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PTL Items PSB and Tripping ANS 11007 ENU
PTL Items PSB and Tripping ANS 11007 ENU
OMICRON
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Content
1
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3
Testing Power Swing Detection of ABB REL670 and Siemens 7SA631 ......................................14
7.1 Testing Power Swing Blocking of ABB REL670 ........................................................................14
7.2 Testing Power Swing Blocking and Tripping of Siemens 7SA631 .............................................15
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instructions. The user is responsible for every application that makes use of an OMICRON product.
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OMICRON 2011. All rights reserved. This application note is a publication of OMICRON.
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OMICRON 2011
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Introduction
The OMICRON Protection Testing Library (PTL) provides predefined test plans (Protection Testing
Templates, PTTs) for testing a number of relays including distance protection devices. The respective PTL
item supports the test person in developing a high quality test for the main protection functions in a short
time. But for different reasons power swing detection is not implemented in the PTL. The aim of this
application note is to demonstrate how the OMICRON Test Module NetSim can be added to an existing PTT
to test this function. This is shown for the following three distance protection relays:
> AREVA P442
> ABB REL670
> SIEMENS 7SA631
NetSim will be used to simulate the transient processes in a power network during a power swing to analyze
the protection devices reaction. The whole protection system and not setting parameters is tested thereby.
This kind of testing is called system testing. It proofs whether the IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) will
protect the electrical equipment in the specific case, or not.
Also other test modules like the OMICRON State Sequencer Module or the OMICRON Ramping module can
be used for this purpose, however this is not content of this document. You can find other application notes
about this topic on the OMICRON website.
The control devices are able to dampen the oscillations and the power system is equilibrated again. We
call that a stable power swing.
One or more generators fall out of step and loose synchronism to the remaining network. This is called an
unstable power swing.
During this process the installed distance protection relays measure impedances that can be similar to those
during three phase faults (see Figure 1). If the impedance is within a tripping zone for a long enough time,
the protection device will trip the circuit breaker to disconnect the electrical equipment. During the first case
tripping is not needed as no fault exists on the network and the disturbance will disappear by itself. To solve
the disturbance in the second case a few predefined connections within the network should break before the
whole network splits in separate subnetworks. To define these locations several considerations have to be
made. An activated power swing detection can prevent these non selective trips and thus possible blackouts
like the Northeast Blackout of 2003 in North America.
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power swing
detection zone
tripping zone
line
impedance
stable power swing
unstable
power swing
But how does the IED distinguish between a stable power swing, an unstable one and a fault? While the
impedance change during a power swing is rather slow the impedance vector jumps directly into the tripping
zone at a fault occurrence. At a stable power swing the measured impedance enters the zones from one
side, then turns around and leaves at the same side (see Figure 1). During an unstable power swing the
impedance crosses the X axis completely and leaves the zones on the other side.
The relay manufacturers developed different algorithms to decide which case is present. They all use one or
more of the following criteria:
> Power swing detection zone: As Figure 1 shows, a frame is drawn around the tripping zones or the
starting zones. If the impedance is calculated within this area for a given number of measurement
cycles, it is recognized as slowly changing and thus a power swing. Another possibility is to determine
the time the trajectory needs to move through this area. Position and size of this frame are important
parameters and can be set for some protection devices.
> Monotony: The movement direction in R and X is determined. During a power swing only one direction is
changing.
> Continuity: The measured impedance must be changing with at least a minimum value to ensure, the
trajectory is moving. Otherwise it cannot be a power swing.
> Regularity: The ratio of two successive changes of the measured impedances is below a limit value. This
ensures that the trajectory moves with constant or slowly changing speed, but not performing rapid
changes.
> Out of step detection: It is proved from which side the trajectory enters and leaves the out of step
detection zone (which can be the power swing detection zone or a similar one). Another criterion is the
direction of the impedance movement when crossing the line angle. Depending on the setting of the IED
it trips immediately or after a given number of turns.
Furthermore other criteria and exceptions to the listed ones are possible.
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There are two different power swing functions in modern numerical relays:
> Power swing blocking: The whole distance protection or only assigned zones are blocked when a power
swing occurs.
> Power swing tripping: The relay trips after detecting an unstable power swing.
3.1
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3.2
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Most of the parameters which have to be entered in the Test View do not correspond to the settings of the
protection function. Instead these are data about the network the IED is used on. By means of these data
the module will simulate the transient signals which occur during a power swing on this network. Not the
settings of the relay are tested, but its behavior under realistic conditions. Unfortunately some of the needed
network data are often not available in practice. Furthermore most of the networks have a variety of
switching states. This leads to many different combinations of test settings that have to be tested. But with
some considerations a good test case can be found. If there is no claim laid to test with real network data,
there is still the possibility to test the protection function with the standard values.
So let's go through the test views tabs and see, which effect on the test the individual settings have.
Fault
In this tab a Prefault and a Postfault time can be set. 100 ms are enough for both. The next two settings are
much more important for the test:
The Slip angle specifies the maximum asynchronicity. 180 are the theoretical limits for a stable power
swing. If the angle became even more, the machine would fall out of step, as its maximum torque was
exceeded. Less slip angle means less power swing and results in higher impedances. By entering the
maximum of -180 it is achieved that the relay measures impedances within the tripping zones. The negative
limit is chosen as this will create a power swing coming from the right what looks like a big load to the IED.
The protection device will thus be tested whether it is still working fine in such a difficult situation.
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The Slip time defines the duration of the power swing. If this time is too short the trajectory might move to
fast and leave the tripping zones before the distance protection tripped. 500ms are a good value but after all
settings were entered it must be checked, that the trajectory stays within a tripping zone for a long enough
time.
