Tiu lun mn hc

DCH V MNG
ti:

TNG QUAN V MNG INTERNET

M HNH OSI V B GIAO THC TCP/IP

GVHD: Thy Bi Cng Trng

Sinh vin thc hin
Nguyn Hi Bng

11247531

Phm Vn Lun

11242771

Nguyn Anh T

11073151

MC LC
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V MNG INTERNET
I/ S Thc y Mng Internet V nh Hng Ca Mng Internet.............................................................3
II/ Mng Internet S Dng Giao Thc TCP/IP V Lch S Ca Mng Internet..........................................4
2.1

Mng Internet S Dng Giao Thc TCP/IP................................................................................4

2.2

Lch S Ca Mng Internet..........................................................................................................4

III/ Cc Dch V Internet.............................................................................................................................5

3.1

Cc Dch V Internet Cp ng Dng......................................................................................6

3.2

Cc Dch V Internet Cp Mng.............................................................................................7

3.2.1

Cc dch v chnh cp mng ca Internet..........................................................................7

3.2.2

S khc bit gia TCP/IP v cc dch v khc.....................................................................8

IV/ The Internet Architecture Board(IAB) V Request For Comments (Rfcs)...........................................8

4.1

The Internet Architecture Board (IAB).......................................................................................8

4.2

Request For Comments (Rfcs)....................................................................................................8

V/ S Pht Trin Ca Internet......................................................................................................................9

VI/ IP Version 6.........................................................................................................................................10
6.1

S Xut Hin Ca Ipv6..............................................................................................................10

6.2

Chc Nng V S Khc Bit Gia Ipv6 V Ipv4.......................................................................11

CHNG 2: M HNH OSI V B GIAO THC TCP/IP

I/Giao Thc Tng......................................................................................................................................12
II/M Hnh OSI.........................................................................................................................................12
2.1

Kin Trc Lp...........................................................................................................................12

2.2

Cc Qu Trnh ng Cp...........................................................................................................13

2.3

Giao Din Gia Cc Lp...........................................................................................................14

2.4

T Chc Cc Lp......................................................................................................................14

2.5

Chc Nng Ca Cc Lp...........................................................................................................15

III/ B Giao Thc TCP/IP.........................................................................................................................20

3.1

So Snh Gia M Hnh OSI V B Giao Thc TCP/IP............................................................21

3.2

Cc Lp Trong B Giao Thc TCP / IP.....................................................................................21

IV/Addressing...........................................................................................................................................23

CHNG 1
GII THIU V TNG QUAN

I/ S Thc y Mng Internet V nh Hng Ca Mng Internet

Vic truyn thng da vo internet tr thnh 1 phn ko th thiu trong cuc sng . Vic
s dng cc h thng mng x hi cho php con ngi c th kt ni cc nhm bn cng nh
chia s cc thng tin vi nhau. Trn h thng cc website chia s rt nhiu thng tin v nhiu lnh
vc: chnh tr, x hi, kinh t, khoa hc, gii trNhng thnh vin trong gia nh sng xa nhau
c th lin lc, chia s hnh nh vi nhau thng qua cc ng dng VoIP hoc live videos chat.
Ngi s dng c th s dng internet chi tr cc khon n, vay ngn hng thng qua
internet banking. V cloud computing ra i gip cc cng ty, ngi dng c th chia s, lu tr
d liu online trn mng.
Mc d n xut hin hot ng nh mt mng li thng nht , mng Internet khng
thit k t mt cng ngh mng n v khng c cng ngh p ng cho tt c cc mc
ch s dng . Thay vo , phn cng mng c thit k cho cc tnh hung v ngn sch c
th. Mt s h thng trong cng mt ta nh th cn mt kt ni c tc cao qun l, chia s
vi nhau, do vy n c dng cc thit k c dy m bo v tc ca vic truyn ti.
Nhng khi phm vi hot ng xa hn, h cn nhng kt ni khng dy c th truy xut v x
l d liu t xa.
Trong nhng nm 1970 , mt cng ngh c to ra, cho php kt ni nhiu mng c
nhn khc nhau v khin chng hot ng nh mt n v tp hp . N c bit l
internetworking- mt cng ngh lm nn tng cho internet bng cch tng thch cc m hnh
phn cng, cung cp cc gii php kt ni cc h thng mng nh, t ra cc tp qui c cho
vic truyn thng. Cc cng ngh internet giu cc chi tit ca phn cng mng , v cho php
my tnh giao tip c lp vi cc kt ni mng vt l ca chng.

Cng ngh Internet l mt v d cho s kt ni h thng m. N c gi l m bi v,

khng ging nh cc h thng truyn thng c quyn c sn t mt nh cung cp c th, cc
c im k thut c cng khai. V vy, bt k c nhn hoc cng ty u c th xy dng phn
cng v phn mm cn thit giao tip qua mng Internet. Hn na, cng ngh ny c thit
k thc y k ni gia cc my tnh c cu trc phn cng a dng, ph hp vi cc phn
cng s dng cng ngh chuyn gi, ph hp cho s a dng ca cc ng dng ngy nay, v ph
hp vi cc h iu hnh.

II/ Mng Internet S Dng Giao Thc TCP/IP V Lch S Ca Mng Internet
2.1

Mng Internet S Dng Giao Thc TCP/IP

Trong nhng nm 1970 v 1980, cc c quan chnh ph Hoa K nhn ra tm quan trng

v tim nng ca cng ngh Internet , v nghin cu ti tr, thc hin tt mt mng Internet ton
cu. Cc nguyn tc v tng trn c sng lp nh vo c quan nghin cu cc d n
chuyn phng th ( Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ). Cng ngh
DARPA bao gm mt tp nhng tiu chun c miu t mt cch chi tit l lm th no cc
my tnh c th giao tip c vi nhau. N c bit nh l mt tp hp cc qui c cho cc
mng li c kt ni v truyn ti lu lng. Tn chnh thc ca n l TCP/IP Protocol Suite v
c gi chung l TCP/IP (bao gm 2 tiu chun chnh l TCP v IP ), n c s dng giao
tip vi mt nhm cc mng li c kt ni. V d, TCP / IP c th c s dng kt ni mt
tp hp cc mng li trong mt ta nh, trong mt khun vin trng hc , hoc gia cc
trng hc vi nhau.
Ngoi ra, cng ngh TCP/IP cn rt th v bi v kh nng hot ng ca n trn mt
phm vi ln. N lm nn tng cng ngh cho mng internet ton cu cho php kt ni hng triu
ngi dng ti nh, ti trng, c quan, t chc, chnh ph khp ni trn th gii. Mng
internet minh chng cho s hot ng ca cng ngh TCP/IP v cho thy n c th thch nghi
vi s a dng ca cc thit b phn cng.

