TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

BI TP LN MN HC
ET3064 RADAR V PHT HIN T XA 2013-2014

TI : PULSE RADAR

Ging vin hng dn : TS. Trng Tun

Nhm hc vin:
Hong Vn Hoan

SHSV : 20101552

Phan Vn Li

SHSV: 20101824

Nguyn c Vinh

SHSV: 20102564

Lp:

HTTT&TT-KSCLC-K55

Mc lc
CHNG 1 : SNG V MI TRNG TRUYN SNG...................................................................... 3
1. Sng v tuyn...................................................................................................................................... 3
2. Chm sng radar.................................................................................................................................. 4
CHNG 2 : CC YU T NH MI TRNG NH HNG N RADAR.................................. 7
1. ng chn tri................................................................................................................................... 7
2. Cc yu t thi tit nh hng sng radar........................................................................................... 7
CHNG 3 : H THNG RADAR XUNG C BN............................................................................... 9
1. Cc hng s ca mt radar xung........................................................................................................ 10
2. Cc thnh phn cu thnh v chc nng............................................................................................ 12
3.Thit K Trn GnuRadio.................................................................................................................... 13
Ti liu tham kho................................................................................................................................... 17

CHNG 1 : SNG V MI TRNG TRUYN SNG

1. Sng v tuyn
- Tc ca mt xung nng lng v tuyn l rt nhanh m xung ny i mt vng
quanh tri t ng xch o hn 7 vng trong mt giy. Hin nhin l vic o c
thi gian di chuyn ca xung radar hay tn hiu t tu n tu mc tiu, vic o c phi
thc hin trong mt khong thi gian cc k ngn ngi. V l do ny, n v
MICROSECOND c s dng nh mt n v o lng trong ng dng radar. n v
ny c gi tr mt phn triu ca giy, hay 1000,000 ln microsecond trong mt giy

Cn c vo vn tc di chuyn ca sng in t trng, ngi ta tnh khong cch

mc tiu: l khong thi gian sng di chuyn n mc tiu v tr v thit b thu
pht.

n v thi gian c s dng l microsecond

-

c tnh sng gm: nng lng, tn s, bin , tc di chuyn, kiu phn cc

sng.

Hnh 1

 Mt s m hnh pht x sng v tuyn

Hnh 2.a

Hnh 2.b

2. Chm sng radar

- Mc d nng lng pht x c tp trung hay hi t thnh cc chm chnh
tng i hp bi anten, tng t nh chm nh sng ca n pin, th cng khng c s
nh ngha r rng v ng bao nng lng c pht x ra. Trong khi nng lng c
tp trung dc theo trc ca chm tia, cng ca n gim i theo khong cch tng dn
ra xa. Cng gim i mt cch nhanh chng theo cc hng khc so vi trc ca
chm. Cng sut tnh theo Watts cc im trn chm tia t l nghch vi cn bc hai ca
khong cch. V th, cng sut tm 3 l ch bng 1/9 so vi khong cch 1 l trn
cng mt hng cho. Mt trng tnh theo volts cc im trong chm tia cng t
l nghch vi khong cch. V th, in p khong cch 2 l ch bng ln so vi
khong cch 1 l trn cng mt hng cho. V nh vy, s suy gim nhanh chng ca
nng lng pht x so vi hng pht v mi lin h vi s suy gim nhanh chng ca
nng lng ny theo khong cch, trong thc t hn ch v mt cng sut pht hoc in
p tn hiu pht v n l yu t nh ngha cc chiu kch ca chm sng radar, hoc thit
lp ng bao nng lng hiu dng ca chm sng.

Hnh 3.a

Hnh 3.b

- rng chm sng radar

i vi mt mc cng sut pht cho trc, bp sng chnh ca chm tia radar
vn n mt khong cch xa hn vi tp trung cng sut cao hn trong
rng chm tia hp hn.
tng ti a tm pht hin mc tiu, nng lng c tp trung thnh chm
cng hp n mc ti a c th.
rng chm tia ph thuc vo tn s hay bc sng ca nng lng pht i,
thit k nten v kch thc ca anten.
Chm tia radar ba chiu thng thng c nh ngha theo rng ca hng
ngang v hng dc.
rng chm tia l gc gia cc im m cng trng t n 71% so
vi gi tr ti a.

Cn biu din theo t l mc cng sut, th rng chm tia l gc gia cc im c gi

tr ln so vi gi tr cng sut nh..

