Chng III:

Chuyn ch hng ha
XNK bng Container

I. Khi qut v chuyn ch Container

1. Bn cht ca chuyn ch Container
T = t1 + t2 + t3
Trong :
- T: tng thi gian hot ng ca tu
- t1: thi gian xp hng
- t2: thi gian tu thc s chy trn ng
- t3: thi gian d hng
=>t1+ t3 (thi gian tu u ti cc im vn ti lm hng) thng chim t trng
ng k so vi t2
=> gim T:
+) gim t2
+) gim t1 + t3 => c gii ha khu xp d => qu trnh n v ha hng ha
n v ha hng ha (Unitization) phi m bo:
n v hng ha c to ra bng cch gp nhiu kin hng nh, l vi
nhau, phi c gi nguyn hnh dng, kch thc v trng lng trong sut
qu trnh bo qun, xp d v vn chuyn
Phi c kh nng to iu kin thun li cho vic c gii ha ton b qu
trnh xp d, s dng hp l kho hng v cng c vn ti
Phi tha mn cc yu cu t ra ca sn xut v lu thng hng ha
Cc loi hnh n v hng ha:
Dng bao b thng thng ng gi hng ha
Khay hng (pallet)
Container
=> Bn cht ca Container ha l vic xp d, bo qun hng ha trong sut
qu trnh vn ti bng mt dng c vn ti c bit, c kch thc tiu chun
ha, dng c nhiu ln v c sc cha ln

2. Contaner
2.1. nh ngha
nh ngha chung: Container l mt cng c cha hng
hnh hp ch nht, bng g hoc bng kim loi, c kch
thc tiu chun ha, dng c nhiu ln v c sc
cha ln.
nh ngha ca ISO: Container l mt dng c vn ti:
C hnh dng c nh, bn chc s dng c nhiu ln
C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic chuyn ch hng
ha bng mt hay nhiu phng tin vn ti, hng ha
khng phi xp d cc cng dc ng
C thit b ring thun tin cho vic sp xp v thay i t
cng c vn ti ny sang cng c vn ti khc.
C cu to c bit thun tin cho vic xp hng vo, d
hng ra, bo qun v sp xp hng ha trong container
C dung tch bn trong khng t hn 1m3
Container khng phi l bao b ca hng ha
Container l mt cng c cha hng c lp vi cng c vn
ti

2.2. Tiu chun ha Container

Ni dung tiu chun ha:

V kch thc
V trng lng
V ca
V kt cu gc
V kha ca

Tiu chun ha v kch thc

Serie 1: 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 1e, 1f
Chiu cao = chiu rng = 2435mm
Chiu di: 1a: 12190mm, 1b: 9125mm, 1c: 6055mm, 1d:
2990mm, 1e: 1965mm, 1f: 1460mm

Serie 2: 2a, 2b, 2c:

Chiu cao = 2100mm, chiu rng = 2300mm
Chiu di: 2a: 2920mm, 2b: 2400mm, 2c: 1450mm
1c: TEU (Twenty feet equivalent unit), trng ti 30,4 tn,
dung tch cha hng 33,1m3
1a: FEU (Forty feet equivalent unit), trng ti 30,4 tn,
dung tch cha hng 67,5m3

2.3. Phn loi

Cn c vo trng ti:
Loi nh: trng ti < 5MT, dung tch < 3m3
Loi trung bnh: trng ti 5- 10 MT, dung tch
3 - 10m3
Loi ln: trng ti > 10MT, dung tch > 10m3

Cn c vo kch thc
Cn c vo vt liu

Thp
Nhm
G dn
Nha tng hp

 Cn c vo cu trc:

Container kn (closed container)

Container thnh cao (high cube container)
Container m nc (open top container)
Container m cnh (open side container)
Container m nc, m cnh (open top, open side
container)
Container khung (flat rack container)
Container mt phng (platform/ flatbed container)
Container thp (half height container)
Container ch hng ri, hng kh (bulk container)
Container c l thng hi, h thng thng gi
(vented/ ventilated container)
Container cch nhit/ c h thng lm lnh/ c h
thng lm nng (thermal insulated/ refrigerated/
heated container)
Container dng bn (tank container)

