.

: II

VIII
16.
b () R:

f ( x) b x (b > 0, b 1)
. :
f 1 ( x) log b x (b > 0, b 1, > 0),

. b
.
I III
(: = ), .

() y1 2 x y11 log 2 x ,
x

1
() y 2 y 21 log 1 x .
2
2

(John Napier of
Merchiston , 1550 1617) (Jost Brgi, 1552 1632).
1614, 1620. . ,
, ,
, ,
113
VIII

. : II
.
1685. 1694. .
16.1.

(b > 0, 1),
16.1.1. y b x x log b y .

, . b (0, +)\{1}, y > 0.
, f ( f 1 ( x)) x f 1 ( f ( x)) x ,
16.1.2. (b > 0, 1, > 0)

b logb x x log b b x x .
, , .:
f(x1) = f(x2) x1 = x2,
:

x1 x2 x1 x2

b logb x1x2 b logb x1 b logb x2

b logb x1x2 b logb x1 logb x2

log b ( x1 x2 ) log b x1 log b x2 .

16.1.3. , , .
.
16.1.4. , , , .
log b

x1
log b x1 log b x2 .
x2

,
b > 0, b 1, x1 > 0, x2 > 0.
, .

114
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. : II
16.1.5. log b x log b x , R ( : b > 0, 1, > 0).

. log b x y . ( 16.1.1.) x b
log b x

xb

, . y log b x .

.
.
16.1.6. log b x log b x , R \ {0}.

. log b x y . x b

x b y

x b y log b x y .

.
16.1.7. log b x

1
, b, > 0, 1.
log x b

. log b x log x b 1 ( 5.) log x b logb x 1

( 2.) log x x 1 , . ,
.
16.1.8. log b x

log c x
, c > 0, 1.
log c b

. log b x log c b log c x log c b logb x log c x

log c x log c x , . ,
.
,
10 2,72:

log x log10 x ln x log e x .

,
10, (. log naturalis), ,
, .
16.1.9. , .

115
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. : II

1. ) log 2

1
;
512

) log 3

16
;
81
3

1
;
243

) 2log2 1024;

2. ) 3log3 27 ;

) log 2

) log 0, 2 625 .

) log 0,3 0,315 ;

) log 1 0.219 .
5

3. .

12 x 2 5
) log 3 3
7 y 11

6a 3

) log 4

7b 5 c

2
3

35e 2

) ln

6a 3 b

1
2

15 xe 3
) ln 4 4
8y 7

4. :
) log 3 210 log 3 log 7 ;
) log 25 12 log 5 3 log 5 4 ;
) log 7 50 log14 2 log14 5 ;
) log 5 6 log 2 log 3 ;
) log 30 8 log 30 3 log 30 5 .
5. :
) log 3 6 log 6 2 ;
) log 36 9 log 36 8 ;
) log 6 16 log12 27 ;
) log12 64 log12 3 ;
) log 49 28 log 7 2 .
6. log m x a , log n x b log mnp x c , log p x.
7. log 5 2 p log 5 3 q , log 30 60 .
8. log 7 2 p , log 2 10 q , log 4 11,2 .

116
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. : II
9. log 3 5 m , log 5 10 n , log 25 112,5 .
10. log 20 b , log 2 log 5 ?
16.2.
,
, . ,
, (
, ).
.
16.2.1. log 2 x 5 .
: x > 0, ( 16.1.1.)
x 25 , . = 32.
16.2.2. log 3 ( x 1) log 3 ( x 2) 1 .
: , x > 2.
log 3 ( x 1)( x 2) 1 ( x 1)( x 2) 31 x2 3x 1 = 0
x12

3 13
3 13
. , x
3,30.
2
2

16.2.3. log 8 x log 4 x log 2 x 11 .

: log 2 3 x log 2 x log 2 x 11
log 2 ( x x x) 11
3

x xx 2

11

1 1
1
3 2

11

11
6

11

1
6

x 2

x 2 6 x = 64.
.
: x1 = x2 log x1 log x2 .
16.2.4. x1log x 10 x .
: log x1log x log(10 x) (1 log x) log x log10 log x

log 2 x 1 log x 1 x 10 1 , . 1 = 10, 2 = 0,1.

