Professional Documents
Culture Documents
XI
CBSE-i
UNIT-9
Accounts from
incomplete Records
Students Material
CBSE-i
Accounts form
incomplete Records
Students Material
CLASS
XI
UNIT-9
Preface
Education plays the most important role in acquiring professional and social skills and a positive attitude to face
the challenges of life. Curriculum is a comprehensive plan of any educational programme. It is also one of the
means of bringing about qualitative improvement in an educational system. The Curriculum initiated by Central
Board of Secondary Education -International (CBSE-i) is a progressive step in making the educational content
responsive to global needs. It signifies the emergence of a fresh thought process in imparting a curriculum which
would restore the independence of the learner to pursue the learning process in harmony with the existing
personal, social and cultural ethos.
The CBSE introduced the CBSE-i curriculum as a pilot project in few schools situated outside India in 2010 in
classes I and IX and extended the programme to classes II, VI and X in the session 2011-12. It is going to be
introduced in classes III, VII and for Senior Secondary classes with class XI in the session 2012-13.
The Senior Secondary stage of education decides the course of life of any student. At this stage it becomes
extremely important for students to develop the right attitude, a willingness to learn and an understanding of the
world around them to be able to take right decisions for their future. The senior secondary curriculum is expected
to provide necessary base for the growth of knowledge and skills and thereby enhance a student's potential to face
the challenges of global competitiveness. The CBSE-i Senior Secondary Curriculum aims at developing desired
professional, managerial and communication skills as per the requirement of the world of work. CBSE-i is for the
current session offering curriculum in ten subjects i.e. Physics Chemistry, Biology, Accountancy, BusinessStudies, Economics, Geography, ICT, English, Mathematics I and Mathematics II. Mathematics at two levels
caters to the differing needs of students of pure sciences or commerce.
The Curriculum has been designed to nurture multiple intelligences like linguistic or verbal intelligence, logicalmathematical intelligence, spatial intelligence, sports intelligence, musical intelligence, inter-personal
intelligence and intra-personal intelligence.
The Core skills are the most significant aspects of a learner's holistic growth and learning curve. The objective of
this part of the core of curriculum is to scaffold the learning experiences and to relate tacit knowledge with formal
knowledge. This involves trans-disciplinary linkages that would form the core of the learning process.
Perspectives, SEWA (Social Empowerment through Work and Action), Life Skills and Research would be the
constituents of this 'Core'.
The CBSE-i Curriculum evolves by building on learning experiences inside the classroom over a period of time.
The Board while addressing the issues of empowerment with the help of the schools' administering this system
strongly recommends that practicing teachers become skilful and lifelong learners and also transfer their learning
experiences to their peers through the interactive platforms provided by the Board.
The success of this curriculum depends upon its effective implementation and it is expected that the teachers will
make efforts to create better facilities, develop linkages with the world of work and foster conducive environment
as per recommendations made in the curriculum document.
I appreciate the effort of Dr.Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training), CBSE, Dr. Srijata Das, Education Officer, CBSE
and Ms. Anjali Chhabra, Assistant Education Officer, CBSE and their teams involved in the development of this
document.
The CBSE-i website enables all stakeholders to participate in this initiative through the discussion forums. Any
further suggestions on improving the portal are always welcome.
