATIONS Suppose ak F,G:C-D are tuo fics Then a natural, Ltansformabion «x: FAG From F to G is a tel finden « that mops bets of € to axvoss of D, such that: ® For each object Ain C, there is FROGA in D. ® Fer each ocr $:A-»8 in C, the Following square covmmbes in De an atrow 9% FR—*cn le FOB fF | Notes : |e Pe exceplen to the gener. cule i tet gordlel pois ZB in cating des | ace oak repred to be eps €5, asec 3 mens hef a hog: be at Fe 9, © Most commuting diagrams ore male up of one or rnoce squates and triangles. 0 Tn chengry theery 5 all dinggams are unl sumed to connie ules stoleh oernise Notes: We vsually saribe xy. rather than (A) when | agelaing a natural trefomaion to on cbject |e The arraus ty syy teres are called, the Congonents of 0 natural. tronsfermatien © D shales Hat a is a Hsformtin; © soles that the tration is nett Older terthesks smetimes vie the nebation c F28G fir a natatal transformation. Rather Yn dry 4 rainle or opi the deFrition of a natutel. transformation, iE is rere weil to lock at some examplesExample 1: rev List - List Tf A is a set, then sev: List A> List A is the function thet teveses a list of elements From A, and is defined. by, the equations tevg (Nil) = NL Feig (Gers x 28) = rey (3) a Cons x Nil In SET, the netully of rev Lit AS List 8 List #] List + List 8 Lit 8 i equvalerk to Vas. Lik $ (cov, Gail) = rg (Lit # Ce) Nekes: © Naturally, of rev states that the defaiton of 61q dees nut depo. on. A. Thetis, rahelity Formalives that reversing 0 list is pabynorphic 1 te type of the clement # Te Haskell, tevg is urtlon as revene, ie Lhe type argent A is Toft ing. © The corchenation operator a is defn by Nil age = gs (Cons 23) ys = Gos x (10 # y') and the dibibin of List F oter ah cn be verified. by 0 single. indie. pref. | sm the be he clones. | ee which cn be verified by iui. The te ce XS Nil is drivel while for the inductive case x5 = Cos y ys we collate as fellas: [7 Ligk (reve (Cosy 9 = Gdefnitin of rev} | List # (ce¥y (9) # Ges y Nit) + [ition pop} Lisk £. (cory (gi List F (Gus g NU) {definition of List $5 Lit £ (oy (gd) + Gos (FG) Nil { ndaclion hye} eg (Lik $ (gh) a Gos ECD Nil { definition of rev 3 eng (Cons (F(a) (Lat F (ye) = {definition oF List F f Fevg (List # (Cons 9 ys)) Exargle 2: fla: Tree Lit TE A is a set, then fla,: Tree A Lit A is the Funckion that flatlens a. tree. of elements fom Al to a lit, and is defined by the enutions Fla, (Lef x) + Gon x Nt flag (ede Le) = Flay (+ fag The netrlity of fla | Tree pH Lit ef Lit § Tree 8 List B Ta Fervlces Mhat Fhilenig a free do a lit isExonple 3: len + List > Int . The natutality of len sinplifies to TE A is a set, then len, + Lit AZ is the Farction that caleolakes the length of a list of elements From A, and is defined by the equation ute 4, Lit a2 fen, (Nl) = 0 Lik eZ lex, (Ge xx) = 2+ len Cs) * ; cond formalises that collating the length of a lt Te view the fnctis Teng a: the emprets f | ig gduwurhic Ye tye of Be elonents co natural Honsformation; wwe define a constant Funder Int : SET SET os follow Mere generally = |} Mon nara. trarferabins ved is computing ae Simlar to rev, Fla, ond fen, im that: ex = palmer program Objeds - Tk 2 2 Prcous = Inf = id, Hence, we na have len: Lit Tit A a _ The ratuelity of Bex Oy NATURAL TRANSFORMATIONS AS _ARLOWS The notation «: F2G suggests that natural tronfornabins can be viewed. oF asst a caer, FA FE HF HA Dekinitin: if € ard. O are cateeries, ther the Aincler calogany DE is defined os Felous: | Fea NB | can be verified by the fallen aalaion Objects = FD. ore Frcs Pprans m2 FAG yon are robe. amis | HE © (Be), = fabri of 0} Tdentities = ids FoF is Be identily aebanl HE © By om eonsforatin., dein by Arn Hy | = finality of B 2 Chem Compasitin = if asF2G ond BxG4H then | = fly of} Boas FAH is the conpaibe natal eye FF Aranfraion deed by (ody Fete 5 dein fo = (8.0. «FF eEquivalently the naturality of Bex cn be verified, Pictorially. Consider the ellesing diageam: o, ® Fah ga HA e] @ a @ | Fe 8B ® e, Ther it is eam to see Unt becuse © ard @ commote (by definition’) ® avd © conte. (by osrmptn) the enter cectaple abo commutes , as renvited. THE GODEMENT CALCULUS We cnclde by reviewing some other viefl notions of compas. for natural, estes, Ficst studied by Godemedt in 1958. Conpesition with uncles: Suppose. that we. are given a diagram ptf eo Nv’ where 0,B,C,D are caterpries ; F GR, I ave finches; a is 0 eatin transformation, Notes | @ Prtoral prof (‘diagcam chasing’) is baller suited | to thileboard. Han to 0 written docoment. @ The satvaity of Box Formals Sut pepe prego are clad under ameiton, 09. | | lev fla + Tree -+ Tet is te pehyrorphic pega Ht alates | Hoe ravbee of fees in. « ‘ree | |e The naturdity of id, can be verifiel sinilarhy , and formalises that the identity progam fir any rcor Fis pmrpic. | Then . Precompaing «< with the Ancor F ajves a. natural. tranfarmation + GF-9 HF, defined by (Xen = “oem? © Pakampeing x with tre fonclar T gies natural trmsfervation Ix: 1G + 1H, defined. by (Te), = E(4y)- Fer ere, He natuality of Tx cn aun act Me | 166 =o" | can be veifeh os flossINf + (14), | Now, = {defaton of Ta J IMF + Te) = [Tina Rocke (HE + 9) 2+ {ability of oJ | TI (x, » Gf) = LT is « functor? | T(x) » IGF | oO J defirition of Ie | (1, « I6f ; | ® ® Mess © The choice of rotation allows terms of the orm deg ond. Tiky to be written withost patenthees, Note : bemae (Kp)a = Sem 4 (TI, » TAs). Hassock “emptlinc | ly nl 7 Soppose that we are given a diayom. aN AEN. 6 cb x be NY | Then. composing x ond @ ger a ratucal | palates Lransferwation Bu : GF > TH, defined by pax = Ine 8, = 8 Gm | Neto: on naturel, tmnstimatiens, | Netes oi called vecial comporitin; x is called besizerkel compartion. given 0 diagram w LK R86 DEE r | we hme the falling euaionl lous Kon = (ee (Wa = Lk) (Co a Sco) KG, = KB, + Ke exvetions ©-@ ogpin allow toms of Certain forms to be uarithen witheot parentheses. given a diagram by —§_, g AD | woe hve the falling nlechaye. Jaw thet vertical and. hrizatl conpaitin © (Se ¥)e (Bex) = (SxB)+ (Bee) | Verifyjoy equations @-© is on excellert way to become familiar with natural transformations