Hnh 4

CHNG 2 : CC YU T NH MI TRNG NH HNG N RADAR

1. ng chn tri
- S nh hng ca kh quyn ln ng chn tri ca radar l mt yu t khc m
ta khng nn b qua khi nh gi kh nng pht hin mc tiu no v c bit l
cc ng b bin.
- Thng thng, sng radar b gii hn trong vic ghi nhn li tm xa cc i
tng nm thp ni ng chn tri.
- Tm xa ca ng chn tri ty thuc vo cao ca anten v b cong sng
radar. S b cong ny gy ra bi s nhiu x v khc x. S nhiu x l c tnh vn c
ca sng in t. Khc x l ty vo iu kin kh quyn no .

Hnh 5
2. Cc yu t thi tit nh hng sng radar
- Trong trng hp c ma, cc phn t nc trong ma s tc ng lm phn tn
v suy hao. S phn b lng ma c nh hng n mc suy hao tn hiu radar.
- Nu kch thc hnh dng ht ma c t l ng k vi bc sng 3cm, th s cn
tr xung di mnh s c sinh ra tn x suy hao. Nu mc tiu nm bn trong vng c
ma, xung di t s b suy gim v nh hng n tm hot ng radar.
- Nu c mt trn bo mnh, hnh nh radar s c kh nng b xa sch v cng
suy hao qu ln

Hnh 6

Sng m :
Trong hu ht cc trng hp c sng m, cc xung phn hi radar khng tht
s chu nh hng. Nhng cc vng c sng m dy c c th khin cho s
suy hao n tm hot ng ca radar.
My :
Hnh dng ht nc to thnh m my qu nh to ra s p ng i vi tn
hiu bc sng 3cm. Nu c mt lng ma trong m my, ngi khai thc
c th thy n trn mn hnh radar.
Ma :
Xt v kha cnh nc, ma v c bn l cc ht ma ng bng phn x
nng lng sng radar t hn so vi nc. V vy, trong thc t suy hao t
ma thp hn so vi ma thng.
Tuyt :
Cng tng t nh nh hng ca ma , s nh hng cn tr chung ca
tuyt trn hnh nh radar t hn so vi ma. Tuyt ri s ch thy trn mn hnh
vi sng 3cm ngoi tr tuyt ri mnh.
Bi :
Bi cng lm nh hng n tm hot ng radar nh trong cc trn bo ct.
Theo cc kch thc phn t bi khc nhau c th khai thc vin s khng chc
thy c s suy hao.

CHNG 3 : H THNG RADAR XUNG C BN

tng v radar tht ra rt n gin: mt tn hiu c pht i, n di li t vt
cn ri tr v ni pht v c thu bng my thu. iu ny cng ging nh thu c
ting m thanh vang vng li t mt bc tng.
Tuy nhin radar khng s dng sng m thanh, thay vo l sng in t.

Hnh 7
Radar l lnh vc k thut radio s dng hin tng phn x hoc pht sng in
t ca nhng mc tiu khc nhau pht hin v xc nh ta ca chng. Radar vit
tt ca ch Radio Detect and Ranging.
Mc tiu l nhng vt th bt k c tnh cht khc vi tnh cht ca mi trng
truyn sng. Trn mt bin th l tu b, ni bng di chuyn, phao, b bin, bn
cng cc cng trnh xy dng trn b, ni . Trn khng th l my, ma, sng
m, bo ct, ma , tuyt, my bay

1. Cc hng s ca mt radar xung

Hnh 8

Radar xung lm vic theo nguyn tc sau:

- Pht nhng xung cao tn ngn vo khng gian theo chu k tun hon;
- Trong khong thi gian gia cc xung pht, radar s thu cc xung phn x t cc
mc tiu. Sng phn x t nhng mc tiu khc nhau s sp dt x dch trn mn hnh
tng ng vi khong cch t my pht n n.
- T , u im ca radar xung l trong mt thi gian ln lt c th theo di v
xc nh v tr ca nhiu mc tiu phn b trong tm hot ng ca my pht.

Tn s Sng mang
- Tn s sng mang l tn s m ti nng lng tn s v tuyn c pht sinh.
Cc yu t v nguyn l nh hng n vic la chn tn s sng mang l: tnh
nh hng, vic pht v nhn nng lng sng v tuyn.
- i vi vic quyt nh hng v tp trung nng lng sng pht i, mc thc
hin c s quyt nh u th ca radar, vy nn anten phi c tnh nh hng
cao. Tn s sng mang cng cao, hay bc sng cng ngn, th anten s cng nh
v cho hnh dng bp sng pht x cng hp.
Phn x xung radio v khc x d thng

Hnh 9 : Phn x v khc x xung radar

S pht xung:
rng xung (PW)
- Chiu di hay khong thi gian ca mt xung
Thi gian lp li xung (PRT=1/PRF)
- PRT l thi gian t lc bt u ca mt xung cho n khi bt u mt xung tip
theo.
- PRF l tn s m ti cc xung lin tip nhau c pht ra.
- PW c th xc nh c tm xa ti thiu ca radar, PW c th xc nh c tm
xa ti a ca radar .
- PRF c th xc nh c tm xa ti a ca radar.
Xc nh tm xa vi xung radar:
Range =

ct
2

(1)

Hay : R(km) = 0.15 Tr (s)

R(nmi) = 0.081 Tr(s)
c = 3 x 108 m/sec
t : thi gian nhn c xung phn hi
Chia cho 2 bi v xung i hai on ng bng nhau t tu n vt th phn x v t vt
th phn x v tu.

