Dé in tot nghi LOI NOI DAU Todn hoc 1a mot mon khoa hoc chiém vi tri quan trong khong thé thiéu trong cudc séng con ngudi. Cing véi su phat trién ni tai cla toan hoc va cée nganh khoa hoc khéc, ton hoe chia thinh toan ly thuyét va toan ting dung. Giai tich s6 hay cdn goi IA phuong phép s6 1A mén khoa hoc thude link, vue toan ting dung nghién cifu cach gidi gan ding cdc phuong trinh, cdc bai todin xdip xi him s6 va céc bai todn t6i wu. Vige gidi mot bai todn xdp xi him s6 nhim mue dich thay mot ham sé duéi dang phifc tap nhu dang biéu thite hodc mét ham sé duéi dang bang bang nhimg him sé don giin hon. Trong ly thuyét xdp xi ham ngudi ta thudng nghién cifu cdc bai toan ndi suy, bai toan xp xi déu va bai ton xap xi trung binh phuong. Trong dé dn nay em dé cap dén bai toan ding phuong phap xap xi rung binh phuong hay cdn goi la phuong phap binh phuong tdi thiéu dé xp xi ham trong thuc ngl Dé hodn thinh dé 4n nay em xin chan thanh cdm on cée thay c6 trong khoa Tofn tin ting dung- Trutmg dai hoc Bach Khoa Ha Noi di quan tam gitip d@ em va tao moi diéu kién cho em trong suét qué trinh Lam dé 4n, Dac biet em xin chan thanh giti Idi cim on dén PGS-TS LE TRONG VINH, ngudi di truc tip tan Oinh huéng dan, chi bio vé kinh nghi¢m va tai lieu trong suét qué trinh em lam dé An t6t nghigp. Em xin chan thanh cam on! Ha Noi, thang 5 nam 2008 Boi Van Bang Sinh vién thye hién: Bii Van Bang Lép: Todn Tin_2~ K48Dé dn tot nghiép CHUONG I PHUONG PHAP BINH PHUONG TOI THIEU LAP CONG THUC TU THUC NGHIEM 1.1 Gidi thigu chung 1.1.1 Dat vin dé C6 rat nhiéu phuong phdp khéc nhau dé lap nhimg da thite tir thyc nghiém ma ta da biét dén nhu phép ndi suy dé lap da thite cap n: p(x) (dai s6 hoac lugng gic) xap xi ham s6 y= f(x) ma ta da biét céc gid tri cia ham nay IA y= y, tai cde diém x= x,. Phuong php ndi suy n6i trén khi sit dung trong thyc tién thi cé nhiing diéu céin can nhic 1a: 1. Trong céc da thife ndi suy g(x) ta ddi hdig(x,) = y,. Tuy nhién su ddi hdi nay khong cé § nghia nhiéu trong thuc té. Boi vi cdc sO y,1a gid ti cia ham y = f(x) tai cde digm x= x,, trong thu té chting ta cho duéi dang bang va thuéng thu duge tit nhimg két qui do dac hoae tinh ton trong thyc hanh. Nhing s6 y, nay néi chung chi xap xi véi cde gid tri ding f(x,) ella ham y= f(x)tai x= x,. Sai so mac phai ¢, = y, — f(x) néi chung khéc khong. Néu bud g(x,)=y, thi thc chat da dem vao bai todn cde sai sO «, cli igu ban dau néi tren (chit khong phai 1a Rim cho gié tri cita him noi suy g(x) va ham f(x) tring nhau tai cde diém x=x,). rs} . Dé cho da thife ndi suy g(x) biéu dién x4p xi ham f(x) mot cach sat thye duong nhién cén tang s6 méc ngi suy x, (nghia 1a 1am gidm sai s6 cia cong thtée noi suy). Nhung diéu nay lai kéo theo cap cia da thite ngi suy tang én do dé nhiing da thifc noi suy thu duge khé céng kénhDé dn tot nghiép gay kh khan cho vig thiét lap cting nhut dua vao dé dé tinh gid tri ga ding hoje khdo sét ham f(x). 1.1.2 Bai toan dat ra Chinh vi nhing ly trén nén phutong phép tim ham xap xi cé thé sé sat thye hon thong qua hai bai toan: Bai toan 1(tim him xap xi). Gia sit da biet gid tri y, (7=1,2,....m) clia ham y= f(x) tai cde diém tong tng x= x,.Tim ham ¢,(x) xp xi véi ham f(x) trong d6 $,(2) = > 49,2). (-1) v6i 9,(x) A nhig ham da biét, a, 1 nhimg hé s6 hing s6. Trong khi gidi quyét bai toan nay cdn chon ham ¢,(x) sao cho qué trinh tinh todn don gidn déng thdi nhung sai s6 «, c6 tinh chat ngdu nhién (xudt hign khi thu duge céc s6 ligu y,) can phai duge chinh ly trong qué tinh tinh toan. ‘Trong bai todn tim ham xdp xi trén viéc chon dang cla ham x4p xi g,(x) 12 tay thudc ¥ nghia thy tién ciia ham f(x). Bai toan 2 (tim céc tham sé cita mot ham cé dang da biét). Gia sir da biét dang téng quat cia ham Y= F044, .4 044, ce) Trong dé: a, (i=1,2,...,m) I nhiing hing s6. Gia sit qua the nghiém ta thu duge n gid tri cia ham y= y, (=1,2,....m) ing véi cde gid ui =x, cla déi, Van dé 1a tir nhimg sé ligu thyc nghigm thu duge céin xc dinh céc gid tri clia tham s6 a,,4,,...,4,, dé tim duge dang cu thé cita biéu thife (1 — 2): y= f(x) vé su phy thudc ham s6 giita y va x.Dé in tot nghi 1.2 Sai sé trung binh phuong va phuong phap binh phuong t tim xap xi tot nhat véi mot ham 1.2.1 Sai sé trung binh phuong Nhiing hm trong thyc nghiém thu duge thutmg mac phai nhiing sai s6 06 tinh chat ngdu nhién, Nhiing sai s6 nay xudt hign do su téc dong cia nhiing yéu t6 ngdu nhién vao két qua thuc nghiém dé thu duge cac gid tri cia ham. Chinh vi ly do tén, dé danh gid su sai kde gitta hai ham trong thyc nghiém ta cin dua ra khdi niém vé sai s6 (hoge dé Iéch) sao cho mot mat né nhan duoc trong thuc té, mét mat lai san bang nhiing sai sé ngdu nhién (nghia 1a gat bo duge nhimg yéu t ngdu nhién téc dong vao két qua cita thyc nghiém). Cu thé néu hai ham thyc chat khé gin nhau thi sai s6 chiing ta dua ra phai kha bé trén mién dang xét. Khai niém vé sai s néi trén c6 nghia 1a khong chi ¥ téi nhimg két qua c6 tinh chat ca biét ma xét trén mét mién nén duoc goi 1a sai sé trung binh phuong. 1.2.2 Dinh nghia Theo dinh nghia ta sé goi c, 18 sai s6 (hoac do Iéch) trung binh phuong cia hai ham f(x) va g(x) trén tap X= (x,,x,,...x,), nu ta. 2S Ve)-eenr 2-1 1.2.3 ¥ nghia cua sai sé trung binh phuong Dé tim hiéu ¥ nghia cita sai sO trung binh phuong ta gia thiét f(x), p(x) 1 hop cfc diém nhimg ham lién tuc trén doan [4,5] va X=(%,.%)..04%,) 8 cach déu trén [a,b] ax, flyer fide > Xft S(x)- 9) de > ox@-0(2). ic doan [a,.b)] sé bé tay y. Do dé. Nghia 1a tong do dai @ cli Tom Iai: v6i o, dii bé (n khé 16n) thi trén doan [a,b] (trit tai nhiing diém cla téng do [F)-e)|’, = 934.4.) - @-7 Tit dé viée tim him xp xi tot nhat (trong sé nhiing him dang (2 ~ 4) véi ham f(x) sé dua vé tim cyc tiéu clia tng binh phuong 7 «? trong dé 1 = Vs PRM Apron Ay) Béi vay phuong php tim xap xi tot nhat theo nghia trung binh cn goi [a phuong php binh phuong ti thiéu dé xap xi him trong thue nghiém.Dé dn tot nghiép CHUONG II CAC PHUONG PHAP XAP Xi 2.1 Xap xi ham trong thuc nghiém bang da thitc suy rong 2.1.1 Dinh nghia Gia sit cho hé ham: g,(x),@,(2), Dy (ye sé goi him ,(x) 1a da thie suy rong cap m néu ¢,(x) c6 dang $4.