NGHIN CU XY DNG QUY TRNH O TN HAO IN MI PHC V

PHNG TH NGHIM TRNG IM IN CAO P

TS. Nguyn Hu Kin; KS. Trn Vit Sn
Vin Nng lng B Cng Thng
TM TT
Bi bo nhm xy dng quy trnh th nghim o tn hao in mi cho Phng Th
nghim trng im in cao p, da trn c s nghin cu l thuyt c bn v k thut in
cao p v cc c tnh k thut ca h thng th nghim FT-12 do Pressco AG sn xut.
I. GII THIU
Phng th nghim trng im in cao p
(HVLAB) sau mt thi gian tin hnh xy
dng n nay hon thnh v c a
vo hot ng vi cc h thng th nghim
(HTTN) c cp in p, cng sut, di i
tng th nghim (TN) ln u tin trang b
Vit Nam.
Tnh n nay HVLAB c trang b cc
HTTN hin i xut x t M v cc nc
thuc khi G7 nh: HTTN xung in p
3.600kV (Italia); xung dng in 100kA
(CHLB c); HTTN in p xoay chiu tng
cao tn s cng nghip ti phng th nghim
(1200 kV; 50 Hz) v ti hin trng (450 kV;
45300 Hz) (USA), H thng o lng in
mi FT-12 (Thy S). [7].
Hu ht tt c cc thit b in (TB) cao
p trc khi a vo vn hnh s tri qua mt
cuc TN lin quan n C v tan kim tra
cht lng v in [2; 3]. HTTN o tn hao
in mi l h thng hin i v phc tp. V
vy, vn hnh khai thc v bo dng h
thng ny cn cc cn b c kin thc su cng
nh kinh nghim nht nh trong lnh vc TN
k thut in (KT) cao p cng nh o lng
- iu khin, Kt qu ti ny l bc khi
u nhm to c s bin son cc quy trnh chi
tit hn i vi hng mc TN o tn hao in
mi phc v khai thc HVLAB.
II. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
- Nghin cu, tham kho, thu thp v phn
tch cc ti liu v KT cao p cng nh cc
ti liu lin quan n l thuyt in mi, cng
nh cc phng php o gc tn hao in mi
(tg) tiu biu hin c trn th gii.
- Nghin cu, phn tch cc c tnh k
thut cng nh phng thc vn hnh ca

HTTN o gc tn hao in mi FT-12 ca

hng Pressco AG c trang b cho HVLAB.
- Tng hp, xy dng quy trnh TN o gc
tn hao in mi (tg) ph hp vi iu kin
vn hnh ti Vit Nam.
III. TN HAO IN MI
a. t vn
Khi a mt thanh in mi vo trong in
trng ca mt vt mang in, trong in mi
xy ra qu trnh phn cc, pha cc dng xut
hin in tch m, pha cc m xut hin in
tch dng. in mi s to thnh t in. Hai
qu trnh in dn v phn cc ni trn tc
ng ln in mi lm cho n pht nng gy
tn hao in mi.

Hnh 1: S phn cc in mi
Phn in nng tiu hao cc ht in tch
thng lc lin kt khi chuyn ng trong in
mi di tc dng ca in trng bn ngoi
Eng gi l tn hao in mi.
Trong in trng, tn hao in mi c th
ph v s cn bng nhit hoc ph v cc lin
kt ha hc trong in mi, c th dn n ph
hng cch in dn n in mi mt hn kh
nng cch in.
Tn hao in mi c th c trng bi sut
tn hao in mi, l cng sut tn hao tnh
trong mt n v th tch ca in mi.
in p xoay chiu, ngi ta thng
dng gc tn hao in mi v ng vi n l

tg. Gc tn hao in mi l gc ph ca gc
lch pha gia dng in i v in p u trong
in mi. [1; 2]
n gin, ta xt tn hao in mi ca cht
in mi gia hai bn cc ca mt t in.

Hnh 2: S phc hp ca dng in v in

p trn t in
b. Nguyn nhn gy tn hao in mi
- Tn hao in mi do phn cc: Tn hao
ny do hin tng phn cc gy ra, thng
thy cc cht c cu to lng cc v cu to
ion rng buc khng cht ch. Tn tht ny gy
ra do s chuyn ng nhit ca cc ion hoc
cc phn t lng cc di tc dng ca in
trng, s ph hy trng thi ny lm mt mt
nng lng v lm cho in mi b nng ln.
Tn hao do phn cc tng theo tn s in p
t vo in mi. Tn hao do phn cc ph
thuc vo nhit , tn hao t cc i ti mt
nhit nht nh c trng cho mi cht in
mi [1].
- Tn hao do dng in r: Trong bt k
in mi no lun tn ti cc in t t do,
di tc dng ca in trng cc in t t do
ny s dch chuyn theo chiu tc dng ca
in trng, to nn dng in r. Dng in
r ny kt hp vi in tr in mi gy nn
tn tht nhit [1]. Tn hao do dng in r
c xc nh theo biu thc sau y:

tg

1,8.1012
. f .

