5

-
,
.

5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 - . . .
5.2.1 . . .
5.2.1.i Dirichlet . . . . . . . . .
5.2.1.ii Neumann . . . . . . . .
5.2.1.iii . . . . . . .
5.2.1.iv . . . . .
5.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2.i Dirichlet . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2.ii Neumann . . . . . . . . .
5.2.2.iii . . . . . . . .
5.3 . . . . . . . .
5.3.1 Laplace. . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3.1.i Dirichlet. . . .
5.4 -

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
- .

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

10
12
12
12
21
27
33
33
33
37
39
39
39
40
52

5.1 .
Fourier
. , Fourier
.
, Fourier

. Fourier ()
.
10

5.1. .

11

,
. , ,
) - (-)
) ()
. ,
( , (..) ),
(..) Laplace(.L.) ().
:
,
: () .
(, ) < < , ,
, :

1 (, ) + 1 (, ) + 1 (, ) + 1 (, ) = 0

(5.1.1)

2 (, ) + 2 (, ) + 2 (, ) + 2 (, ) = 0
, Dirichlet, Neumann, .
,

(, ) = (, )
(, ) = (, )

. ..,
Neumann 1 = 1 = 1 = 0 2 = 2 = 1 = 0.
, Fourier

Sturm-Liouville (8). Robin
Fourier
(8),
.
()
.
.

(, ) = () ()
.
().

.
- , Laplace
.
.
.
[15],[10],[12],[11].
: 2 2013

 5. - ,
12
.

5.2 - .
.. (5.2.1.i) .

5.2.1

: Dirichlet, Neumann . [15].

Dirichlet
5.2.1.i

Dirichlet

-:

2
2 = 0, 0 < < , > 0

(0, ) = (, ) = 0, 0
()
(, 0) = (), 0
()

(5.2.1)
(5.2.2)
(5.2.3)

.
() .

(0) = () = 0
.
- .
5.1: - Dirichlet.

(, ) = () ()

(5.2.4)

.
(, ) = 0
() = 0, 0 < < . ,
.
(5.2.1)

= 0 = .
, .

,

: 2 2013

(5.2.5)

5.2. - .

13

.
,

= =

(5.2.6)

=0

)
=0

= .

.
(5.2.6).
.
(5.2.6)

d2
= , 0 < <
d2
d
= , > 0
d

(5.2.7)
(5.2.8)

.
.

(0, ) = 0 (0) () = 0,
(, ) = 0 () () = 0
= 0 () = 0,

(0) = () = 0
,

d2
= , 0 < <
d2
(0) = () = 0

(5.2.9)
(5.2.10)

. , = 0,
= 0.


. -(., -) (5.2.9-5.2.10)
. ,
,
(
). :
(5.2.9) ( )
(5.2.10).
: 2 2013

 5. - ,
14
.
(5.2.9)
.

2 + = 0
, :

cosh( ) + sinh( )
1. < 0 () = e + e =

2. = 0 () = +

3. > 0 () = cos( ) + sin( )

, .
, .

.

(5.2.10).
( < 0)

() =
cosh( ) + sinh( )
, sinh = 0, cosh
. , (0) = 0
= 0,
() = 0 = 0. () = 0,
.
( = 0)

() = +
(0) = 0 = 0 () = 0 = 0. .
( > 0)

() = cos( ) + sin( )
(0) = 0 = 0 sin 0 = 0. , () = 0

sin( ) = 0

= =

( )2

( )2

: 2 2013

5.2. - .

15

sin

( )
().

< 0 ( 2 ) sin() = sin()

> 0
< 0. ,
, . ,
,

() = sin

( )2
( )
. = 1, 2, 3, . . .
, =

(5.2.11)

. (5.2.8)

() = e

(5.2.12)

( )2
, =
. ,

() = e( )

(5.2.13)

. , (5.2.4),

(, ) = () () sin

( )
2
e( )

(5.2.14)

(, ) =

(, ) =

=1

sin

=1

( )
2
e( )

(5.2.15)

. ,
, (5.2.15).
. , (5.2.3),
.
(5.2.15)

() = (, 0) =

=1

sin

( )
, [0, ]

, (), . ,

(
)
sin

! ,

: 2 2013

 5. - ,
16
.
! Fourier
, :

(, ) =

sin

=1

( )
2
e( )

(5.2.16)

() = (, 0) =

=1

sin

( )
, [0, ]

(5.2.17)

Fourier , ,
(
) ()

sin
. (

,
) . Fourier
() -(5.2.1-5.2.3)
Fourier. Fourier .
Fourier .
, (, ) -(5.2.1-5.2.3).
. . (, ) -(5.2.1-5.2.3)
Fourier ( .. ).
Fourier.
(6). (, )
.
Fourier (5.2.1-5.2.2)
Fourier
.
.
Fourier. Fourier () , , .