16.2.5.
1. (, ) :

117
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. : II
) 7 e 2 x 9 ;
) log 4 (3x 1) 2 .
[0,69897; 0,12566; -15,21237; 5]

) 10 x 5 ;
) 23 x1 32 x1 ;
2. :
) log 4 x log 8 x 5 ;

) log 3 x log 9 x log 27 x

) log x 9 3 log 9 x 4 ;
) log x 3 log x 3 log x 3 0 .

) 4 log 2 x 2 log x 2 9 ;
) log x 2 log x 2 log x 2 ;
16

64

3. a

logc b

11
;
12

logc a

81

, :
) 10 5log3 x1 x log3 5 15 .

) 3x log2 3 31log2 x 2 ;
:
4. log 5 log 4 log 3 log 2 x 0 .
5. log 2 x log 4 x log 8 x log16 x

2
.
3

6. log x log x 2 log x 3 ... log x 50 1275 .

7. 32( xlog3 2) 2 3log3 2 x .
8. x log5 x3 53(log5 x1) .
9. x log( 6 2 x ) x log 5 log 8 .
10. 1,3%. 2000.
6 .
?
11. 1000 ( ) 12%
, (compounded). ) 10
? ) 2000 ?
[3105,85; 5 . 10 ]

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. : II
16.3.
, I
III .
.
y1 log 2 x y2 log 2 | x | .
( ).

y3 | log 2 x | y4 | log 2 | x || .

16.3.1. ,
0,5: y1 log 0,5 x , y2 log 0,5 | x | , y3 | log 0,5 x |
y4 | log 0,5 | x || .

119
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. : II
: ,
, .

16.3.2. :
1. ) y 2log2 x ;

) y log 2 2 x .

2. ) y log( x 1) 2 ;

) y log 0,1 ( x 1) 1 .

3. ) y | log 3 ( x 1) | ;

) y | log 0,5 ( x 1) | .

4. ) y | log 0,5 ( x 2 1) | ;

) y | log( x 2 x) | .

120
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. : II
5. ) y log 3 | x 1 | 2 ;

) y log 1 | x 2 | 1 .
3

6. ) y log x | log x | ;

) y log log | x | .

16.4.

f ( x) log b x ,
b > 0, b 1 x > 0, b > 1, 0 < b < 1.

log 2 5 log 2 4 , log 0,5 5 log 0,5 4 .

16.4.1. log

2x 1
0.
2x 1

2x 1
2x 1
2x 1
log 1 , .
0 , log
1
2x 1
2x 1
2x 1
, . ,
. , .
:

2 x 1 (2 x 1)
2x 1
2
1 0
0
0
2x 1
2x 1
2x 1

1
2 x 1 0 x , . x ( , ).
2
16.4.2. log 2 x3 x 2 1 .
:
2x + 3 > 0, 2x + 3 1, x2 > 0,
3
x , x 1, x 0.
2

log 2 x3 x 2 log 2 x3 (2 x 3) , :

x 2 2 x 3 , 2x + 3 > 1;
x 2 2 x 3 , 2x + 3 < 1.
: x 2 2 x 3 0 x > -1;
x 2 2 x 3 0 x < -1.
y x 2 2 x 3
-1 3, ,
121
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. : II
.
3
x ,1 (1,0) (0,3) .
2

16.4.3. :
1. ) log( x 3) log( x 2) 1 ; ) ln(2 x 1) ln(2 x 1) 0 .
2. ) log 0,5 ( x 2 3x 3) 0 ; ) log 2 ( x 2 5x 7) 0 .
3. ) log 3 ( x 1) log 1 ( x 2) ; ) log 0, 2 ( x 2) log 5 ( x 3) .
3

4. ) log x (3x 1) 0 ; ) log x (3x 1) 0 .

