1

................................................................................................................................................................. 1

........................................................ 1

.......................................................... 1

................................................................................................................................ 2

........................................................ 3
5.1
5.2
5.3

-
12
6.1
6.2

...................................................................................................................................... 13
............................................................................................................ 17

................ 20
7.1
7.2

-- ......................................................................................................................................... 3
ARQ ................................................................................................................................. 7
ARQ ........................................................................................... 10

-- ..................................................................................................................... 20
...................................................................................................... 22

.25 ................................................................................................................................................................... 23
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

.25 DTE .............................. 24

.25 ........................................................................................................................... 24
................................................................................. 29
....................................................................................................... 29

.25
. (DLC Data Layer Control) . .
.
.

:
1. .
/ , , /.
2. .
3.
. .

.

,
.
.
1. .
2. , .
, (CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check)
3. . ,
.

4.
, . .
5. , . .
6.
.
7. . , -, 5, .

.
. , ,

.
: (ARQ Automatic Repeat Request)
(FEC Forward Error Control). ARQ
, 2.9 . ARQ
, , .
. . , ARQ .
FEC (
). . , . , .
,
. ARQ FEC , . ,
( ), FEC .
ARQ ,
FEC . ARQ , FEC . . , , .

ARQ : -- ARQ. . (1) . (2) . (3) . (4)

, , .
ARQ .
5.1

--

. -- ARQ 1.
. .

1. -- ARQ

. ,
.
, . , .
.
2.

2. -- ARQ

.
, . 4.3 .
: Tf ; T ; TP ;
.

3.

, 2 + TA + TP
. , 2 + TA +
TP. TP,
.
. ,
, .
. 4.

4. -- ARQ

() .
, .
, .
.
.
.
. , . -- ARQ,
. , , 0, 1, 0, 1, 0 ,1 ... .
. 5. 0,
, . ,
. ,
0. 0,
1, . , , 1 , 0.

ACK 1

5.

1 . ,
. 6 .
-- ARQ . , 2 + TA + TP .
, .
? . , , , . (
)

Tf

(1)

T f + 2 + TP + T A

Tf TA . Tf , Tf >> TA. , 2 TP .

ACK 0

ACK 0

6.

10000 ,
100 .
10000 m , = 50 s ( 0.6 . Tf = 10 s.
(1) :
1. = 10 Kbps:
Tf =

100 bits
10000 bits
= 1s , T A =
= 10 2 s
10 Kbps
10 Kbps

1
1
1 + 2 50 10 6 + 10 2

2. = 100 bps:

Tf =

10000 bits
100 bits
= 100 s , T A =
= 1 s
100 Mbps
100 Mbps

100
0.5
100 + 100 + 10 + 1

-- ARQ .
, , -- .

5.2

ARQ

. ARQ - ARQ . .
, . , . ARQ-
7.

7. ARQ-

, , ARQ- 100%.
. , ,
, . ,
.
ARQ. ARQ : --N.

. 8.

8.

, . .
-- , . .
,
.
, : , . 8, 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 3 8 9... . ?
. ,
. , , ,
. ()
. , .
,
.
, . , 8,
4, 5, 6 7 3.
3 7 . ,
. ARQ-a --N. --N
.
. , .
(NAK Negative AcKnowledgement)
.
9.

9. --N

, 3 . 4 , 3 NAK3
.
--N , ,
- . -

9, NAK3 7 3
7. ,
. , ,
, , .
--N ( 9)
NAK. . . NAK ,
,
.
.
NAK.

10. --N

, --N
. 10, ACK3, ACK4.
4,
3. , ACK3 , ACK4 3.
, --N ,
, .
, .
, .
. ,
-- ARQ . ARQ
. . , ,
--N . ,
. ,
11. NAK3 ,
3, . .

ACK NAK .
(. -

10

). ARQ ,
.

( )

11. ARQ

. ARQ
. ARQ
, ,
.

, , piggybacking . ACK NAK .

, ACK NAK .
5.3

ARQ

. ,
, . , . , .
, , .

, . ARQ
. W
. ARQ W = 3
12.
. ACK0. ACK1 ACK2
. 5, ,
.

11

12. ARQ W = 3

, , .
.
.
.
, --N 2- W = 4. 13
0 3 , .

2- ,
0. ACK,
, 0 3. , .

( )
13. W = 4

W = 3. 14, .

12

, --N , n , W
2n, .

,

-3
14. W = 3

: - .
(HDLC High-Level Data Link Control),
- .
- HDLC, - :
(SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control)
IBM- (SNA
Systems Network Architecture.
Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure (ADCCP)
(ANSI)
(HDLC)
(ISO).
Link Access Procedure Balanced (LAP-B) CCITT- .25
.
- ( )
. - , HDLC- .
HDLC
, .