( )
( )
sin
sin
=

0, =

2, =

5.1. (5.2.18).
(
:

1
sin sin = [cos( ) cos( + )]
2
: 2 2013

(5.2.18)

5.2. - .

17

, (5.2.18),

sin

( )2

(5.2.19)

. Fourier
Sturm-Liouville
. , (5.2.18) (5.2.19)
Fourier

[
]

( )
( )
( )
() = sin

sin

sin

=1

sin

=1

( )
( )
sin

sin

(5.2.20)

( )2

, (5.2.18) (5.2.19),
. ,

sin

( )
()

(
)2
sin

2
=

sin

( )
(), = 1, 2, . . . ,

(5.2.21)

Fourier () .
.

(, ) =

=1

sin

sin

( )
2
e( ) ,

( )
()

(
)2
sin

2
=

sin

( )
(), = 1, 2, . . . ,

(5.2.22)

(5.2.23)

- (5.2.1-5.2.3) Fourier .
: 2 2013

 5. - ,
18
.
.

Fourier (
2

) e( )

lim (, ) = 0

:
- . = 0
( (, 0) = ())

.
( )
. ,

!
5.1 ( 5.1 [15]):
-,

2 = 0,

(0, ) = (, ) = 0,

0 < < , > 0

0
{

(, 0) = () =

0
2

(5.2.24)

()

(5.2.25)

()

(5.2.26)

.
, (5.2.16)
= .

(, ) =

sin () e

(5.2.27)

=1

2
=

2
sin() () =

2
sin() () +

sin() ()

(5.2.28)

()

2
=

2
0

2
sin() +

sin()( )

: 2 2013

(5.2.29)

5.2. - .

19

2
sin() =

2
cos()
0

]
2
2
2
2
cos()
= cos() +

(5.2.30)

2
2
2
cos() + 2 (sin())

0
[
]
2 cos() sin() 2
+
=

( ) sin() = 2

2
sin()

sin()

2
2 cos() sin()
= cos()
+

2
[
]
2 ( ) cos() sin()
=

]
(5.2.31)

, (5.2.29),

]
]
[
[
2 cos() sin() 2
2 ( ) cos() sin()
+
+

2 sin()

0
2
{
0

= 2
4

= 2 sin( ) = 4(1)+1
= 2 1

2
(21)2
=

2 sin()

(5.2.32)

4 (1)+1
2
(, ) =
sin [(2 1)] e(21)

(2 1)2
=1

: 2 2013

(5.2.33)

 5. - ,
20
.
Fourier ,

lim (, ) = 0

2
e(21) .

5.2:
-,

2
2 = 0, 0 < < , > 0

(0, ) = (, ) = 0, 0
()
15
(, 0) = sin(
), 0
()

(5.2.34)
(5.2.35)
(5.2.36)

.
(5.2.22) (5.2.23).

2
=

2
sin( ) () =

sin(

15
) sin(
)

{
=

0 = 15
1 = 15

(5.2.37)

= 15, 15

(, ) = 15 sin(

15 2
15 2
15
15
)e( ) = sin(
)e( )

(5.2.38)

-.
5.2. - 0 < < ,

2
2 = 0, > 0

(0, ) = (, ) = 0, 0

() (, 0) = 100
() (, 0) = cos( 3
)

() (9.1.20). ,
.
- Neumann.
: 2 2013

5.2. - .

21

. ,
, .
, , (5.2.22),
. ,
, (5.2.23),
.
,
.
5.2.1.ii

Neumann

-:

2 = 0, 0 < < , > 0

(0, ) = (, ) = 0, 0
()
(, 0) = (), 0
()

(5.2.39)
(5.2.40)
(5.2.41)

(., .)

(0) = () = 0
.
- .
5.2: - Neumann.