2.2

Lch S Ca Mng Internet

DARPA bt u nghin cu ti internet vo gia 1970s, DARPA l c quan c bit

nh l trung tm nghin cu v mng chuyn gi v a ra nhiu kin v mng chuyn gi

c bit nh l ARPANET. ARPANET s dng knh truyn ring(lease line) point to point. S
pht trin v cc cng ngh phn cng mng gip cho DARPA pht trin hn v h thng m
h ang nghin cu .
Cc nh nghin cu DARPA bt ch n tng ca 1 vi nhm nghin cu,
nhng ngi c nhiu kinh nghim trong vic s dng mng chuyn gi. Nhng nhm ny
c bit nh l Internet Research Group. Nm 1979, h to v thit k ra cc giao thc v cu
trc ca internet c gi l internet control v configuration board (ICCB).
Mng internet ton cu bt u xut hin vo 1980 khi DARPA bt u s dng h thng
mng mi vi giao thc TCP/IP. ARPANET tr thnh nn tng ca internet s dng TCP/IP. S
truyn ti qua mng c hon tt vo 1983 khi th k b quc phng c y quyn s dng
cc my tnh kt ni vi mng s dng TCP/IP. C quan truyn thng quc phng (DCA) chia
ARPANET thnh 2 mng nh: 1 nghin cu tip v 1 s dng cho truyn thng trong qun
i. 1 phn gi nguyn l ARPANET , phn kia pht trin ln hn v thnh military network
(MILNET)
khuyn khch cho cc trng i hc s dng v nghin cu cc giao thc mi,
DARPA trin khai s dng vi chi ph thp cho cc trng i hc. Cc phng my khoa hc
my tnh cc trng i hc u chy h iu hnh UNIX. DARPA hu nh chim 90% cc
phng my cc trng i hc s dng v nghin cu cc giao thc cung cp cho cc ng dng
.Hn th na UNIX to ra 1 h iu hnh mi c bit nh l socket cho php ng dng c th
truy cp qua mng. V nhiu c ch, v giao thc khc ra i bn cnh TCP/IP v n tr thnh
cc giao thc c bn cho hu ht cc h iu hnh.
Nhn thy s pht trin ca cc th h mng, National Science Foundation (NSF) a ra
lut hot ng pht trin h thng TCP/IP. 1970, NSF to ra cng ngh Computer Science
Network (CSNET) kt ni cc my tnh ca cc nh khoa hc . 1986, s ra i ca mng
backbone din rng c bit l NSFNET backbone.

III/ Cc Dch V Internet

Ngi ta khng th nh gi cao nhng chi tit k thut c bn TCP / IP m khng hiu
cc dch v n cung cp. TCP/ IP l mt chun giao thc. Giao thc l mt tp cc qui tt, c
php, ng ngha dnh cho vic truyn thng. Chng a ra nhng nh dng chi tit cho cc tin
nhn, m t lm th no m my tnh c th phn hi khi m n nhn c mt tin nhn n,
hoc l lm th no n c th x l li do nhiu trng hp khc nhau. Giao thc cho php chng
ta tho lun v s truyn thng ca my tnh hon ton c lp vi cc phn cng ring bit ca
cc nh cung cp. C th hiu giao thc l cch tng tc vi cc thut ton bi v thut ton
gip ta hiu c cc cch tnh ton m khng cn quan tm n cc ngn ng lp trnh bn
di. Tng t nh vy , mt giao thc truyn thng cho php ngi dng c th xc nh hoc
hiu thng tin lin lc m khng ph thuc vo chi tit v cc kin thc phn cng mng t mt
nh cung cp.
Vic n i s hot ng ca cc thit b phn cng bn di mang li nhiu li ch. Th
nht, ngi dng ch cn s dng cc tin ch bn trn, v cc lp trnh vin cng khng cn
phi nh nhiu v cc cu hnh ca phn cng bn di. Th hai, v cc ng dng u hot ng
trn cc lp cao, nn chng khng b gii hn bi cc cu trc ca phn cng ring bit t cc
nh cung cp khc nhau. Th ba, n hot ng bng cch s dng cc giao thc cp cao, c lp
vi cc thit b bn di, nn n c th chuyn tip hot ng qua cc my khc nhau. V nhiu
ng dng c th hot ng v nhiu mc ch chung, cng mt m chng trnh m c th chy
c cho bt k my tnh no.

3.1

Cc Dch V Internet Cp ng Dng

Theo quan im ca ngi dng l internet xut hin mang li nhiu ng dng nhm

thc hin nhiu cng vic hu ch. Internet c thit k ph hp mng khng ng nht v
my tnh, v th, kh nng tng tc l mt yu cu quan trng. Do , chng trnh ng dng
Internet thng biu hin mt mc cao ca kh nng tng tc. Trong thc t, hu ht ngi
dng truy cp vo cc ng dng m khng c s hiu bit v cc loi my tnh hoc mng ang
c s dng , cc giao thc truyn thng , hoc thm ch cc con ng ca d liu i t ngun

n ch ca n. Do , mt ngi dng c th truy cp vo mt trang web t mt h thng my

tnh bn kt ni vi mt modem cp hoc t mt iPad kt ni vi mt mng khng dy 4G .
Cc dch v ng dng Internet ph bin nht bao gm:
1. Cng ngh World Wide Web (WWW).Web tr thnh ngun lu lng c truy cp
ln nht trn mng Internet ton cu t nm 1994 n nm 1995. Nhiu dch v ph bin , bao
gm c dch v tm kim Internet (v d , Google ) v mng x hi (v d , Facebook ) , s dng
cng ngh web. Facebook c lu lng truy cp bng tng s lu lng. Mc d ngi dng
phn bit gia nhiu dch v da trn web, nhng chng ta s thy rng tt c h u s dng
cng mt giao thc cp ng dng .
2. in ton m my (Cloud Computing): Cloud computing l cng ngh s dng thut
ng Cloud l ni cha trung tm ca d liu, v ngi dng c th dng Internet truy cp d
liu t trong m my.
3. iu khin truy cp (Remote access ): l mt dch v cho php vic truy cp t xa ca
cc my cc b i vi mt my tnh lm trung tm d liu. Khi my tnh lm trung tm d liu
cp nht thng tin, th cc my cc b c th thy c s khc bit ca d liu ca n thng qua
Internet.
4. Truyn ti d liu (File Transfer) : Cc giao thc truyn file cho php ngi dng gi
hoc nhn c mt bn sao ca mt tp tin d liu. Cc tp tin, bao gm nhiu loi d liu khc
nhau, c gi mt tp tin theo c ch chuyn giao. Bi v chng thng c chuyn t mt
trang web, ngi dng c th khng nhn thc c rng mt ng dng truyn file chy c
th ti mt d liu t mt trang web.
5. Th in t (Electronic Mail ): Th in t , tng chim s lng ln lu lng
truy cp Internet ,nhng ngy nay, phn ln c thay th bi cc ng dng web. Ngi s
dng ngy nay truy cp email thng qua mt ng dng web cho php ngi dng c tin nhn
trong hp th ca mnh , ty bin mt tin nhn, v chuyn tip tin nhn hay gi phn hi. Khi
ngi dng gi mt tin nhn, h thng c bn s s dng mt giao thc truyn email gi tin
nhn vo hp th ca ngi nhn.