Closed container

Open top container

Open side container

High cube container

Flat rack container

Platform container

Half height container

Bulk freight container

Vented container

Thermal insulated container

Tank container

 Cn c vo cng dng
Container ch hng bch ha
Container ch hng lng
Container ch hng ri, hng kh
Container ch hng d hng
Container c bit
4. Hiu qu kinh t x hi ca vn ti container
4.1. i vi ton x hi
- Tng nng sut lao ng x hi
- Gim chi ph sn xut x hi
- To iu kin tip thu cng ngh mi
- To vic lm mi, gii quyt cng n vic lm cho x hi
4.2. i vi ngi chuyn ch
- Gim thi gian xp d
- Gim gi thnh vn ti
- Gim khiu ni ca ch hng
- To iu kin thun li cho vic chuyn ti
4.3. i vi ch hng
- Gim chi ph giao hng
- Gim chi ph bao b cho hng ha
- Gim mt mt, h hng ca hng ha trong qu trnh vn chuyn
- Tit kim ph bo him
- Tng nhanh thi gian giao hng

II. C s vt cht k thut

1. Cng c vn chuyn container (bng
ng bin)
Tu bn container (semi- container ship)
Tu container chuyn dng (full container
ship)
Tu kiu RO- RO(Roll on/ Roll off): phng
thc xp d nm ngang
Tu kiu LO- LO (Lift on/ Lift off): phng
thc xp d thng ng
Tu LASH (Lighter Abroad Ship): phng
thc xp d chm ni)

Tu c th bin thnh tu ch container

(convertible container ship)

II. C s vt cht k thut

2. Cng c xp d Container
2.1. Nhm cng c xp d container ln xung tu
Cn cu gin
Cn cu di ng bnh hi
2.2. Nhm cng c vn chuyn hng t cu tu
vo bi cha
Strader- cn cu dng khung
Trailer- u ko chuyn dng vn chuyn
2.3. Nhm trang thit b xp d trn bi
Cn cu di ng theo bnh ray
Xe nng chuyn dng

II. C s vt cht k thut

3. Cng, bn bi container
Cu tu (wharf): tu container xp d
container
Thm bn (apron): ni lp t cn cu
Bi ch (container stacking yard): ni
container chun b xp hoc d ln xung tu
Bi container (container yard- CY): ni tip
nhn v lu tr container, giao nhn hng
nguyn
Trm giao nhn ng gi hng l (container
freight station- CFS): ni tin hnh chuyn ch
hng l
Trm container ng b (container depot)/
cng thng quan ni a (inland clearance
depot- ICD)

III. T chc vn chuyn hng ha

XNK bng container
1. Cc phng php giao hng bng container
1.1. Phng php nhn nguyn- giao nguyn
(FCL/ FCL-full container load)
Hng nguyn l nhng l hng ln,
ng trong mt hay nhiu container
Nhn nguyn, giao nguyn l vic ngi
chuyn ch nhn nguyn container t ngi
gi hng ni i v giao nguyn container
cho ngi nhn ni n => 1 ngi gi, 1
ngi nhn
Nu giao nhn ti CY, trn B/L ghi: CY/CY =>
trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch: t bi
container n bi container

2.1. Phng php FCL/FCL- Quy trnh FCL/FCL

ch hng ng hng vo container ti kho ring/bi
container (CY). Container c nim phong kp ch
Ch hng/cty GN v/chuyn container n CY cng
i, giao cho ngi v/chuyn ch xp ln tu.
Ng chuyn ch, bng CP ca mnh, xp
container ln tu, vn chuyn n cng n
Ti cng n, ng chuyn ch, bng CP ca mnh,
d container ra khi tu, vn chuyn v CY
Ng chuyn ch giao container cho ngi nhn
hng/cty GN ti CY cng n.