13

half-duplex full-duplex
. (
). , HDLC
:
1. , . , .
2.
.
.
.
, .
3. , .
.
.
: .
, . ,
.
: , .
1. (NRM Normal Response Mode)
,
. ,
.
2. (ARM Asynchronous Response Mode) .
. ,
.
,
.
.
3. (ABM Asynchronous Balanced Mode) (.
)
, (ARM BM)
, , .
6.1

. 15
:
F, A, C, Info, FCS, F

14

F , , C , Info (), FCS .

(F) 8- (F = 0111110) . ,
.
F

Info

FCS

15. -

, , .
( ).
, .
, ( 0)
( ).
.
() ( ).
, . . . 1 ( ). 256 .
8- ( = 1)
(=0). ( ) .

U
16.

() .
( 16):
1. (I ) .
.
2. (S ) .
3. (U )
. / .
17 . ( 1) 0 (I) 1 . -

15

(1 2) 10 (S)
11 (U) (
16).
A

N(R)

FCS

N(R)

17. -

I N(S), 2, 3 4 (2, 3 4)
. I S N(R), [ 6, 7 8
(6, 7 8)]. N(R)
.
P/F [ 5 (5)] ,
F . ,
1 , , , F .
ARM ABM, 1 (ARM) (ABM) F 1 . 3 4
:
1. (RR Receive Ready): 3 4 (3 4) 00. RR
I ,
.
2. (REJ Reject): 3 4 (3 4) 01. REJ
I , I .
3. (RNR Receive Not Ready): 3 4 (3 4)
10. RNR ,
I .
4. (REJ Selective Reject): 3 4 (3 4)
11. SREJ I
.

16

3, 4, 6, 7 8 (3, 4, 6, 7, 8) U 32 32 . , 32 .
:
.
8, .
:
SNRM:
SARM:
SABM:
.
128, .
,
7- . :
SNRME:
SARME:
SABME:
. (DISC)
.
/. (UI) , .
. (RSET) , , .
.
(SIM) .
.
, ,
.
. (FRMR)
, (1) , (2) ,
, (3) N(R) I I ,
.
(I, S U) 16- FSC .

6.2

17

:
: , YN(S)N(R) P/F,
:
. .
. , .
Y . N(S) N(R)
I S .
N(R). , I34 N(S) = 3 N(R) = 4,
RR2 S ( ) N(R) = 2.
P/F , F 1.
, F 0.
1 . 18 . half-duplex . SNRM
1, .
SNRM 3- . (UA) F 1,
UA . ,
, UA, F. , . ,
F . I
( ) ( ) I
.

, ( 3- ) .
, .
. , .
, I30, F , , RR4, 4 I 0
3 . 1,
. I .
. , I00
1. RR N(R) 1.
2 (RR RNR), . , 18, .
1 , .
, I F 1. 3,
0, 1 2 A. , RNR3, I
, I .

18

()

(B)

()

()

(, )

18. - (half-duplex, )
() , () RNR, RR , ()
(SREJ, --N, ), ~

19

, . , . (1) , (2)
(
). UI G ()
.
UI , I , 1. I00 ,
RR1. I 0 , I
1.
4.3 (SREJ, --N, ). ,
18, :
, --N .
. . I
F . , I , I00
. I ,
, I00 I . , I , I10 , I20 , I , I00. (B,
SREJ0, P) 1, I
0 , .
, I00, 1 2, . , I
. SREJ
I W I , W
. , I00 3, 4
5. I 5 F , . , 3 4
.

, I00, , , I10 , I20. , I30 , I40 .

, ,
.
SREJ, . , I30. , SREJ , I30 , I40. , I40, , I50,
.
, SREJ , piggy-backed
I ,
RR RNR. ,
, ( , I50, ) .
18, , I30 ,
I40 SREJ. I
. , I03,

20

, I 0 2.
3, I 0
. I , 1.
RR1, F. , ,
. , , C, I00, P .
, .
1, I .

-- , . ,
.
7.1

--

(. ).
19 , . 5.1. -- (1).

.

19. -- () , () , ~

21

( 19).
. > 2 + + . , ( + ) .
,
( ), . i , ai, (i 1) , i- . ,

ai = P i 1 (1 P) ,
, Nf,

Nf =

iai =

i =1

iP

i 1

(1 P) =

i =1

1
1 P

(2)

Nf 1 ( + )( Nf 1) , (Tf + 2 + + CK) , Tt

Tt = t1 + t 0
= (T + T f )( N f 1) + (T f + 2 + T p + TACK ) ,
=

(T + T f ) P
(1 P)

+ (T f + 2 + T p + TACK )

-- ( )

Tf
(T + T f ) P /(1 P) + (T f + 2 + T p + TACK )

(3)

.
,
. , . (1)

1
1
=
1 + 2 / T f 1 + 2a

(4)

( ), . d v,
L R,

a=

Tf

(d / v)
( L / R)

(5)

, , -- , . , , -- , .