6. Dch v thoi v Video ( Voice and Video services): C hai lung video v audio
chim mt
phn khng nh ca cc bit d liu vn chuyn qua mng Internet ton cu. Quan trng hn, vic
upload video ngy cng tng, c bit l bi v ngi dng ang s dng cc thit b di ng
gi video v cc s kin .
Nh vy, chng ta thy cch thc cc ng dng s dng giao thc TCP / IP hot
ng,
v l do ti sao cn phi c cc tiu chun cho cc giao thc ng dng gip chng c c
tnh ph bin rng ri.

3.2

Cc Dch V Internet Cp Mng

3.2.1

Cc dch v chnh cp mng ca Internet

Mt lp trnh vin lp trnh mng s c ci nhn v internet khc nhau rt r so vi ngi

lp trnh cp ng dng. cp mng, Internet cung cp hai dch v chnh m tt c cc

chng trnh ng dng s dng (Cc kin thc c bn, tng quan v TCP/IP) :
1. Dch v phn pht gi tin khng kt ni ( Connectionless Packet Delivery Service)
Phn pht gi tin l mt dng c bn cho tt c cc dch v internet. Connectionless
Delivery l mt khi nim tru tng cho cc dch v m n cung cp mng chuyn gi. Hiu
mt cch n gin l Internet TCP/IP s chuyn nhng gi tin t mt my tnh n mt my tnh
khc da vo a ch c nh km trong gi tin. Bi v n chuyn cc gi tin mt cch c lp,
Internet khng m bo tin cy v th t cc gi tin. Tuy nhin n c th da vo cc thit b
phn cng xc nh, nh x ng ch n. V th dch v phn pht gi tin khng kt ni l
cc k c hiu qu. Hn na, ngy nay cc cng vic thit th u lm cho vic phn phi gi tin
khng c kt ni tr thnh nn tng cho cc dch v internet, nn giao thc TCP/IP c th tng
thch, hot ng vi cc thit b phn cng khc nhau trong phm vi ln.
2. Dch v vn chuyn thng tin ng tin cy (Realiable Stream Transport Service )
Hu ht cc ng dng ngy nay u yu cu phn mm truyn thng (communication software )
t phc hi d liu khi b li, mt gi tin , hoc truyn tht bi gia cc thit b trung gian gia
ngi gi v ngi nhn. Cc dch v lung thng tin ng tin cy ca internet ( Internets

realiable stream service ) cho php ng dng trn mt my tnh thit lp kt ni vi mt ng

dng trn my tnh khc v cho php truyn mt lng ln d liu thng qua kt ni nh
th n l mt ng kt ni phn cng trc tip. Tht cht bn di, cc giao thc truyn thng (
communication protocol ) chia lung d liu thnh cc gi tin nh v gi mt gi ti mt thi
im v ch bn nhn gi mt gi ACK ( acknowledge reception ).
3.2.2

S khc bit gia TCP/IP v cc dch v khc

Nhiu h thng mng u cung cp nhiu dch v tng t nh trn, vy lm th no

phn bit c TCP/IP vi cc dch v khc, nhng c im phn bit c bn nh sau:

1.S c lp v cng ngh mng. TCP/IP nh ngha nh ngha 1 n v truyn ti d
liu gi l datagram v n c truyn ti trn h thng mng internet ton cu m hon ton c
lp vi cc thit b phn cng mng.
2.End-to-End Acknowledgement: giao thc TCP/IP cung cp cc acknowledgement
gia ngun v ch n mc d gia chng khng c kt ni vt l no.
3.Cc chun giao thc ng dng: nh vo cc dch v ca tng transport, TCP/IP cung
cp nhiu chun c bn chung cho cc ng dng nh lm th no truy cp web, chuyn file v
nhn emailv th khi lp trnh ng dng, ngi lp trnh cn tm hiu v cc giao thc ng
dng lin quan n cc dch v truyn thng m h cn.

IV/ The Internet Architecture Board(IAB) V Request For Comments (Rfcs)

4.1

The Internet Architecture Board (IAB)

Bi v TCP/IP khng ph thuc vo thit b phn cng v hoc l t t chc chuyn

nghip no,The Internet Architecture Board ra i vo 1983 khi DARPA nhn din internet
control and configuration board. IAB c cung cp tp trung cho cc cuc nghin cu v pht
trin bn di giao thc TCP/IP v cc phin bn ci tin ca internet. IAB s quyt nh giao
thc no l c yu cu mt phn TCP/IP v cc chnh sch chnh thc khc.

4.2

Request For Comments (Rfcs)

Nhng ni dung cho vic vn hnh v hot ng ca internet, nhng giao thc TCP/IP

xut hin trong 1 tp cc bo co c gi l Request for comment (RFCs). N c th ngn, di,

bao qut hay c th,v c th l 1 chun cho 1 giao thc mi. C nhiu i chiu vi RFCs di

dng text. Chng lun c xem li v chnh sa, cp nht. Vic chnh s RFCs thuc quyn
qun l ca IETF. RFCs c nh s tun t v chng s thay i khi c phin bn mi, v th
ngi dng cn cn thn khi c RFCs vi cc phin bn khc nhau. Trc khi ra mt RFCs
chnh thc, n c 1 bn nhp gi l Internet Drafts.