(, ) = () ()

(5.2.42)

(5.2.1.i)
.
(5.2.39)
(5.2.1.i) ,

d2
= , 0 < <
d2
d
= , > 0
d

(5.2.43)
(5.2.44)

,
(5.2.43) .
: 2 2013

 5. - ,
22
.
.

(0, ) = 0 (0) () = 0,
(, ) = 0 () () = 0
= 0 () = 0,

(0) = () = 0
,

d2
= , 0 < <
d2
(0) = () = 0

(5.2.45)
(5.2.46)

, . ,
,
(5.2.45-5.2.46) , .
(5.2.45) (5.2.9)
, :

1. < 0 () = e + e =
cosh( ) + sinh( )

2. = 0 () = +

3. > 0 () = cos( ) + sin( )

, .
( )
(5.2.46).
( < 0).

() =
cosh( ) + sinh( )

() =
sinh( ) + cosh( )
(0) = 0
= 0, () = 0
= 0.
() = 0,
.
( = 0)

() = + () =
, (0) = () = 0 = 0, ,
Dirichlet , = 0,

() = , , .
: 2 2013

(5.2.47)

5.2. - .

( > 0)

23

() = cos( ) + sin( )

() = sin( ) + cos( )
(0) = 0 sin 0 = 0. , () = 0

sin( ) = 0

= =

( )2

( )2

cos

( )
()

(5.2.1.i) > 0. (5.2.1.i) > 0
. ,
,

= cos
.

( )
( )2
, =
. = 1, 2, 3, . . .

(5.2.48)

(5.2.44) (5.2.8),

() = e

(5.2.49)

( )2
, = 1, 2, . . . ,
, 0 = 0 =

,
2

0 = 0 , () = e( ) , = 1, 2, . . . ,
.

(5.2.50)

, (5.2.42), -

0 (, ) = 0 0 ,

(5.2.51)

( )
2
e( ) = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
(, ) = () () cos

(5.2.52)

: 2 2013

 5. - ,
24
.
- Dirichlet
, :

(, ) = 0 +

cos

=1

( )
2
e( )

(5.2.53)

(, ) =

cos

=0

( )
2
e( )

(5.2.54)

, = 0 > 0. .
.

() = (, 0) = 0 +

=1

cos

( )
, [0, ]

() ,
Fourier () -(5.2.395.2.41) Fourier. , Fourier .
Fourier.
,

0, =
( )
( )
cos
cos
= 2 , = = 0

, = = 0

(5.2.55)

cos

( )2

= , = 0.

(5.2.56)

(5.2.55).
.

5.3. (5.2.55).
(
:

1
cos cos = [cos( ) + cos( + )]
2
: 2 2013

5.2. - .

25

, (5.2.55) (5.2.56)

1
0 =

()

(5.2.57)

( )
cos
() =

cos

( )
()
, = 1, 2, . . . ,

(5.2.58)

(
)2
cos

Fourier () .
.

(, ) = 0 +

cos

=1

1
0 =

( )
2
e( ) ,

(5.2.59)

()

(5.2.60)

( )
cos
() =

cos

( )
()
, = 1, 2, . . . ,

(5.2.61)

)2
(
cos

- (5.2.39-5.2.41)
Fourier .
. ( )
= 0 > 0. > 0
2

e( )
0 = 0, . ,

1
lim (, ) = 0 =

() = .

(5.2.62)

(
) ()
.

. , ..
(-5)

= (0, ) (, ) = (0, ) + (, )

: 2 2013

(5.2.63)

 5. - ,
26
.
, ( !) ,

(0, ) =
(, ) = 0

= 0

(5.2.64)

. ,

(), (, 0) = ()

(5.2.65)

. ,

(, ) =

0 = 0

(5.2.66)

, (5.2.62), .
Fourier ,

(5.2.22).
.
5.4 ( ).
- (5.2.39-5.2.41) :

(, ) = 0 ( Laplace ).

(5.2.62). ,
;
5.3:
-,

2
2 = 0, 0 < < , > 0

(0, ) = (, ) = 0,
()
10
), 0
()
(, 0) = cos(

: 2 2013

(5.2.67)
(5.2.68)
(5.2.69)

5.2. - .

27

.
(5.2.59) (5.2.61).

