Chap. 473, 474, 48, 4.76. 47. 478. 4 Problems 373 function of temperature from the freezing point to SOOK, and fit the following function: pe stp [a4b In T+. (In TY +d (In TP) where p is in kPa and Tis in K. Estimate the vapor pressure of ethyl ether at 40°C given (a) The melting point is -119.8°C at which temperature the vapor pressure is (0.0027 mm Hg, and the normal boiling point is at 34.6°C: (b) The experimental values as follows: prkPay 253 150 589 TEC: 40.0 -10.0 200 In each case compare with the experimental value. Prepare a Cox chart for (a) Acetic acid vapor (©) Ammonis (b) Heptane (@) Ethanol from to the critical point (for each substance). Compare the estimated vapor pressure atthe critical point with the critical pressure, From the following data, estimate the vapor pressure of sulfur dioxide at 100°C; the actual vapor pressure is about 29 atm, ie, lo 63 321 SS, > (atm) 5 10 Section 4.4 ‘A large chamber contains dry Nz at 27°C and 101.3 kPa. Water is injected into the chamber, After saturation of the N with water vapor, the temperature inthe chamber is 27°C (a) What is the pressure inside the chamber after sat {b) How many moles of H,O per mole of ture? ation? i, are present in the saturated mix- ‘The vapor pressure of hexane (C,H,,) at -20°C air at this temperature is saturated with the vapor under a total pressure of 760 smimig, What is the percent excess ai for combustion? In a search for new fumigants, chloropicrin (CC1,NO,) has been proposed. To be effective, the concentration of chloropicrin vapor must be 2.0% in air. The easiest way 10 get this concentration is 19 satwrake aig with chloropierin from a ‘container of liguig. Assume that the pressure on the contaimer is YOO KPa ‘Mat temperature should be used to [mm Hg absolute. Dry eve the 2.0% concentra book, the vapor pressuee data are (F,°C: vapor pressure, ran & 5, 13.8; 20, 18.3; 25, 23.8: 30.3 ror 4 hand ): 8, 3.7; 10 ature and pressure, how many kg of ehloropicrin sre neede: to saturate 100 m° of air?374 479, 480. 481. 4.82. 483. 484, Gases, Vapors, Liquids, and Solids. Chap. 4 Suppose that you place in a volume of dry gas that is in @ lexible container a quantity of liguid, and allow the system to come to equilibrium at constant tem Perature and total pressure. Will the Volume of the container increase. decrease ‘or stay the same from the inital conditions? Suppose thatthe container is of a fixed instead of flexible volume, and the temperature is held constant as the lg, uid vaporizes. Will the pressure increase, decrease or remain the same in the container? One way that safety enters into specifications is t specify the composition of a ‘apor in air that could bum if ignited. Ifthe range of concentration of benzene in air in which ignition could take place is 1.4 to 8.0 percent, what would be the corresponding temperatures fr ar saturated with benzene in the vapor space of a storage tank? The total pressure in the vapor space is 100 KPa, [f sufficient water is placed in a dry gas at 15°C and 100 kPa to thoroughly satu- fate it, what would be the pressure after saturation, the temperature and volume remaining constant? Ina dry cleaning establishment warm dey air is blown through a evolving drum in which clothes are tumbled until all of the Stoddard solvent is removed. The Solvent may be assumed to be n-octane (C,H;s) and have a vapor pressure of 2.36 in. Hy at 120°F. If the air becomes saturated with octane, calculate the (@) Pounds of air required to evaporate one pound of octane: () Percent octane by volume in the gases leaving the drum; (©) #8 of inlet air required per Ib of octane. The barometer reads 29.66 in, He. Figure P4.83 shows a typical n-butane loading facility. To prevent explosions either (a) additional butane must be added to the intake lines (a case not shown) {o raise the concentration of butane above the upper explosive limit (UEL) of 8.5% butane in air, oF (b) air must be added (as shown in the figure) to keep the butane concentration below the lower explosive limit (LEL) of 1.9%. The ‘butane gas leaving the water seal is at a concentration of 1.5%, and the exit 208 is saturated with water (at 20°C). The pressure ofthe gas leaving the water seal is 120.0 kPa. How many m? of air per minute at 20.0°C and 100.0 kPa must be drawn through the system by the burner if the joint leakage from a single tank car and two trucks is 300em‘%min at 20.0°C and 100.0 kPa? Note: The emission standards for loading are 5.7 mg/L in San Francisco and 12 mg/L. for ships in Louisiana, When people are exposed to certain chemicals at relatively low bat toxic con- centrations, the toxic effects are only experienced after prolonged exposures Mercury is such a chemical. