ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR

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T

Contents
Contents

Group
Team
Leadership
Politics and power
Conflict and negotiation
Organizational structure, culture and change

Basic
Basic OB
OB Model,
Model, Stage
Stage II
Model
An abstraction of reality
A simplified representation
of some real-world
phenomenon

E X H I B I T 1-6
E X H I B I T 1-6

The
The Dependent
Dependent Variables
Variables
Dependent Variable
A response that is affected by an independent variable
(what organizational behavior researchers try to
understand)

The
The Dependent
Dependent Variables
Variables (contd)
(contd)
Productivity
A performance measure that
includes effectiveness and
efficiency

Effectiveness
Achievement of goals

Efficiency
Meeting goals at a low
cost

The
The Dependent
Dependent Variables
Variables (contd)
(contd)
Absenteeism
The failure to report to work

Turnover
The voluntary and
involuntary permanent
withdrawal from an
organization

The
The Dependent
Dependent Variables
Variables (contd)
(contd)
Deviant Workplace Behavior
Voluntary behavior that violates
significant organizational norms and
thereby threatens the well-being of
the organization and/or any of its
members

The
The Dependent
Dependent Variables
Variables (contd)
(contd)
Organizational Citizenship
Behavior (OCB)
Discretionary behavior that is not
part of an employees formal job
requirements
But that promotes the effective
functioning of the organization

The
The Dependent
Dependent Variables
Variables (contd)
(contd)
Job Satisfaction
A general attitude (not a behavior) toward ones job; a
positive feeling of one's job resulting from an
evaluation of its characteristics

The
The Independent
Independent Variables
Variables
Independent Variable
The presumed cause of some change in the dependent
variable; major determinants of a dependent variable

Independent
Independent
Variables
VariablesCan
CanBe
Be

Individual-Level
Individual-Level
Variables
Variables

Group-Level
Group-Level
Variables
Variables

Organization
Organization
System-Level
System-Level
Variables
Variables

Basic OB
Model, Stage
II

E X H I B I T 1-7
E X H I B I T 1-7

Introduction
Introduction to
to Group
Group behavior
behavior

Defining
Defining and
and Classifying
Classifying Groups
Groups

Defining
Defining and
and Classifying
Classifying Groups
Groups (contd)
(contd)

The
The Five
Five Stage
Stage Model
Model of
of Group
Group Development
Development

Stages
Stages of
of Group
Group Development
Development (contd)
(contd)

The
The Punctuated-Equilibrium
Punctuated-Equilibrium Model
Model

EXHIBIT

8-3

Group
Group Member
Member Resources
Resources
Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities
Interpersonal skills
Conflict management and resolution
Collaborative problem solving
Communication

Personality Characteristics

Sociability
Initiative
Openness
Flexibility

Group
Group Property
Property -- Roles
Roles (contd)
(contd)

Group
Group Property
Property -- Roles
Roles (contd)
(contd)

Group
Group Property
Property -- Roles
Roles
There are many roles among group members
Formal Leadership
Leadership that is imposed on the group by the
organization.
Leaders who derive their power from the
positions they occupy in the organizational
structure.
Formal leaders may or may not also be the
informal leaders of the groups in which they
function.

Group
Group Member
Member Control
Control Mechanisms
Mechanisms

Roles

Rules

Norms

Why
Why Do
Do Group
Group Members
Members Conform
Conform to
to Norms?
Norms?

How
How Can
Can Groups
Groups Respond
Respond to
to Deviants?
Deviants?

Attempt to change deviant

Expel deviant
Change norm

Figure
Figure 10.4
10.4 The
The Relationship
Relationship Between
Between Levels
Levels of
of
Conformity
Conformity and
and Deviance
Deviance

Socialization
Socialization and
and Role
Role Orientation
Orientation

Role Orientations

Institutionalized

Individualized

Socialization
Socialization Tactics
Tactics

Tactics Leading To An
Institutionalized
Orientation
Collective tactics
Formal tactics
Sequential tactics
Fixed tactics

Tactics Leading To An
Individualized
Orientation
Individual tactics
Informal tactics
Random tactics
Variable tactics

Group
Group Property
Property -- Norms
Norms

Classes
Classesof
ofNorms:
Norms:
Performance
Performancenorms
norms
Appearance
Appearancenorms
norms
Social
Socialarrangement
arrangementnorms
norms
Allocation
Allocationof
ofresources
resources
norms
norms

Group
Group Property
Property -- Size
Size

Ex
p

ec

te

Performance

Ac

l
a
tu

to
e
u
(d

a
lo

g)
n
fi

Group Size

Other
Otherconclusions:
conclusions:
Odd
Oddnumber
numbergroups
groupsdo
do
better
than
even.
better than even.
Groups
Groupsof
of55or
or77work
work
well
well

Ways to Reduce Social Loafing

Make individual
contributions identifiable
Make individuals feel that
they are making valuable
contributions to a group
Keep the group as small as
possible

Relationship
Relationship Between
Between Group
Group Cohesiveness,
Cohesiveness,
Performance
Performance Norms,
Norms, and
and Productivity
Productivity

Group
Group Tasks
Tasks
Decision-making
Large groups facilitate the pooling of information
about complex tasks.
Smaller groups are better suited to coordinating
and facilitating the implementation of complex
tasks.

Group
Group Decision
Decision Making
Making
Strengths
More complete
information
Increased
diversity of views
Higher quality of
decisions
Increased
acceptance of
solutions

Weaknesses
More time
consuming
Increased
pressure to
conform
Domination by
one or a few
members
Ambiguous
responsibility

Group
Group Decision
Decision Making
Making (contd)
(contd)
Group think
the desire for conformity
in the group results in an
irrational
or
dysfunctionaldecisionmakingoutcome.
Group members try to
minimize conflict and
reach
a
consensus
decision withoutcritical
evaluationof alternative
viewpoints

Group shift
is a phenomenon in
which
the
initial
positions of individual
members of agroupare
exaggerated toward a
more extreme position
or conservative position.
When
people
are
ingroups, they make
decisions
about
risk
differently from when
they are alone.

Assignments
Assignments

How the individual variables (I unit) has an impact

on group formation and functioning?
Explain how group develops norms in Hawthorne
experiment