xy ra ion ha, Tn hao ny c xc nh theo

biu thc:
Pi = Ai.f(U-U0)3
(3)
Trong :
Ai l hng s i vi tng cht kh
f l tn s t vo
U0 l in p bt u gy ion cht kh
Tr s Uo ph thuc vo tng loi cht kh,
nhit v p sut lm vic ca tng cht kh,
tuy nhin cn ph thuc vo mc ng nht
ca in trng, Cng mt gi tr in p t
vo nhng in trng u s kh gy ion ha
hn so vi in trng khng u.
- Tn hao do cu to khng ng nht: Tn
hao ny xy ra trong cc vt liu c cu to
khng ng nht, xc nh tn hao in mi
trong trng hp ny ta phi xem in mi
gm hai in mi ghp ni tip nhau.

Hnh 3: S thay th ca in mi
Gc tn hao in mi:
2 .n m
tg
M 3 N
(4)
Vi m= R1 + R2
n = C22 R22 R1+ C21 R21 R2
M= C1 R21 + C2 R22
N= C22 R22 C1 R21 + C21 R21 C2 R22.
IV. M HNH O TN HAO IN MI.
a. Cu Schering.
Cu cao p Schering ban u c cp bng
sng ch bi P.Thomas t nm 1915 v c
gii thiu cho cc php o in p cao bi H.
Schering vo nm 1920. [6].

(1)

Trong : - l hng s in mi
f l tn s in p
- l in tr sut ca khi in mi
Khi nhit tng th tn hao in mi cng
(2)
tng:
P = P0 .e.t
Trong :
P0 l tn hao in mi nhit 200C,
l h s nhit
T l chnh nhit so vi 200C
- Tn hao do ion ha: Tn hao ny thng
gp trong cc cht kh, khi trong mi trng c

Hnh 4: Cu cao p Schering

Tuy nhin phng php ny rt tn thi gian
v bt tin, khc phc im yu ca n,
ngi ta dng phng php cu Wagner c
gii thiu bi K.W Wagner [6],
2

in hnh c sn xut bi Osvath v Widmer

vo nm 1986. [4; 6]. y cng chnh l m
hnh nguyn l c s dng ch to cu o
tn hao in mi FT-12 ca hng Pressco AG
c trang b cho HVLAB.

Hnh 5 : Cu Wagner
Cu Wagner sau cng c ci tin bng
cch thm b khuch i hot ng cho cn
bng t ng, mch c bn c th hin trong
hnh 6. [4].

Hnh 6: Cu Wagner t ng
b. Cu so snh dng in
Nhng thiu st ca cu Schering gm c
nhng thay i c th c ca cc yu t mch
vi nhit v s lo ha, vic tm kim cc
hnh thc ci tin ca mch cu c thc
hin kh sm, da trn mch ghp cm ng
hoc nhnh ampe-t l. Vic kt ni mch c
bn cho php o in dung v tn hao trong t
in cao p c gii thiu bi Glynne [5; 6].

Hnh 8: Cu so snh dng in in p cao

t ng
V. QUY TRNH TH NGHIM FT - 12.
a. Chun b mu th v kim tra an ton
trc khi tin hnh th nghim
- V sinh mu th hoc to mi trng
cho mu trc khi a vo th nghim.
- a mu th vo khu vc TN, tin hnh
ni u vo ca mu th vi u ra cao p
ca thit b, ni u ra ca mu th vi t.
- Kim tra khong cch an ton phng
in t thit b TN ti cc thit b hoc vt
th c kh nng dn in xung quanh khu vc
TN. Trong trng hp cc vt hoc thit b
khc nm trong phm vi kh nng c th gy
ra phng in cn ni t tt c cc thit b
ny m bo cho an ton ca cc thit b
cng nh tnh chnh xc ca kt qu TN.
- Tin hnh u ni gia 2 khi o lng
v iu khin, u ni t vt th n h
thng theo s TN ph hp kiu i tng,
v mc ch TN.

Hnh 9: u ni gia hai khi (HV v CRT)

Hnh 7: Cu so snh dng in (Glynne)
Kh nng ca cc mch in t cung cp
nhiu gii php khc nhau, gii php gn y
nht c s dng li th ca iu khin bng
my vi tnh [4; 7]. Hnh 8 cho thy mt mch

- Trc khi tin hnh TN phi thc hin

kim tra cc u ni, trng thi ca thit b m
bo cc iu kin theo quy nh ca c tnh
k thut ca h thng thit b.
3

- Tho so tip a ra khi thit b TN,

kim tra in p u vo.