(0) =D ae). 6p Trong d6 d,,4,,....4,, 1 cdc hé sO hang so. Hé ham {g,,(x)} da cho goi la hé co ban. 2.1.2 Noi dung Theo phan trén vé tim ham xap xi gia sir da biét n gid tri thyc nghiém y, (@=1,2,....n) cia him y= f(x) tai cdc diém tuong tng x,. Khi dé viée tim mét da thife suy rong c6 dang (3 — 1) ma xap xi véi ham f(x) noi trén {x,.2),....2,} C[a,] sé chuyén vé viéc tim m+1 hé s6 a, trong (3 ~ 1). Dé qué trinh tinh todn duge don gidn ta xét da thite suy rong g,(x) véi ip m khong én 1a . Tuy nhién ta vin phai chon n dii 1én do dé c6 thé gid thiét nm > m#1. Khéc véi bai todn noi suy & day ta khong can xdc dinh m+1 gid tri a, tir n phuong trinh: y,=¢,(x,) (7=1,2.....m) (vi 86 phutong tinh thudng nhiéu hon sé én). Ta sé 4p dung phuong phép binh phutong t6i thigu dé tim da thie suy rong $,,(x) =349,@) xdp xi tt nhat véi ham f(x) tren [a,b]. a Trong (2—7) ta coiDé dn tot nghiép PU...) = 9,00) = ‘Tir d6 ta suy ra: (0,41, dn) 1A diém cuc tigu cia ham m+1 bién F (4.5000) = LLY, ~ PolR My ~ OI, —— Pm(K OWT» (B= 2) Do d6 (4),4,,..4,) Ta nghiém cia hé phuong trinh oF a0; #20; Hoac dang tong duong voi nd 2 Ly, ex), - 9.044, —..- 9,44, ][-90)]=0 } 2D, — e6(4)a, — e044, —-— 9,04,)4, ]E-9,06)]= 0 6-3) PED. e094 — waa, —-- 9.0 4,]L-9.0)]=0 Goi 9, la véc ton chiéu véi thanh phén thi la 9,(x,). Goi y 1A véc ton chiéu véi thinh phan thi iA y,. cé Theo dinh nghia tich v6 huéng céc véc to tz [y.@]= dye); [g.e]=V ee) B-4) Do dé (3 — 3) durge chuyén vé dang [201] + [00»9,]4, +--+ [0%] =[9-] [e.e.]4 +[9-e.]a+--+[9.0,]=[.2] 6-5) [01] + [uP] +--+ [P.19n]= [+n] Ta nhan thay 3 — 5) la hé (m + 1) phuong trinh dai sé tuyén tinh ding dé xée dinh m + 1 hé s6: ao,di,...,@m trong da thitc x4p xi g,,(x). Ma tran ciia héDé dn tot nghiép phuong trinh tuyén tinh (3 — 5) c6 [9,,9)], do dé 1a mot ma tran doi xing (dua vao tinh chat giao hon cia tich vo huéng). Ta sé goi he phuong trinh (3 — 5) la hé phuong trinh chudn. Dinh thite cua hé phuong trinh chuan cé dang (510+ %)--[Po+ Pn GO 94.0 194) =|? %ollen el [10m] B-6 [m+ Po Om 201 ]----[Pm+ Pr I Ta goi dinh thie G=(g).9),..9,) Ia dinh thie Gram cita hé véc to FPG tren tap diém X ={x,,x,,..5%, MA ta da biét: Néu ham co 86 9, (9,9,(X)o-s9 q(x) 1 hg ham doc lap tuyén tinh tren X ={x,,x,,....x,} [a,b] thi trong s6 nhiing da thie suy rong cap m c6 dang (3 — 1) lu6n tén tai mét da thie suy rong Gnt0) = Sac. 6-1) LA xap xi t6t nat theo nghia trung binh phuong d6i v6i ham f(x). Ngoai ra cdn c6 thé chting minh khi hé co $6 94(2),9,(4),--4, (8) 1 ning dc lap tuyén tinh trén {x,,x,,....x,} C [4,5] thi G=(Q,.9,,...9,) > 0. Nghia 1a trong trung hgp nay hé phuong trinh chudn (3 — 5) c6 va duy nhat nghigm G0,41,..,4m ting V6i cdc hé sO cla da thitc (3 — 1’) xdp xi tt nhat voi ham f(x) (theo nghia trung binh phuong). Do vay ta cé thé cho rang h¢ ham co sé nghia Ia hé him dc lap tuyén tinh, trén doan [a,]. 2.1.3 Sai sé ca phuong php. -10-Dé dn tot nghiép Cing véi vige tim ham xp xi ¥,(x) cho ham f(x) ta cin dinh gis sai sO hoac dé léch cia né déi voi ham f(x). Sai sé & day hiéu theo nghia trung binh phuong. Cu thé 1a ta di tim dai luong fe. Vr FON - TrG-1)tacé eo . _ Yb. - 46,7 “3 -Ya,e,(x)) =b-Lae.y-Yae)] =l-Da,.91-b-d49,.d49)). 6-8) a Bre Mat khac I» Lae, Sa, | 6-9 Két hop (3 — 9) véi (3 —5) ta 06: Salbel-Labnell-o Thay két qua tren vio (3-8) tacé: / Le, 6, (4)P =| y Le.| -bol dab ]. G-10) Thay (3 — 10) vao (3-7) tacé =11- Sinh vién thiec hién: Biti Van Bang Lép: Todn Tin_2~ K48Dé dn tot nghiép = |b Sabo. @-11) Trong dé @; 1A nghiém cita hé phutong trinh chun (3 ~ 5). 2.1.4, Mé rong trén hé truc giao. 2.1.4.1 Dinh nghia: Dé don gian héa két qua trén thi ta dinh nghia vé hé hm true giao nhu sau: He ham 9, (x),9,(2),...9q(X) 201 Li hé tru giao tren tap X =X .Xy.05%,) néa (0,0, ]= 3.0, (3))9. (4) = 00" #5) h @-12) [o,.9.]= 297%) 4 0. = OL...) $6 Jp,| ma le, =[e..e.]= Ye? C,) goi la chudn ciia ham 9, (x) trén tap a hop X. Trong trudng hop hé ham 9, (x),9,(2),...G,(x) true giao ma |p,||=1 (r=0,1,...,m) thi hé ham duge goi 8 hé true chudn trén tap hop X. 2.1.4.2 Tigp can Idi giai Tir mot hé co sé bat ky 9,(x),9,(2),...,P,(X) bao gid cling lap duge mot hé true chudn tuong tng 9, (x),9,(x),-...,(x) sao cho méi ham cla hé tryc chudn 1a mot té hop tuyén tinh cilia cdc ham trong hé co sé da cho: 029) (r= eeDé dn tot nghiép giao thi da thie xp xi tot nhat (3 — 1’) cla f(x) c6 cdc hé sé a) cho bai cong thife [e.ek=b.e,] @=o.,...m). Hay iT : Y lee] lol (@=0,1,...,m). @-14) Tir dé ta 06 Sabo) Shel a & Ip, 2.1.4.3 Sais cla phuong php Dya trén (3 — 11) ta suy ra sai strung binh phutong ciia da thtte xp xi la: (3-15) 1a mot dai lugng don digu tang theo m, Do dé tix (3 — 15) ta suy ra sai s6 trung binh phuong o, sé gidm khi m tang. Tém lai néu cdp m cia da thc xdp xi (3 — 1°) (v6i hé co so 94(2).G, Du. Pq() 12 true giao) cng 16m thi da thife xdp xi_ f(x) cang t6t. 2.1.4.4, Chit ¥ Mot dac diém chi ¥ 6 day la: Trong trutmg hop chung khi cén thay déi cap m ctia da thie xap xi (3 — 1’) thi hé phwong trinh chudn (3 — 5) ding dé xée dinh céc hé s6 @o,di,....dm clia da thie hoan toan thay déi, Do dé qué trinh tinh toan (gidi hé phuong trinh chudn) edn lam lai tir dau, Tuy nhién khi hg ham co sé 1A true giao thi muén thay déi cap m cita da thite xap xiDé in tot nghi (3 — 1’) (chang han tang tit m lén m+1) ta chi can thém s6 inst tit cOng tite (3 - 14). Cdn cae hé 86 ao, ai,...,4m da thu duge cho da thite %,,(x) van ding dutge cho da thife Gaal) = a9, (2)- Nhan xét trén rat bé ich vé mat thyc hanh tinh todn vi khi muén xap xi mot ham thyc nghiém bang mot da thite suy rong cp m (3 — 1°): do khuon khé ciia sy tinh tofn ta khong cin chon ngay tit déu sm dii 16n, Khi d6 néu he !