1
0 =

cos(

10
)

(5.2.70)

2
=

2
cos( ) () =

0 = 0, 10
= 0 = 0

1 = 10

cos(

10
) cos(
), = 0

(5.2.71)

= 10, 10

(, ) = 10 cos(

10 2
10
)e( )

(5.2.72)

5.5. - 0 < < :

2
2 = 0, > 0

(0, ) = (, ) = 0, 0

{
0 < 2
() (, 0)
1 > 2
() (, 0) = 2 sin( )
() (9.1.20). ,
.
5.2.1.iii

2
2 = 0, < < , > 0

(, ) = (, ),
0
( 1)
(, ) = (, ),
0
( 2)
(, 0) = (),
()

(5.2.73)
(5.2.74)
(5.2.75)
(5.2.76)

* .
2( ) , ,
( 0 2). -
: 2 2013

 5. - ,
28
.
5.3: - .

, ,
,
, . , (5.2.74, 5.2.75).

,
, .
,

(, ) = () ()

(5.2.77)

.
(5.2.73)
,

d2
= ,
d2
d
= ,
d

<<

(5.2.78)

>0

(5.2.79)

,
(5.2.78) .
.

(, ) = (, ) () () = () (),
(, ) = (, ) () () = () ()

() = ()
() = ()
, :

d2
= , < <
d2
) () = ()
) () = ()

(5.2.80)
(5.2.81)

, , ,
, - (5.2.80-5.2.81),
.
(5.2.80), , :
*
,
.

: 2 2013

5.2. - .

29

1. < 0 () = e + e =
cosh( ) + sinh( )

2. = 0 () = +

3. > 0 () = cos( ) + sin( )

, .
( )
(5.2.81).
( < 0).

() = ()
cosh( ) + sinh( )

=
cosh( ) sinh( )

2 sinh( ) = 0 = 0
sinh = 0, = 0.

() = ()
sinh( ) + cosh( )

=
sinh( ) + cosh( )

2
sinh( ) = 0
=0
sinh = 0, = 0.
,
=
= 0. () = 0,
.
( = 0)

() = () + = 2 = 0 = 0.
() = () =
, = 0 ,
, = 0,

() = , , .
( > 0)

() = () cos( ) + sin( )

= cos( ) sin( )

2 sin( ) = 0

() = () sin( ) + cos( )

= sin( ) + cos( )

2 sin( ) = 0

sin( ) = 0
: 2 2013

(5.2.82)

 5. - ,
30
.

( )2

2,
.
, . ,

sin

( )
( )
, cos

= 1, 2, 3, . . .

> 0
.
) (
)
(

sin

, cos

sin

( )
( )
+ cos

= 1, 2, 3, . . .

. ,
,

( )
( )
( )2
+ sin
, =
. = 1, 2, 3, . . .
(5.2.83)

0 = 0 , 0 = 0. = 0.
(5.2.84)
(
)
( )
cos
, sin = cos

. ,
. , =
= :
!
.

(5.2.79)

() = e

(5.2.85)

( )2
, 0 = 0 =
, =

1, 2, . . . , ,
2

0 = 0 , () = e( ) , = 1, 2, . . . ,
.

(5.2.86)

, (5.2.77), ,

0 (, ) = 0 0 ,
(, ) = () ()
( )
( )
2
2
e( ) + sin
e( ) = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,
cos

: 2 2013

(5.2.87)

(5.2.88)

5.2. - .

31

- Dirichlet
, :

(, ) = 0 +

cos

( )
( )

2
2
e( ) +
sin
e( )

(5.2.89)

=1

=1

(, ) =

=0

( )
( )

2
2

(
)

+
cos
e
sin
e( )

(5.2.90)

=1

, = 0 > 0. .
, ,

() = (, 0) = 0 +

cos

=1

( )
( )
+
sin
, (, )

=1

() ,
Fourier () -(5.2.735.2.76) Fourier. ,
Fourier .
Fourier.
,

=
0,
( )
( )
cos
= , = = 0
cos

2, = = 0

{
( )
( )
0, =
sin
sin
=
, = = 0

(5.2.91)

(5.2.92)

sin

( )
( )
cos
= 0

(5.2.93)

( (5.2.94)-(5.2.93) )

cos

( )2
= , = 0

(5.2.94)

sin

( )2
= , = 0

(5.2.95)

: 2 2013

 5. - ,
32
.
, , .
,

() cos

( )

cos2

( )

sin2

( )

(5.2.96)

(5.2.97)

() sin

( )

1
0 =
2

()

(5.2.98)

() cos

cos2

( )

() sin
2

sin

( )

( )

( )

() cos

( )

(5.2.99)

(5.2.100)

1
=

1
=

() sin

( )

(, ) = 0 +

0 =

1
2

=1

( )
( )

2
2
(

cos
e
+
sin
e( )

(5.2.101)

=1

()

(5.2.102)

() cos

cos2

( )

( )

() sin

sin

( )

( )

1
=

() cos

( )

(5.2.103)

(5.2.104)

1
=

() sin

( )

- (5.2.73-5.2.76)
Fourier .
: 2 2013

5.2. - .

