The Basics of Trigonometry L. Definitions A. Anangle is formed by rotating a ray around its endpoint or vertex. The initial position of the ray is the initial side of the angle, while the location of the ray at the end of its rotation is the terminal side of the angle. If the rotation of an angle is counterclockwise, the angle is positive; if the rotation is clockwise, the angle is negative, initial side initial side terminal side terminal side Positive angle Negative angle B, An angle is in standard position if its vertex is at the origin of a rectangular coordinate system and its initial side is along the positive x-axis. An angle in standard position is said to lie in the quadrant where its terminal side lies. y terminal side Quadrant I | Quadrant I x EFT initial side Quadrant III | Quadrant 1V Angle in standard position C. An angle in standard position whose terminal side coincides with the x-axis or y-axis is called a quadrantal angle. Two angles with the same initial side and the same terminal side, but different amounts of rotation, are called coterminal angles.Quadrantal angle Coterminal angles Suppose a circle has radius r>0. Let @ be a central angle of the circle. If 0 s cuts off an are of length s on the circle, then the radian measure of @ is @ r The radian measure of an angle is the ratio of the arc length cut by the angle to the radius of the circle. For this reason, a radian measure is a real number without any units, Radian measure of 0 = 180° = . = radians @ has radian measure 1 Also, | radian = 180° . 573° x Example: Convert 150° to radian measure and 2” to degree measure 150° =150°/ 2] = 5% ang 7#| 180") - (45°) = 315° 180° 6 4 aE, Let P(x,y) bea point other than the origin on the terminal side of an angle 4 in standard position. Let r be the distance from the origin to P(x) : ie r=yx? +)? . Then the trigonometric ratios of @ are defined as follows: sing =~ esc0 = r y cosd =~ seco =~ r x tang =~ cota =* x ? Example: The terminal side of an angle a goes through the point (~3, 4). Find the values of the trigonometric ratios of a. Il, Trigonometric ratios for special angles A 0° (1,0)Recall from geometry that in a 30° - 60° - 90° triangle, the hypotenuse is always twice as long as the shortest side (side opposite the 30° angle) and the medium side (side opposite the 60° angle) is V3 times as long as the shortest side. sin30° = B cos30° = ~= 2 tan30° = = cot30° = V3 Recall from geometry that ina 45° —45° --90° triangle, the legs are the same length and the hypotenuse is V/2 times as long as either of the legs. sin4S* ese45° = V2 cos45° sec45* = V2 tan 45° = cot 45° =1 singor = 23 ese60? = 2. = 293 2 33 cos60° = sec60° =2 ° 1 3 tan 60° = V3 cot 60 “By90°_ x = 180° 1,0) x G. 270° 270° Os af sin270° =

x cos270° tan 270° esc90° =1 see90" = 5 = undefined tan90° = ; =undefined cor90° = 2 =0 sin180° = esc180° = 0 =undefined cos180° 1 secigo’ =! =-1 0 cli tan180°=—-=0 cot 180° = 7 =undefined sec270° =— =undefined =undefined cot 270° =IIL. Trigonometric ratios using quadrants and reference angles ‘A. Trigonometric ratios and quadrants Il 1 Sin and ese Alltrig ratios are positive are positive Tan and cot Cos and see are positive ate positive M1 y Vv Example 1: Suppose that cose =-= and or lies in quadrant II. Find the other 5 trigonometric ratios for a 3 cosa =-2 = Ro ~ => since r> 0, x 3 andr —— Tofindy, r=\x2 +)? > 16 => y=24. Since o lies in esea = Blu cota =Example 2: Suppose that tan f= 2 and sin # <0. Find the other trigonometric ratios for B. Since sin 8 <0, the y<0 = tanB Thus, r= yx? +y? = (2)? +03) ae B. 30°, 150°, 210°, 330° 30° | 150° | 210° | 330° 1 1 1 1 sin | — | — Joo [ak 2 2 2 2 v3 cos = 2 1 “ Bo esc | 2 2 |-2 | -2 2v3 | 2v3 see - - | = 3 | 3 cot | V3 | -v3 | V3 | -V3C. 45°, 135°,225°, 315° D. 60°, 120°,240°,300° 45° | 135° | 225° | 315° in| 4] 2 Ee v2 | v2 v2 1 1 1 cos -sl-z / = v2 v2 v2 v2 ta] 1 | -1 1 -1 ese | V2 v2 | -v2 | -v2 sec | V2 | -v2] -V2 v2 ct | 1] -1 1 ~1 60° | 120° | 240° | 300° 2 | 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 cs | = | - | -- = 2 ig 2 2 tan | 3 2 “|B sec | 2 -2 -2 2 cot -z]} 4 ]-4+ v3 | 3 3‘The reference angle for the angle a is the positive acute angle formed by the terminal side of cr and the x-axis. The following diagrams show the reference angle f for an angle a whose terminal side lies in the second, third, or fourth quadrants. Quadrantal angles do not have a reference angle. The reference angle for an angle in the first quadrant is the given angle. Example 1: Find the exact value of tan120°. The terminal side of the angle whose measure is 120° lies in the 2 quadrant, 80 180° -120° = 60° is the reference angle, Also, tan is negative in the 2"! quadrant. Thus, tan120° =—tan 60° = Example 2: Find the exact value of sin210° The terminal side of the angle whose measure is 210” lies in the 3 quadrant, so 210° ~180° = 30° is the reference angle. Also, sin is negative in the 3"! quadrant. Thus, sin210° = -sin30° = Example 3: Find the exact value of cos315° ‘The terminal side of the angle whose measure is 315° lies in the 4" quadrant, so 360° —315° =45° is the reference angle. Also, cos is positive in the 4” 7 quadrant. Thus, cos315° = cos 45° = ¥2.,ML. VL Practice Sheet — The Basics of Trigonometry . Convert the following degree measures to exact radian measures: (1) 35°= (2) 150°= (3) 220°= (4) 405° |. Convert the following radian measures to degree measures: 2 aL 1 ge O)-aa= 2) a (3) 137 A 5a The terminal side of an angle @ goes through the point (8, ~ 15). (r= (2) sind= (3) coso= (4) tano= . Suppose that tana = and cosa <0. (1) sina = (2) cosa = Suppose that sin # and tan B >0. (1) cos B= (2) tan B= Find the exact values for each of the following (1) sin45°= 2) cos90°= (3) tan150°= (4) sin240°= (5) cos315°= (6) tan390°= (7) sin 510°= (8) cos(-60") = (9) tan(-135°) = (10) sin(-90°) =Solution Key for The Basics of Trigonometry La) aa @) on GB) ue @ an IL. (1) 120° (2) 100° (3) 70° (4) 288° 15 8 15 U1. (1) 17 2) - & 2. aM (2) 0 GB) 7 @ 3 w.ay2 @-4 5 v.ay 23 a) 5 v2 3 Vi) = 3) - a 3 Qo GB) 3 v2 3 1 1 ge 22. 5 es 6) 2 6) 3 M 2 (8) 3 Ol (10) 1