Line
Here the LinkToXRIO function is used to define the lines parameters (see Figure 5). For the selected mode
Z and k the corresponding values are stored in the RIO block of the converter (see Figure 6). As they are
secondary values, this option must be selected in the View menu before linking otherwise they are
interpreted as primary values. The value for the grounding factor must be checked, as some PTL converters
use a grounding factor of zero and recalculate all zones to loop impedances. In that case the link must be
done to the corresponding parameter in the Relay Parameter Section. Changing the Mode might be needed.
Sources
These data are characterizing the network. A user defined block called "System Data" is added to the XRIO
converter for some calculations (see Figure 8).
The Voltage and Frequency in this tab (Figure 7) can be linked to the nominal values in the RIO Device
block.
Delta V and Delta phi are both zero for the moment. Chapter 6 explains how these values can be used to
move the trajectory of the impedances.
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For the impedance magnitudes and angles a user defined XRIO block shall be used. This block must be
added to the XRIO converter like shown in Figure 8 and is used to calculate the source impedances
, from the short circuit power , of the two connected sources. To calculate the parameters
Z1 source 1 and 2 equation (1) is implemented as a formula in XRIO.
, =
.,
,
,
,
(1)
In this equation , is the primary nominal line to line voltage. The four variables above and below the
right fraction line are the primary and secondary values of the installed current transformers or voltage
transformers. They are needed to convert the impedance value to a secondary value.
The results can be linked to the NetSim settings Zmag for source 1 and source 2. The angles can be
entered either directly in NetSim or as seen in Figure 7 and Figure 8 also linked to XRIO. In the converter
the angle is calculated from an R/X ratio of 10%, which is an approximation that can be made if the exact
values are not known. For this example 5000 MVA are used for both sources.
The grounding factor magnitudes and angles can normally be chosen as one and zero, if the exact values
are unknown.
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Outputs
The primary and secondary values for the current transformers and voltage transformers can be linked to the
corresponding values in the RIO Device block (see Figure 9). This has only to be done for the location (A or
B) at which the relay is installed.
After all settings have been entered the impedance view shows the resulting power swing (see Figure 10).
As a next step, the trajectories are proved to remain in a tripping zone long enough to evoke a trip. As the
trajectories move into Z1 (TZ1 = 0 s) this zone will probably cause the trip. Depending on the movement
speed theoretically every other zone could trip first. To test the power swing blocking function at least one
zone must be found that would surely trip, if the function did not work probably. Therefore the cursors are
moved on the time axis to find the points where the trajectories enter and leave the zone. It is even more
exact not to take the borders of the zone but to use the tolerance lines. Now the time deviation can be read,
which is 110 ms what is enough for the relay to trip. The proper operation of the power swing blocking
function can be tested with this power swing. If the time was too short the Slip Time (Fault settings) can be
increased.
cursor 2
cursor 1
Figure 10: Measuring the time the trajectory of the resulting power swing is within zone 1
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After configuring the trip signal in the local hardware configuration three measurements for the phase
selective trip times can be defined. These time measurements start with the beginning of the power swing
and end with the trip signal for phase A, B or C. When testing the power swing blocking function, no trip is
expected at all, that's why no nominal values are entered. Therefore the assessment must be done
manually. The test was OK if no trip occurred. The Measurement View after a successful test is shown in
Figure 11.
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Again measurements for the trip times are defined. Unlike during the power swing blocking test trips are now
expected in all three phases. Defining a nominal time is not possible, as it depends on the moment the relay
recognizes, that the power swing is an unstable one, which in turn depends on the algorithm of the IED. This
task is something completely different to measuring the trip time of a zone. The assessment again has to be
done manually. Figure 14 shows the result of this measurement: A trip time above 1 s signifies that the relay
tripped as supposed during the second turn. This can be verified with help of the signal view. Figure 15
clearly shows that all three trip signals occur during the second power swing. This is exactly how the IED
was meant to react. Thus the power swing tripping function could successfully be tested that way.
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line angle
R
Figure 16: Movement of the turning point depending on the power transport
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7.1
The resulting impedance trajectory is shown in Figure 18. After checking its residence time in zone 1 the
module is ready for testing.
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7.2
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List of Literature
[1] Michael Albert, Eugenio Carvalheira, Oliver Janke: PTL: A solid basis for building customized line
protection test standards, OMICRON IPTS 2009 (www.omicron.at)
[2] Dr. Peter Meinhardt, OMICRON electronics GmbH: Testing approaches for power swing blocking
function, OMICRON IPTS 2009 (www.omicron.at)
[3] Dr. Fred Steinhauser, OMICRON electronics GmbH: Testing of the Power Swing Blocking in
Distance Relays
[4] Dr. Yuchen Lu, Dr. Juergen Holbach, Laurie Martuscello, P.E., Edward Krizauskas, P.E.: Tests of
Distance Relay Performance on Stable and Unstable Power Swings Using Simulated Data of the
August 14th 2003 System Disturbance
[5] Jrg Blumschein, Matthias Kereit, Yilmaz Yelgin, SIEMENS: Erhhung der Netzstabilitt durch
zuverlssige Pendelerkennung, Tagungsbeitrag 4.1 OMICRON Anwendertagung 2009
(www.omicron.at)
[6] MiCOM P441/P442/P444 Numerical Distance Protection, Technical Manual
[7] Technical reference manual Line distance protection IED REL 670
[8] SIPROTEC DISTANZSCHUTZ 7SA6 MANUAL
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