III. T chc vn chuyn hng ha XNK bng

container
Trch nhim ca ngi gi hng:
Thu v vn chuyn container rng v kho
ng hng vo container
nh k m hiu v k hiu chuyn ch
Lm th tc hi quan v nim phong kp ch theo quy ch XK
Vn chuyn Container v giao cho ngi chuyn ch ti CY, nhn
B/L
Chu cc chi ph lin quan
Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch:
Nhn container kp ch ti CY
Pht hnh B/L
Qun l, chm sc, gi hng ha xp trong container
Bc container t CY xung tu chuyn ch
D container ln CY cng ch
Giao container cho ngi nhn c B/L hp l
Chu cc chi ph lin quan
Trch nhim ca ngi nhn hng
Thu xp giy t NK v lm th tc hi quan cho hng ha
Xut trnh B/L hp l nhn hng vi ngi chuyn ch
Vn chuyn container v kho bi ca mnh, d hng ra khi
container di s gim st ca hi quan
Hon tr container rng cho ngi chuyn ch hoc i l thu
container
Chu cc chi ph lin quan

III. T chc vn chuyn hng ha

XNK bng container
1.2. Phng php nhn l, giao l (LCL/
LCL- Less than container load)
Hng l l nhng l hng nh, khng
ng trong mt container
Nhn l giao l l vic ngi chuyn ch
nhn l hng ha t nhiu ch hng v
giao l hng ha cho nhiu ch hng
(nhiu ngi giao, nhiu ngi nhn)
Nu giao nhn hng ha ti CFS, trn
B/L ghi: CFS/CFS => trch nhim ca
ngi chuyn ch t trm giao nhn
hng l n trm giao nhn hng l

2.2. Phng
php
LCL/LCL
Ngi
chuyn ch
nhn
nhiu l hng ca nhiu ch hng l
gi cho nhiu ng nhn l ti CFS, cp B/L
ng nhiu l hng l vo cng 1container, nim phong
kp ch
Ngi chuyn ch xp container ln tu vn
chuyn n ni n
Ng chuyn ch d container ra khi tu, vn chuyn
container v CFS cng n
Ngi chuyn ch d hng ra khi container, giao cho cc
ng nhn hng l trn c s xut trnh B/L.

III. T chc vn chuyn hng ha

XNK bng container
Trch nhim ca ngi gi hng:
Vn chuyn hng ha t ni cha hng trong ni a n giao cho
ngi chuyn ch ti CFS
Lm th tc hi quan cho hng ha
Nhn vn n v tr cc hng l

Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch:

Nhn cc l hng l ti CFS v pht hnh vn n hng l cho cc
ch hng
Sau khi gom hng th phi ng hng vo container v nim
phong kp ch
Vn chuyn container ra cng xp ln tu chuyn ch n cng
n
D hng ra khi tu ti cng n v vn chuyn v CFS ca mnh
D hng ra khi container ti CFS, giao cho cc ch hng l v thu
hi vn n

Trch nhim ca ngi nhn hng:

Thu xp giy php NK v lm th tc hi quan cho l hng
Xut trnh vn n hp l nhn hng
Tr cc chi ph lin quan v vn chuyn hng ha v kho ca mnh

III. T chc vn chuyn hng ha

XNK bng container
1.3. Giao hng kt hp
Nhn nguyn, giao l (FCL/LCL)
Nhn l, giao nguyn (LCL/FCL)
1.4. Nhng vn cn lu khi gi hng bng
container
- Giao hng bng container vi cc iu kin c
s giao hng FOB, CIF, CFR
- a im giao hng khng ph hp
- Ranh gii giao hng khng cn ngha

- Ngun lut iu chnh

- Phm vi trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch
- iu khon khng bit tnh trng hng ha xp
bn trong container
- Vn xp hng trn boong
- Gii hn trch nhim bi thng

