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GII
GIIBT
BTNG
NGTHC
THCHM
HMBNG
BNG
PHNG
PHNGPHP
PHPCHUYN
CHUYNQUA
QUAGII
GIIHN
HNDY
DYS
S
Phng php chuyn qua gii hn dy s i khi kh hu hiu trong vic gii mt s dng ton
lin quan n bt ng thc hm. Bi vit cp n phng php ny thng qua mt s bi
ton minh ha.

Mt s dng ton bt ng thc hm.

Bi ton 1.1 Tm tt c cc hm f : R R+ tha cc iu kin sau

f (x) 1 + x,

x, y R;

f (x + y) f (x)f (y),

x, y R.

(1)
(2)

Li gii:
Trc ht lu rng f (x) > 0, x R. Trong (1), cho x = 0 ta c f (0) 1.
Trong (2), cho x = 0 ta c f (0) f 2 (0), suy ra f (0) 1. Do f (0) = 1.
iu kin (2) suy ra rng f (x
1 + x2 +
+ xn ) f (x1 )f (x2 ) f (xn ), vi mi xi R, 1 i n.
Do f (x) = f nx + + nx f n nx , vi mi x R v n N .



n
Kt hp iu kin (2), ta c f (x) f n nx 1 + nx .
T bt ng thc ny, cho n , ta c f (x) ex .
Hn na, ta c 1 = f (0) = f (x + (x)) f (x)f (x) ex ex = 1.
Do f (x) = ex . Th li ta thy hm ny tha mn iu kin bi ton.

Bi ton 1.2 Chng minh rng khng tn ti hm f : R+ R+ sao cho

f (x + y) f (x) + y.f (f (x)),

x, y R+

(3)

Li gii:
Gi s rng tn ti hm f tha mn iu kin bi ton.
Trong (3), cho x = 1 v thay y bi x ta c f (1 + x) f (1) + x.f (f (1)).
iu ny suy ra rng lim f (x) = +, v do lim f (f (x)) = +.
x+

x+

Mt khc trong (3), cho y = 1, ta c

f (x + 1) f (x) + f (f (x)),

x R+

(4)

iu ny suy ra rng lim (f (x + 1) f (x)) = +. Do tn ti x0 R+ sao cho

x+

f (x0 + k) f (x0 + k 1) > 2,

k 1.

(5)

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By gi, chn mt gi tr xc nh n N sao cho n x0 + 1. Trong (5), cho k ln lt nhn cc

gi tr 1, 2, . . . , n v sau cng cc bt ng thc thu c, ta c
f (x0 + n) f (x0 ) > 2n,

n x0 + 1.

(6)

Hn na, v f (x0 ) > 0 nn vi cch chn n x0 + 1, ta c n > x0 + 1 f (x0 ). Do bi (6), ta c

f (x0 + n) > 2n + f (x0 ) > x0 + n + 1

(7)

f (f (x0 + n)) f (x0 + n + 1) + f (x0 + n) (x0 + n + 1).f (f (x0 + n + 1)).

(8)

Th th, ta c

V f (f (x0 + n + 1)) > 0 nn, bi (7), ta c

f (x0 + n + 1) + f (x0 + n) (x0 + n + 1).f (f (x0 + n)) > f (x0 + n + 1).

(9)

Hn na, bi eqrefpt4, ta c
f (x0 + n + 1) f (x0 + n) + f (f (x0 + n)).

(10)

Ngoi ra, v f (x0 + n) > 0 nn ta c

f (x0 + n) + f (f (x0 + n)) > f (f (x0 + n)).

(11)

Cui cng, t cc bt ng thc (8), (9), (10), (11), suy ra f (f (x0 + n)) > f (f (x0 + n)), mu
thun.
Ta c iu phi chng minh.

Bi ton 1.3 Tm tt c cc hm f : [0; 1] R tha mn iu kin

f (x) 2xf (x2 ),

x [0; 1].