5. ) log x (5x 3) 2 ; ) log x (5x 1) 2 .
6. ) log ( 2 x1) x 2 2 ; ) log (3 x1) x 2 2 .
7. ) log 2

8. ) 0,7

| x 2 2 x | 4
| x 2 4 x | 3

0
log
0.
;
)
3
| x 2 | x2
x2 | x 5 |

log0 , 5 log3

3 x2
x 2 5

1 ; ) log 3 log 5

2x 1
x 1
log 1 log 1
.
x 1
2x 1
3
5

17.
17.1.

1. a) log x log y 2 x y 20 ;
) log x log y 3 2 log x 2 log y 1 ;

) log x log y log 2 x 2 y 2 5 ;

1
) log x ( y 18) 2 log y ( x 3) .
2

1
2. ) 3x 5 log y 4 x log y 4 ; ) 2 x y 6 log x 1 log y .
2
[(3,10); (5, 4)]
3. log 4 x log 2 y 0 x 2 5 y 2 4 0 .

122
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. : II
[(1, 1), (4, 2)]
4. xy a 2 log 2 x log 2 y 2,5 log 2 (a 2 ) .
5.

1
1
1
1
log a x log a y 0 log a x log a y 1 (a > 0, a 1, m 0, n 0).
m
n
m
n

6. log 2 x log 4 y log 4 z 2 log 9 x log 3 y log 9 z 2 log16 x log16 y log 4 z 2 .

17.2.
.
, .
1. 1 4

x 2

16 10 2

x 2

: , . x 2 0.

D = [2, +). 2
2

x 2

x 2

16 10 2
2

x 2

t , t > 0, t 2 16 10t

t 2 10t 16 0 t12

10 100 64
t=8t=2 2
2

2 x2 23 2 x2 21 x 2 3
= 3. x {11, 3} D.

x 2

8 2

x 2

x 2 1 x 2 = 9 x 2 = 1 x = 11 x

2. f R R f ( x) 2 log 2 (1 x) .
: : 1 x > 0, . Df = (, 1). () Rf = (, +).
( ) : x = 1.
, f(x) = 0
log 3 (1 x) 0 1 x = 1 x = 0.
, f(x) > 0
log 3 (1 x) 0 1 x > 1 x < 0;
f(x) < 0
log 3 (1 x) 0 0 < 1 x < 1 0 < x < 1.
, (x1, x2 Df)(x1 > x2) (1
x1 < 1 x2) log 3 (1 x1 ) log 3 (1 x2 )
f(x1) < f(x2). .
1

30.06.1982. 2. 3.

123
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3. 2

log 1 x 1
3.
log 3 x 40

. :
0, , , .

log 3 x 40 0 1 x 1 0

x 40 0 x 1 0 . 3 x 40 1

x 1 1 x 40 0 x 1 x 40 x 41 . ,
D : x (40,41) (41,) .

log 1 x 1 3 log 3 x 40

log 1 x 1 log 3 x 40

1 x 1 x 40

x 1 x 41 x 1 ( x 41) 2

x 41 x 2 83x 1680 0 x 41 x 48 D .
4. x f ( x) log( 2 sin x 1) .
. , 1.
: 2 sin x 1 0
1
2 sin x 1 sin x .
2
5

: x 2k ,
2k , .
6

k 6
5

D 2k ,
2k , k Z.
6

k 6

5. :
1) 2 42 x 17 4 x 8 0 ;
2) 4 x2 17 2 x4 1 0 ;
x 5
x 7

x 17

1
3) 32 128 x 3 ;
4
x
x 1
4) 4 3 3x1 2 2 x1 ;

5) 7 3x1 5 x2 3x4 5 x3 ;
6) 7 2 x 2 3x1 3x2 2 x3 ;
2

30.08.1982. 3. 4.

124
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. : II
7) 11 5 x 7 x1 9 5 x2 7 x3 .
6. :
1) log16 x log 4 x log 2 x 7 ;
2) log x 5 log x

5 2,25 log
3

5 .