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of merry can cause permanent mental deterioration, anorexia, instability, insomnia, pain and numbness in the hands and feet, and several other symptoms. The level of mercury that can cause these symptoms can be present in the atmosphere with- ‘ut a worker being aware of it because such low concentrations of mercury in the air cannot he seen or smelled, Federal standards based on the toxicity of various chemicals have been setp.4 rome of a lig the ofa the cof re of -n) he cit it le Chap. 4 Problems 375 4388. \\ Fuel gas | He Figure P4.83 for the “Permissible Exposure Limit,” or PEL. These limits are set by the Occu- pational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), The PEL is the maximum level of exposure permitted in the workplace based on a time weighted average (TWA) exposure. The TWA exposure is the average concentration permitted for exposure day after day without causing adverse effects. It is based on expo: sure for 8 hours per day for the worker's lifetime. ‘The present Federal standard (OSHA/PEL) for exposure to mercury in air is 0.1 mg/m? as a ceiling value. Workers must be protected from concentrations greater than 0.1 mg/m: if they are working in areas where mercury is being used, Mercury manometers are filled and calibrated in a small store room that has 1 ventilation. Mercury has been spilled in the storeroom and is not completely cleaned up because the mercury runs into cracks and eracks in the floor cover ing. What is the maximum mercury concentration that can be reached in the storeroom if the temperature is 20°C? You may assume that the room has n0 ventilation and that the equilibrium concentration will be reached. Is this level acceptable for worker exposure? Daia: py = 1.729 x 10-4 kPa; the barometer reads 99,5 kPa. This problem has been adapted from the problems in the publi- cation Safety, Health, and Loss Prevention in Chemical Processes published by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York (1990) with permis- When you fil your gas tank or any closed vessel, the air in the tank rapidly be- comes saturated with the vapor of the liquid entering the tank. Consequently, as air leaves the tank and is replaced by liquid, you can often smell the fumes of the liquid around the filling vent such as with gasoline,Tt sperauatind 376 4.86. re 4.88. Gases, Vapors, Liquids, and Solids Chap. 4 ‘Suppose that you are filling a closed five-gallon can with benzene at 75°F, Alter the air is saturated, what will be the moles of benzene per mole of air ex pelled from the can? Will this value exceed the OSHA limit for benzene in ait (currently 0.1 mg/em3)? Should you fill a can in your garage with the door shut in the winter? A synthesis gas ofthe following composition: 4.5% CO, 26.0% CO, 13.0% Hy. 0.5% CH, and 56.0% N, is burned with 10% excess air. The barometer reads 98 kPa. Calculate the dewpoint of the stack gas. To prevent condensation and consequent corrosion, the stack gases must be kept well ubave their dewpoint, CH, is completely bumed with air. The outlet gases from the bumer, which contain no oxygen, are passed through an absorber where some of the water is, removed by condensation. The gases leaving the absorber have a nitrogen mole fraction of 0.8335. Ifthe exit gases from the absorber are at 130°F and 20 psia, calculate: (a) To what temperature must this gas be cooled at constant pressure in order to start condensing more water? (b) To what pressure must this gas be compressed at constant temperature be- fore more condensation will occur? Section 4.5 For any flammable compound to burn in air, a minimum concentration of the flammable gas or vapor must exist atthe existing temperature. The minimum concentration at which ignition will occur is called the lower flammable limit (LFL). Ifthe flammable material is normally a liquid, the liquid must be warm ‘enough to provide a vapor-air mixture equal in fuel concentration atleast to the LFL concentration, The LFL is determined by experiment using a standard ‘method called a “closed cup flash point” test. The “flash point” of « liquid fuel is thus the liquid temperature at which the concentration of fuel vapor in air is large enough for a flame to flash across the surface of the fuel if an ignition source is present. The flash