Hnh 9b: u ni ti vt th ti HVLAB.

b. Cc bc thao tc ban u ca qu trnh
tin hnh th nghim
Sau khi kim tra an ton cc bc chun
b mu th cng nh thit b TN, ngi vn
hnh chnh s cho tin hnh TN theo cc
bc sau:
- Bt cng tc ngun ca h thng thit b
ln : s 5 trn hnh 10 (hnh 10/5);

Hnh 10. Mt trc ca khi iu khin

- H thng thit b s t np cc gi tr
ban u.
- Trng kt ni ch ra chc nng kim
tra thc trong mc Test Mode. Bt thc o
thang ph Vernier la chn mt thang
thch hp.

Hnh 11: Mn hnh hin th iu khin

- Tng gi tr in p o trn khi cao p
(HV) cho ti gi tr mong mun c quan
st thy v c ra U=;

- Bm phm nng R/S = RUN vi gi

tr u;
- Trong trng thng tin t Balancing
s hin th trong chc nng chuyn i. Mt
gi tr tng ng vi gi tr u ra zero b
thu tn hiu (hin th khng c gi tr) c
hin th. Cc gi tr thp d iu chnh cn
bng hn. Sau khi cn bng m B
(balanced) xut hin trn trng hin th ny.
Dng Cx hin th gi tr in dung v dng
tg ch ra gi tr ca gc tn hao in mi;
- Nu m rng chc nng hin th tg
trong mt dng khc, bm vo phm mm
TD. Khi tg s hin th sang (%), ch s
ngun hoc ppm;
c. Kh nhiu:
Kh nhiu bng phng php t ng, tin
hnh nh sau:
- Sau khi thc hin ci t mt phng
php chun b kim tra ng thc hin mt
php o kim theo nh m t trn v khng
nh chc chn cu o c cn bng;
- Bm vo phm mm "RJ". Cc k t
"RJ" c hin th trong ch inverse
mode, HV c ngt t ng, qu trnh loi
b c bt u v trong trng thng tin
xut hin "Rejecting". Sau khi qu trnh kh
nhiu c hon thnh trng thng tin ch
ra R v trng thng tin ch dn: "Switch
HV ON" c hin th;
- B x l cu o "bridges" chuyn sang v
tr zero (0) ca b iu chnh bin p cho
HV c th bt ln trc tip ON: Sau khi mt
php cn bng mi c h thng thit b
thc hin cc gi tr thc ng vi in dung
v g tr ca cc yu t ngun c hin th;
- Nu nhiu qu mnh, qu trnh kh loi
b nhiu c th c lp li.
VI. KT LUN
Qua nghin cu mt s vn l lun v
KT cao p, ti i su nghin cu, phn
tch c s l thuyt v phng php lun v
HTTN tn hao in mi. Trn c s , cc
vn chnh v quy trnh TN ca h thng ny
nh mc ch, mch u ni TN, o lng tn
hiu, x l s liu, c xem xt mt cch
c bn v chi tit phc v khai thc HVLAB an
ton, hiu qu nh mc tiu ra ban u ca
ti.
Th nghim o tn hao in mi l mt
hng mc quan trng trong k thut TN in
cao p nhm kim tra cc h thng cch in
4

i vi cc TB cao p. Chnh v cng tc

kim nh v TN trc, trong v sau khi a
vo vn hnh i vi cc TB cao p l rt cn
thit v quan trng, nn nh nc u t
mt HTTN tn hao in mi TN cho TB
ti cp in p 500kV v giao cho HVLAB
qun l.
H thng FT-12 c s dng vi mc
ch TN v nghin cu, o gi tr in dung
v mc tn hao in mi ca h cch in
v vt liu cch in. Ngoi ra h thng cn c
kh nng tch hp vn hnh cng vi h
thng AC-1200kV ch o tan song song
vi qu trnh th bn cch in.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1]. Nguyn nh Thng (2005), Vt liu k
thut in, HBK - H Ni.
[2]. Phm Vn Bnh, L Vn Doanh (2002),
My bin p l thuyt vn hnh, bo dng,

th nghim, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K

thut, H Ni.
[3]. Trnh Hng Thm, Nguyn Hu Khi, o
Quang Thch, L Vn t, Phm Vn Ho, o
Kim Hoa (1998), "Nh my in & trm bin
p (phn in), Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K
thut.
[4]. E. Kuffel, W.S. Zaengl and J. Kuffel
(2000), High Voltage Engineering.
[5]. W.P. Baker (1965), Electrical Insulation
Measurements.
Newnes
International
Monographs on Electrical Engineering and
Electronics.
[6]. A.J. Schwab (1972), High Voltage
Measurement Techniques. M.I.T Press.
[7]. Presco AG, Weiningen, Switzerland
(2009), Automatic Capacitance and Power
Factor Field Test Set 12 kV 2,4 kVA-Type
FT-12.

a ch lin h: Phng Th nghim trng im in cao p Vin Nng lng; s 6 Tn Tht Tng
ng a H Ni;
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Email: kien_p18@yahoo.com; kiennh@hvlab.gov.vn