& mot he tryc giao thi khi xudt phat ta c6 2), Sau khi thyc hinh tinh ton néu thay sai so trung binh phuong tuong ting chua dit bam 60 88. 94(2),P(X)e6 Pq (Xoo thé chon s6 m nhé (ching han m = 1 hi so véi yeu cau) thi ta ¢6 thé tang dan s6 m lén va tinh thém céc hé sO a bé sung (tit cong thie @-14). Lép: Todn Tin_2—K48Dé dn tot nghiép 2.2 Xap xi ham trong thu nghiém bang da thite dai s 2.2.1 Dat vin dé Gia sir biét n gid tri thuc nghiém y, (/=1,2,...,n) ofa ham f(x) tai cdc diém x, tuong tng. dat van dé xp xi ham f(x) béi mot da thie cap m 6 dang P(x) = dy + ayx+..44,.X". 4-1) 2.2.2 Tiép can Idi gidi Dé giai bai ton nay ta 4p dung nhiing két qua téng quat d phan II, trong d6 hé ham co sé {p,(x)} 06 dang P(X) =1, GO khi dé tir (3 ~ 4) tao pees Pm (XY =X", (4-2) bg, ]= Lee, = Dox va [,.0.]= de, @)0,0)=dx". (4-3) Duta vio (3 — 5) ta suy ra cdc hé s6 a, ciia da thite xdp xi (4 — 1) 1A nghigm cia hé phuong trinh chuén cé dang sau at 4-4) xt ta, Sah ta, Sm tba, ye a a a 2.2.3 Sai s6 trung binh ia Tir (3 — 7) va @ — 11) ta suy ra sai sO trung binh cita da thitc xp xi cé dang (4—4) la: -15s-Dé dn tot nghiép ‘Vé mat thu hanh, dé fim cdc hé s6 cita phuong trinh chudn (4 — 4) ta [am theo luge dé trong bing 1. Cac hé sé vé trai cia phutong trinh dau tién cho bai cdc téng 6 lan huot tir cot (1) dén c6t (m), cita phutong trinh thif 2 cho bai cdc téng Lin luot ti cot 2 dén cot (m+), ... cdn cdc vé phai cia (4 ~ 4) cho bai cdc téng & Lin luot tir cot (2m+2) dén cot cudi cing (3m+2). Ye le le.) a y wy vy [=| oy @M) @) @ / (2m+1) | (2m+2) | (2m+3) | (2m+4) (@m+2) li x | x v mY Ty lox ig xm | Ye xt, 1 mig se) Me fe ay | ty, ® ay | ay | | aay Bang 1 2.2.4 Trung hop cae méc céch déu Di v6i truvng hop c: h déu nhau: x,,-x,=A digém x, (i=0,1,....2—1) thi qué trinh tinh todn sé don gidn hon rat nhigu. Duéi day ta sé trinh bay két qua trong trudng hop nay. Truong hop I: Néun 1a 86 18 (n= 2k +1). Xa % eu hay x=a4, +uh. Do dé khi x nhan cde gid ti XX ),.05%pj.0%y. th w nhan cde gid tri nguyén sau: —k,—k+ 1... 10 Lnak LK. -16- Sinh viDé dn tot nghiép Sau phép déi bién (4 — 8) thi da th (4-1) cling 6 bje m va e6 dang O,,(u) =, bu ++ yu. 4-9) Tuong ty nhut (4 ~ 4) cdc hé s6 b, cia (4—9) thu duge tir hé phuong trinh dyn +b, Sou, +b im tb, van = Sy, (4-10) beSeup Sent 6, Sue nach by eae" = Sen, Hé phuong trinh (4 — 10) so véi hé (4 — 4) don gian hon rat nhiéu vi cdc téng nhiing lity thita lé cla w bang 0 Truong hop 2: n chan (n= 2k) Bt Tadat_ w=————* 4-1 DA Khi d6 néu x nan céc gid tri x,,x,,...,X, thi u nhan cdc gid tri nguyen (4-12) sau day DKA, — 2K 4 3y.0p 3, —Ly 13. 2k —3, 2k 1 va trong hé (4 — 10) ciing ving mat nhimg téng céc Ity thita Ié cita u: du =Yv =... 0. (4-13) Tém lai, trong moi trudng hgp (n I hoac chin) vé trai ciia (4 ~ 10) déu ving mat cdc hé s6 06 dang S, = Yu) (j 1a s6 18). Ngodi ra cde he s6 con lai cia vé wai (¢6 dang S,=J°u/, j chdin) chi phu thude vao n (vi u, nhan a -17-Dé dn tot nghiép iA tri nguyén). Do d6 c6 thé lap nhimg bang tinh san cdc hé sé nay (thy thude vao n). Cudi cing, sau vie gidi phuong tinh (4 — 10) ta thu duge Q,(u) duéi dang (4 — 9). Dé tra lai P,(x) duéi dang (4 — 1) ta can lam phép déi bién ngugc lai dé chuyén bién w vé bién x ban dau, Cu thé trong Q,,(u) thu duge ta sé ding cong thifc déi bién (4 — 8) néu n Ié, ding cong thifc (4-12) néun chan. Duéi day ta xay dumg céng thtéc cu thé hé (4 — 10) trong céc trusng hop m=1,m=2, ‘Trung hgp m = 1, nghia 1a (4 — 9) c6 dang: Olu) =b, + du. Déng thoi (4 — 10) e6 dang (4 — 4) Tir dé suy ra (4-14) ‘Trudng hop m = 2 nghia lA (4 — 9) cé dang O,(u) = by + bu + be? Va khi dé (4 — 10) c6 dang: nb, +b, yu; = Dy, byw) = Duy, by dw) +b, Yul = Yury, Giai he 3 phuong trinh trén ta duge -18-Dé dn tot nghiép Néuta goi - EP Se ee Khi dé céc két qua (4 — 14) va (4 — 15) ¢6 thé t6m tat trong bang 2. Ngodi ra (4-16) tit (4 — 16) ta nhan thay céc sO a, theo nhiing gid tri 18 cian tir 3 dén 21 8 bang 3. Trong phin dutéi ciia bang 4 cho céc s6 a,theo nhiing gid tri chin cian tir 4 dén 22. fm] —s CachhésGctaQ,@)———s—<“—s—sSCid b b, b, 1 | ayy, a, diuy, aYy-udwy, | eLur Bang 2 (Dé don gidn trong phan nay ta hiéu a YY ) -19-Dé dn tot nghiép a, a, a, n 5 3 | 333333.10 © | 500000.10 * | 100000.10 * | 100000.10 = | 150000.10 * 5 | 200000.10* | 100000.10 * | 485714.10* | 142857.10°* | 714286.10 7 | 142857.10°° | 357143.107 | 333333.10* | 476190.1077 | 119048.107 9 |111111.10 | 166667.107 | 255411.10* | 216450.107 | 324675.10* 11 | 909091.107 | 909091.10-* | 207459.10* | 116550.10~7 | 116550.10* 13 | 769231.10 * | 549451.10 * | 174825.10 * | 699301.10 * | 499500.10 * 15 | 666667.10 ? | 357143.10 * | 151131.10 * | 452489.10 * | 242405.10 ° 17 | 588235.107 | 245098.10 * | 133127.10* | 309598.10-* | 128999.10 19 | 526316.107 | 175439.10~ | 118973.10~ | 221141.10° | 737137.10-" 21 | 476190.107 | 129870.10* | 107551.10-* | 163452.10-* | 445778.10-" Bang 3 Véi n chan: n a, a, a, a, a, 4 | 250000.10 * | 500000.10 * | 640625.10 * | 781250.10” | 156250.10 6 | 166667.10 © | 142857.10 * | 394531.10 * | 195312.10 ” | 167411.10 * 8 | 125000.10* | 595283.10 * | 289062.10 * | 781250.10 * | 372024.10 ° 10 | 100000.10-* | 303030.10 * | 228906.10 * | 390625.10* | 118371.10° 12 | 833333107 | 174825.10* | 189732.10~* | 223214.10°* | 468282.10°" 14 | 714286.107 | 109890.10 * | 162109.10 * | 139509.10* | 214629.10- 16 | 625000.107 | 735294.10 * | 141555.10 * | 930060.10° | 109419.10-* 18 | 555556.107 | 515996.10° | 125651.10 * | 651042.10 | 604683.10-" 20 | so0000.10 7 | 375940.10 ° | 112973.10 * | 473485.10 ° | 356004.10 " 22 | 454545.107 282326.10? | 102628.10* | 355114.10 | 220567.10-" Bing 4 -20-Dé dn tot nghiép 2.3 Xap xi ham trong thuc nghiém bang da thtic truc giao 2.3.1 Dinh nghia hé ham truc giao Xét he da thie: R, (x), R(x), (X) 6-1) Trong d6 Ri(x)=1, R(x)=xtq, R(x)=xtaxrtae,... 0, Téng quat R,(x)=x' tax e+ aD: xa), (5-2) Theo dinh nghia ta sé goi (5 — 1) 1a hé da thie trye giao uén tap hop X = (%,.