point of a liquid mixture in equilibrium with its vapor can be esti- ‘mated by finding the temperature at which the concentration of the flammable vapors in air satisfy the following relation EQ/LFL)= 1.0 ‘where y; is the vapor phase mole fraction of component i and LFL, isthe lower flammable limit mole fraction of component i, For ideal solutions, Raoult’s law can be used to calculate the values of y; given x, For nonideal solutions, more complex calculations are needed to get the vapor phase mole fractions, ‘The LFL values are 0.010 for n-octane, 0.0080 for n-nonane, and 0.0080 for n-decane in air. Estimate the flash point of a liquid mixture containing 60& Chap.4 Problems 377 FE mole percent m-octane, 13 mole percent n-nonane, and 25 mole percent ex. decane. To be safe, in filling drums and handling the solution, the temperature air should be well below the flash point, and the equipment grounded to discharge but static electricity. This problem has been adapted from the problems in the publi- cation Safety, Health, and Loss Prevention in Chemical Processes published by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York (1990) with permis. 4.89. Most combustible reactions occur in the gas phase. For any flammable material to bum both fuel and oxidizer must he present, and a minimum concentration of the flammable gas or vapor in the gas phase must also exist. The minimum con. centration at which ignition will occur is called the lower flammable limit (LFL). The liquid temperature at which the vapor concentcation reaches the LFL can be found experimentally, It is usually measured using a standard method called a “closed cup flash point” test. The “flash point” of a liquid fuel 0 is thus the liquid temperature at which the concentration of fuel vapor in air is large enough for a flame to flash across the surface of the fuel if an ignition source is present. The flash point and the LFL concentration are closely related through the ‘vapor pressure of the liquid. Thus, ifthe flash point is known, the LFL concen tration can be estimated, and ifthe LFL concentration is known, the flash point ccan be estimated. Estimate the flash point (the temperature) of liquid n-decane that contains 5.0 mole percent pentane. The LFL for pentane is 1.8% and that "= forn-decane is 08%. Assume the propane-n-decane mixture isan isl liquid. ; Assume the ambien pressure is 100 kPa, This preblom has been adaed bom ~ Safety, Health. and Loss Prevention in Chemical Proceses, eds i, Welker - " and; Springer, American Institue of Chemical Engineers, New York (1990, : wth permission " 4.90. Calculate the composition of the liquid that is in equilibrium with the following is vapor at 66°C: ethane (10.0%), propane (25.0%), iso-butane (30.0%), n-butane 7 (25%), and iso-pentane (10.0% 491. You are asked to determined the maximum pressure at which steam distillation ‘of naphtha can be carried out at 180°F (the maximum allowable temperature), ‘Steam is injected into the liquid naphtha to vaporize it. If (1) the distillation is carried out at 160°F, (2) the liguid naphtha contains 7.8% (by weight) non volatile impurities, and (3) if the initial charge to the distillation equipment is 1000 Ib of water and 5000 1b of impure naphtha, how muich water will be left in the still when the last drop of naphtha is vaporized? Data: For nahtha the MW is about 107, and p* (180°F) = 460 mm Hg, p*(160°R)= 318 mm Hg, . 492, Late in the evening of 21 August 1986 a large volume of toxic gas was re- leased from beneath and within Lake Nyos in the Northwest Province of Cameroon, An aerosol of water mixed with toxic gases swept down the val- leys to the north of Lake Nyos, leaving more than 1,700 dead and dying peo-378 493. 494, 498. Gases, Vapors, Liquids, and Solids Chap. 4 ple in its wake. The lake had a surface area of 1.48 km? and a depth of 200-250 m. Tt ook 4 days to refill the lake, hence it was estimated to have lost about 200,000 tons of water during the gas emission. To the south of the lake and in the small cove immediately to the cast of the spillway a wave rose to a height of about 25 m. ‘The conclusion of investigators studying this incident was thatthe waters of Lake Nyos were saturated with CO, of voleanic origin, Late in the evening of 21 Augusta pulse of voleanic gas—mainly CO, but containing some H,S—was released above a voleanic vent in the northeast comer ofthe lake. The stream of bubbles rising to the surface brought up more bottom waters highly charged with CO, that gushed out