5.2.1.iv

33

,
,
. , ..
:
. (, ) .. ,
(0 , 0 ), (, ) (
= 0, ) ( = 0 = ).
,
[(, )].

. ( ..)
, , .
, ,
: , ,
.

5.2.2
5.2.2.i

.
Dirichlet

-:

2 = 0,
(0, ) = (, ) = 0,
(, 0) = (),
(, 0) = (),

0 < < , > 0

0
()
0
()
0
()

(5.2.105)
(5.2.106)
(5.2.107)
(5.2.108)

, .

(0) = () = (0) = () = 0
- .
5.4: - Dirichlet.

(, ) = () ()

(5.2.109)

(5.2.105)

()

d2
d2
2
=

()
d2
d2

(5.2.110)

1 d2
1 d2
=
=
2 () d2
() d2
: 2 2013

(5.2.111)

 5. - ,
34
.
2
.

. ,

d2
= ()
d2
d2
= 2 ()
d2

0<<

(5.2.112)

>0

(5.2.113)

.
,

d2
= , 0 < <
d2
(0) = () = 0

(5.2.114)
(5.2.115)

Dirichlet, (5.2.9), ..
:

() = sin

( )
( )2
, =
. = 1, 2, 3, . . .

(5.2.116)

( > 0).
.
,

1. < 0 () = e + e =
cosh( ) + sinh( )

2. = 0 () = +

3. > 0 () = cos( ) + sin( )

> 0. ,
> 0

() = cos

( )
( )
+ sin
, = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

(5.2.117)

. = () (),

(, ) = sin

( )
( )
( )
( )
cos
+ sin
sin
, = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

(5.2.118)

(, ) =

=1

cos

( )
( ))
( )
+ sin
sin

.
: 2 2013

(5.2.119)

5.2. - .

35

, (5.2.107) (5.2.108)

() =

() =

=1

=1

sin

( )

sin

( ) [0, ]

(5.2.120)

= 0
= 0,
( ).
Fourier

sin

)2
(
sin

sin

( )
()

( )
()

)2
(
sin

2
=

sin

( )
(), = 1, 2, . . . ,

(5.2.121)

sin

( )
(), = 1, 2, . . . ,

(5.2.122)

2
=

(5.2.119, 5.2.121), (5.2.122) -

(5.2.105-5.2.108).
.
; ..
.., .

.
-
. (, ) ( )

(, ) = sin

( ) (
( )
( ))
cos
+ sin

(Normal Mode)
,

cos

( )
( )
(
)

+ sin
= 2 + 2 sin
+ , = tan1 ( )

( )
)
(
(, ) = sin

2 + 2 sin
+

(
) ,
2 + 2 , , =
sin

: 2 2013

 5. - ,
36
.

= tan1 ( ). 2
. ,

(, ) ,

= 2 . ,

,
, .


2 + 2

. = 1

- - . = /, ..,
0 ,

= 0
2

. ,
,

.
.
:
.
, ,

sin( ) = 0 = , =

= , = 0, 1, 2, . . . , = 1, 2, 3 . . . ,

. ,
, = = 0 =
= 0 Dirichlet, = 1
, .., = 2, =
2 .

, 1 .


2
. ,
=
2 .

, 1 = 2
= , 2 = 2 = = 1 .
5.6 ().
,

), 0

(, 0) = 0,
0
(, 0) = sin(

- .
: 2 2013

5.2. - .

5.2.2.ii

37

Neumann

Neumann :

2 = 0,
(0, ) = (, ) = 0,
(, 0) = (),
(, 0) = (),

0 < < , > 0

0
()
0
()
0
()

(5.2.123)
(5.2.124)
(5.2.125)
(5.2.126)

,
( ).

d
d
d
d
(0) =
() =
(0) =
() = 0
d
d
d
d
- .
5.5: - Neumann.