%,,..5%,), néu (5 — 1) 1a hé ham truc giao trén tap X . Cu thé 1a: | [R,RJ= SR, )R,(x,) =0(r#s) 4 _ (53) if RJ=YR (x) #0 (7 =0,1,...,m) 2.3.2 Dat vin dé Tit dinh nghia ta nhan thay hé da thite true giao [a trudng hgp dac biét cita he ham true giao, Do dé ta 4p dung két qui & phén 2.3 véi 9,(x)=R,(x) (r=0,L....m). Cu thé 1a: khi cho u cde gid tri thu nghiém y, (/=1,2,...) cia ham f(x) tai cde diém x, G= 1, 2, ...,n) ta dat vain dé xap xi ham f(x) bai mot da thie suy rong cap m (véi hé oo sé (5 — 1)) 6 dang M,,(2) = Ya,R, (x). (5-4) =) Tir (3 — 14) ta suy ra cdc hé s6 a, cita (5 —4) ¢6 thé thu duge tir cong thife @-5)Dé dn tot nghiép La beal. (5-6) & day M,(x) (c6 dang (5 — 4) JA mot t6 hop tuyén tinhetia nhiing da thite dai s6 cap tir 0 dén m, do dé M,(x) thyc chit cing 1A mot da thife cip m (ahu P,(x) cho bai (4 —1)). Nghia A ham xap xi ciing 1A mot da thite dai sé thong thudng nu da thu duge trong phiin (2.4). Tuy nhién do tinh truc giao cita him co sé (5 ~ 1) nén khéc véi phéin 2.4 6 day ta khong cén gidi hé phuong trinh chudn mA tim cc he s6 cita da thiée (5 — 4) true tigp tir cong thie (5 — 5) da chi ra 6 trén, Ngoai ra do nhting dac diém cia hé him true giao ta c6 thé tang dan cap ciia M(x) ma khong cin phai [am Iai tir ddu qué trinh tinh toan, Dé chinh 1A wu diém ciia phutong phap xdp xi ham & day so véi nhiing két qua thu duge trong phan (2.4). Noi dung ciia phuong php Noi dung chi yéu cita vige tim da thife xp xi (5 — 4) thye chat 18 tim he thifc tryc giao (5 — 1). Dé lam duge diéu nay ta fim cong thifc truy héi dé x4c é (5-1). Truéc hét ta di tim nhing ham dau tién: R,(x),R,(x) cia hé (5 ~ 1). Theo dinh nghia thi R,(x)=1. dinh lin lugt cc da thtte trye giao clia Ngoai ra, tit (5 ~ 2) ta thay R,(x) c6 dang RQ@)=x+a, Dé xéc dinh hé s6 a trong (5 ~ 8) ta sit dung digu kign dau tién trong (5 ~ 3) voir=1vas=0 [R,.R]J= DR )1= DG, +a) = Sox, +n, =0, Tit d6 suy raz -22-Dé dn tot nghiép a, Dé xéc dinh nhing da thie true giao cla hé cdn lai cia he (5 — 1): R,(x),R,(2),....R,(X) ta sé chting minh bé dé sau day B6 dél: Moi da thtte truc giao cap r +1 (r > 1): R,.,(x) cilia hé (5 — 1) duge xc dinh theo céc da thite R,(x) va R,_,(x) tit cong thiéc truy héi sau RO) = (4+ BRO) +7, aR iG) (5-10) Trong dé Dalek Bes (5-11) Dk, @oP Dxk, 1 €6)R, (4) t= (6-12) Dk.@P Chimg minh Tw (5 —3) tac6: IR, Rinl= SiR Rule) =0. (5— 13) Tir (5 — 10) ta lai 6 Rea Ral= DR GMa, + BeadR (0) aR G}= ROR.) + D Beak, sO R-O)+ D7 ak, OR, 9 4)= =23- Sinh vién thuec hién: Biti Van Bang Lép: Todn Tin_2~ K48Dé dn tot nghiép SR ADR) + Bes DR DRA + Fc DIR GIP» (5-14) Nhung be 1@)R, (x,) =[R,,.R, ]=0 Vay tir (5 — 14) suy ra [R,. Bale Lek, 1) )R, 05) + 7ST Gl. (5-15) Két hop (5 ~ 13) va (5 — 15) tac ROR +7. DIR dP = 0. 7 YR @)R) Hay %u = ——_(*) Raed? ‘a Tut (5 — 3) ta ciing c6 (6-16) Tit (5 — 10) ta cing c6 IR Real DR CMe + BIR C+ FR DIE = DARKO )+L BR CDR C+D ark ERC = = SHIR GIP + Bs DIR QE +720 ER GDR). =I) Nhung 352,(2)R, (2) =[R,.8, ,]=0. Neén tit (5 — 17) suy ra =24- Sinh vién thiec hién: Biti Van Bang Lép: Todn Tin_2~ K48Dé dn tot nghiép RISO +B. DRG. 6-18) i Két hop (5 — 16) va (5 — 18) ta ¢6: x i [RDF + B., IR. pF =0. Dx GP Hay 4,.. =-=—————_.. (*) Dc Tir (5) va (* *) thi bé dé 1 duge ching minh hoan tan, Tuy nhién dé don gidn céc tir s6 va mau s6 cia cdc cong thite B,.; va Zp.) ta sé ching minh bé dé sau Bé dé 2: Cie tir va mau s6 cla céc cong thtte (5 — 11) va (5 — 12) c6 thé khai trién thanh téng nhiing ly thita c6 dang: =x. 6-19) Cu thé a + Sook =Sxe.e0- ra Sat a” (5 — 20) + SR RC) =D aR). 6-21) + Lalo r= Le +a LaF eras Vay ea Dak, Cx) -25-Dé dn tot nghiép ic he s6 cla da thie R,(x) cho duéi dang trong dé a, a, ..., (6-2). Ching minh Tit (5 — 2) ta c6 thé viét lan lugt cde da thite Ry(x),R,()ooeR, (Xs. R(X) duéi dang axtt ax + a (5 — 23) Raat eaitx ty. +a” [R(x ax" + ax tal x al” Tacé x=R(x)—a@, = R(x) — aR, (x) = R(x) + aR, (x). x? = R,(x)-afx— at” = R,(x)- af) (R(x) —@,R, (x) - a? = = R(x) ah R(x) + (aa, — @P)R,(x) = = R(x) +a R,(x) + aR, (x). Téng quat x R(x) t aR, (x) +... +R (x) + aR, (2) Hay ta c6 thé thu duge (x) +45” Ro(x) Ry(x)+a{” R(x) +a? Ry (x) x ER, (x) + af) Re (2) tt af Ry (x) a? Ryo) (5-24) x SR (x) +a R(x) +..4 af? Ry(x) + ay" Ry (x) Véi k xxt tt, va> x" x, tal” Két hop (5 — 27) va (5 — 28) ta suy ra (5 ~ 20) SIR @ FE =De tan dix + sande, (5-28) =28- Sinh vién thiec hién: Biti Van Bang Lép: Todn Tin_2~ K48Dé dn tot nghiép Mat khéc vi R,_,(x) 18 da thite bac r— 1 v6i hé sO ca x" 18 1 nén xR, (x) 1 da thife bac r v6i hé s6 cia x" Ia 1. Do dé ta c6 thé vit XR (=x! +, 400). (5-29) Trong d6 y,_,(x) IA da thite bac r~ 1. Tit (5 — 29) suy ra Da RGR I=L + ra d}R Od = SE RD YOR) =D RO)+Y RL. (5-30) Nhung dua trén (5 — 26) ta c6 v.18] <0. Do dé tir (5 — 30) ta thu duoc (5 — 21) Sak GDR) = OwR(H). Cuéi ciing tir (5 — 2) ta cd R(x)=x +ax +y,.(x) (5~31) Trong dé y, ,(x) 1a mot da thite cap r—2 Tir (5 — 31) suy ra XR (x)ax +ax’ +y, (x). (5-32) Trong dé y,_,(x) 1a da thite bac r— 1. Tir (5 — 32) tac x[R.O,)T = {2R, 09} 8,0) = (x + ax +y, CD} R09. Do dé suy ra -29-Dé dn tot nghiép DLR dP =L be +97 Hy, 6} = =D" RO) + Daa! RC) + Dy, DRO) = xR) +a YX RADY GIR). 6-33) Nhumg dya trén (5 ~ 26) ta 6 Dv Gk.) =v.4-8, 0. (5-34) a Mat khéc dya trén (5 — 2) ta 06 Dar R Lar by ea at anaes, eer} = Si axe Saver Parse 21 AOS pha ea La 5-35) Thay (5 — 34), (5 35) vao (5 — 33) ta thu duge (5 ~ 22) te 18 +a ys Tir dé bé dé 2 hoan tan duge ching minh. Ti bé dé 1 va bé dé 2 ta nhan thay ring: Dé thu duge ciia hé (5 — 1), tir téng nhiig lily thita c6 dang DlR dP = dx? etal S x Fa SHR x). da thite truc giao c cong thite (5 — 10) va (5 ~ 12) ta cén tinh tat cd cde S=Dx) (V=12...2m-1. Sinh v Lép. -30-Dé dn tot nghiép Ngoai ra khi Ap dung cong thie (5 ~ 5) dé tim «: che sO a,,a, (5 — 4) ai cain tinh cde tng DIR? ..., VIRGO)? & miu sé cia cong thite. Nghia 1A dua trén (5 — 20) céin tinh cdc téng nhiing Iiy thira S=Ex0 W=1,2,0,2m). Con céc tir s6 cita cong thie (5 — 5) lin luot 1a [y,R,],[y.2,] R,]. Dé tinh méi tit s6 nay ta dua vao (5 — 2) va dua vao khai trign DR T=» 8 D= Dye Ha ay tals, ta} a i (r=0,L,....m). adv ale dal yx pt Nally, x, + Nal”, = Lyx tah yD yay stay yy x tay y,. 