inereasing the gas flow and hence the flow of water to the surface much as a warm soda bottle overflows on release of pressute, At the surface, the release of gas transformed the accompanying water into a fine mist and sent a wave of water crashing across the lake, The aerosol of water and CO, mixed with a trace of H,S swept down the valleys to the north of the lake leav= ing a terible toll of injury and death in its wake. I the solution atthe bottom of the lake obeyed Henry's law, how much CO, ‘was released with the 200,000 metric tons of water, and what would be the volume of CO, at SC in cubic meters? At 25°C the Henry’s law constant is 1.7 x 10? aum/mol fe ‘A natural gas has the following analysis at 200 psi. Mole % Methane 78.0 Ethane 80 Propane 60 Butane 5.0 Pentane 30 Its temperature must be kept above what value to prevent condensation? If it ‘were cooled. what would be the composition of the liquid that first condenses ‘out of the gas? Gasoline is a mixture of numerous compounds. Assume for simplicity that gasoline consists of (in mole percent) 11.0% isobutane, 10.0% isopentane, nchexane 12.0%, n-heptane 7.0% and, the remained less volatile compounds ‘whose vapor pressure can be ignored for this problem. If you put gasoline in a sealed safety can at room temperature (76°F) and the can sis in your yard on a hot summer day (100°F), is it safe, that is, will the can deform or leak? It is tested t0 5.0 psig. Estimate the temperature at which 5 psig would be exceeded. Examine the statements below: (a) “The vapor pressure of gasoline is about 14 psia at 130°” (b) “The vapor pressure of the system, water furfural diacetate, is 760 mm Hy at 99.96°C.Chap.4 Problems 379 ap.4 Are the statements corect? If not, correct them. Assume the numerical values ch of are comet ae 4.96. A mixture of water (156), dimethyl acetamide (70%), and some inert liquid ike that has negligible vapor pressure (15%) i to be flashed at 194°F and 1.94 pia ‘The K values are water: 5.26 and dimethylacetamide: 0.64. How many moles of vapor and liquid are formed at equilibrium, and what are the mole fractions of the vapor and liquid components? a 497. A mixture of hydrocarbons consisting of an equal number of moles each of Propane, normal butane, and normal pentane is to be fractionated in a well insu lated column. Figure P4.97 shows the compositions and the overall material balance. The overhead product is completely condensed to a saturated liquid at 00°F. What is the temperature in the top tray of the column where the liquid vaporizes at equilibrium to form the overhead? Hint: Assume that the pressure a in the condenser is the same as that in the top tray Figure P4.97 4.98. A mixture of 50% benzene and 50% toluene is contained in a cylinder at 19.34 in. Hg absolute, Calculate the temperature range in which a two phase system can exist. 4.99. Calculate the liquid (L) and vapor (V) compositions and the temperature (in °E) : for the flash vaporization of the following feed stream (F) at 300 psia for a value of VF of (@) 03nd (b) 06. 6, values Component Mole Faction by n-Hexane 005 0 0.2713 x 102 0.0876x 10+ n-Pentane 0.20 0.5087 0.4625 x 102 0.1051 x 10+ iPentane 0.20 0.5926 0.5159 10-2 0.1094 x 104 n-Butane 0.20 0.2126 0.1064 x 10 iButne 0235 0.2606 0.1017 x 10380 4.100. 4.101. Gases, Vapors, Liquids, and Solids Chap. 4 ‘The equilibrium constants can be calculated from the relation K,=b + by(— 250) + by(T-250)? where Tis in °F. For what temperature range can the following mixture be part liquid and part ‘vapor at 100 psia? Mol % Propane 10 i-Butane 10 n-Butane 40 i-Pentane 10 n-Pentane 30 Total 106 A mixture of hydrocarbons has the following composition in mol %: Mol % CH 10 CH, 150 GH 250 ECM 140 mCiHy 250 mCHy 20.0 Total 100.0 ‘The mixture exists at pressure of 100 psia and is all in the vapor phase. (a) What is the minimum temperature st which it could be a vapor? (b) What mole & of the vapar is condensed ifthe mixture is cooled to 90°F? (€) Calculate she liquid and vapor compositions in part (b). (€) For the condition: in part (b), what percent of the total methane present isin the vapor Ge} What temperature is reguited to condense 40 mol % of the total (stil at 100 psiay? (6) What temperature is required (o condense 100% of the vapor? (g) 17 100,000 11 at S.C. of the original gas is intraduced into a separator at 100 psia and 90°F, how many g by the pump removing liquid from this separator? Assume that the liquid specific gravisies are the same at 60°F and 90°F, Note the important effect of the 1% CH, on the bubble point and the insignificant ef- fect of the pentane, Note also how the opposite is tru for the dew point nase? The pentane?p.4 part Chap. 4 4.102. 