V/ S Pht Trin Ca Internet

1984, khong 1000 my tnh kt ni internet, 1987 con s l 10000. 1990 l 100000 v
1993 l 1000000 ti 2001, 800000000 .S pht trin ca internet nhanh nh vy l nh vo a
s cc trung tm chnh ph v cc trng i hc u s dng v nghin cu cc giao thc.
Nhiu cng ty u s dng TCP/IP kt ni mng intranet ni b cng ty trc khi h s dng
mng internet ton cu.
Internet lun pht trin 1 cch nhanh chng v khng ngng ci thin. Nhiu giao thc
mi ra i v ci thin cc giao thc c. Ngy cng nhiu ng dng xut hin da trn nn tng
ca internet.

VI/ IP Version 6
6.1

S Xut Hin Ca Ipv6

S ci tin ca TCP/IP gn lin vi s ci tin ca internet, ngy cng c nhiu ngi

dng internet nh l 1 phn cuc sng ca h. Nhng c TCP/IP v internet u c th thay i.

Nhiu cng ngh v ng dng mi xut hin ci thin cc c ch bn di.
Ngy nay, do s pht trin ca cc thit b ph n cng (bng thng mng, hiu sut my,
b nh my) v nhiu ng dng tin li chy trn nn tng mng (Mail,Social network,
FTP...) s lng ngi s dng my tnh truy cp mng tng ln ng k dn n s lng
a ch IP ca Ipv4 c th b cn kit. Nu mi my tnh, mi thit b c gn cng 1 a ch c
nh th s lng a ch IP c th cp s cn kit.

IETF ln k hoch thit k 1 phin bn IP khc. Bi v cc tp on truyn thng

ln (nh sn xut my tnh, in thoi, thit b phn cng) u yu cu cn ci tin 1 phin bn
IP mi.
Nhiu thit k c a ra phc v cho cc mc tiu v truyn thng t bit. V
cui cng, phin bn m rng bao gm nhiu kin c c IETF gn vi phin bn IP phin
bn s 6 v c gi l Ipv6.

6.2

Chc Nng V S Khc Bit Gia Ipv6 V Ipv4

Ipv6 k tha cc chnh sch v chc nng ca Ipv4. Ipv6 s dng thit k c k tha

trc tip t cc lp a ch ca Ipv4. Ipv6 cha tt c cc a ch ca Ipv4 nh l mt subnet ca

1 tp cc a ch mi.
Hu nh c bn th kin trc v chc nng ca Ipv6 th tng t nh Ipv4 bi v n s
dng li ton b cc chnh sch v chc nng ca Ipv4. Mc d c nhiu s tng ng, nhng
Ipv6 ci tin kh nhiu cc giao thc. Ipv6 s dng phm vi a ch ln hn v cc bn ci tin
v nh dng gi tin. S thay i c th c nhm vo 7 nhm sau:
1. ln ca a ch IP: Ipv6, kch thc ca a ch IP c thay i ng k t 32
bit ln 128 bit.
2. H thng a ch c cp bc c m rng: Ipv6 s dng 1 khong a ch IP ln
to ra h thng a ch c cp bc ( ISP c th cung cp cc cm a ch cho cc
khch hng.)
3. nh dng header mi : Ipv6 s dng nh dng gi tin mi trong tp cc header.
4. Chc nng ci thin: Ipv6 cho php gi tin iu khin c thng tin , khng ging
trn Ipv4
5. Cung cp cho s m rng cc giao thc : thay v t t chi tit, kh nng m rng ca
Ipv6 cho php IETF lm cho tng thch cc giao thc vi phn cng mng v cc
ng dng.
6. H tr cho vic t cu hnh v ghi nh: cho php 1 site c thay i t 1 ISP n ni
khc bng cch t ng yu cu thay i a ch.
7. H tr cho nh v ti nguyn :Ipv6 bao gm cc dng tru tng v cho php cc
dch v phn bit.

CHNG 2

M HNH OSI V B GIAO THC TCP/IP

I/Giao Thc Tng
Trong chng 1, nhm tho lun rng mt giao thc c yu cu khi hai thc th cn
phi giao tip. Qu trnh giao tip truyn thng trn mng khng phi l n gin, phn tng gip
chia qu trnh giao tip thnh cc nhm chc nng tin qun l,
i vi cc h thng phc tp: nguyn l chia tr, cho php xc nh r nhim v ca mi
b phn v quan h gia chng v cho php d dng bo tr v nng cp h thng: thay i bn
trong mt b phn khng nh hng n cc b phn khc.
Mi tng lm vic theo giao thc ca tng v tng di cung cp dch v cho tng trn.

II/M Hnh OSI

T chc ISO (International Standards Organization) c thnh lp vo nm 1947 l c
quan quc t nhm ra cc tiu chun cho ton th gii. Mt tiu chun ISO bao trm tt c cc
yu t thng tin mng c gi l m hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection). H thng m l
m hnh hai h thng khc nhau c th thng tin vi nhau bt k kin trc mng ca chng ra
sao. Mc nh ca m hnh OSI l m rng thng tin gia nhiu h thng khc nhau m khng
i hi phi c s thay i v phn cng hay phn mm i vi h thng hin hu. M hnh OSI
khng phi l giao thc (protocol) m l m hnh gip hiu bit v thit k kin trc mng mt
cch mm do, bn vng v d din t hn. N gm c by lp ring bit nhng c lin quan
vi nhau. mi lp nh ngha mt phn ca qu trnh truyn thng tin qua mng.
ISO l t chc cn OSI l m hnh

2.1

Kin Trc Lp
M hnh OSI gm c by lp: physical (lp 1), data link (lp 2), network (lp 3),

transport (lp 4), session (lp 5), presentation (lp 6), v application (lp g 7). Hnh 2.4 minh
ha phng thc mt bn tin c gi i t thit b A n thit b B. Trong qu trnh di chuyn,
bn tin phi i qua nhiu nt trung gian. Cc nt trung gian ny thng nm trong 3 lp u tin
trong m hnh OSI.

Khi pht trin m hnh, cc nh thit k tinh lc qu trnh tm kim d liu thnh cc
thnh phn n gin nht. chng xc nh cc chc nng kt ni mng c dng v gom chng
thnh cc nhm ring bit gi l lp. Mi lp nh ngha mt h cc chc nng ring bit so vi
lp khc. Thng qua vic nh ngha v nh v cc chc nng theo cch ny, ngi thit k to
ra mt kin trc va mm do, va d hiu.