Vineet Joshi
Chairman, CBSE
Acknowledgements
Advisory
Shri Vineet Joshi, Chairman, CBSE
Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training), CBSE
Ideators Classes XI and XII
Prof. A K Bakshi
Dr. N K Sehgal
Prof. Kapil Kapor
Ms. Renu Anand
Dr. Barkatullah Khan
Ms. Avnita Bir
Conceptual Framework
Shri G. Balasubramanian, Former Director (Acad), CBSE
Ms. Abha Adams, Consultant, Step-by-Step School, Noida
Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training), CBSE
Ms. P Rajeshwari
Ms. Gyatri Khanna
Mrs. Anita Makkar
Prof. Biswajit Nag
Dr. Jacqueline Symss
Ms. Usha Sharma
Biology :
Dr. Ranjana Saxena
Dr. Neeraja Sood
Dr. P Chitralekha
Ms. Mridula Arora
Ms. Lucy Jad
Ms. Priyanka Choudhury
Ms. Prerna Gosain
Ms. Malini Sridhar
Geography:
Ms. K Jaya
Dr. Preeti Tewari
Ms. Rupa Das
Ms. S Fazal Daoud Firdausi
Ms. Neena Phogat
Ms. Sujata Sharma
Ms. Deepa Kapoor
Ms. Bharti Malhotra
Ms. Isha Kaushik
Mr. Riyaz Khan
Physics :
Dr. B. Biswal
Ms. Namarata Alwadhi
Mr. Dhirender Sharma
Ms. Vandana Banga
Mr. Vivek
Economics:
Mr. S K Agarwala
Ms. Ambika Gulati
Ms. Nidhi Singh
Ms. Malti Modi
Ms. Sapna Das
Ms. Ingur Agarwal
Ms. Shankar Kulkarni
Mathematics :
Dr. Sushil Kumar
Mrs. Monica Talwar
Mrs. Charu Dureja
Mrs. Seema Juneja
Dr. H K Bhatia
Dr. Sushma Bansal
Accountancy :
Mr. S S Sehrawat
Dr. K Mohna
Dr. Balbir Singh
Ms. Bhupendra Kriplani
Ms. Shipra Vaidya
Mr. Sandeep Sethi
Business Studies :
Dr. S K Bhatia
Ms. Meenu Ranjan Arora
Mrs. Shegorika
Mr. Sandeep Sethi
Ms. Usha Sharma
Ms. Komal Bhatia
Ms. Ravisha Aggarwal
ICT :
Mr. Mukesh Kumar
Ms. Nancy Sehgal
Ms. Purvi Srivastava
Ms. Gurpreet Kaur
Dr Rashmi Sethi, EO
Shri R. P. Sharma,
Consultant (Science)
Content
Preface
Acknowledgment
1.
Introduction
2.
3.
4.
Worksheet - 1
11
5.
14
6.
14
System of Recording.
7.
21
STUDENTS MANUAL
UUNIT 9 ACCOUNTS FROM INCOMPLETE RECORDS
So far you have studied that how a business unit ascertains profit/loss of the
business by following the process of Double Entry Book-Keeping.
But it is not necessary to strictly maintain Double Entry System to know the
profit/loss and financial position of a concern.
Many small scale enterprises do not maintain the complete records of their
transactions but they also have to ascertain the profit/loss of their business and
its financial position. So to ascertain the profit/loss and know about the financial
position of the business without keeping the records according to Double Entry
Book-keeping
is
termed
as
Accounts
from
Incomplete
Records.
So, Incomplete Records is a system in which some transactions are recorded with
all their proper debits and credits whereas in some other cases, no entry or only
one side of a transaction is recorded. Generally records of cash and personal
accounts of debits and creditors are properly maintained whereas records related
to assets and liabilities, expenses and revenues are not recorded completely but
are recorded partially. This is the reason why this system is called a system of
Incomplete Records OR Accounts from incomplete records. It may be defined as
follows :
According to Kohler
"A system of book-keeping in which as a rule only records of cash and of
personal accounts are maintained, it is always incomplete double entry varying
with the circumstances".
It is important to note here that in this system some times we follow the double
entry system by keeping records of both debits and credits and some times we
do not follow this. So this incomplete system of recording cannot be called a
Single Entry System, because in this incomplete system of recording we mix the
approach of the Double Entry and Single Entry.
So this system of incomplete records is a system where :
(1)
(2)
(3)
A cobbler,
A small tailor shop
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
ADVANTAGES
Simple to follow.
Suitable for small concerns.
Flexible.
Inexpensive method.
DISADVANTAGES
No accuracy of profits.
No comparison.
Future plans cannot be based as no statements.
No accuracy.
True value of assets cannot be judged.
No internal check.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(1)
(2)
(3)
Flexible Method. As this method does not follow the strict rules of
double entry system so the method can change accordingly to the
requirements.
(4)
(5)
Only Estimated Profit / Loss is Known. Trading and profit and loss
account cannot be prepared so it is difficult to know the accurate profit
and loss so profit / losses can only be estimated.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
10
(7)
Not Acceptable. To calculate income tax, the income tax authorities convert this
system into Double Entry System to calculate income tax accurately so we can
say this system is not accepted by the income tax authorities.
11
Statement of Affairs
(2)
All three accounts i.e. Personal, Real and Nominal are maintained in
Double Entry System. Only Personal Account and Cash Book is
maintained in this system.
(3)
(4)
12
(5)
(6)
13
(1)
The profits earned or losses incurred during a given period of time and
(2)
To know all this, one has to use the available information in the incomplete
records to find out the profit/loss and financial position of an enterprise at the
end of the year. There are two ways to find out the results of the business :
(1)
(2)
Preparing Trading and Profit and Loss Account and the Balance Sheet by
completing the records called Conversion Method.