4.103. 4.104, 4.108, 4.110, 4a Problems 381 A vessel contains liquid ethanol, ethanol vapor, and Np gas, How many phases, ‘components, and degrees of freedom are there according to the phase rule. ‘The triple point and the ice point for water differ by 0.0095°C, Why? ‘What is the number of degrees of freedom according to the phase rule for each of the following systems: (a) Solid iodine in equilibrium with its vapor (b) A mixture of liquid water and liquid octane (which is immiscible in water) both in equilibrium with their vapors In the decomposition of CaCO; in a sealed container from which the air was initially pumped out, you generate CO, and CaO. If not all of the CaCO, de composes at equilibrium, how many degrees of freedom exist for the system ac- cording to the Gibbs phase rule? Section 4.6 1 a gas at 60.0°C and 101.6 kPa abs. has a molal humidity of 0.030, determine: (a) the percentage humidity (b) the relative humidity (©) the dewpoint ofthe gas (in °C) What is the relative humidity of 28.0 m? of wet air at 27.0°C that is found to contain 0.636 kg of water vapor? Air at 80°F and 1 atm has a dew point of 40°F. What isthe relative humidity of this air? If the air is compressed to 2 atm and 58°F, what i the relative humidity of the resulting air? {fa gas at 140°F and 30 in, Hg abs, has a molal humidity of 0,03 mole of per mole of dry air, calculate: (a) The percentage humidity (b) The relative humidity (%) (©) ‘The dew point of the gas (°F) The Weather Bureau reports a temperature of 90°F, a relative humidity of 85%, and a barometric pressure of 14,696 psia. (a) What is the molar humidity’? (b) What is the humidity (weight basis)? (©) What isthe percentage “absolute” humidity? (q) What is the saturation temperature or the dew point? (©) What is the number of degrees of superheat of the water vapor? (Determine the molar humidity and dew point if the air is heated to 105°R, the pressure remaining steady (2) Determine the molar humidity and dew point if the air is co pressure remaining steady (h) What fraction of the original water is condensed at 60°F? ‘The Environmental Protection Agency has promulgated @ national ambient ait {quality standard for hydrocarbons: 160 ye/m is the maximum 3-hr concentration 0 60°F, the382 412, 413. = 4114, 41S. 4.116, Gases, Vapors, Liquids, and Solids Chap. 4 not to be exeeedled more than once a year. It was arrived at by considering the role of hydrocarbons inthe formation of photochemical smog, Suppose that in an ex- hhaust gas benzene vapor is mixed with air t 25°C such that the partial pressure of the benzene vapor is 2.20 mm Hg. The total pressure is 800 mim Hg. Calculate: (a) The moles of benzene vapor per mole of gas (total) (b) The moles of benzene per mole of benzene free gas (€) The weight of benzene per unit weight of benzene-free gas (@) The relative saturation (©) The percent saturation (®) The micrograms of benzene per cubie meter (g) The grams of benzene per cubic foot ‘Does the exhaust gas concentration exceed the national quality standard? A constant volume bomb contains air at 66°F and 21.2 psia, One pound of tig- tid water is introduced into the bomb. The bomb is then heaied to a constant temperature of 180°F. After equilibrium is reached, the pressure in the bomb is 33.0 psia. The vapor pressure of water at 180°F is 7.51 psia (a) Did all ofthe water evaporate? ¢b) Compute the volume of the bomb in cubie feet (©) Compute the humidity of the air in the bomb at the final conditions in pounds of water per pound of ait. ‘A mixture of ethyl acetate vapor and air has a relative saturation of 50% at 30°C and a total pressure of 740 mm Hg. Calculate (a) the analysis of the vapor and (b) the molal saturation In a gas mixture there are 0,0083 Ib mol of water vapor per Ib mol of dry CH, at ‘a temperature of 80°F and a total pressure of 2 atm. (a) Calculate the relative saturation of this mixture. (b) Calculate the percentage saturation of the mixture (©) Calculate the temperature to which the mixture must be heated in order that the relative saturation becomes 20% Section 4.7 AA drier must remove 200 kg of H,O per hour from a certain material, Air at 22°C and 50% relative humidity enters the drier and leaves at 72°C and 80% relative humidity. What is the weight (in kg) of bone dry air used per hour? The barometer reads 