Professional Documents
Culture Documents
030516
CONTENTS
Construction Mechanization
Framing of Earthmoving Execution Plan
Selection of Earthmoving Equipment
3.1 Kinds of Work
3.2 The effect to use popularized or standard type equipments
Cost of Earthmoving
Estimate Production
5.1 Working Ability of a Equipment
5.2 Volume Change Characteristics of Soils
5.3 Fleet Production
5.4 Productivity of Combination Work by oneself
Workability and Soil Condition
6.1 Trafficability
6.2 Excavatability
6.3 Ripperability
6.4 Compactability
Hauling Distance
Gradeability
Operating Control for Equipment
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1. Construction Mechanization
Since some form of equipment is used in every operation in present construction
work, work and equipment have a very close relationship. The meaning of construction
mechanization is condensed into the following.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
To
To
To
To
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Making the schedule chart of work plan to apply the working control.
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Kinds of Work
Equipments
Clearing
Excavating
Loading
Excavating / Loading
Excavating / Hauling
Hauling
Spreading / Grading
Compacting.
Trenching
Trencher, Backhoe
Motor grader
Slant finishing
Rock Braking
Chipper
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Normal
Swamp
Normal
7 27 (ton)
7 27 (ton)
27 103 (ton)
Scrapedozer
Normal
8.0 (m 3 )
9, 15, 23 (m 3 )
Tractor-pulled scraper
Motor scraper
Single engine
Tandem engine
0.01 11 (m 3 )
Backhoe(hydraulic type)
Clamshell
Hyd.
0.3, 0.8 (m 3 )
Loader
Track-type
Wheel-type
0.4 3 (m 3 )
0.4 12 (m 3 )
Dump truck
Off-Highway
Scrapedozer
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24 (m 3 )
24 34 (m 3 )
4 15 (ton)
20 90 (ton)
SR280
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Haul
Excavation
Load
Leveling
Compaction
Return
Excavation
Hard Rock
Soft Rock
Load
Soil
Haul
Leveling
Compaction
Scraepdozer
Ripper
Blasting
Wheel Loader
Bulldozer
Bulldozer
Track-type
Loader
No blast
method
Compactor
Dump Trucks
Hydraulic Excavators
Clamshell
Fig.2
Co-Operation
Spreading / Compacting
Scraper + ( Pusher)
4. Cost of Earthmoving
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equipment
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The cost of earthmoving is generally shown by cost per working volume as the
following formula.
P
C
=
Q
Where
The cost of equipment is consist of following, and has around 30-40% of cost in
case of earthmoving for road construction.
Cost of equipment
Owning Cost
Depreciation Cost
Maintenance and Repair Costs
Tax, Insurance, Storage, etc.
Operating Cost
Operator Costs
Fuel and Lubricating Costs
Consuming Parts Costs etc.
Others
Set up / Breakdown Costs
Transporting Costs etc
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5. Estimate Production
qfE
Cm
where
E1
Where
Tw
Tw + To
E 1 : working time rate
Tw : Real Working Time
To : Traveling Time + Idling Time
+ Waiting Time in Working
(within about 10 min) + others
Tw + To : Operating Time
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(1) Bulldozer
qfE
Cm
3600 q f E
2.2 l + 15
where
qfE
Cm
60 q f E
1.7 + 0.026 l
qfE
Cm
60 q f E
0.06
l
v
+ 0.06
where
l
v
+ to
qfE
Cm
3600 q f E
where
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Cm n
Number of Load
10
( m 3 /unit)
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(5) Compactor
S1000WhE
P
where
Working capacity per day (QD) and during term Qy are shown
as following.
QD Q x TD
where
QD :
Working Ability per day (m3/d)
TD :
Operating Time per day (h/d)
( TD .5 7 h/d for earthmoving Equipment)
Operating Time
Other
Real Working Time
time
Operating
checking,
Investment
Time
Pause
Recess
Others
Qy = QD x D
where
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Compacted
q
Natural (in-place)
Loose
Compacted
1
1/L
1/C
L
1
L/C
Natural
1m3
Natural condition
(In-place yards)
After Digging
(Loose yards)
C
C/L
1
Loose
Compaction
1.25 m3
After Compaction
(Compacted yards)
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0.9 m3
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Type
Loose
Compacted
Gravel
Gravelly Soil
Sand
Sandy Soil
Cohesive Soil
Swampy Cohesive Soil
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.30
1.25
1.20
1.30
1.50
1.60
1.65
0.95
0.90
0.95
0.90
0.90
0.90
1.00
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.40
Boulder
Soft Rock (I)
Soft Rock (II)
Medium Rock
Hard Rock (I)
* Rock (II)is harder than Rock(I).