Note :
As per our syllabus, according to CBSE curriculum for Class XI only Statement of
Affairs or Net Worth method is discussed here.
14
NEED
Normally when would a business man want to know the worth of his business
[when he has to shift base, sell his business apply for a loan needs to get
someone interested in his business maybe for expansion .]
He is in no condition to prove the sales and hence unable to derive the value of
goodwill for the present value of his business.
15
16
CREDITORS
5,000
BANK
15,000
CASH
5,000
OUTSTANDING 3,000
EXPENSES
CAPITAL
|
|
[ 77,000]
bal fig
DEBTORS
15,000
FIXED ASSETS
50,000
--------------------------
----------
85,000
85,000
------------------------
Then he asks Mr A
What was his status when he started the business
Mr A ------ Well I had brought 10,000 from home and I had purchased
17
Then he remembers that he was withdrawing Rs 3,000 every month for his
personal and house hold expenses.
The student then derives another formula on the board
Opening Capital + Profit -Drawings =Closing Capital
10,000+profit-[3000x120 months]=77,000
10,000+Profits-3,60,000 = 77000
Profit =3,60,000+77,000-10,000=4,23,000
Mr A aah, that is the profit I have made in the past ten years
Hence now Mr B can think of how much to offer him
It is a nice link to introduce the concept of goodwill later for class 12
The script can go on.
Statement of Affairs.
It should be noted that this Statement of Affairs is similar to Balance Sheet
because the statement also shows liabilities on the left side and assets on the right
hand side.
But even then it cannot be termed as Balance Sheet because date contained in
this statement of affairs are based on the relevant document and physical count
whereas in Balance Sheet the date is totally based on Ledger Balance.
18
Amount
Assets
Amount
(Rs.)
Bills Payable
(Rs.)
XXX Land
and
XXX
Building
Creditors
XXX Machinery
XXX
Outstanding
XXX Furniture
XXX
Expenses
Capital *
(Balancing Figure)
Stock
XXX
Debtors
XXX
XXX
Prepaid Expenses
XXX
XXX
Capital *
(Balancing
XXX
Figure)
XXX
XXX
Note :
* Capital may be either in the liabilities side or the assets side depending on the
total of both sides. If total of assets side is more, then capital will be in the
liabilities side or vice-versa.
Calculation of Profit/Loss under Statement of Affairs Methods is as follows:
19
20
Particulars
(Rs.)
Capital as at the end of year (calculated from statement of
affairs as at the end of year)
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
year)
Profit or loss made during the year
xxx
Now this calculation of Profit / Loss under this incomplete system of recording
may be better understood with the help of the following illustrations.
21
(b) Society
(c) Company
(d) Government
(b) Loss
22
(d) None .
(a)
Opening
Capital
Capital
Closing
WithCapital
fresh
drawal
Profit
Rs.
5,000
Rs.
7,000
Rs.
1,000
Rs.
500
Rs.
?
(b)
3,000
600
400
500
(c)
8,000
1,200
1000
900
(d)
10,000
15,000
2000
4,000
(e)
20,000
25,000
1,800
2,800
23
Solution:
Amount
Assets
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
Sundry Creditors
1,35,000 Cash-in-hand
1,27,995 Debtors
Stock
2,62,995
24
Amount
37,470
1,88,400
37,125
2,62,995
Statement of Profit or Loss for the year ended March 31, 2008
Particulars
Amount
(Rs.)
1,27,995
15,000
1,42,995
(22,500)
1,20,495
75,000
45,495
Illustration 2
Mr. Ronald run a small scale business of ready made Garments. He was
maintaining only some records just to know the estimate of profit or loss from
the business. On April 1, 2005, he had the following assets and liabilities :
25
= Rs. 2,20,000
Building
= Rs. 6,00,000
Stock
= Rs. 70,000
Cash at Bank
= Rs. 80,000
Cash in Hand
= Rs. 12,716
= Rs. 30,000
Dues of Creditors
= Rs. 80,000
Outstanding Wages
= Rs. 16,408
He also paid Rs. 9,600 p.m. school fee of his children from the business. He had
also introduced Rs. 18,000 during the year as additional capital.
On March 31, 2006 his position was as follows :
Furniture and Fittings
Rs. 2,50,000
Buildings
Rs. 6,00,000
Stock
Rs. 60,000
Cash at Bank
Rs. 65,000
Cash in Hand
Rs. 23,816
Rs. 24,700
Dues to Creditors
Rs. 78,816
Calculate the profit made by Mr. Ronald during the year by Statement of Affairs
Method.