(12)

Li gii:
Trong (12), thay ln lt x = 0 v x = 1 ta c
f (0) 0,

f (1) 0.

(13)

Vi 0 < x < 21 , p dng (13) n ln, ta c

f (x) 2xf (x2 ) 22 x3 f (x4 ) (2x)n x2

n n1

f (x2n ),

n N .

(14)

V x (0; 21 ) v f lin tc nn
lim

n+

n n1

(2n)n x2

f (x2n ) = f (0) 0.

(15)

T eqrefpt14 v (15), ta c
f (x) 0, x [0; 12 ).

Mt khc vi x (0; 1), bi (12), ta c f ( x) 2 xf (x). Suy ra

1

f ( x)
f (x 2n )
f (x)
1 .
2 x
1 n
n
2 x 2
2

(16)

(17)

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M lim

n+

f (x 2n )
1

= 0, nn bi (17), ta c

2n x1 2n
f (x) 0 x (0; 1).

(18)

f (x) = 0 x [0; 21 ).

(19)

T (16) v (18), ta c
1
n
Vi mi x [ 21 ; 1), tn ti n N sao cho x2 < .
2
n
Th th, khi f (x) x2 n1 f (x2n ) = 0. Do
f (x) 0 x [ 12 ; 1).

(20)

f (x) = 0 x [ 21 ; 1).

(21)

Bi (18) v (20), ta c
Bi (19) v (21), suy ra f (x) = 0, x [0; 1).
Hn na, v hm f lin tc trn [0; 1] nn f (x) = 0, x [0; 1].
Th li , ta thy f (x) = 0, x [0; 1]. tha mn iu kin bi ton

Bi ton 1.4 Xt bt phng trnh hm

f (x + y) f (x)g(y) + f (y)g(x),

x, y R,

(22)

trong g(x) l mt hm gii ni, kh vi ti 0, g(0) = 1 v g 0 (0) = k. Chng minh rng f (x) 0
l hm s duy nht tha mn bt phng trnh cho vi iu kin
lim

x0

f (x)
= 0.
x

(23)

Li gii:
Gi s rng f (x) l nghim ca (22), vi iu kin (23).
Th th, vi h > 0 nh, ta c f (x + h) f (x)g(h) + f (h)g(x)
hay
f (x + h) f (x) (g(h) 1)f (x) + f (h)g(x).
g(h) g(0)
f (h)
f (x + h) f (x)

f (x) +
g(x)
Do
h
h
h
Mt khc, ta c f (x) = f (x + h h) f (x + h)g(h) + f (h)g(x + h)
hay g(h)(f (x) f (x + h)) g(h)f (x) f (x) + f (h)g(x + h).
V hm g(x) kh vi ti 0 nn n lin tc ti im . Do vi h > 0 nh ta c g(h) > 0.
Vy vi h > 0 nh, ta c
f (x + h) f (x)
(g(h) 1)f (x) + f (h)g(x + h)

h
g(h)
g(h) g(0)
f (h)
=
f (x) +
g(x + h).
hg(h)
hg(h)

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Vy vi h > 0 nh, t cc kt qu trn, ta c

g(h) g(0)
f (h)
f (x + h) f (x)
f (x) +
g(x)
h
h
h
f (h)
g(h) g(0)
f (x) +
g(x + h).

hg(h)
hg(h)
Tng t, bt ng thc trn cng ng i vi chiu ngc li, vi h < 0 c |h| nh.
f (x + h) f (x)
Do , bi iu kin (23), ta c f 0 (x) = lim
tn ti
h0
h
v bng g 0 (0)f (x) = kf (x), vi x R, v g(x) l mt hm gii ni.
T , vi x R, ta c

0
f (x)
kf (x) kf (x)
f 0 (x) kf (x)
=
= 0.
=
kx
kx
e
e
ekx
Do f (x) = Cekx (C l hng s). Hn na t iu kin (2) suy ra rng C = 0
Vy f (x) 0 l hm s duy nht tha mn bt phng trnh cho, vi iu kin (23).