6-36) ‘Tém lai: Dé tim ham xap xi M, (x) ta cdin tim 2m téng S, (v =1,2,...,2m) va mténg Sy, x! (r=0)1,...,m). Khi d6 trong bang tinh tofn gidi bai toan méi téng noi trén duoc lap theo mét cét. 2.3.4 Sai sé cia phuong phap Cuéi cing dé tinh sai sO trung binh phuong mét cach thuan Igi ta ding cong thie (5 — 6) Sinh v Lép. -31-Dé in tot nghi Khi sai s6 trung binh phuong tim duge chua di bé (nghia 1 m chua dit 1én) ta cn tang dan cp m cita ham xap xi M,,(x). Khi d6 trong bang tinh edi can bé xung nhimg cot tinh S, va 242! mei nhumg két qua ed vin duge sir fat dung. -32- Sinh vién thye hié Lép: Todn Tin_2~K48 : Bai VanDé dn tot nghiép 2.4 Xap xi ham bang da thite luong giéc 2.4.1 Dinh nghia da thite lrgng gic Trong thyc té khi tinh todn ta gap nhing him f(x) cé tinh chat tun hoan, Ta tim cach xp xi mot ham dé phan anh duge dc diém riéng cia n6. Khi dé tir da thife suy rong téng quat 4.(x)= Lag). 6-1) Lay hé ham luong gidc lam ham co sé. Ta gid thiét ring céc ham f(x) xét tren doan Om+1=2k+1 é day tacoi 9,0) =1,9,, (4) = cosrx,g,,(x) =sinrx (r= 1,2,..42). 6-3) Khi ds [9,.9, =" .[v.9.]= dy. 6-4) V6i i=1,2,...,2k; 7 =1,2,...,2k thiDé dn tot nghiép (j=2s-1) Por Pj (6-5) (j= 2s) Noosrx, cos rx, (i=2r-1,j=2s-1) a 9.9, |=4 Xsinrx, cossx, (i=2r,j=2s-1) ae 6-6 Ysinrx, sinsx, (=2r,j=28) a dy; cossx, (j=2s-1) elas v9 J=7 6-1 dX»: sinsx, (j=2s) a Dya trén cdc cong thite (6 — 4) + (6-7) ta thay hé phuong trinh chudn (3 — 5) dé xdc dinh céc hé sO af cita da thite xap xi (6 — 1) c6 dang nay + Sf, Seosrs + AYsinr |B eos. Za Zeoers cos sx, +B, Sosinry, cosas =Sy,cossy, i insx Sa Zoo sinsy, + B,Sisinrx, sins Es sinss, (6-8) Trong giai tich ngudi ta ching minh rang: Hé ham Itong gide co ban (6 — 1) Ta he ham déc lap tuyén tinh trén toan truc s6 (-20< x <40). Nghia IA he phuong trinh chun (6 ~ 8) luon va cé duy nhat nghiém. -34- Sinh vi Lép.Dé dn tot nghiép Sai sO trung binh phuong cita da thite T,(x) véi ham f(x) ©6 dang téng quit 1a o,= 2S Tal 6-9 Hoac ti mi hon néu sit dung (3-11) va (6-7) ta thu duge Cae hing s6 @,f trong (6 — 10) 14 nghiém cita (6 — 8). Tren day da trinh bay mot phuong phap dé xay dung mot da thie Iuong gide T,(x) xap xi voi ham f(x) trong dé cdc diém X; c6 vi tri bat ky. Bay gid ta xét truing hop cdc diém x; nim trén khong (0,27) va cach déu nhau, Nghia la: 0 " sin rx, sin sx, =0 6-14) Leos" rx, = Sisin" rx, = (=1,2,.44). (6-15) Ching minh Nhu ta da biét cong thée Ole sau day e* =cosx +isinx. (6-16) ‘Trong dé x 1A mot s6 thyc cdn i 18 don vi do (nghia IA i? =-1) Bang cach déng nhat thtfe 4c phan thyc va c4c phan do véi nhau ta nhan thay e“ = 1 khi va chi khi x =2pz (p [A mot sO nguyén). Ti dé ta nhan thay h sgh 21. Va dp dung Khi g =—2k,...,.-2,-1)1,2,..,2k (2k+1Sn) thi e’ cong thifc tinh téng n tir mot chudi sé nhan (cong boi la e # 1) ta c6 Sen Ser = Vig = 2k -B—L 22k (2Kk+1Sn) (nghia 12 mot sé nguyén) nen girth eth _ (ei De ene fer he Pay wot (6-17) theo nhan xét nit ra tir cong thifc ole (6 — 16) ta c6 1. ene Tir dé dua trén (6-17) tacé Ye =O q=—2kyey2,—My yes Dh (6 — 18) Tir (6 — 16) va (6 ~ 18) ta lai 6 (6-19) Déng nhat cc phan thyc va phn do tir vé dau tien va vé sau cing cia (6 — 19) ta duge Sinh v Lép. -36-Dé dn tot nghiép Yeosqx, =Ssingx,=0 (/=-2k,.. Trong (6 — 20) ldy q =r (r = 1,2, ..., k) ta thu duge (6 — 12) va (r=1,...,ks=1,...,k) tacé Yeos(r+s)x,=0 (r=1, (6-21) Ysin +9)x,=0 (rab ks (6-22) Trong (6 - 20) dy q=r-s @=1,..4k;8=1,....k:r #8). Tad Leos(r=s)x,=0 = le kis = leaks ¥5). (6-23) Ysinr—9)x,=0 (PbS sleet). (6-24) Nhung khi r= s thi sin(r — 5)x,=0 (=1,2,...,2) nén dang thitc (6 — 24) ding trong ca hai trudng hgp r=s nghia 1a Ysinr— 94,0 (Pa besks = lok (624°) Theo bién déi lugng gidc ta lai c6 Yeosrx, cossx, =F eoser+sps +5 Deos(r spa. (6-25) ¥ sinrx,sinsy, =FDeostr-9)5, ~Feostr $9). (6-26) Ycosrx, sinsx, 3 in(r +x, -FEsintr 9). (6-27) Dya trén (6 — 21), (6 — 23) tir (6 — 25) va (6 — 26) ta thu duge (6 ~ 14) Dya trén (6 — 22), (6 — 24) tit (6 — 27) ta thu duge (6 — 13) Ta xét bién déi luong giée -37- Sinh vi Lép.Dé dn tot nghiép Ycos* rx, = FD [14 cosars + Yeos2rx,. (6-28) 2 A Ysin’ rx, = FE [1-cos2r] 2_¥cos2rx,. (6-29) Tit (6 — 20) ta lai 6 Yeos2rx,=0 (r=1...k)- (6-30) Tit (6 — 28), (6 — 29) va (6 — 30) ta suy ra (6 — 15). Vay bé dé hoan ton duge chting minh. VA ta nit ra cdc hé s6 ca da thife 1a: a, =23'y,cosrs, not 1, ...K). Sy,sinrx, no 2.4,2.2 Truong hop ham cho bang biéu thite Ta van xét c4e ham tren doan [0,27] va dng ham co sd nhur dang ham cho bing bing. ‘Theo dinh ngbia tich vo huténg [eo0l= far, [yeu}= fae. (6-31) V6i 1=1,2,...,2k; 7 =1,2,...,2K thi: foossxde (j=2s-1) es (6 — 32) fsinsxdx (j=2s) 3 Sinh v Lép. -38-Dé dn tot nghiép Joosrrcossxdx (i=2r—1,j=2s—1) [v.9,]=4 fsinrveossedy — (/=2r,=28-1) (6-33) | fsinrxsinsxde (i=2r,j=2s) ycossxdx (j=2s-1) bel} 6-34) [ysinsxdx (j=2s) a Trén doan c6 dg dai 27 thi hé co sé (6 — 1) 1 co sé tryc giao, Do dé ta tinh cic hé sO @,,B, theo cong thite: Ls a= 5, J ye a, =—| yoosrxdx B=+f ysinredx zm Sai s6 trung binh phutong ciia da thite J Sinh v Lép. -39-Dé dn tot nghiép CHUONG III: CAC Vi DU MINH HOA 3.1 Da thite dai sé 3.1.1 Vidul Bai toan: Sir dung phuong phap binh phuong t6i thiéu tim da thitc bac 2: P(x) =4,+ax+a,x" xp xi véi ham cho bai bang 5 sau Bang 5 x [O78 |156 [234 [3.12 |3.81 y [250 [120 [112 [225 |4.28 G day m = 2, n = 5 va tit bang 1 ta thu duge bang 6 dé tinh cdc hé s6 cita phuong trinh chun. (Qué trinh tinh toan thuc hién véi 3 chit sé sau dau phdy). Bing 6 x x x x x y ay xy 1 0.78 0.608 | 0.475 0.370 2.50 1.950 | 1.520 1 1.56 | 20434 | 3.796 | 5.922 1.20 1.872 | 2.921 1 2.34 | 5.476 | 12.813 | 29.982 | 1.12 2.621 | 6.133 1 3.12 9.734 | 30.371 | 94.759 | 2.25 | 7.020 | 21.902 1 3.81 14.516 | 55.306 | 210.717, 4.28 | 16.307 | 62.128 5 11.61 | 32.768 | 102.761 | 341.750 11.35 | 29.770 | 94.604 Tit dé suy ra cdc he s6 : a,,a,,a, cita da thite xp xi P,(x) cho tit hé phuong trinh -40-Dé dn tot nghiép Sa, +11,6la, +32,768a, =11,35 11,6 1a, +32.768a, +102,761a, = 29,770 (4-6) 32,7684, +102,761a, + 341,750a, = 94,604 Giai hé phuong trinh (4 — 6), ta c6 a, = 3,045; a, =—4,043; a, =1,009. Do dé da thie xap xi cfin tim c6 dang P(x) =5,045 ~4,043x-+1,009x7. Dé so sfnh cdc y, v6i P,(x,) va chudn bi tinh sai s6 trung binh phuong o, ta thuc hién tinh toan trén bang 7. Bang 7 x y Pia) | Px@)-y | [Ps -y]* 078 | 2,50 | 2,505 | 0,005 | 0,000025 1,56 | 1,20 | 1,194 | -0,006 0,000036 234 | 1,12 | 1,110 | -0,010 | 0,000100 3,12 | 2,25 | 2,252 | 0,002 | 0,000004 3,81 | 4,28 | 4,288 | 0,008 | 0,000064 Suy ra YRw} =0,000229. Va sai s6 trung binh phuong o,= |4.0,000229) =0,007. V 2Vidu2 Bai todn: Ap dung phuong phap binh phutong t6i thigu dé tim da thife bac 3: P(x)=a,+ax+a,x°+a,x'_ xap xi véi ham cho theo bang 6 thi du 1. Trong thf du nay ta cé m = 3, n= 5 va tir bang 1 ta thu duge bang 8 dé tinh cc hé s6 ciia phuong trinh chudn. (Qué tinh tinh tosn duge thyc hign véi 3 chit sé sau dau phy). -41-Dé in tot nghi a e y 7® 1) ay T [078 [0608 [047s [0370 [0.289 (0225 2.50 [1950 | 1.520 | 1.186 1/156 | 2,434 | 3,796 | 5922 | 9,239 | 14413 | 1,20 | 1.872 | 2,921 | 4,556 1 |234 [5,476 | 12,813 | 29982 | 70,158 | t6471 | 1,12 | 2621 | 6,133. | 14,350 1/312 | 9,734 | 30,371 | 94,759 | 295,647 | 922,418 | 2,25 | 7,020 | 21,902 | 68,335 1 | 381 | 14,516 | 55,306 | 210,717 | 802,832 | 3088,791 | 4028 | 16,307 | 62,128 | 236,711 S| 11,61 | 32,768 | 102,761 | 341,750 | 1178,165 | 4160,017 | 11,35 | 29,770 | 94,604 | 305,139 Nhu vay cdc hé sO a,,,,a,,a, cia da thie xp xi P(x) a nghiém cia he phuong trinh sau Sa, +11,61a, +32, 768a, +102,761a, = 11,35 | 11,614, + 32,7684, + 102,76 1a, +341, 750a, = 29,770 4-9 32,7684, + 102,76 1a, +341, 7502, +1178,165a, = 94,604 (102,76 1a, +341,750q, + 1178,165a, + 4160,017a, =325,139 hé phuong trinh (4 7) ta c6: $,002 ; a, =-3,978 ; a, =0,984; a, =0,003, Do dé da thie xap xi cén tim 6 dang P,(x) = 5,002 —3,978x + 0,984x? +.0,003x°. (4-8) Dé so sinh cde y, vi P,(x) va tinh sai strung binh phuong o, ta thc hién tinh toan trén bang 9. Lép: Todn Tin_2—K48Dé dn tt nghiép Bing 9 x y PQ) POx)-y | [R@x)-»f 0,78 2,50 2,504, 0,004 0,000016 1,56 1,20 1,195 -0,005 0,000025 2,34 1,12 1,114 -0,006, 0,000036 3,12 2,25 2,251 0,001 0,000001 3,81 4,28 4,286 0,006 0,000036 -43- Sinh vién thiec hién: Biti Van Bang Lép: Todn Tin_2~ K48Dé in tot nghi w 3.2.1 Vidu 1 Da thtic truc giao Bai tofn: Xap xi ham cho trong c6t (2) va (3) cita bing 10 sao cho sai s6 trung binh phuong ciia cong the xdp xi khong vugt qué 0,1. Véin=11 ee 1 0,15411 | 19,47 | 0,02375 | 0,00366 | 0.00056 | 3,00052 0,46241 379,08 2 | 0,19516 | 21,83 | 0,03809 | 0,00743 | 0,00145 | 4,26034 0,83150 476,55 3 | 0,22143 | 23,11 | 0,04903 | 0,01086 | 0,00240 | 5,11725 1,13308, 534,07 4 =| 0,28802 | 26,11 | 0,08296 | 0,02389 | 0,00688 | 7,52020 2,16609 681,73 5 | 0,32808 | 27,60 | 0,10764 | 0,03531 | 0,01159 | 9,05501 2,97086 761,76 6 | 0,38183 | 28,89 | 0,14579 | 0,05567 | 0,02126 | 11,03107 | 4,21187 824,63 7 =| 0,45517 | 33,17 | 0.20718 | 0,09430 | 0,04292 | 15,09799 | 6,87216 1100,25 8 | 0,57012 | 33,38 | 0,32504 | 0,18531 | 0,10565 | 19,03061 | 10,84984 | 1114,22 9 | 0,57930 | 32,31 | 0,57654 —0,43776 | 0,33239 | 24,53298 | 18,62801 | 1043,94 10 | 0,91075 | 31,88 | 0,82947 | 0,75544 | 0,68801 | 29,03471 | 26,44350 | 1016,33 11 | 0,13895 | 25,46 | 1,29721 | 1,47745 | 1,68275 | 28,99767 | 33,02697 | 648,21 > | 5,40292 | 303,21 | 3,68270 | 3,08708 | 2,89586 | 156,67835 | 107,59629 | 8590,77 Xét m = 1 va fim ham xap xi o6 dang M(x) =4,R,(x) + aR (x) =a, +4,R,(x). @-) Dé tinh M,(x) ta lap cf le Rix)=x-—> x, = sax TD Nghia la a, 11 —0,49117. 5,40292 = x -0,49117. cét (2), (3), (4), (7) cba bang 10, tir dé ta c6 Lép: Todn Tin_2—K48Dé dn tot nghiép Sy Dy, Khi ds a, = 2p) 303,21 Yop OT = 27,5645. va LRP =e vad, 68270 — 0,49117.5,40292 = 1,02895. Dy,R%) = Dy,x, + a, Dy, = 156,67835 — 49117.303,21 =7, 75069, Dy RG) 7,15069 YRC, yp 1.02899 7,5315. Thay két qua bing s6 a, a,, R,(x) vio (2~ 1) M,(x) = 275645+7,5315(x—0,49117) = 23,8653 + 7,53 15x. Sai sé trung binh phuong 1a Theo yéu céu ciia bai todn thi sai sO cdn I6n (0 <0,1). Bai vay chiing ta cin tang cp cita da thite xap xi M,,(x) len mot don vi. Cu thé ta can lap ham xap xi M(x) = a,Ro (x) + aR, (x) + aR, (x) = My (x) + aR, (x). (2-2) Dé tim M,(x) trong dang (2 — 2) ta chi can tim them a, va R,(x). Trong qué tinh nay ta thyc hién tinh toan & cot (5), (6) va 8). Va ta cé. -45-Dé dn tot nghiép YxRO s[R, (x) J = 1.02895. a a x [ROE =Dx +a, SF aN xR )= = 3,08708—0,49117.3, 68270 —0,49117.1,02895 = 0, 77286. Vay dya vao cae cong thife (5 ~ 11) va (5 ~ 12) ta cé: u TAROT ors STreayp 102895 YRevy =-0,75112. Dak) el 102895 =—0,09354, Tit d6 dp dung (5 — 10) ta suy ra RC) = (2+ BR) + YRo(X) = = (x-0,75112)(x-0,49117)—0,09354 =x? =1,24229x +.0,27539. Nghia la a” =—1,24229; a!” =0,27539, Dé tinh a, truéc hét ta dua trén (5 — 36) ta cd Sy R= dy eal’S ys, +a, = = 107, 59629 + (—1,24229).156, 67835 + 0,27539.303, 21 = —3, 54263 Dya trén (5 — 20) ta c6 -46-Dé dn tot nghiép YiRor Ex rary 2,89586—1,24229. 156, 67835 + 27539.3,68270 = 0,07498. Tit dé Ap dung cong thite (5 ~ 5) ta duge -47,24767 , Tir a,va R,(x) mdi tim duge, tré lai (5 — 38) ta cb M, (x) = 23,8653 + 7,5315x—47,24767(x? ~1,24229x +0,27539) = = 10,8537 + 66,2226x —47,247673x Dé tinh sai sé trung binh phuong cia da thtte xp xi M(x) ta tinh {ee ~a,[y,Ry]-a, [nfo [y.&]= a u =174,57- a, >) y,R,(x,) =174,57 — (-47,24767).