7.2

22

,
. ,
, .
W, Tf .
. W , WTf, 2, .
, ( 20).
, W 2, . .
WTf / (Tf + 2). , ,
,
WT f 2 + T f
1,
WT
=
.
f
, WT f < 2 + T f
(T f + 2 )

(5),
W 2a + 1
1,
W
=
, W < 2a + 1
(1 + 2a )

(6)

20. ,

(6) . . ,
ARQ --N ARQ. Nf
,

23

1
W 2a + 1
N ,
f
=
W / Nf

, W < 2a + 1
(1 + 2a)

(7)

Nf .
ARQ , 1 / (1 ) ,
(2). W W / (1 ) .
(7)
W 2a + 1
(1 P),
W (1 P )
=
, W < 2a + 1
(1 + 2a )

(8)

--N , N , 0 N W. , (1 ), (N +1) (1 ), (2N +1)

2(1 ),, (iN +1) i(1 ), .

N f = 1 (1 P ) + ( N + 1) P(1 P) + (2 N + 1) P 2 (1 P) + L + (iN + 1) P i (1 P) + L

(iN + 1)P (1 P)
i

i =0

= 1+

NP
1 P

N. WTf > 2 + Tf, 2

ACK NAK, Tf = 2 + Tf, , N = 1 + 2a. Nf = (1 + 2aP) / (1 P).
WTf < 2 + Tf, N = W ( ), , (7),
--N
(1 P)
W 2a + 1
(1 + 2aP) ,
=
W (1 P )

, W < 2a + 1
(1 + 2a )(1 P + WP)

(9)

.25

CCITT .25, , DCE (Data Circuitterminating Equipment) , DTE (Data Terminal Equipment)
CCITT .25 1976., 1980., 1984.
1988. .
.25 ( 21) DTE DCE OSI :
( 1), ( 2) ( 3).

24

FSC

HDLC
(LAP-B)
.21, .21 bis
(RS 232c)

D: , : , F: , : , : , FSC:
21. .25

, DTE . .21 , . V.24 (. EIA RS232-D ).

( ) LAP-B ,
HDLC-a. ( ) .25 .
, ,
DTE .
DTE .
8.1

.25 DTE

.25 :
1. (VC Virtual Call),
(SVC Switched Virtual Call)
2. (PVC Permanent Virtual Circuit)
3.
, .
DTE, .
DTE. DTE, DTE
. 128
, .
. , , ,
.
8.2

.25

22 .25 .
. : .
(D) ().

25

1
2
3

GFI

22. .25

. . 23
.
1
2
3

7
Q

6
D

5
4
Mo
GFI

P(R)

P(S)

n
23.

(GFI General Format Identifier). GFI ( 4, 5, 6 7 1), :

(Q-, 7). Q- (Q = 0) (Q = 1).
(D-, 6). D- , (. DTE DCE).
D- 1, (.
DTE).
( 4 5). .
8 (. 0 7)
4 5 01. 128 4
5 10.
8.
(LCN Logical Channel Number). .25 LCN
DTE .
.
LCN (4 ) LCN 8 . 12 4095
. LCN .
VC ( )
(. ) . LCN DTE / DCE .
24 . ,

26

(PVC) LCN LCN 1,

(VC). :
, .

24.

, .25 DTE
DTE . .25
(
25).

25.

.
, P(R) P(S), .
23 8.
-. - . . . , -
.

27

.
128 .
. . . :
, , , , .

. : ,
. . 26 . , LCN DTE
. DTE .

. (facilities) (facility) .
, . :
1. , a
. .
2.
, . 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 1024 .
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 128 2
. ,
.
3. .
,
100% . 75 bps 48
kbps.
4.
PVC, ,
, 24.

3
2
1

DTE
DTE
DTE
DTE
0
0



( 10 )

GFI

1
2
3
4

28

P(R)

6
5
4
3
2
()

()

GFI

1
2
3

GFI

1
2
3
4
5

GFI

1
2
3

GFI

1
2
3
4

GFI

1
2
3
4

()

()
0
0



()

()

26. .25

. :
(RR), (RNR) (REJ) ( 26).
.
P(R). RR
, P(S), P(R) RR . , RR
, , . RNR
DTE DCE
P(R) . RR
.

REJ DTE ,
P(R) . REJ .
. : / , / / ( 26). , ,

29

SVC PVC DTE

. LCN .
.
4 .
, .

. LCN
. 5
DTE. SVC
PVC.
. : , ( 26).
.

.
( 26). 4 .
.
. ( 26). ,
. .
8.3

( 27). , . , DTE .
() DTE. , DTE . DTE , , DTE .
, DTE . 27, , P(S) P(R), .
DTE ( , ) , . DTE .
.
8.4

, , , .25 .
, (PAD Packet Assembly and Disassembly): DTE-,
, DTE.

30

DTE
DE

DE

DTE

27. .25

28. .25

DTE- PAD. DTE-/PAD, PAD PAD DTE CCITT : .28, .3 .29, ( 28).