Di khong cch ca Pulse Radar v hiu ng Doppler:

Khong cch ti a :

Rmax =

c( T )
2

(2)

Khong cch ti thiu :

Rmin =

c
2

(3)

Tnh ton vn tc ca vt th :
v=

c f
2F t

(4)

Trong f : l chnh lch tn s, c xc nh l :

f = fR fT =

2v
c

fT

2. Cc thnh phn cu thnh v chc nng

Hnh 10 : S nguyn l Radar xung

-

Khi ngun cung cp trang b tt c cc in p AC v DC cn thit cho

hot ng ca cc thnh phn h thng.
Khi iu ch to tn hiu ng b kch cho my pht mt s lng ln
trong mt giy. N cng kch chu k qut hnh v phi hp vi mt vi
mch khc na.
Khi Pht sinh ra nng lng tn s v tuyn di dng cc xung ngn
nng lng cao.

H thng anten mang nng lng sng tn s v tuyn t my pht, pht x

ra khng gian chm tia nh hng cao, nhn v cc xung phn hi v
a thng n b thu.
My thu khuch i tn hiu xung di tn s v tuyn yu t tr v t mc
tiu v ti to tn hiu tng ng di dng hnh nh a n mn hnh ch
th.
Mn hnh ch th sinh ra ch bo hnh nh ca xung di theo cch cung cp
thng tin cn thit.

So snh Radar xung v Radar lin tc

Radar xung
Mt Antenna

Radar lin tc
Dng 2 Antennae

Cho tm thu, cng nh cao

Thng tin tm hay cao

D b chp hnh

High SNR

Khong cch vt l c xc nh
bi rng xung PW v chu k lp
li xung PRF.

Kh chp hnh nhng d b la

B khuch i c th iu chnh
xem tn s mong mun.
Bng 1 : So snh radar xung v radar lin tc
3.Thit K Trn GnuRadio
-

S dng m hnh Client Server truyn tn hiu thng qua giao thc TCP.
Client c nhim v to tm hiu vi cc tham s theo yu cu : , PW, PRT, PRF
Server ng vai tr nh mc tiu (Target) c nhim v nhn tn hiu, v truyn li
tn hiu cho khi Processing.
Processing : Nhn tn hiu gc t Client v tn hiu tr v t Target khi phc
cng nh lc nhiu, khuych i.

CLIENT:

 Xy dng ng bao :
- S dng mt xung vung x[t]
- S dng mt b tr cho tn hiu x[t] qua ta c x[t-delay]
- Nhn x[t] vi x[t-delay]:

= T0/2 - Tdelay

Hnh 11: Xy dng ng bao

rng xung ca ng bao :
= T0/2 Ttr

(5)

Trong GNU Radio :

Ttr = Pulse delay * Tdpp
Tdpp : L thi gian tr ng vi tr 1 xung
Tdpp = 1/samplerate
Chu k lp xung :
PRT = T/2 + Ttr

(6)

Tn s lp xung :
PRF = 1/PRT

Xy dng chm xung :

(7)

Hnh 12 : Xy dng chm xung

Gi tng m hnh truyn lan c thm nhiu cng Gaussian.Theo mi trng ,tn
hiu s b tc ng ca nhiu Gaussian.

SERVER :
ng vai tr nh mt Target.
Nhn tn hiu t Client pht i
Tr li tn hiu cho khi Processing.
PROCESSING :
Nhn tn hiu gc t pha Client
Nhn tn hiu tr v t i tng.
Khi phc tn hiu (Lc nhiu, khuych i)

 Tnh ton cc tham s cn thit nh vn tc v tc ca i tng da vo cc

tham s o c nh fR, fT, thi gian tn hiu tr v t vt th. S dng cng thc s
1,4

Ti liu tham kho

1. Bi ging mn : Rada & Pht hin t xa TS. Trng Tun
2. GNU Radio Tutorial Series gnuradio.org

3. https://my.vanderbilt.edu/mrengineering2014/page/2/