2. Cc ph container
Cc ph l mt khon tin m ch hng phi
tr cho ngi chuyn ch v vic vn chuyn
container t mt cng ny n mt cng khac
Mc cc l khon tin ch hng phi tr cho
ngi chuyn ch trn mt n v tnh cc
C cu cc
Cc chnh (basic ocean freight): cc ph trn
chng vn ti chnh
Cc ph (feeder freight): cc ph trn chng vn
ti ph
Cc ph ph: khon phi tr ngoi tin cc:

Chi ph bn bi (Terminal Handling Charge-THC)

Chi ph dch v hng l (LCL service charge)
Chi ph vn chuyn ni a (Inland Haulage Charge)
Ph ph nng ln, t xung, di chuyn, sp xp
container trong kho bi (up and down, removed charge)
Tin pht ng container (demurrage)
Ph ph gi du tng (bunker adjustment factor- BAF)
Ph ph do s bin ng tin t (Currency adjustment
factor- CAF)
Ph ph vn n (B/L fee)

 Cc loi cc ph
Cc cho tt c cc loi hng (Freight all kind- FAK):
tnh nh nhau cho mi loi hng ha xp bn trong
container nu chim trng lng hoc th tch nh
nhau
Cc phn loi hng (Commodity box rate- CBR): cc
mt hng khc nhau th cc ph khc nhau:
n v tnh l TEU
Mc cc cn c vo kh nng chuyn ch trung bnh
ca container
Ch p dng i vi mt s mt hng trn mt s tuyn
ng nht nh

Cc hng l
Cc p dng cho hp ng chuyn ch hng ha
c khi lng ln trong mt thi gian (Time Volume
Contract- TVC)
Tr cp (allowance), thng khuyn khch (incentive)

3. Nghip v gom hng

(Consolidation)
3.1. Khi nim
Gom hng l vic tp hp nhng l hng nh, l t nhiu
ngi gi cng mt ni i hnh thnh nn nhng l
hng nguyn giao cho mt hoc nhiu ngi nhn
ni n
Trnh t:
Ngi gom hng nhn cc l hng l ti CFS v cp vn
n gom hng (House B/L)
Ngi gom hng tp hp thnh nhng l hng nguyn v
ng vo container ti CFS
Gi cho ngi chuyn ch v nhn vn n ch (Master
B/L)
i l ca ngi gom hng ti ni n xut trnh vn n
ch vi ngi chuyn ch, nhn cc container v a v
CFS
D hng ra v giao cho cc ch hng l trn c s xut
trnh vn n gom hng

3. Nghip v gom hng

(Consolidation)
3.2. Li ch
i vi ngi XK:
Gim cc ph chuyn ch
Thun tin hn khi lm vic vi mt ngi gom hng

i vi ngi chuyn ch:

Tit kim c giy t, chi ph, thi gian
Tn dng ht c cng sut ca phng tin vn ti
Khng s tht thu cc

i vi ngi gom hng:

Hng khon tin chnh lch
Hng gi cc u i

3.3. Trch nhim ca ngi gom hng

- L ngi chuyn ch nu trn B/L ghi as carrier
- L i l ca ngi chuyn ch nu trn B/L ghi as
agent

3. Nghip v gom hng

(Consolidation)
3.4. Tiu chun tr thnh ngi gom hng
- C cc phng tin phc v cho vic vn
chuyn hng ha bng container, kho, bi, thit
b bc d cng xp v cng d
- C cc i l nc ngoi nhn v phn
phi hng
- C i ng cn b hiu bit lut l v nghip v
vn chuyn hng ha bng container
- C quan h rng ri vi ngi vn ti
- C kh nng ti chnh
- Tham gia bo him trch nhim ti cc hi vn
ti i sut

4. Chng t vn ti container
Vn n container theo cch gi
hng nguyn
Vn n container theo cch gi
hng l
Vn n gom hng
Vn n ch