Loose volume
Bank volum
L=
5.3
C=
Compaction volume
Bank volume
Fleet Production
In earthmoving, some co-working equipments are generally used depending on the work
to be performed.
a) The working ability of the co-working equipments is determined by the
equipment having the minimum working ability in them.
b) The working ability of each equipment should be well balanced.
5.4
Q =
where
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Q1 Q 2
Q1 + Q 2
Q : Production of combination work (m 3 /h)
Q1: Ripping ability (m 3 /h)
Q2: Dozing ability (m 3 /h)
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6. Soil Condition
6.1 Trafficability
Trafficability refers to the evaluation as how much the ground can bear the traveling
of equipment, and is especially important factor for the field of soft soil.
Trafficability of soil is usually evaluated by cone index that is measured by using
cone penetrometer.
Table 6 Trafficability
Cone index
qc (kg/cm2)
Equipment
Super swampdozer
Swampdozer
Bulldozer (21t class)
Scrapedozer
Bulldozer (32t class)
Tractor-pulled scraper
Motor Scraper
Dump Truck
Qc =
Contact pressure of
equipment p (kg/cm 2 )
More than 2
More than 3
More than 5
More than 6
More than 7
More than 7
More than 10
More than 12
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0.15
0.22
0.50
0.41
0.60
1.3
4.0
3.5
0.23
0.43
0.60
0.56
1.00
1.4
4.5
5.5
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Fig.5
Cone penetrometer
Cone penetrometer
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6.2 Excavatability
Table-7
Kinds of soil
Power shovel
Soft rock
Hard rock
1.0
2.0
3.0
km/sec
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6.3 Ripperability
The excavation ability of ripper on rock is called ripperability, and is affected
by the following factors.
1) Hardness, strength and gap
(seismic wave velocity)
2) Direction of crack in rock
3) Ununiformity of rock
4) Working slope
5) Size of bulldozer
6) Number of ripper
of
rock
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The principle measuring the seismic wave velocity in the field is shown as following.
L V -V
2 V +V
1
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L V -V
2 V +V
2
L V
1
18
V -V -V V -V
V V -V
2
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6.4 Compactability
The compacting equipment has many kinds of mechanical characteristics such as
static, dynamic vibration or impact to perform an effective compacting material.
The adaptability of the various compacting equipments soil is shown as following.
Tamper
Clayly gravel,
Cohesive soil
Soft clay
Asphalt paving *)
*) refernce
Swampdozer
Vibrating roller
Rock
Kinds of soil
Kinds of compactor
Bulldozer
suitable
usable
The bulldozer and swampdozer are not compacting equipment, are often used for
compacting work when they are used for soil spreading work, as in case of constructing
a levee.
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7 . Hauling Distance
In general, the relation between hauling distance and unit cost depending on the
equipment can be expressed as following.
Scraper to
Less
40
60
300
more
than 80m
250m
400m
2500m
than 200m
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4.0 5.0
6.4
7.0 8.0
8.0 10.0
10.0 12.0
14.0 18.0
( for Dump Truck )
8. Gradeabilit y
Table-11 Gradeability of Equipment
Equipment
Slope (%)
Swamp Bulldozer
Bulldozer
Tractor-pulled scraper
Motor scraper
Dump truck
40 55
35 40
15 25
10
10
Fig.14 Rimpull-Speed-Gradeability
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030516
To
To
To
To
To
To
-----------------------------------------References
Earthmoving Planning, Selection and Working Capacity of Equipment
: K.Hashimoto / Ministry of Construction
Earthmoving Execution Plan Yamazaki Construction co.,ltd.
CAT Performance Handbook
Managing Construction Equipment : S.W.Nunnally
http://www.yamazaki.co.jp/
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