103.0 KP (One thousand kg (1 metric ton) ofa slurry containing 10% by weight of CaCO, are to be filtered in & rotary vacuum filter. The filter cake from the filter con- tains 60% water, This cake is then placed into a drier and dried 10 a moisture content of 9.09 kg H,0/100kg CaCO), If the humidity of the air entering the Grier is 0.005 kg of water per kg of dry air and the humidity of the air leaving the drier is 0.0015 kg of water per kg of dry air, calculate: (a) the kg of water removed by the filter (b) the kg of wet air entering the drierChap.4 Problems 383 4 4.117. Methane gas contains CS, vapor in an amount such thatthe relative saturation ale at 35°C is 85%, To what temperature must the gas mixture be cooled ta con ex dense out 60% of the CS, by volume? The total pressure is constant at 750 min Hg and the vapor pressure of CS, is given by the following relation pre ISaT st 0 where p* = vapor pressure of CS; in mm Hg temperature in degrees Celcius, 4418, Recovery of solvents is essential under current regulations—they cannot be vented, Toluene has been evaporated into dry ait in a process at 38,0°C and 100.0 kPa. Measurements show a percentage saturation of 50.1 percent. You ‘want to condense 90 percent of the toluene by combination of cooling and compressing. If the temperature is reduced to 4.0°C, to what pressure (in kPa) must the gas be compressed”? You are asked to design a silica gel drier capable of removing 500 kg of water Per hour from a solid products. The water transferred from the solid to the silica Bel remains in the apparatus. Air is to be supplied to the drier at a temperature (of 54.0°C, a pressure of 100 kPa, and a dew paint of 30.0°C. Ifthe air leaves the ater at a temperature of 32.2°C, a pressure of 100 kPa abs.. and a dew point of 7.2°C, calculate the volume of air (in m* at the initial conditions) that must he - supplied per hour, . 4.120. A wet gas at 30°C and 100.0 kPa with a relative humidity of 75.0% was com pressed to 275 kPa, and then cooled to 20°C. How many m of the original gas ‘was compressed if 0.341 kg of condensate (water) was removed from the sepa> 7 ator that was connected to the cooler? 4.121, An absorber receives a mixture of air containing 12 percent carbon disulfide (CS,). The absorbing solution is benzene, and the gas exits from the absorber with a CS. content of 3 percent and a benzene content of 3 percent (becatise some of the benzene evaporates), What fraction of the CS, was recovered? 4.122. If a liquid with a fairly high vapor pressure at room conditions is stored in a fixed size tank that breathes, that is, has a vent to the atmosphere, because of ambient temperature changes, how much loss per day occurs in g mol/m’ of fluid under the following conditions, namely the material stored is n-octane at z the 30°C during the day and at 10°C at night. The space above the octane con- sists of air and octane vapor that expands and contracts, Ignore changes in the liquid density 4.123. Thermal pollution isthe introduction of waste heat into the environment in such 4 way as to adversely affect environmental quality. Most thermal pollution re- sults from the discharge of cooling water into the surroundings. It has been sug ested that power plants use cooling towers and recycle water rather than dump water into the streams and rivers. In a proposed cooling tower, air enters and passes through baffles over which warm water from the heat exchanger falls The air enters at a temperature of 80°F and leaves at a temperature of 70°F. The partial pressure of the water vapor in the air entering is 5 mm Hg and the partialanebnd 384 4.124, 4.128, 4.126. 4127. 4.128, Gases, Vapors, Liquids, and Solids Chap. 4 pressure of the water vapor in the air leaving the tower is 18 mm Hg, The total pressure is 740 mm Hg. Calculate: (a) The relative humidity of the air-water vapor mixture entering and of the mixture leaving the tower (b) The percentage composition by volume of the moist air entering and of that leaving (©) The percentage composition by weight of the moist air entering and of that leaving (@) The percent absolute humidity of the moist ai entering and leaving (©) The pounds of water vapor per 1000 ft of mixture both entering and leay- ing (®) The pounds of water vapor per 1000 fi" of vapor-ree air both entering and leaving (g) The weight of water evaporated if 800,000 10 of air (at 740 mm and 80°F) ‘enters the cooling tower per day A drier must evaporate 200 lb/hr of H,O Air at 70°F and S0% relative humidity enters