(-3,54263) = 7,19. a Ap dung cong thie (5 — 6) ta tim duge sai strung binh phuong d6i voi da thie xp xi M, (x) 1a in =4f-—-7,19 = 0,08, u \g Sai sO nay da thoa man diéu kién bai todn (a < 0,1). Do d6. ta c6 thé ding da thite bac hai M, (x) dé xap xi ham da cho. -47-Dé dn tot nghiép Vay ham xp xi tim duge Ia: y=10,8537 + 66,2226x —47, 247672". Trong trudng hyp néu yeu c bai toan cén nho hon nifa thi ta tiép tuc tang cp cia da thitc lén réi tinh. O day ta xét m = 3 tic 18 ta fim ham xdp xi M,(x) = ayRy(x) + 4,R, (x) + aR, (x) + a,Ry(x) = M(x) +4, R, (x). Dé tim M,(x)ta chi can tinh them a, va R,(x). Trong qué trinh tinh tosn nay ta thyc hién qué trinh tinh toan & cde c6t (7), (8) va (11) ela bang 11. Bang 11 i 6 3 % xP Lx x; XY; 1 2 sf 4 5 6 7 ® ° 10 n 2 2 | 0.19816 | 21.83, | o,03809 | 0.00743 | o.0014s | 0.00028 | 0.00006 | 4.26034 | 083150 | 0,16227 | 47655, 3 | o2aiss | 23,11 | 0.04903 | o.r08e | o,00240 | 0.00083 | o.o0012 | 5.11728 | 1.13308 | o2sos1 | s3407 & | oassoa | 26,11} 0.08206 | o,s23e0 | o,006ss | 0.00198 | o.oosr | 72020 | 2,10609 | oszsse_ | o8i.73 5 | o32s0s | 27.60 | ozo76e | 003531 | 0.1159 | o,00380 | 0125 | 90ssor | 297086 | ogress. | 761.76 6 | oseiss | asa | 0.14579 | 0.05567 | o,02126 | o.oos12 | o.onsio | tiosto7 | azins7 | 1.60827 | n2a.6s 1 | o4ssi7 | 33.7 | o207s | 0.00430 | 004292 | 0.01954 | oosso | is.09799 | ss7216 | 3.12800 | 110025 8 | oszorz | 3338 | 032504 | 0.18531 | 0.10865 | o.n6o2s | 0.03434 | 1903061 | 1ossens | 6.18865 | 1114.22 9 | os7930 | 321 | os76ss | 043776 | 0.33239 | o2sase | o.ipi6s | 243298 | is2s01 | a,tasi6 | t083.96 10 | opio7s | 3188 | 082987 | 075544 | o.6ssor | 0.62601 | 0.57068 | 2903471 | 26,4350 | 2408329 | 1016.33 11 | o.sees | 25.46 | 129721 | 174s | 168278 | 1.91865 | 2.18297 | 2899767 | 33,0267 | 378129 | 6521 , | Saoase | sos2n | 368270 | sosras | 2ssses | 2sn0zs | 2s0ass | assoraas | s07svez9 | ss.i1e | asv0.77 -48- Sinh vién thiec hién: Biti Van Bang Lép: Todn Tin_2~ K48Dé dn tot nghiép Thue hign tinh toan tuong ty cudi cling ta thu duge két qui nhu sau R,(x) = x5 1904862? + 1,02568x — 0,14671. a, =-81,15472 Vay ham xdp xi la M,(x) = 7,80766 + 87,58329x ~ 87,13260x? +21,11428x°. Sai s6 trung binh phwtong 12: 0,06543. 3.2.2 Vidu 2 Bai toan: Trong sch “Hod hoc ca sé” cia Mendéléep, khi nghién ettu sy phy thuge gita dQ hoa tan y ca mudi NaCO, trong nuée véi nhigt dQ t ela hén hop téc gid da dua ra 9 thf nghiém vé su phu thudc gitta lung NaCO , hoa tan trong 100g nude (cot 2 va ot 3 cia bing 11), ti d6 két Iuan rang su phy thuge gitta y va t cho bai cong thite: ¥=67,5+0,87t. Bay gid ta sé lam lai qué trinh tinh todn ding phuong phép xp xi him da thite true giao dé kiém tra két luan néi tren. Ta sé ding da thifc truc giao dé xay dung him xap xi M_,,(x) 6 dayn=9 va m= 1 va ham xap xi cén tim c6 dang M(x) = aR (x) + a,R, (2) = ay + a,R,(x). Tit bing 12 ta cé -49-Dé dn tot nghiép 134 =x~26. 9 Nghia la: a7, =-26, 9 DRO) LY 81 S LL = 83 og aaa, PRay 2? , =10144 — 26.234 = 4060. 9 9 Yatad, = 24628, 6 — 26.811,3 =3534,8. DIRE) — 55548 Spry 400 a =0,87064. Thay két qua bing s6 clia a,,a,,R,(x) ta.c6 M, (x) =90,1444 + 0,87064(x — 26) = 0,87064x +67,50776. (Nhu vay két luan ciia Mendéléep vé him phu thuéc y(t) Ia diing). Sai sé trung binh phutong ciia da thite xp xi IA o,= ; 48 0,864 -50-Dé dn tot nghiép i x | x | xy, x 1 0 66,7 0 0 | 4448,890 2 4 110 16 284 | 5041,000 3 10 | 763 | 100 | 763 | 5821,690 4 15 80,6 225 1209 6496,360 5 21 | 85,7 | 441 | 1799,7 | 734,490 6 29 | 92,9 | 841 | 2694,1 | 8630,410 7 36 | 99,4 | 1296 | 35784 | 980,360 8 si | 1126 | 2601 | 5793,6 | 2904,960 9 68 | 1251 | 4624 | 8506,8 | 5650,010 x 234 | 811,3 | 10144 | 24628,6 | 6218,170 Sai s6 nhw trén cdn qué I6n, dé lam gidm sai s6 ta cén tang cap cia da thite len mot don vi (m= 2). M, (x) = 4,R, (x) + a,R,(2) + aR, (x) = M(x) + aR, (x) Dé tim M,(x) ta cén tinh them a,,R,(x). Trong qué trinh nay ta thy hign nhiing tinh toan (5), (6), (8) 6 bang 13. -51-Dé in tot nghi Ty fy | eo | x oxy, | oxy | ow 0 | 667 o | 0 oO 0 4448,890 4 | 70 | 16 64 256 284, 1136 | 5041,000 10 | 763 | 100 | 1000 | 10000 763 7630 | 5821,690 15 | 80,6 | 225 | 3375 50625 1209 18135 | 6496,360 21 | 85,7 | 441 | 9261 | 194481 | 1799,7 | 37793,7 | 734,490 29 | 92,9 | 841 | 24389 | 707281 | 26941 | 78128,9 | 8630,410 36 | 99.4 | 1296 | 46656 | 1679616 | 3578,4 | 128822,4 | 980,360 51 | 1126 | 2601 | 132651 | 6765201 | 5793,6 | 295473,6 | 2904,960 68 | 125.1 | 4624 | 314432 | 21381376 | 85068 | 578462,4 | 5650,010 y] 234 | 8113 | 10144 | 531828 | 30788836 | 24628,6 | 1145582 | 76218,170 Cae w2aueun Thuc hién tinh toan tuong ty nhu 6 thi du trudc, cudi cing ta sé thu duge két qua nhu sau Cac hé da thifc truc gia RQ) =1; R(x) =x—26; R,(x) = x? — 66,03054.x + 589, 68298 Ham xap xi M,(x) = 66,70619 + 0,96040x — 0,00136x7. Sai s6 trung binh phuong: 0,61343. Tiép tuc lam giam sai s6 ta lai tang cap ca da thite lén mét don vi dé tinh toan. Lép: Todn Tin_2—K48Dé dn tot nghiép 3.3 Da thifc long gic Bai todn: Tim da thitc luong gidc céip 2: T,(x) xp xi ham cho trén cac cot (2), (3) ea bang 12 duéi day Bang 12 if | cosx; | sinx; | cos2x; sin2x; | y;cosx;| y;sinx;| yjcos2x; | 182% ole} }lololo|o |» | | w | aw 1] 0° [2611 ]0,866 | 0,500 | 0,500 | 0,865 | 2,261 | 1,308 | 1,305 | 2.261 2 | 60" }3,120 |0,500 | 0866 | 0,500 0,866 | 1,551 | 2.686 | 1.581 | 2,686 3 | 90° }2,912 |0.000 | 1,000 | 1,000 | 0,000 | 0,000 | 2912 | 2.912 | 0,000 4 | 120° | 2,105. | 0,500 | 0,866 | 0,500 | -0,866 1823 | -1052 | -1,823 5 | 150° ] 0.612 | 0,866 | 0,500 | 0,500 |-0,865 | -0,530 | 0,306 | 0,308 | -0,530 6 | 1go° | -1.321 |-1,000 | 0,000 | 1,000 0,000 | 1,321 | 0,000 | -1,321 | 0,000 7 | a1oe | -1.906 | 0.866 | 0.500 | 0500 0,866 | 1,651 | 093 |-0.953 | 1.681 8 | 240° | 2412 | 0,500 | -0,866 | 0,500 | 0,866 | 1.206 | 2,089 | 1,208 | -2.089 9 | 270° |-2.802 | 0,000 | -1,000]-1,000 0,000 | 0000 | 2,802 | 2,802 | 0,000 10 | 300° | -2,703 | 0,500 | -0,866 | -0,500 |-0866 | -13581 f23a fast | 2,341 11 | 330° |-1.610 ] 0866 |-0,500| 0500 | 066 | -1,394 | o.80s | -o805 | 1,304 12 | 360° | 1,500 | 1,000 |-0,000| 