2.2

Cc Qu Trnh ng Cp
Trong mt my tnh n, mi lp gi dch v ca lp ngay pha di. VD: lp 3 dng cc

dch v ca lp 2 v cung cp dch v cho lp 4. Gia cc my tnh vi nhau th lp x ca mt

my phi thng tin vi lp x ca my kia, thng qua mt chui cc quy tc v quy c gi l
giao thc. Qu trnh mi my thng tin vi nhau ti mt lp c gi l qu trnh ng cp.
Thng tin gia cc my l qu trnh ng cp dng giao thc thch hp cho lp ny.
Trong lp vt l, thng tin trc tip hn: my A gi mt dng bit n my B. Trong cc lp cao
hn th thng tin ny phi di chuyn xung qua cc lp my A i n my B v tip tc i ln
cc lp cn thit. Mi lp trong my pht tin gn thm vo bn tin va nhn thng tin ring ca
mnh v chuyn nguyn gi ln lp pha trn. Thng tin thm vo ny c gi l header v
trailer. Header c thm vo ti cc lp 6,5,4,3 v 2. Trailer c thm vo trong lp 2.

Ti lp 1, trn gi d liu c chuyn thnh dng c th chuyn c n my thu. Ti my thu

bn tin ny c tri ra tng lp, vi mi qu trnh nhn v ly thng tin ra. VD: lp 2 g ra cc
thng tin ca mnh v chuyn tip phn cn li ln lp 3. Tng t, lp 3 g phn ca mnh v
chuyn ln lp 4, v c th tip tc.

2.3

Giao Din Gia Cc Lp

Vic chuyn d liu v thng tin mng i xung qua cc lp ca my pht v i ngc

ln qua cc lp ca my thu c thc hin nh c phn giao din ca hai lp k nhau. Mi giao
din nh ngha thng tin v cc dch v m lp phi cung cp cho lp trn n. Cc giao din
c nh ngha tt v cc chc nng lp cung cp modum cho mng. Min sao mt lp vn
cung cp cc dch v cn thit cho lp trn n, vic thc thi chi tit cc chc nng ny c th
c thay i hoc thay th khng i hi thay th cc lp xung quanh.

2.4

T Chc Cc Lp
By lp c th c xem l thuc v ba nhm con: cc lp 1, 2 v 3 lp vt l, lp lin

kt d liu, v lp mng l nhm con cc lp h tr mng, nhm gii quyt cc yu t vt l v

di chuyn d liu t mt thit b ny sang thit b khc (nh cc c tnh in hc, kt ni vt l,
nh a ch vt l v thi gian truyn cng nh tin cy). Lp 5, 6, v 7 lp phin, lp trnh
din v lp ng dng c th c xem l nhm con cc lp h tr ngi dng, chng cho php
kh nng truy cp n nhiu h thng phn mm. Lp 4 - lp vn chuyn, bo m tnh tin cy
cho vic truyn dn end-to-end trong khi lp 2 m bo tnh tin cy trn mt ng truyn
n. Cc lp pha trn ca m hnh OSI hu nh lun lun thc thi trong phn mm, cc lp bn
di c thc thi kt hp ca phn cng v phn mm, tr lp vt l hu nh l thuc phn
cng.
Trong hnh 2.5, minh ha tng th v cc lp OSI, d liu D7 tc l n v d liu ca
lp 7, d liu D6 l n v d liu ca lp 6. Qu trnh ny bt u t lp 7 (lp ng dng), ri
i xung dn theo th t. Ti mi lp (tr lp 7 v lp 1), header c thm vo n v d liu.
Ti lp 2, trailer c thm vo. Sau format ny ca d liu c chuyn thnh tn hiu in
t trng v vn chuyn theo ng truyn vt l.

Sau khi n ch, tn hiu i qua lp 1 v c chuyn i thnh cc bit. n v d liu

lc ny di chuyn ngc ln cc lp OSI. Khi mi khi d liu ny n lp k tip th header v
trailer tng ng c g b i, thc hin yu cu theo chc nng ca lp ny. Khi n lp 7,
bn tin c nh dng thch hp cho ng dng v sn sng cho ngi nhn.

2.5

Chc Nng Ca Cc Lp
Lp vt l

iu phi cc chc nng cn thit truyn lung bit i qua mi trng vt l. Quan tm n
cc tnh cht c hc v in hc ca giao din v mi trng truyn. Lp cng nh ngha cc
th tc v chc nng m thit b vt l v giao din phi thc hin khi truyn.
Lp vt l lin quan c tnh sau:

c tnh vt l ca giao din v mi trng: lp vt l nh ngha cc c tnh ca

giao din gia cc thit b v mi trng truyn. Ngoi ra, lp cn nh ngha dng ca
mi trng truyn.

Biu din cc bit: D liu lp vt l bao gm dng cc bit (chui cc gi tr 0 v 1) m

khng cn phi phin dch. truyn dn th cc bit ny phi c m ha thnh tn
hiu - in hay quang. Lp vt l nh ngha dng m ha (phng thc cc gi tr 0 v
1 c chuyn i thnh tn hiu).

Tc d liu: s bit c truyn i trong mt giy. Ni cch khc, lp vt l nh

ngha rng mi bit.

ng b bit: My pht v my thu cn c ng b ha theo cp bit. Ni cch

khc, ng h ca my pht v my thu phi c ng b ha.

Cu hnh ng dy: Lp vt l cn gii quyt phng thc thit b c ni vi mi

trng. Trong cu hnh im - im, hai thit b c ni vi nhau qua kt ni c ch
nh. Trong cu hnh im ni nhiu im, mt kt ni c chia s cho nhiu thit b.

Tp mng: nh ngha phng thc kt ni thit b to thnh mng. Thit b c th

c ni theo li, sao, cy, vng hay bus.

Ch truyn: lp vt l nh ngha chiu truyn dn gia hai thit b: n cng, bn

song cng hay song cng. Trong ch n cng (simplex) ch c thng tin mt chiu,
trong bn song cng (half duplex) hai thit b c th nhn v gi nhng khng ng
thi. Trong ch song cng (full duplex) hai thit b c th gi v nhn ng thi.