- (5.2.123-5.2.126) .
5.7 ( - (5.2.123-5.2.126)).
- (5.2.123-5.2.126)
. (5.2.45-5.2.46)
.
( = 0).

(, ) = 0 + 0 +

cos

=1

( )
( ))
( )
+ sin
cos

(5.2.127)

, ,

() = 0 +
() = 0 +

=1

=1

cos

( )
, [0, ]

(5.2.128)

( )

cos
, [0, ]

: 2 2013

 5. - ,
38
.

1
0 =

()

(5.2.129)

()

(5.2.130)

0 =

cos

( )
(), = 1, 2, . . . ,

(5.2.131)

2
=

cos

( )
(), = 1, 2, . . . ,

(5.2.132)

5.4 (-5.2 [15]):

- 0 < < 1,

2 = 0, 0 < < 1, > 0

(0, ) = (1, ) = 0, 0
()
2

(5.2.133)
(5.2.134)

(, 0) = cos (), 0 1

()

(5.2.135)

(, 0) = sin2 () cos(), 0 1

()

(5.2.136)

.
, Neumann
(5.2.127). ,
2

cos () = 0 +
sin2 () cos() = 0 +

=1

cos () ,
() cos ()

=1

cos2 () =

1 1
+ cos(2),
2 2

sin2 () cos() =

1
1
cos() cos(3)
4
4

1 1
+ cos(2) = 0 +
cos ()
2 2
=1

1
1
cos() cos(3) = 0 +
() cos ()
4
4
=1

: 2 2013

5.3. .

39

.
Fourier Fourier
.
,

1
1
0 = , 2 = , = 0, = 0, 2
2
2
1
1
1 = , 3 =
, = 1, = 0, 3
4
12

Fourier
.
cos(), sin()
Fourier.
5.2.2.iii

, . ,
Fourier, (5.2.80-5.2.81)
,
Neumann. , . , ,
,
(, ).
5.8 ( ).

(, ) = ( + ) + ( )

(5.2.137)

(9.1.7-9.1.10) (9) (5.2.119) (5.2.127)

.
( : 0 + 0 (5.2.127). ..,
0 (9.1.7-9.1.10), 0
.)

5.3 .
5.3.1

Laplace.

Laplace(.L.) . Dirichlet
, ,
, Neumann
.
Laplace
, .
, .
: 2 2013

 5. - ,
40
.
5.3.1.i

Dirichlet.

-Dirichlet Laplace . , (0 , 0 )
, , .
,

(, ) + (, ) = 0,
(0, ) = 1 (),
(, ) = 2 (),
(, 0) = 1 (),
(, ) = 2 (),

0 < < , 0 < <

0 ,
( 1)
0 ,
( 2)
0 ,
( 3)
0 ,
( 4)

(5.3.1)
(5.3.2)
(5.3.3)
(5.3.4)
(5.3.5)

, , !
Laplace :
: Laplace ,
-

(, ) = 1 (, ) + 2 (, ) + 3 (, ) + 4 (, )
, -
, -21 -23 , 04 _
PAT _ Meros _1 [3].
, , :
5.1: Laplace

Laplace : (, ) + (, ) = 0, 0 < < ,

0<<

-I

-II

-III

-IV

1 (0, ) = 0

2 (0, ) = 0

3 (0, ) = 0

4 (0, ) = 1 ()

1 (, ) = 0

2 (, ) = 2 ()

3 (, ) = 0

4 (, ) = 0

1 (, 0) = 1 ()

2 (, 0) = 0

3 (, 0) = 0

4 (, 0) = 0

1 (, ) = 0

2 (, ) = 0

3 (, ) = 2 ()

4 (, ) = 0

. , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
Laplace, Laplace,
(5.3.1), . , ,

1 (, 0) + 2 (, 0) + 3 (, 0) + 4 (, 0) = 1 () + 0 + 0 + 0 = 1 () = (, 0)
3, (5.3.4).
.
: 2 2013

5.3. .

41

. ,
.
(7).
(5.9).
,
.
. , ,
-II
.

-II.
-II .

