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    7 views5 pages

    MRSP 3

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    Aejaz Aamer
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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Radioengineering Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2000 ‘Theoretical Background of an Optimal Multrate Subband Coding of Cyclostationary Signals 5 D.KULA, FUNDAMENTALS OF AN OPTIMAL MULTIRATE SUBBAND CODING OF CYCLOSTATIONARY SIGNALS Daniel KULA! Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, ‘The University of lowa 210 CC Towa City, TA 52242 USA. E-mail: daniel kula@ceskymobil.cz. Abstract A consistent theory of optimal subband coding of zero mean wide-sense cyclostationary signals, with N- periodic statistics, is presented in this article. An Mf- channel orthonormal uniform filter bank, employing Neperiodic analysis and synthesis filters, is used to form the subband coder. A dynamic scheme involving N-periodic bit allocation is used, while an average variance condition is applied to evaluate the output distortion. In three lemmas and final theorem, the necessity of decorrelation of blocked subband signals and requirement of specific ordering of power spectral densities are_proven. Keywords Coding Gain, Decimation, Filter Bank, Polyphase Representation, Power Spectral Density Matrix, Maltirate System, Decorrelation, Subbabd Coding 1. Introduction A structure of the Multirate Subband Coder for Wide- sense Cyclostationary Signals, that is to be treated hereinafter is depicted in Fig. 1. Set of fillers H,(k,z7!)and F,(k,z~"), represent the Analysis Bank and the Synthesis Bank respectively. The index k indicates time varying nature of these blocks, since each of them in fact consists of a sequence of NM LTI (Linear Time- Invariant) filters, where 1 is assigned to the periodicity of cyclostationarity of an LPTV (Linear Periodically Time- Varying) structure. For the sake of simplicity we assume that period of time variation of the structure in Fig. 1 is the same as that of input signal, Blocks to the left of the analysis bank are M-fold decimators that discard all but ' Also with: Dept. of Radioclectronics, FEL VUT Brno, Purkyiiova 118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic, every M-th sample. Blocks to the right of the synthesis bank are M-fold interpolators that raise the sampling rate by a factor of M, by inserting (M-1) zero samples between two consecutive samples of an incoming steam, Blocks Q, stand for A-D converters, communication channel and D-A converters all together. sw “iy maa} Eo Fe Face) F mar fe te} am | fans 0 Fig, 1: Multirate Subband Coder for WSCS Signals Ps) Solely for the purpose of following derivation, they are assumed to be a source of additive, uncorrelated, zero mean quantizing noise q, (K) (see Fig.2), such that (=) +9) . a) and the variance of which is a3 =02"%0% @ Here 02 is the variance of i-th subband signal and c is a constant determined by the signal distribution. The WSCS (Wide Sense CycloStationary) signal to be coded is denoted x(&), subband signals are v,(k)'s (for F running from 0 to (4-1) ), £(k) is the reconstruction of 2(), synthesized in the output of the synthesis bank. Matrices £(k,2"') and R(é,z) in Fig.2 are polyphase representations of the analysis and synthesis filter banks, respectively. They are introduced to simplify mathematical treatment of the coder. Since both analysis and synthesis filter banks are LPTV structures, these polyphase matrices are also LPTV, as denoted by time index k. The goal to be achieved is to bring the synthesized output 2(k) as close to x(k) as possible, by minimizing distortion introduced by quantizers, ic. maximizing so called Coding Gain of the coder. This is done by suitable choice of the analysis and synthesis filter banks, as well as by proper allocation of bits 5, to individual quantizers O, The overall bitrate pnw o = is kept constant for all k, 6 “Theoretical Background of an Optimal Mutrate Subband Coding of Cyclostattonary Signals, Radicengineering 0. KULA Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2000 ye sath soe v9 tt cy re low | I sou coun % =| I ai o io tt ow | | “pansy Far rime gs vacate) Lv" 8 : son vie 3 wa fame tet? + | amen] gy [nome a zey [kt 5 est vat ae! key |v now | Rey Su — vem vormnany women Lm A Fig, 2: Polyphase Decompostion of Multirate Coder 5 Pte Pes xoeuven) wom) I Linon i Guam A definition of the Coding Gain, that follows Pane 1 Ne naturally from the theory of WSS signals [2],[4] is ee 50 Ba nq ——— E(R(K) ~ xP) O= FEO)" a where %(K) in the numerator