Lp lin kt d liu
Lp lin kt d liu truyn cc d liu th t lp vt l thnh d liu c tin cy cao hn v c
th truyn khung (frame) t nt n nt. iu ny lm cho lp vt l c v nh l khng c li
v khi chuyn ln lp trn (lp mng).
Lp lin kt d liu c cc c tnh lin quan nh sau:

To khung (framing): lp iu khin kt ni chia dng bit nhn c thnh cc n v

d liu qun l c gi l khung (frame).

a ch vt l: nu frame c phn phi n nhiu h thng trong mng, th lp kt

ni d liu thm vo frame mt header nh ngha a ch vt l ca ni pht (a ch
ngun) v/hay ni nhn (a ch ch). Nu frame nhm gi n h thng ngoi mng
ca ngun pht, th a ch ni nhn l a ch ca thit b ni vi mng k tip.

iu khin lu lng: nu tc nhn d liu ca my thu b hn so vi tc ca

my pht, th lp kt ni d liu to c ch iu khin lu lng trnh qu ti ca my
thu

Kim tra li: lp kt ni d liu thm kh nng tin cy cho lp vt l bng cch thm
c ch pht hin v gi li cc frame b hng hay tht lc. ng thi, cng to c ch
trnh gi trng cc frame. Kim tra li thng c thc hin nh trailer c thm
vo phn cui ca frame.

iu khin truy cp: khi hai hay nhiu thit b c kt ni trn cng mt ng
truyn, cn c giao thc ca lp kt ni d liu xc nh thit b no nm quyn trn
kt ni ti mt thi im.

Lp mng
Nhm phn phi cc gi (packet) t ngun n ch c th i qua nhiu mng, lp mng cho
php chuyn giao gi ny i c t mt im ngun n im ch cui cng (c th khc
mng).
Nu hai h thng c kt ni cng mng, th khng cn thit phi c lp mng. Tuy nhin, khi
hai thit b ny hai mng khc nhau, th cn c lp mng thc hin giao nhn ngun ch
ny.
Cc c tnh lin quan ca lp mng l:

a ch lun l: a ch vt l do lp kt ni d liu ch gii quyt c vn nh

a ch cc b. Nu gi d liu i qua vng bin ca mng, th nht thit phi c
thm mt h thng nh a ch khc gip phn bit gia h thng ngun v h
thng ch. Lp mng thm header vo gi t lp trn xung, trong cha a ch
lun l ca ni gi v ni nhn.

nh tuyn (routing): khi nhiu mng c lp c ni vi nhau to ra lin

mng (mng ca mng) hay mt mng ln hn, th thit b kt ni l b nh tuyn
(router hay gateways) c dng chuyn ng i c n ch, lp mng
c thit lp cho mc tiu ny.

Lp vn chuyn
Lp vn chuyn nhm chuyn ton bn tin t thit b u cui pht n thit b u cui thu
(end to end). Khi lp mng nhn ra vic chuyn end to end ca mt gi ring, lp khng nhn ra

bt k quan h no gia cc gi ny. Lp s x l cc gi ring bit, v cho rng cc gi ny

thuc vo cc bn tin ring bit, cho d phi hay khng phi i na. Mt khc, lp vn chuyn
bo m l ton bn tin u n l nguyn vn v theo th t, b qua vic kim tra li, v iu
khin lu lng ti cp ngun n ch.
tng cng tnh an ninh, lp vn chuyn c th to mt kt ni gia hai cng cui. Kt ni l
mt ng ni lun l gia ngun v ch lin quan n mi gi trong bn tin. Vic to kt ni
bao gm ba bc: thit lp kt ni, truyn d liu, v nh kt ni. Thng qua vic xc nhn vic
truyn dn tt c mi gi trn mt ng, lp vn chuyn kim sot thm c ln trnh t
truyn, lu lng, pht hin v sa li.
Cc nhim v ca lp vn chuyn bao gm:

nh a ch im dch v (service-point addressing): Mt my tnh thng chy

nhiu chng trnh trong cng mt lc. V th, chuyn giao ngun ch khng c
ngha l t mt my tnh n my khc m cn t nhng qu trnh c th (chy
chng trnh) ln cc chng trnh khc. Nh th header ca lp vn chuyn phi bao
gm mt dng a ch c bit l gi l a ch im dch v (service-point addressing)
hay cn gi l a ch cng. Lp mng ly mi gi n ng t my tnh, lp vn
chuyn ly ton bn tin n ng qu trnh ca my tnh .

Phn on v hp on: Mt bn tin c chia thnh nhiu phn on truyn i c,

mi phn on mang s chui. Cc s ny cho php lp vn chuyn ti hp ng bn
tin khi n ch c th nhn dng v thay th cc gi b tht lc trong khi truyn dn.

iu khin kt ni: Lp vn chuyn c th theo hng kt ni hay khng kt ni. Lp

vn chuyn theo hng khng kt ni x l mi phn on nh l gi c lp v
chuyn giao n lp vn chuyn ca my ch. Lp vn chuyn theo hng kt ni to
kt ni vi lp vn chuyn ca my ch truc khi chuyn giao gi. Sau khi chuyn
xong d liu, th kt thc kt ni.

iu khin lu lng: Tng t nh trong lp kt ni d liu, lp vn chuyn c

nhim v iu khin lu lng. Tuy nhin, iu khin lu lng trong lp ny c
thc hin bng cch end to end thay v kt ni n.

Kim tra li: Tng t nh lp kt ni d liu, lp vn chuyn cng c nhim v kim

tra li. Tuy nhin, kim tra li trong lp ny c thc hin bng cch end to end thay
v kt ni n. Lp vn chuyn ca my pht bo m l ton bn tin n lp vn
chuyn thu khng b li (hng hc, tht lc hay trng lp). Vic sa li thng c
thc hin trong qua trnh truyn li.

Lp phin
Cc dch v do ba lp u (vt l, kt ni d liu, v lp mng) i khi cha cho mt s qu
trnh. Lp kim sot l lp iu khin i thai. Lp ny thit lp, duy tr, v ng b ha tng
tc gia cc h thng thng tin.
Cc nhim v ca lp kim sot:

iu khin i thoi: Lp kim sot cho php hai h thng i vo i thoi. Lp cho
php thng tin gia hai qu trnh bn song cng hoc song cng. Th d i thoi gia
u cui kt ni vi my ch l bn song cng.

ng b ho: Lp kim sot cho php qu trnh thm cc checkpoint (im ng b)

vo trong dng d liu.

Th d: mt h thng gi mt file gm 2000 trang, nn chn vo checkpoint sau mi 100 trang

bo m mi n v 100 trang c nhn v xc nhn mt cch c lp. Trong trng
hp ny, nu truyn dn b t vo trang 523, th vic truyn li ch bt u vo trang 501,
khng cn truyn li cc trang t 1 n 500. Hnh 3.11 minh ha quan h gia lp kim
sot vi lp vn chuyn v lp trnh by.
Lp trnh din
Lp trnh by lin quan n vn v c php (syntax) v ng ngha (sematic) ca tin tc trao
i gia hai h thng.
Cc nhim v ca lp 6 l:

Bin dch (translation): Cc qu trnh (chng trnh ang chy) ca hai h thng
thng trao i thng tin theo dng chui cc k t, s, v.v...Thng tin ny nht thit
phi c chuyn sang dng bit trc khi c gi i. Do cc my tnh khc nhau

thng dng cc phng php m ha khc nhau, nn lp trnh by c nhim v vn

hnh chung trong hai h thng ny. Lp trnh by ti my pht thay i dng thng tin
t dng ca my pht (sender-depending) sang dng thng thng. Ti my thu, th lp
trnh by chuyn dng thng thng thnh dng ca my thu (receiving depending).