the drier, leaving at 140°F and 80% relative humidity. What volume of dry ar is necessary per hour? 1000 fof air, saturated with H,O, at 30°C and 740 mm Hg, are cooled to @ lower temperature and one-half ofthe HO is condensed out. Calculate (a) How many pounds of H,0 are condensed out (b) The volume of dry aie at 30°C and 740 mm He Moist air at 25°C and 100 kPa with a dew point of 19.5°C is to be dehydrated so that during its passage through a large cold room used for food storage excess {ce formation can be avoided on the chilling coils in the room. ‘Two suggestions have been offered: (1) Cool the moist air to below the saturation temperature at 100 kPa, or (2) compress the moist air above the saturation pressure at 25°C. Calculate the saturation temperature for (1) and the total pressure at saturation for (2), (a) If 60% of the initial water in the entering moist air has to be removed be- fore the air enters the cold room, to what temperature should the ai in process (1) be cooled? {(b) What pressure should the moist air in process (2) each? (©) Which process appears to be the most satisfactory? Explain. ‘To ensute a slow rate of drying and thereby prevent checking of the dried prod- Let, the inlet relative humidity to a drier is specified as 70% at 75°F. The ait leaving the drier has a relative humidity of 90% at 70°B. Ifthe outside air has a dew point of 40°P, what fraction ofthe air leaving the drier must be mixed and recycled with the outside air to provide the desired moisture content in the air fed tothe drier? A hydrocarbon fuel is burned with bone-dry air in a furnace. The stack gas is at 116 kPa and has a dew point of 47°C. The Orsat analysis ofthe gas shows 10 mol % carbon dioxide; the balance consists of oxygen and nitrogen. What is the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the hydrocarbon fuel?Chap. 4 4.129, pe © 4131 Problems 385 Hot air that is used to dry pharmaceuticals is recycled in a closed loop to pre- vent the contamination of the moist material from atmospheric impurities, In the first conditioning step for the air, S000 kg molMhr at 105 kPa and 42°C with 4 90% relative humidity are fed t0 a condenser to remove some of the water picked up previously in the dryer. The air exits the condenser at 17°C and 100 kPa containing 91 ky mol/hr of water vapor. Next, the ar is heated in a heat ex- changer to 90°C. and then goes to the dryer. By the time the air enters the dryer, the pressure of the stream has dropped to 95 kPa and the temperature is 82°C (a) How many moles of water per hour enter the condenser? (b) What is the flow rate of the condensate water in kg/hr? (©) What is the dew point of the air in the steeam exiting the condenser? (2) What is the dew point of the ar in the stream entering the dryer? AA certain gas contains moisture, and you have to remove the moisture by com pression and cooling so that the gas will finally contain not more than 19% mois- lure (by volume). You decide to coo! the final gas down to 21°C (a) Determine the minimum final pressure needed. (b) If the cost of the compression equipment is cost in $ = (pressure in psia)!#0 and the cost of the cooling equipment is cost in $ = (350- temp. Ky! is 21°C the best temperature to use? Hint: Look atthe list of computer programs ‘on the disk in the back of this book. A flue gas from a furnace leaves at 315°C and has an Orsat analysis of 16.7% CO;, 4.1% O;, and 79.24 No. It is cooled in a spray cooler and passes under slight suction through a duct io an absorption system at 32.0°C to remove CO, for the manufacture of dry ice. The gas atthe entrance to the absorber analyzes 14.6% CO;, 6.2% O,, and 79.2% Nz, due to air leaking into the system. Caleu- late the cubic meters of air leaked in per cubie meter of gas to the absorber, both measured at the same temperature and pressure, ‘A wet sewage sludge contains 50% by weight of water. A centrifuging step re- moves water at a rate of 100 Ibvhr. The sludge is dried further by alr. Use the data in Figure P4.132 to determine how much moist air (in cubic feet per hour) is required for the process shown, Refer to the process flow diagram (Figure P4.133) for a process that produces maleic anhydride by the partial oxidation of benzene. The moles of O, fed to the reactor per mole of pure benzene fed to the reactor is 18.0. All of the maleic acid produced in the reactor is removed with water in the bottom stream from the water scrubber. All of the CsHg, 02, CO, and N, leaving the reactor leave in the stream from the top of the water scrubber, saturated with H,O. Originally, the benzene contains trace amounts of a nonvolatile contaminant that would in hibit the reaction. This contaminant is removed by steam distillation in the steam still. The steam still contains liquid phases of both benzene and water540 5.150. 