26
Solution:
1,25,592
Illustration 3
Suzanne started a business with Rs. 3,12,000 on January 1, 2007. He borrowed Rs.
2,34,000 from the bank at 12% p.a. interest. Additional amount introduced during
the year in the business was Rs.4,68,000. At the end of the year his position was
as follows :
(1)
Cash in hand
Rs.
23,400
(2)
Cash at Bank
10,14,000
(3)
Car
2,00,000
(4)
Debtors
1,12,000
(5)
Creditors
1,40,400
(6)
14,040
p.m.
(7)
2,34,000
(8)
Find out his profit from the business for the year ended December 31, 2007.
Solution :
27
Amount
Assets
Amount
(Rs.)
Loan from Bank
(Rs.)
2,34,000 Cash-in-Hand
Accrued Interest*
23,400
Cash-at-Bank
10,14,000
28,080 Debtors
Creditors
1,40,400 Car
9,46,920
1,12,000
2,00,000
13,49,400
13,49,400
Amount
(Rs.)
9,46,920
1,68,480
11,15,400
4,68,000
6,47,400
3,12,000
3,35,400
Working Note :
* Accrued interest on loan is a liability so it will be shown in the liability side of
the Balance-Sheet.
Calculation of Profit under Incomplete System of Recording when some other
adjustments are also given. The following procedure will be followed.
28
First Step. In this case first of all we will calculate profit/loss of the business
during the year as we have calculated earlier.
Second Step. Now this calculated profit/loss will be adjusted according to given
adjustments in the following ways :
Deduct all those items which result in increase in expenses like depreciation,
outstanding expenses, interest on capital, interest on loans, provisions for
doubtful debts, bad debts etc.
Similarly Add all those items which result in the increase in incomes like prepaid
expenses, interest on investments.
After deducting and adding the items ion the calculated profit/loss we will be
Net Profit/Loss.
Third Step. Now closing statement of affairs is prepared again but now it will be
prepared after taking all the adjustments into consideration. This repeated
statement of affairs may also be called a Balance-Sheet because it is prepared
after all the adjustments have been taken into consideration.
Important Note.
29
30
Mr. James does not keep his records on the basis of double entry. But he wanted
to know the results of his business in the form of profit/loss of the business. For
that purpose the following information is available from his books.
Particulars
Cash-in-Hand
6,000
24,120
Cash-at-Bank
67,700
93,800
Inventory
26,800
46,900
Debtors
20,000
53,600
Creditors
6,700
10,720
Bills Receivable
6,800
16,080
Bills Payable
2,680
8,040
Furniture
5,360
32,160
Machinery
26,800
46,900
Motor Van
--
80,400
During the year he introduced Rs. 26,800 in his business and has withdrew Rs.
80,400 for his personal use. Charge depreciation on the following assets.
Furniture @ 10% p.a.
Machinery @ 20% p.a.
Motor Van @ 5% p.a.
31
Amount
Assets
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
Creditors
6,700 Cash-in-Hand
6,000
Bills Payable
2,680 Cash-at-Bank
67,700
1,50,080 Inventory
Debtors
26,800
20,000
Bills Receivable
6,800
Furniture
5,360
Machinery
26,800
1,59,460
1,59,460
Amount
Assets
(Rs.)
Creditors
Bills Payable
Capital (Balancing Figure)
Amount
(Rs.)
10,720 Cash-in-Hand
24,120
8,040 Cash-at-Bank
93,800
3,75,200 Inventory
3,93,960
32
46,900
Debtors
53,600
Bills Receivable
16,080
Furniture
32,160
Machinery
46,900
Motor Van
80,400
3,93,960
Amount
(Rs.)
3,75,200
80,400
4,55,600
26,800
4,28,800
1,50,080
2,78,720
Adjustment
Less: Depreciation
16,616
2,62,104
Less: Rent Outstanding
4,828
2,57,280
33
Amount
Assets
Amount
(Rs.)
Creditors
(Rs.)
10,720 Cash-in-Hand
24,120
Bills Payable
8,040 Cash-at-Bank
93,800
Outstanding Rent
4,824 Inventory
46,900
Capital (31.12.2007)
Rs.
Debtors
53,600
Bills Receivable
16,080
1,50,080
Rs.
Add : Additional
Capital
Furniture
26,800
- Depreciation
1,76,880
Machinery
Drawings
32,160
3,216
28,944
Rs.