(, ) + (, ) = 0,
2 (0, ) = 0,
2 (, ) = 2 (),
2 (, 0) = 0,
2 (, ) = 0,

-II ,

0 < < , 0 < <

0
0
0
0

(5.3.6)

( 1)
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)

(5.3.7)
(5.3.8)
(5.3.9)
(5.3.10)

2 (, ) = () ()

(5.3.11)

,
. ,
= 0, :

2 (0, ) = 0 (0) () = 0 (0) = 0

2 (, 0) = 0 () (0) = 0 (0) = 0
2 (, ) = 0 () () = 0 () = 0

(5.3.12)
(5.3.13)
(5.3.14)

(),
. ,

2 (, ) = () () = 2 ()
.
, -!
(5.3.11)

1 d2
1 d2
=

() d2
() d 2

(5.3.15)

,
. , ()
,
,
,

1 d2
1 d2
=

=
() d2
() d 2
: 2 2013

(5.3.16)

 5. - ,
42
.
.

d2
= (), 0 < <
d 2
(0) = () = 0

(5.3.17)
(5.3.18)

-(5.2),

() = sin
.

( )
( )2
, =
. = 1, 2, 3, . . .

(5.3.19)

d2
= ()
d2

(5.3.20)

. ,

1 cosh( ) + 2 sinh( ), > 0

1 + 2 ,
=0

1 cos( ) + 2 sin( ), < 0

! > 0 < 0

< 0 > 0 .
.
Laplace.
, () ()
.
> 0,

1 cosh( ) + 2 sinh( )
,

(0) = 0
1 = 0, ,

2 sinh( ) = 2 sinh( )

( )

sinh( )

(
)
( sin
) , .
2 (, ) = sin

Laplace ,
,
, (5.3.15).
: 2 2013

5.3. .

43

- . ,
- ,

2 (, ):

2 (, ) =

sin

=1

( )

sinh( )

(5.3.21)

( , .L. )
- 2 (, ) = 2 (), ,

2 () = 2 (, ) =

sinh(

=1

( )
( )

) sin

sin
,

=1

sinh( )

(5.3.22)
(5.3.23)

Fourier,

2
=

( )
sin
2 ()

(5.3.24)

2
=
sinh(
)

sin

( )
2 (), = 1, 2, . . . ,

, -II
.
-III. -III
-II , .
,

3 (, ) = sin

( )

sinh( )

(5.3.25)

3 (, ) =

sin

=1

( )

sinh( )

(5.3.26)

- ,

2 () = 3 (, ) =

=1

sinh(

( )

) sin

(5.3.27)

. ,
Fourier.

: 2 2013

 5. - ,
44
.
,

2
=
sinh(
)

( )
sin
2 (), = 1, 2, . . . ,

(5.3.28)

-IV. -IV
-II , .
-II
, = 0, -IV
= . ,
(
)
(
)

sinh
( )

4 (, ) = sin

4 (, ) =

sin

=1

(
)
( )
sinh
( )

(5.3.29)

1 () = 4 (0, ) =

sinh

=1

)
( )
() sin

(5.3.30)

sinh

2
(

()

sin

( )
1 (), = 1, 2, . . . ,

(5.3.31)

-I.
-I. -I
-III , .
-I
, = , -III
= 0. ,

1 (, ) = sin

(
)
( )
sinh
( )

(5.3.32)

1 (, ) =

sin

=1

( )
(
)
sinh
( )

(5.3.33)

- ,

1 () = 1 (, 0) =

=1

sinh(

( )

) sin

: 2 2013

(5.3.34)

5.3. .

45

2
=
sinh(
)

sin

( )
1 (), = 1, 2, . . . ,

(5.3.35)

(, ) = 1 (, ) + 2 (, ) + 3 (, ) + 4 (, )

(5.3.36)

, . ,
,
.
5.9 ( 5.2[12]).

(, ) + (, ) = 0,
(, ) = sin ,

0 < < , 0 < <

0
( 1)

(, ) = sin ,
0
(, 0) = ( ), 0
(0, ) = (),
0

( 2)
( 3)
( 4)

(5.3.37)
(5.3.38)
(5.3.39)
(5.3.40)
(5.3.41)

.