5.183. Energy Balances Chap. (2) What isthe dew point? (b) What is the percent relative humidity? (e) Whats the percent humidity? “The air supply for @ dryer has a dry-bulb temperature of 32°C and a wet-bulb temperature of 255°C. Iti heated to 90°C by coils and blovn into the dryer. In the dryer, it cools along an adiabatie cooling line as it picks up moisture from the dehydrating material and leaves the dryer fully saturated (a) Whats the dew point ofthe initial ait? (b) What is its humidity? {€) What i its percent relative humidity? {@) How much heat is needed to neat 100 to 90°C? (6) How much water wil be evaporated per 100 m* of air entering the dryer? {HAtwhat temperature does the si leave the dryer? Moist air at 100 KPa, a dry-bulb temperature of 90°C, and a wet-bull tempert- ture of 46°C is enclosed in a rigid container. The container and its contents are cooled 10 43°C (a) What isthe molar humidity ofthe cooled moist air? (b) What isthe final total pressure in atm in te container? {€) What isthe dew point in °C of the cooled moist air? Calculate: (a) The humidity of air saturated at 120°F (b) The saturated volume at 120°F (©) The adiabatic saturation temperature and wet-bulb temperature of air hav- ing a dry-bulb T = 120°F and a dew point = 60°F (€) The percent saturation when the air in (c) is cooled to 82°F (@) The pounds of water condensed/100 Ib of moist air in (c) when the air is cooled to 40°F |A totary dryer operating at atmospheric pressure dries 10 tons/day of wet grain at 70°F, from a moisture content of 10% to 1% moisture. The air flow is counter ‘current to the flow of grain, enters at 225°F dry-bulb and 110°F wet-bulb tem- perature, and leaves at 125°F dry-bulb, See Figure PS.153. Determine: a) The humidity of the entering and leaving air (b) The water removal in pounds per hour (©) The daily product output in pounds per day seus gs ey 4 seco Soe iovenes 10" wor Tin é Te te0 er Figure 5.153Chap. 5 wet-bulb he dryer. In isture from dryer? fo tempera- ontents are air hav- the air is is counter bulb tem- Chapter5 Problems 541 5.154 156. (d) The heat input to the dryer. Assume that there is no heat loss from the dryer, thatthe grain is discharged at 110°F, and that its specific heat is 0.18 Temperatures (in °F) taken around a forced-craft cooling tower areas follows “In Ow Air ss 90 Water 10289 ‘The wet-bulb temperature of the entering air is 77°F. Assuming leaving the tower is saturate (a) The humidity of the entering air (b) The pounds of dry air through the tower per pound of water into the tower (©) ‘The percentage of water vaporized in passing through the tower A dryer produces 180 kg/hr of a product containing 8% water from a feed stream that contains 1.25 g of water per gram of dry material. The air enters the dryer at 100°C dry-bulb and a wet bulb temperature of 38°C; the exit air leaves at 53°C dry-bulb and 60% relative humidity, Part of the exit air is mixed with the fresh air supplied at 21°C, 52% relative humidity, as shown in Figure 5.155. Calculate the air and heat supplied to the heater, neglecting any heat lost by radiation, used in heating the conveyor trays, and So forth. The specific heat ofthe product is 0.18, d, calculate sir in2 in Dew Point 38° Eutar,53% 6% RH Praiel 00 2.0% 40 ae 1.255 0, per — ary Matera Figure 5.155 ‘Air, dry-bulb 38°C, wet-bulb 27°C, is scrubbed with water to remove dust. The water is maintained at 24°C, Assume that the time of contact is sufficient to reach complete equilibrium between air and water. The air is then heated to 93°C by passing it over steam coils. It is then used in an adiabatic rotary drier from which it issues at 49°C. It may be assumed that the material to be dried en ters and leaves at 46°C. The material loses 0.05 kg H,0 per kilogram of prod- uct, The total product is 1000 kg/hr. (a) What is the humidity842 Energy Balances Chap. § (1) OF the intial air? (2) After the water sprays? Q) After reheating? (8) Leaving the drier? (b) What is the peroent humidity at each of the points in part (a)? (©) What is the total weight of ary si used per hour? (a) What isthe toral volume of air leaving the drier? (@) What isthe total amount of heat supplied to the cycle in joules per hour?