Mt s dng ton lin quan n bt dng thc hm.

Bi ton 2.1 Gi s f l hm tha mn iu kin

f (2x) x + f (f (x)),

x R+ .

(24)

x R+ .

Chng minh rng f (x) x,

Li gii:
Bi (24), ta c
f (x)

  x  x
x
+f f
> ,
2
2
2

x R+ .

(25)

Gii s rng
f (x) an x,

x R+ .

trong an l hng s. Th th, bi (24), (25), (26), ta c

f (x)

  x  x
x 1 + a 2
x
n
+f f
> + an f
>
x.
2
2
2
2
2

1 + an 2
1
Xt dy
xc nh bi a1 = , an+1 =
, n 1.
2
2
2
(1 + an )
Th th an+1 an =
0, ngha l (an )
n=1 l mt dy s tng.
2
Hn na, d thy rng an < 1, n 1.
1 + a2
Suy ra dy l hi t v nu k hiu a l gii hn ca n th a =
, ngha l a = 1.
2
1 + an 2
Do , cho n th t bt ng thc f (x) >
x, ta c f (x) x, x R+ .
2
Ta c iu phi chng minh.
(an )
n=1

(26)

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Bi ton 2.2 Gi s f : R R l hm tha mn cc iu kin

x
, x R; f (x) 1, x (1, 1).
f 2 (x) 2x2 f
2
Chng minh rng f (x)

x2
,
2

x R.

Li gii:
D thy rng f (0)= 
0. Do , ta ch cn chng
 x minh bt ng thc vi x 6= 0.
x
n
Th th g 2 (x) g
v do g 2 (x) g n , vi x 6= 0 v n N .
2
2
Ch rng, g(x) g 2 (2x) 0. Do ta c
v  
u
r
r  
u 2f x
2n+1
u
n
x
x
2
n
2n
2 n 2
g(x)
g n = 2u
, v n (1, 1).

2
t
2
x
2
x
2
2n
By gi cho n v s dng kt qu lim

Do f (x)

x2
,
2

n
= 0, ta thu c g(x) 1.
2n

x R.

Bi ton 2.3 Gi s F l tp tt c cc hm s f : R+ R+ tha mn bt ng thc

f (3x) f (f (2x)) + x,

x R+ .

(27)

Tm s thc a ln nht sao cho vi mi hm f F, ta lun c

f (x) ax.

(28)

Li gii:

x
x
D thy rng f (x) = tha mn (27), nn f (x) = F.
2
2
x
1
Thay f (x) = vo (28), ta suy ra a .
2
2
V f (x) > 0, x > 0, nn t (27) ta c
  
 
2x
x
x
3x
f (x) = f
f f
+ > ,
3
3
3
3

x > 0.

(29)

Ta xc nh mt dy (an ) nh sau
1
2an 2 + 1
a1 = ; an+1 =
,
3
3

n 1.

(30)

D dng kim tra rng

1
0 < an < ,
2
5

n 1.

(31)

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Suy ra
1
2an 2 + 1
an = (an 1)(2an 1) > 0, n 1.
3
3
1
Do , (an ) l dy s dng, tng nghim ngt v b chn bi . Vy dy (an ) hi t.
2
1
22 + 1
hay = .
Gi s lim an = . Th th, bi (30) v (31), ta c =
n
3
2
By gi ta cn chng minh rng, vi mi n 1, ta lun c
an+1 an =

f (x) an x,

x > 0.

(32)

Tht vy, bi (29) nn (32) ng vi n = 1. Gi s (32) ng vi n = k 1, ngha l

f (x) ak x,

x > 0.