is a reference output of the direct quantizer depicted in Fig3, and where the denominator can be expressed after using AM-GM inequality [2] as co? ys Joa = an ¥ (fer) oO Expression (5) is the function to be minimized to achieve optimum performance of the coder. Especially for ‘M>2 it is not a trivial task, and the rest of this article is mostly devoted to the solution to this problem, Aw _, Quantizer |_xt) Fig. 3: Direct b-bit Quantizer (PCM) To overcome problems brought to the analysis of the proposed structure by LPTV nature of the filter banks, an equivalent Blocked LT! system is to be analysed, as depicted in Fig.4, Here, the parallel (time-demultiplexed) input signals x(K), subband signals v,(ie) together with associated quantizing noise signals q,(k) and parallel reconstructed output £(X), can be described by NM-fold vectors X(k), F(k), O(k) and X(k), respectively. Matrices E(z) and R(z") are so called Blocked Polyphase Representations of the analysis and synthesis bank respectively, while the decimators, interpolators and delay-chains displayed in Fig.2, lay outside the depicted structure [5]. Fig. &: Blocked Version of Multiale Subband Coder Using Polyphase Representations of the Fier Banks 2. Mathematical concept In following definitions, lemmas and theorem, our effort is to prove that optimal performance of the LPTV Multirate Subband Coder, i.e. maximised Coding Gain as defined in (4), (5), is achieved if subband signals vy, (k) are mutually decorrelated and diagonal elements of the PSD (Power Spectral Density) matrix of the vector V7 (k) obeys a specific ordering for all @&, This ordering shall be unique, Definition 1: Consider a sequence 4 = {a,}"" , such that G24, 2.2 yyy 20, where MN=MxN Define a set of integers S = {1,2,3,....., MN}, its paritioning —{5,,5y,...,Sy}, such that card|s,]=M, vi €{1,2,...,.N} Define a Characteristic Sum (AS, S35 and a Minimum Sum Sv) J*(A)= min J(A,S),S,, where the sequence-argument {s*(a}={5,*(.S, (D,-Sy A}, ® represents The Best Ordering of a sequence A, that may not be unique. Radloengineering Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2000 ‘Theoretical Background of an Optimal Mullirate Subband Coding of Cyclostationary Signals 7 O.KULA Lemma 1: Consider sequence 4, and J, J*, (S*4)} as in (6) through (8). For k €S,*(A) , eS, *(A), where klef{l2...MN} Rel, 1,7 ef12,..,Npiey Let introduce: Tle, . ° aeS*tAlgrk and (10) If a, >a,,then G, Sa,, Proof: By contradiction Consider HAS S888 5859) (U) Sr= {54 -}UG Syt={5,*(4)- JUS Then write: J'(A)= I*(A) = (Gg) + @,G,,)" = y= (aya) ~ (GF my uM Gx x wary Assuming a, >a, and also G,>@,, we conclude that J'(A) = J *(A) <0 Since J *(A) is The Minimum Sum, this establishes a contradiction. Hence, for a, >a, Gy SH, (12) must hold. Definition 2: Majorization Lets take sequence 4 = {a,}"" and A= {2}, i with elements labeled such that 4,24, 2...2ay 20, AA Bw.AzAy BO. Suppose that A and A obey relation: i Da < DA, torisksN, (13) with equality at A=. Then we say that A majorizes 4, or A is majorized by A , noting A< A Definition 3: Schur-concave function A real-valued function P(x,,x,,. ona subset JC R" is said to be strictly Schur-concave cn this subset whenever X’ ~ ¥ implies O(X)2 OF), (ay in terms of equal elements, »X,), defined with equality if.\= Theorem 1; Let ®(x,,%, where x, >x,>..>x, 20, defined on JC R" and +) is X,) be a real-valued function, twice differentiable on its interior. D(.x,,x,,.. symmetric on 3. Denote [2] WX ®uy(X) = e ) and POX aan= Brg Then P(X) is strictly Schur-concave on 3 if: 1. Qq)(X)is inoreasing in k 2. Puy(X) = Mery (X) implies: PAD ~ Peper 4) Rois AVF Ressean(A) <0 Proof of this theorem is available in (3) Lemma 2: The Minimum Sum as presented in (7) is strictly Schur-concave function and hence for all A and A, A~4,,, 20, is a," 0. Also follows from Fig. 4, that PSD matrix of 7 (k) obeys $5, = Fes, okey” ey Let's return to the denominator of the Coding Gain (5) that concerns the subband o,,(/) for ie{0,...M-}} , 7 {0,...,N—l}. Obviously the ordering of the sequence variances (js, cone lok MV- | Me plays an important part in minimizing (5). Lemma 3: Consider sequence Eas above and Z(w)as in (20). Then under (18): ag 5, ifs (oe) locks va «22 Proof: Suppose that the elements of S,(@) are not ordered in a consistent way at all @, e.g. around some frequency @, (S,(@,)), >(Sp(@,)},» but around another frequency @; (S,(@,)), <(Sp(a,)},,- Then at cach @ there exists a permutation matrix P() such that forall @, S'7 = P(@)S;(@)P'(@) 23) obeys (sr(@,)), 2(S-(o)), - (24 Define ae {iff lo

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