46,900
2,57,280
- Depreciation
4,34,160
Motor Van
80,400
9,380
37,520
Rs.
8,400
- Depreciation
4,200
3,53,760
76,380
3,77,344
3,77,344
Note :
It may be noted that while preparing statement of affairs after adjustment
(Balance-Sheet) opening capital will be taken after adding additional capital and
deducting drawings and at last adjust Net Profit is added to this capital.
34
Illustration 5
Mukesh, a businessman does not maintain records of his business on the basis of
Double Entry. With the help of the following information find out his profit of
business for the year ended December 31, 2006 and also prepare Balance Sheet on
that date.
Particulars
Cash-in-Hand
31,200
Bank-Overdraft
39,000
---
Stock-in-Trade
64,000
1,20,000
Sundry Debtors
88,400
2,18,400
Sundry Creditors
41,600
67,600
Furniture
52,000
78,000
Office Equipments
65,000
1,30,000
Bank Balance
40,000
88,000
35
He introduced a fresh capital of Rs. 1,04,000 during the year and withdraw Rs.
13,000 per month for personal use. There were bad-debts of Rs.2,600. Provision of
doubtful debts is made at 5% on debtors. Rent of Rs.3,120 was outstanding.
Insurance of Rs. 910 was prepaid. Depreciation on furniture and office
equipment was charged @ 10% p.a.
Solution :
Adjustment
Less : Depreciation
(i)
20,800
(ii)
Less : Bad-Debts
2,600
13,390
3,120
910
3,77,000
36
Amount
Assets
Amount
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
Sundry Creditors
67,600 Cash-in-Hand
31,200
Rent Outstanding
3,120 Bank-Balance
8,000
Rs.
Rs. 2,36,600
Add: Addition
Capital
1,04,000
Sundry Debtors
2,18,400
Less : Bad-Debts
2,600
3,40,600
Less : Drawings
2,15,800
1,56,000
2,05,010
10,790
Add: Net Profit
(Adjusted)
Rs.
3,77,000
Furniture
= 78,000
Less : Depreciation
70,200
7,800
Office Equipments
Rs. 1,30,000
Less : Depreciation
1,17,000
13,000
5,61,600 Prepaid-Insurance
6,32,320
910
6,32,320
37
Illustration 6
Rose a trader, does not keep proper books of account for his business. From the
following information ascertain his profit or loss for the year ended March 31,
2007 and also prepare his Statement of Affairs as on that date.
Particulars
April 1, 2006
(Rs.)
(Rs.)
Stock-in-Trade
30,060
32,580
Sundry Creditors
29,000
34,560
Sundry-Debtors
20,160
19,080
450
2,520
33,280
Nil
Furniture
2,700
2,700
Scooter
3,420
Nil
Nil
5,220
Cash-in-Hand
Bank-Overdraft
Bank Balance
Rose has withdrawn Rs. 360 p.m. from the business for his personal use. 10%
depreciation is to be charged on furniture.
Rs. 1,080 was considered as irrevocable amount from debtors and 5% provision
was created for doubtful debts. Rs. 360 provision is created for Bills Receivable.
Solution :
38
Books of Rose
Statement of Affairs as on April 1, 2006
Liabilities
Amount
Assets
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
Sundry Creditors
29,000 Cash-in-Hand
Bank-Overdraft
20,160
28,800
Stock-in-Trade
450
30,060
Furniture
2,700
Scooter
3,420
85,590
85,590
Amount
Assets
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)
Sundry Creditors
34,560 Cash-in-Hand
2,520
36,540 Cash-in-Bank
5,220
Sundry Debtors
19,080
Bills Receivable
9,000
Stock-in-Trade
32,580
Furniture
71,100
2,700
7,100
39
Amount
(Rs.)
36,540
4,320
40,860
23,310
17,550
Adjustment
Less: Depreciation 10% of furniture
(270)
Less: Bad-Debts
= 1,080
= 19,080
(1,080)
1,080
(900)
Less: Provision for Bills Receivable
(360)
14,940
40
Amount
Assets
Amount
(Rs.)
Sundry Creditors
(Rs.)
34,560 Cash-in-Hand
2,520
Cash-in-Bank
5,220
Sundry Debtors
4,320
19,080
18,990
Add:
Net
Profit
- B. Debts
33,930
1,080
18,000
14,940
- Provision
900
17,100
Bills Receivable
Rs. 9,000
- Provision
360
Stock-in-Trade
Furniture
-Depreciation
8,640
32,580
2,700
-
2,430
270
68,490
41
68,490