(33)

Khi , bi (27) v (33), ta c

  
 
2x
x
2x
x
f (x) f f
+ ak .f
+
3
3
3
3
2
2x x
2ak + 1
ak 2 . + =
x ak+1 x, x > 0.
3
3
3
Vy (32) ng vi n = k + 1. Do (32) ng vi mi n 1.
1
T cc iu trn suy ra rng, vi mi hm f F , ta lun c f (x) x.
2
1
Tm li, gi tr ca a cn tm l a = .
2

Bi ton 2.4 Tm tt c cc hm s f : [1, ) [1, ) tha cc iu kin sau

f (x) 2(1 + x),

x 1;

xf (x + 1) = f 2 (x) 1,

(34)

x 1.

Li gii:
Bi cc gi thit (34) v (35), ta c
p
p

f (x) = xf (x + 1) + 1 2x(x + 1) + 1 < 2(x + 1),

(35)

x 1.

Bng phng php quy np, ta chng minh c rng

1

f (x) < 2 2n (x + 1),

x 1,

n 1.

(36)

v 2 2n 1 khi n , nn t (36) ta c
f (x) x + 1,
By gi, bi (35), ta c

x 1.

f 2 (x) 1
= f (x + 1) 1. Do
x

f (x) x + 1 > x, x 1.

(37)

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Bng phng php quy np, ta chng minh c rng

1

f (x) > x1 2n ,
v

1
2n

x 1,

n 1.

(38)

0 khi n , nn t (38) ta c
f (x) x,

x 1.

(39)

By gi, bi (35) v (39) ta c

f (x) =

p
p
1
xf (x + 1) + 1 x(x + 1) + 1 > x + ,
2

Bng phng php quy np, ta chng minh c rng



1
f (x) > x + 1 n , x 1,
2
v

1
2n

x 1.

n 1.

(40)

0 khi n , nn t (40) ta c
f (x) x + 1,

x 1.

(41)

Bi (37) v (41), ta suy ra f (x) = x + 1, x 1.

Th li, ta thy hm s f (x) = x + 1, x 1 tha mn iu kin bi ton.

Bi tp

Bi 1. Gi f : R R l hm s tha iu kin
|f (x + y) f (x) f (y)| 1, x, y R
Chng minh rng tn ti hm s g : R R tha mn cc iu kin sau
i) |f (x) g(x)| 1, x R
ii) g(x + y) = g(x) + g(y), x, y R
f (2n x)
l hm cn tm.
Hng dn Hm g(x) = lim
n+
2n
Bi 2. Chng minh rng khng tn ti 
hm s f : R R tha mn iu kin
f (x) + f (y)
x+y
f
+ |x y|, x, y R.
2
2
Hng dn Gi s tn ti hm s f tha mn iu kin bi ton. Ta chng minh c bt ng
thc


f (x) + f (y)
x+y
f
+ 2n |x y|, x, y R.
2
2
V 2n +, khi n +, nn dn n iu mu thun.
Bi 3. Cho hm s f : R R+ tha
kin
s mn iu 

p
9
4x
3f (x) 3f (x) f
1, x R.
4
3
Tm s thc k ln nht sao cho f (x) k, vi mi x R.
4
4 8
Hng dn Xt dy s (un ) xc nh nh sau u1 = , un+1 = +
3un , n 1.
9
9 9
4
4
Dy s ny tng v b chn trn nn tn ti gii hn, gii hn l . Suy ra k = .
3
3

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Ti liu
[1] Nguyn Vn Mu, Bt ng thc, nh l v p dng, NXB Gio dc (2006)
[2] IH-Ching, On some functional inequalities, 129-135, Aequationes Mathematicae, Vol. 9, 1973.
[3] Titu Andresscu, Iurie Boreico, Functional equations - 17 Chapters and 199 Problems with
solution, Electronic Edition, 2007.
[4] Mt s Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr.

Mc lc
1 Mt s dng ton bt ng thc hm.

2 Mt s dng ton lin quan n bt dng thc hm.

3 Bi tp