7. :
x 1

log 4
4 27
1)
;
log 8
9 8
8
2) log 2 x
2;
log 2 x

3) log 2 x 10 log x 3 ;

4) log 5 x x 20 x x log 2 ;
5) 3

x 1

2 x

1x

6) 9 9
x

7) 3

1
2

28 ;

8;

1
2

1
2

2 2 x1 ;

215

12 .

8)

13 x 5 13 x 5 2 13 x 12 ;

9)

15 x 9 15 x 9

8. : f ( x) 1 log x 32 .
1

9. x f ( x) sin x x g ( x) 3 x . ( g f ) 3( f g ) log 3
6
6

f 3g (1) . ?
6

10. x f ( x) log a x 2 a 2

R.
11. : 4

x y

y x

32 log 3 ( x y) 1 log 3 ( x y) .

. : x 0 y 0.

x y
2
y x

x
2 x log 3 ( x y)( x y) 1 2
y

x
y
5 x 2 y 2 3 t
x
y
125

VIII

. : II

2t

2
1
5 25 16
5 2t 2 5t 2 0 t12
t=2 t
t
4
2

x 1
x
2
x = 2y y = 2x. (y = 1 x = 2) (x =
y
y 2

i y = 2i). , (x, y) {(2, 1), (-2, -1), (i, 2i), (-i, -2i)}.
17.3.

1959 1974, .
,
.
,
.
,
. .

1959. . ,
1960. , 1968,
, 1970. .
1. OABC 1 OA M.
MB B OA P,
OC Q. OM x, OP y, OQ z. y z
x

log( y z) log y log z .

. CB AB QB MB CBQ = ABM. AMB BCQ
, CQ AM,
. CQ = 1 x. , z = 2 x.
POQ PAB z : y 1 : ( y 1) , .
z
2 x

z( y 1) y y
. log( y z ) =
z 1 1 x
(2 x) 2
2 x

=
log
2 x = log
1 x
1 x

2 log( 2 x) log(1 x) =
log( 2 x) log( 2 x) log(1 x) =
2 x
= log( 2 x) log
= log z log y , . log( y z) log y log z .
1 x

126
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2.

log 2 x log x 2 2 sin 0 ?

. 0 < x 1. y log 2 x

y 2 2 sin y 1
0 . (*)
y
f ( y) y 2 2 sin y 1 D sin 2 1 .
sin 2 1 0 , , (y) f ( y) 0 .
(*) y < 0, . log 2 x 0 , 0 < x < 1. ,
(*) f(y) = 0, y > 0, . D = 0, sin 1 y = 1. y
= 1 sin 1 , .

2k , k = 0, 1, 2, . , (*) ,
2
. y = 1, log 2 x 1 , = 2.
sin 2 1 0 , .
, : , 0 < x < 1;

2k (k = 0, 1, 2, ) , = 2.

3. 3

8
, 1 < x < 64;
x
8

b) y( x) log 22 x log 22 x 3 log 2 2 , 1 < x < 8.

x

a) y( x) log 42 x 12 log 22 x log 2

. a) = 8 81. b)
y log 2 xlog 2 x 3 .
2

. 1 < x < 8, . 0 log 2 x 3 ,

log 2 x

x 2 2 . y

3
, .
2

81
, .
16

4. a 2 b 2 c 2 ,
3

, 1965. 1970.

127
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. : II

log bc a log cb a 2 log bc a log cb a .

. a 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 (c b)(c b) 2.
5. > 0 :

log 2 x log x 2 2 cos 0 .

. , 0 < x 1.
> 1 log 2 x 0 , log 2 x
2, 2 | cos | 2 ,

log 2 x log x 2 2 , . = 2 = (2k + 1), k = 0, 1, 2, .

0 < x < 1 log 2 x 0 ,
2, 2 | cos | 2 .
: = (2k + 1), k = 0, 1, 2, , = 2; , 0 < x < 1.
. 2.
6.

log b x

1
log a x log c x log b ac log b a log b c ,
2

a, b, c, x 1.
. , .