M kha (encryption) v Gii m kha (decryption): mang cc thng tin nhy cm,
h thng phi c kh nng bo m tnh ring t. M kha l qu trnh m my pht
chuyn i thng tin gc thnh dng khc v gi i bn tin i qua mng. Gii m kha
(decryption) l qu trnh ngc li nhm chuyn bn tin tr v dng gc.

Nn: Nn d liu nhm gim thiu s lng bit truyn i. Nn d liu ngy cng tr
nhn quan trng trong khi truyn multimedia nh vn bn, audio, v video.

Lp ng dng
Cho php ngi dng (user), l ngi hay phn mm, truy cp vo mng. Lp ny cung cp giao
din cho ngi dng v h tr dch v nh th in t, remote file access and transfer, shared
database management, v cc dng dch v phn phi d liu khc.
Cc c tnh ca lp ny l:

Mng u cui o (network virtual terminal): l mt version ca phn mm ca u

cui vt l v cho php user log on vo my ch (remote host). lm vic ny, lp
ng dng to ra mt phn mm m phng u cui cho remote host. My tnh ca user
i thoi phn mm u cui ny, tc l vi host v ngc li. Remote host tng l
ang i thoi vi terminal ca mnh v cho php bn log on.

Qun l, truy cp v truyn d liu (FTAM: file transfer, access, and management):
ng dng ny cho php user truy cp vo remote computer ( c hay thay i d
liu), truy lc file t remote computer v qun l hay iu khin file t remote
computer.

Dch v th in t: ng dng ny cho cung cp c s cho vic gi, tr li v lu tr

th in t.

Dch v th mc (directory services): ng dng ny cung cp ngun c s d liu

(database) phn b v truy cp ngun thng tin ton cu v cc dch v v mc ch
khc nhau.

III/ B Giao Thc TCP/IP

Giao thc TCP/IP c dng trong Internet, ban u c pht trin trong m hnh OSI.
Tuy nhin cc lp trong TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internetworking Protocol) li
khng khp hon ton vi m hnh OSI. Giao thc TCP/IP c to nn t nm lp: vt l, lin
kt d liu, mng, vn chuyn v ng dng. Bn lp u cung cp cc tiu chun vt l, giao
din mng, kt mng, v chc nng vn chuyn tng ng vi bn lp trong m hnh OSI. Ba
lp sau ca m hnh OSI, li ch c th hin thnh mt lp trong TCP/IP v c gi l lp
ng dng.
TCP/IP l giao thc dng phn cp, c to ra t cc moun tng tc, mi moun c
cc chc nng c th, nhng khng nht thit phi ph thuc nhau. Trong khi lp OSI c trng
chc nng no cho lp no, th lp ca TCP/IP cha ng nhng giao thc tng i c lp c
th c trn ln ty theo nhu cu ca h thng. Thut ng phn cp tc l giao thc lp trn
c h tr t mt hay nhiu giao thc cp thp hn.
Trong lp vn chuyn th TCP/IP nh ngha hai giao thc: TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol) v UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Trong lp mng, giao thc chnh do TCP/IP l IP
(Internetworking Protocol) cho d hin c mt s giao thc khc h tr di chuyn d liu trong
lp ny.

3.1

So Snh Gia M Hnh OSI V B Giao Thc TCP/IP

TCP/IP tp hp cc lp trnh din v lp phin vo trong lp ng dng ca n. Hai l do

c cp cho quyt nh ny. u tin, giao thc TCP / IP c nhiu hn mt giao thc lp vn
chuyn. Mt s chc nng ca lp phin c sn trong mt s cc giao thc lp vn chuyn. Th
hai, lp ng dng khng phi l ch c mt phn ca phn mm. Nhiu ng dng c th c
pht trin lp ny. Nu mt s cc chc nng c cp trong phin v trnh din l cn thit
cho mt ng dng c th, n c th c bao gm trong s pht trin ca phn mm.

3.2

Cc Lp Trong B Giao Thc TCP / IP

Lp vt l
TCP/IP khng nh ngha cc giao thc c th cho lp vt l. N h tr tt c cc tiu

chun v cc giao thc c quyn. Ti lp ny giao tip gia hai hops hoc cc nt, hoc mt
my tnh vi router. n v d liu l bit. Khi kt ni c thit lp gia hai nt, mt dng bit
c truyn gia chng. Tuy nhin lp vt l x l vi mi bit ring.
Lu rng nu mt nt c kt ni vi n lin kt, n cn n giao thc lp vt l cho mi
lin kt. L do l cc lin kt khc nhau c th s dng giao thc lp vt l khc nhau. Tuy
nhin, con s ny ch cho thy cc lp vt l lin quan n vic truyn dn. Mi my tnh lin
quan n ch vi mt lin kt; mi b nh tuyn lin quan n vic ch c hai lin kt.
Trch nhim ca lp vt l, ngoi vic cung cp cc bit ph hp vi nhng g cp n cho lp
vt l ca m hnh OSI, nhng n ch yu ph thuc vo cc cng ngh c bn l cung cp
lin kt. VD nhiu giao thc cho lp vt l trn mng LAN hoc WAN.
Lp lin kt d liu
TCP / IP khng xc nh bt k giao thc c th cho lp data link N h tr tt c cc
tiu chun v cc giao thc c quyn. lp ny, giao tip cng l gia hai hops hoc cc nt.
n v d liu l mt gi tin c gi l mt frame. Mt frame l mt gi tin m gi gn cc d
liu nhn c t lp mng v thm phn header v i khi thm mt trailer. Header khc vi
nhng thng tin khc gm a ch ngun v a ch ch ca frame. a ch xc nh ngi
nhn frame v nhiu nt c th c kt ni vi cc lin kt. a ch ngun c th p ng
hoc xc nhn theo yu cu ca mt s giao thc.
Lp mng
Ti lp mng (hay chnh xc hn, lp lin mng), TCP/IP h tr cc giao thc Internet
(IP). Giao thc Internet (IP) l c ch truyn ti c s dng bi cc giao thc TCP/IP. IP vn
chuyn d liu trong cc gi tin gi l datagrams, mi trong s c vn chuyn ring bit.
Datagrams c th i dc theo tuyn ng khc nhau v c th n khng theo th t hoc c
nhn i. IP khng theo di cc tuyn ng v khng c c s sp xp li datagrams mt khi
n n ni cn n.
C mt s khc bit chnh gia giao tip ti lp mng v giao tip ti lp lin kt d liu
hoc lp vt l. Giao tip ti lp network l t u n cui trong khi giao tip hai lp kia l