1,000 | 0,000 | 1,500 | 0,000 | 1,500 | 0,000 z 0,088, ssa | 18022 |-0,124 | 2,589 Qué trinh tinh cic hé sé @,, a, a, B, B, ct cot (3), (8), (9), (10), (11). lugt cho trong cée Vay ta 06 -83- Sinh vién thye hién: Bui Van Bang Lép: Todn Tin_2~K48Dé dn tot nghiép 2.859 12 p,=+5 y, sin2x, = 23°? = 0,432, By sy 7 Nhu vay ta thu dug ham xp xi LA T, (x) = 0,007 + 0,860. cos x +3,004.sin x—0,021.cos 2x +0,432.sin 2x, -54-Dé dn tot nghiép CHUONG IV SO DO KHOI BIEU DIEN THUAT TOAN VA CHUGNG TRINH VIET BANG NGON NGUC 4.1 SO DO KHOI BIEU DIEN THUAT TOAN 4.1.1 Truong hop dang da thite Nhap m, n x,y, i= Ln Tinh G,= Sox! (k= 1.2m) %,=Yvat (e=0.m) Dat a, =G, isl.m,j=1.ntl Giai hé phuong trinh A.X=Y Tinh sai s6: =35- Sinh vién thiec hién: Biti Van Bang Lép: Todn Tin_2~ K48Dé dn tot nghiép 4.1.2 Trudng hop ding da thite truc Sma Nhap m,n “Eso Ru = CFB RO +HaR a) rare} DVR) JR, (%,) SRG c Két thie >) =56- Sinh vién thiec hién: Biti Van Bang Lép: Todn Tin_2~ K48Dé dn tot nghiép Trudng hop ding da thie luong gic g 1 2 . > y, Cos rx 2 =D y,sinrx, B 7h? 7 T(x) =a, + (a, cosrx + f,sinrx) -37- Sinh vién thiec hién: Biti Van Bang Lép: Todn Tin_2~ K48Dé dn tot nghiép 42 C. > KET QUA CHAY CHUONG TRINH 4.2.1 Trudng hop da thite dai so Nhap mu quan sat n =5. Nhap céc gid tri x,,y,, x 0,78 1,56 2,34 3,12 381 Y 2,5 1,20 1,12 2,25 4,28 * Nhap m = 2 thi két qua chay chuong trinh: Ham xap xi: 1,02341x? - 4,01426x + 5,022148 Sai sé — : 0,002724, * Nhap m = 3 thi két qua chay chuong tinh: Ham xap xi: 0,002645x? + 0,984154x? - 3,97771x + 5,002113. Sai sé: 0,00190. 4.2.2. Trudng hop da thifc truc giao Nhap s6 mau quan sat n= 9 (Thi nghiém trong séch hod hoc co sé cita Mendeléep nghién cttu vé sur phu thudc gitta do hoa tan clia NaCO, trong nutéc véi nhiét 46 cita hén hop). Nhap cfc gid tri x,,y,. x [0] 4] 0] i | 2 | 9 | 3% | Sl | Y | 66,7 | 71,0 | 76,3 | 80,6 | 85,7 | 92,9 | 99,4 | 113,6 | 125,1 © Nhdp m =I thi két qua chay chuong trinh: Ham hé true giao co sé 1a: R(x) =1. R(x)=x-26. Ham xap xi: 0,87064x + 67,507794. Sai s6 0,84607; -58-Dé dn tot nghiép © Nhap m =2 thi két qua chay chuong trinh: Ham hé tryc giao co sé la: R,(x) = x° — 6603054x + 589, 68298 Ham xap xi: - 0,001359x? + 0,960401x + 66,706187 Sai sé: 0,613428 4.2.3. Truong hop da thitc long giéc Nhap s6 mau quan sat n = 12. Nhap céc gid tri x,, y,. * J 30° 60” | 90” | 120” | 150° | 180" | 210° | 240° | 270° | 300° | 330° | 360° y [ei [soa [2912 -ai0s | O12 |-1sa1 [i908 |-2a12 | R02 | 2.703 [1610 | 1500 © Nhap m =2 thi két qua chay chuong trinh: Ham xap xi 0,00733 +0,68025cosx +3,0377sinx ~ 0,02058cos2x +0,4317Isin2x. Sai s6 : 0,44192. * Nhap m = 3 thi két qua chay chuong trinh: Ham xap xi 0,00733 + 0,68025cosx +3,0377sinx ~ 0,02058cos2x +0,4317 Lsin2x + 0,35250cos3x + 0,17083sin3x. 31921. Sai s -59-Dé dn tot nghiép KET LUAN Phuong phap binh phutong t6i thiéu lap cong thtte tir thyc nghiém 1A mot bai tosn co bin hay gap trong toan hoc cing nhut trong thyc té ddi sOng. Thong qua phuong phép nay ta cé thé tim ra duge gan nut chinh xéc da thite ban dau. Thong qua chwong trinh cy thé viét trén ngon ngit lap trinh C thi ta c6 thé thay phin nao tinh uu viet cita phuong php nay. Tuy nhién do su han ché vé thdi gian va kinh nghiém nén dé An tot nghigp chia em khé trénh khdi cdn cé nhiing thiu s6t trong céch trinh bay cing nhu chuong trinh. Do dé em rit mong sif thong cim ciia cdc thay c6 gio vA mong nhan duge nhiéu ¥ kién déng g6p quy bau tir cdc thay c6 gido va cdc ban. Em xin chan thanh cam on! -60-» Dé dn tot nghiép TAI LIEU THAM KHAO . Pham Ky Anh, Gidi tich so. Nha xuat ban dai hgc quéc gia , 1996. . Ta Van Dinh, Lé Trong Vinh, Phuong phdp tinh, Nha xuat ban dai hoe va trung hoc chuyén nghiép, 1983. . Phan Van Hap, Nguyén Quy Hy, Hé Thuan, Nguyén Cong Thiy, Co sd phuong phdp tinh, Nha xudt bin Dai hoc va trung hoc chuyén nghigp. . Lé Trong Vinh, Gidi tich so, Nha xuat ban khoa hoc va ky thuat, 2000. . Duong Thily Vy, Gido trinh phuong phap tinh, Nha xuat ban khoa hoc ky thuat , 2005, -61-Dé dn tot nghiép MUC LUC Trang Chuong I Phuong phép binh phuong t6i thiéu lap cong thitc tir thye nghiém: 1.1. Gidi thigu chung... 1.1.1, Dat van dé. 1.1.2. Bai toan dat ra. 1.2. Sai s6 trung binh phuong va phuong phdp binh phuong tdi thiu tim xp xi tot nhat véi mot ham....... 1.2.1, Sai s6 trang binh phuong............ 1.2.2. Dinh nghia... 1.2.3. ¥ nghia cita sai sé trung binh phuong... 1.2.4, Xap xi hm theo nghia tung binh phuong Chuong II Cc phuong phip xp xi: 2.1. Xap xi ham trong thuc nghiém 2.1.1, Dinh nghia 2.1.2. Noi dung... 2.1.3. Sai s6 1a phuong phap 2.1.4. Ma rong trén hé tryc giao dé don gidn héa két qua, 2.1.4.1. Dinh nghia.... 2.1.4.2. Tigp cn Idi gidi... 2.1.4.3. Sai s6 cita phutong phap 2.1.4.4. Chi 2.2. Xap xi ham trong thue nghiém bing da thifc dai s6. 2.2.1, Dat van dé... -62-Dé dn tot nghiép 2.2.2. Tiép can loi gi 2.2.3, Sai s6 trung binh, 2.2.4. Trutng hop cde méc cach déu.......... 2.3, Xap xi ham trong thyc nghiém bang da thife true giao... 20 2.3.1, Dinh nghia hé ham trye giao... cesses 2.3.2. 2.3.3. it vin dé. i dung ciia phutong phap............. 2.3.4, Sai s6 cia phueng phap... 2.4. Xap xi ham trong the nghiém bang da thie Igng gide............ 32 2.4.1. Dinh nghia da thifc lung gidc 2.4.2. Thuat oan... Chuong III Céc vi du minh hea: 3.1. Da thite dai s6, 3.1.1. Vidy 1 3.1.2. Vidu 2. 3.2. Da thife truc giao. 3.2.1. Vidy 1 3.2.1. Vidu 2. 3.3. Da thife Itong gide..... esses Chuong IV SO DO KHOI BIEU DIEN THUAT TOAN VA CHUONG TRINH VIET BANG NGON NGU C: 4.1. So dé khéi biéu dién thuat toan, 54 54, 4.1.1. Trutmg hop dang da thife dai $0.....0.-.cesseesseeseeseeeeeee 4.1.2. Tring hop dang da thite tryc giao 4.1.3. Trung hop dang da thie Itong gidc. » 56 -63-Dé dn tot nghiép 4.2. Két qua chay chuong trinh.. 4.2.1. Trutmg hgp da thite dai s 4.2.2. Tring hyp da thite true giao. 4.2.3, Trutng hop da thife long gide........ sees Ket luan... Tai ligu tham kha -64-