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:
Compilers, Principles, Techniques, and Tools
Alfred V. Aho :
:

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:(

.
.

:(

)
)
:

Back end Front end

Front end .

)
.
.

Back end
.

)
.

Back end

Front end

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(BNF)
.

(
.

)
BNF
.
(BNF)
(Terminals)
(Variables)
(Products)
(Start)
.

.
.

(W)

S
W'

W => W'

W'

W =>=> W'

:
L(G) = {W: S =>=> W}

L(G)

G
:

V = {A, B, S}
T = {a, b}
G = {S AB, A
L(G) = anbm

Aa, B

Bb, A

a, B

b}
.S =>=> a2b4 :

L(G)

a2b4

.
.
:

list
list + digit | list digit | digit
digit
0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9
:

95+2

list
list
list

digit

digit

digit

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.
.
:
num
digit

num + num | num num | digit

0|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9
:

num => num num => num num + num => 9 5 + 2

num => num + num => num num + num => 9 5 + 2

+
:
9+5+2
.

.
:

right
letter

(=)

letter = right | letter

a | b | ... | z
.

expr
expr + term | expr term | term
term term * factor | term / factor | factor
factor
digit | (expr)

(...

.
.

expr
expr
expr
term
term

term

expr1 + term
expr1 term
term
0
1
9

expr.t := expr1.t || term.t || '+'

expr.t := expr1.t || term.t || '-'
expr.t := term.t
term.t := '0'
term.t:= '1'

term.t := '9'

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.
.
:
t

expr.t = 952+
expr.t = 95expr.t = 9

term.t = 2

term.t = 5

term.t = 9

.
.
.
.
expr
expr
expr
expr
term
term

term

expr + term {print('+')}

expr + term {print('-')}
term
0 {print('0')}
1 {print('1')}
9 {print('9')}

{Print('+')}
expr
expr

+
{Print('-')}

{Print('9')}
(

{Print('2')}

term

term

term

{Print('5')}
)

:
.

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)

(recursive descent)
(
.

lookahead
.
.
.

lookahead

.
a
type simple | array [simple] of type
simple
integer | char | num .. num
.

First(a) .
First(a) lookahead
First(type) = {integer, char, num, array}
First(simple) = {integer, char, num}
A
b A
a
First
.

(back-tracking)

First(b) First(a)
(Concrete)

(Abstract)

.
.
:

+
-

expr
term

:
expr + term | expr term | term
0|1||9

expr

:(
expr
rest
term

95+2

expr

:E )

term rest
+ expr | - expr | E
0|1||9
.
:

95-2+

9-5+2

rest

- expr {rest.t := '-' || expr.t}

95+2(

rest

- expr {rest.t := expr.t || '-'}

952+- (

)
)
:

expr
rest
term

term rest
+ term {print('+')} rest | - term {print('-')} rest | E
0 {print('0')}

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:95-2+

expr
term

95+2

rest
rest

{Print('9')}

term

{Print('+')}

{Print('-')}
term

+
5

rest

{Print('5')}
2

{Print('2')}
E
:

expr()
{
term(); rest();
}
rest()
{
if (lookahead == '+') {
match('+'); term(); putchar('+'); rest();
}
else if (lookahead) == '-') {
match('-'); term(); putchar('-'); rest();
}
else ;
}
term()
{
if (isdigit(lookahead) {
putchar(lookahead); match(lookahead);
}
else error();
}
:
expr()
{
term();
while (1)
if (lookahead == '+')
match('+'); term(); putchar('+');
}
else if (lookahead == '-') {
match('-'); term(); putchar('-');
}
else break;
}

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