nt n nt. Cc gi tin bt u my A v c gi n my B. Lp mng ca router c th

kim tra ngun v ch ca gi tin v tm kim con ng i tt nht, nhng n khng c
php thay i ni dung ca gi tin. Mc d lp mng ca my tnh A v B ngh rng n ang gi
v nhn gi d liu giao tip thc t li c thc hin lp vt l.
Lp vn chuyn
C mt s khc bit chnh gia lp vn chuyn v lp mng l tt c cc nt trong mng
cn phi c lp mng th ch hai my tnh cui cng cn phi c lp vn chuyn. Lp vn chuyn
c trch nhim gi gi d liu t my tnh A n my tnh B , cung cp ton b thng ip c
gi l segment, user datagram, hoc mt packet, t A n B. Mt segment c th bao gm mt
vi hoc hng chc datagrams. Cc segments cn phi c chia thnh cc datagrams v mi
datagrams phi c gi n cc lp mng truyn. K t khi Internet xc nh mt l trnh
khc nhau cho mi datagrams, cc datagrams c th n khng theo th t v c th b mt. Lp
vn chuyn my tnh B cn phi i cho n khi tt c cc datagrams n, lp rp.
Lp vn chuyn ch ang giao tip vi nhau bng cch s dng mt segment, giao tip
c thc hin thng qua cc lp vt l v trao i cc bit.
Lp vn chuyn truyn ti trong b TCP / IP bi 2 giao thc: User Datagram Protocol (UDP) v
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Mt giao thc mi gi l Stream Control Transmission
Protocol (SCTP) s gii thiu trong vi nm qua.
Lp ng dng
Lp ng dng trong b giao thc TCP/IP tng ng vi lp phin, trnh din, v ng
dng trong m hnh OSI. Lp ng dng cho php ngi dng truy cp cc dch v ca internet
c nhn hoc mng Internet ton cu. Nhiu giao thc c quy nh ti lp ny cung cp cc
dch v nh th in t, chuyn tp tin, truy cp vo World Wide Web,.. N bao gm hu ht
cc giao thc chun trong chng sau.
Giao tip lp ng dng ging nh ti lp vn chuyn l u n cui. Mt thng bo
c to ra ti my tnh A s c gi n my tnh B m khng b thay i trong qu trnh
truyn ti.

IV/Addressing

Bn mc ca cc a ch c s dng trong Internet s dng cc giao thc TCP/ IP

l: physical address, logical address, port address, and application-specific address. Mi a ch
c lin quan n mt lp trong kin trc giao thc TCP / IP.
Physical address
Physical address cn c gi l link address (a ch lin kt), l a ch ca mt nt theo nh
ngha ca mng LAN hoc WAN ca n. N bao gm mt frame c s dng bi lp lin kt
d liu. y l a ch cp thp, cc a ch vt l c thm quyn qua lin kt (LAN hoc WAN).
Kch thc v nh dng ca cc a ch ny c th thay i ty thuc vo mng. V d, Ethernet
s dng 6byte (48-bit) a ch vt l c in trn card giao din mng (NIC). Tuy nhin
LocalTalk (Apple) c mt 1byte a ch IP ng thay i mi khi trm i ln.
a ch vt l c th l unicast (mt ngi nhn), multicast (mt nhm ngi nhn), hoc
broadcast (c nhn bi tt c cc h thng trong mng). Mt s mng c h tr c ba a ch.
V d, Ethernet (xem Chng 3) h tr cc a ch unicast vt l (6 byte), cc a ch multicast
v broadcast. Mt s mng khng h tr multicast, broadcast. Nu mt frame c gi cho mt
nhm ngi nhn hoc cho tt c h thng, a ch multicast,broadcast phi c m phng bng
cch s dng a ch unicast. iu ny c ngha rng nhiu gi c gi bng cch s dng a
ch unicast.
Logical address
a ch logic l cn thit cho giao tip ton cu v c lp ca cc mng vt l bn
di. a ch vt l l khng ph hp trong mi trng lin mng, mi trng mng khc
nhau c th c nh dng a ch khc nhau. Mt h thng gii quyt ph qut l cn thit,
trong mi my ch c th c xc nh duy nht, khng ph thuc vo mng vt l c
bn. Cc a ch logic c thit k cho mc ch ny. Mt a ch logic trn mng Internet
hin nay l mt a ch 32bit c th xc nh mt my ch kt ni vi Internet. Khng c hai
a ch cng cng c th c cng a ch IP.
Cc a ch logic c th l unicast (mt ngi nhn), multicast (mt nhm ngi nhn),
broadcast (tt c cc h thng trong mng). C nhng hn ch trn cc a ch broadcast.
a ch port
Cc a ch IP v a ch vt l l cn thit cho mt s lng d liu i t mt ngun n
ch. Tuy nhin, n my ch khng phi l mc tiu cui cng ca truyn thng d liu trn

Internet. Mt h thng s gi g, nhng d liu t my ny sang my khc l khng y .

Ngy nay, my tnh l thit b c th chy nhiu quy trnh cng mt lc. Mc tiu cui cng ca
giao tip Internet l mt tin trnh giao tip vi cc tin trnh khc. i vi cc qu trnh ny
nhn d liu cng mt lc, chng ta cn mt phng php nhn cc qu trnh khc nhau.
Trong kin trc TCP / IP, cc nhn c gn cho mt tin trnh c gi l mt a ch port. Mt
a ch port trong giao thc TCP / IP c chiu di 16 bit.
Application-Specific Addresses
Mt s ng dng s dng a ch c thit k cho cc ng dng ring. V d nh a ch e-mail
v Resource Locator Universal (URL). u tin xc nh ngi nhn e-mail, th hai c s
dng tm mt ti liu trn World Wide Web. Tuy nhin cc a ch ny c thay i vo cng
tng ng v cc a ch logic ca my tnh gi i, nh chng ta s thy trong chng sau.