1 log b x log b x
1 1
1
. = b 1, 1
,

log b x
2 log b a log b c
2 log b a lig b c
1
. 2 log b a log b c log b c log b a log b ac log b a log b c log b ac log b a log b c
2
.
7. a > 1 0 < a < 1, x > 1

x 2liga xloga x
2

1
?
x

128
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. : II
. , . x 2loga xloga x x 1 . x
>1 2 log 2a x log a x 2 1 log 2a x 2 log a x 3 0
2

3 log a x 1 . :
i.

a > 1, a 3 x a . a > 1 a 3 1 x >1 1 x a .

ii.

0 < a < 1, a x a 3 . 0 < a < 1 0 a 3 1 , a 3 1 x >1 1 x a 3 .

, a > 1 1 x a , 0 < a < 1 1 x a 3 .

8.

log b a 2 log c b 2 log a c 2

9

,
ab
bc
ca
abc
a > 1, b > 1, c > 1 ( 0 < a < 1, 0 < b < 1, 0 < c < 1).
.
(. I, c 17.2.7.) , log b a 0 , log c b 0 , log a c 0

2 log b a 2 log c b 2 log a c

8 log b a log c b log a c

3 3
=
ab
bc
ca
(a b)(b c)(c a)

9
3 6
6

=
.
abc
(a b) (b c) (c a)
(a b)(b c)(c a)

9.

2|x2| | 2 x1 1 | 1 2 x1 .
: = -3 -1.

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XI
10.5.14.1.6.b.

mn pq
n p

mn pq
n q

2( x 2 a 2 ) x 2 a 2
aa 5
. x 2 ax x 2 0 , x12
.
2
2
2ax
2
a x

10.5.14.1.7.b.
2

x
x
x
x
x
x

a(a 1)

2
2
x 1 x 1 x 1
x 1 x 1
x 1

1 (2a 1) 2
2x 2
2x 2
x
2x 2
x
, 2

a(a 1) 0 . 2

2
2
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1
2

()

2x 2
1 a (). a 0 a > 2
x 2 1

a 1
a
. a < -1 a 1 x34
.
a 1
a2
, : 1) x1, x2, x3, x4 a < -1 a > 2; 2) x1 x2 -1
a 0; 3) 0 < a < 1; 4) x3 x4 1 a 2.
x12

10.5.14.1.8.
. 3 18 x u , 3 10 x v . u 2 uv v 2 7

u 3 v 3 (18 x) (10 x) 28 . , 28 = (u + v)7 ,

u + v = 4. (u,v) = (1,3) (3,1). , = 17 = -9.
b. 3 2 x u 3 7 x v u 2 uv v 2 3 u v 3 . (u,v) = (1,2)
(2,1), = 1 = -6.
(2 y x) 2
( y 2 x) 2
10.5.14.1.9. Z 2
.
1 Z 4 2
x y2
x y2

Z 2y x = 0
x = 2y. Z y + 2x = 0
y = -2x.
10.5.14. 1.10. ( x y) 2 0 , ,
x 2 y 2 2 xy . y 2 z 2 2 yz z 2 x 2 2 zx .
.

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10.5.14. 1.11. ( x y) 2 ( y z) 2 ( z x) 2 0 . 2( x 2 y 2 z 2 )

2( xy yz zx) . .
10.5.14. 1.12. 2( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2( xy yz zx) .
x 2 y 2 z 2 , 3( x 2 y 2 z 2 )

x 2 y 2 z 2 2( xy yz zx) = ( x y z ) 3 = 1. .

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VIII .......................................................................................................................... 113

16. .................................................................................................. 113
16.1. ................................................................................................ 114
16.2. .......................................................................................... 117
16.3. ........................................................................................................................... 119
16.4. .............................................................................................................. 121
17. .................................................................................................................... 122
17.1. ...................................................................... 122
17.2. ................................................................................... 123
17.3. ............................................................................................... 126

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