. ,
, (, ),

(, ) = 1 (, ) + 2 (, ) + 3 (, ) + 4 (, )

(5.3.42)

1) 1 (, )

2 1 (, ) = 0

(5.3.43)

1 (, ) = sin ,
1 (, ) = 0,
1 (, 0) = 0,
1 (0, ) = 0
2) 2 (, )

2 2 (, ) = 0
,

2 (, ) = 0,
2 (, ) = sin3 ,
2 (, 0) = 0,
2 (0, ) = 0
: 2 2013

(5.3.44)

 5. - ,
46
.
3) 3 (, )

2 3 (, ) = 0

(5.3.45)

3 (, ) = 0,
3 (, ) = 0,
3 (, 0) = ( ),
3 (0, ) = 0
4) 4 (, )

2 4 (, ) = 0

(5.3.46)

4 (, ) = 0,
4 (, ) = 0,
4 (, 0) = 0,
4 (0, ) = ()
, , , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4
Laplace, , , Laplace,
. , ,

1 (, ) + 2 (, ) + 3 (, ) + 4 (, ) = 0 + sin3 + 0 + 0 = sin3 = (, )
2, (5.3.39). .
.
-1.

-1 ,

2 1
2 1
(,
)
+
(, ) = 0,
2
2
1 (, ) = sin ,
1 (, ) = 0,
1 (, 0) = 0,
1 (0, ) = 0,

0 < < , 0 < <

0
0
0
0

(5.3.47)

( 1)
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)

(5.3.48)
(5.3.49)
(5.3.50)
(5.3.51)

1 (, ) = () ()

(5.3.52)

, (5.3.52), Laplace

1 d2
1 d2
=

() d2
() d 2
: 2 2013

(5.3.53)

5.3. .

47

, ,

1 d2
1 d2
=

=
() d2
() d 2

(5.3.54)

,
. ,
= 0, :

1 , 0) = 0 () (0) = 0 (0) = 0
1 (, ) = 0 () () = 0 () = 0
1 (0, ) = 0 (0) () = 0 (0) = 0

(5.3.55)
(5.3.56)
(5.3.57)

(),
. ,

1 (, ) = () () = sin
. , ,
-!
.

d2
= (), 0 < <
d2
(0) = () = 0

(5.3.58)
(5.3.59)

-(5.2), = ,

() = sin () , = 2 = 1, 2, 3, . . .
.

(5.3.60)

d2
= ()
d 2

(5.3.61)

, ,

1 cosh( ) + 2 sinh( )
,

(0) = 0
1 = 0, = 2 ,
,

2 sinh( ) = 2 sinh()
,

1 (, ) = sin () sinh(), = 1, 2, 3 . . .

(5.3.62)

, ( sin ()) , .
, , Laplace
.
: 2 2013

 5. - ,
48
.
- . -
1 (, ):

1 (, ) =

sin () sinh()

(5.3.63)

=1

, ,
.L. . ,
- 1 (, ) = sin , ,

sinh() sin () = sin

(5.3.64)

=1

Fourier .
Fourier = 1
. ,
= 1.

1 sin sinh = sin 1 sinh = 1 1 =

1
sinh

= 0, = 1

(5.3.65)
(5.3.66)

1 (, ) =
-2.

1
sin sinh
sinh

(5.3.67)

-2 ,

2 1
2 1
(,
)
+
(, ) = 0,
2
2
1 (, ) = 0,

0 < < , 0 < <

(5.3.68)

( 1)

(5.3.69)

1 (, ) = sin , 0
1 (, 0) = 0,
0
1 (0, ) = 0,
0

( 2)
( 3)
( 4)

(5.3.70)

(5.3.71)
(5.3.72)

-1 ,
(5.3.62) , (
)

2 (, ) = sin () sinh(), = 1, 2, 3 . . .

(5.3.73)

2 (, ) =

sin () sinh()

=1

: 2 2013

(5.3.74)

5.3. .

49

2 (, ) = sin3

sin3 =

1
3
sin sin(3)
4
4

sin () sinh() = sin3 =

=1

3
1
sin sin(3)
4
4

(5.3.75)

Fourier = 1
= 3, . ,

1 sin sinh + 3 sin(3) sinh(3) =

1
3
sin sin(3)
4
4

(5.3.76)

1 sinh
= 43
3 sinh(3) = 14

1
3

3
= 4 sinh

1
= 4 sinh(3)

(5.3.77)

2 (, ) =
-3.

3
1
sin sinh
sin(3) sinh(3)
4 sinh
4 sinh(3)

(5.3.78)

-3 ,

2 1
2 1
(,
)
+
(, ) = 0,
2
2
1 (, ) = 0,
1 (, ) = 0,
1 (, 0) = ( ),
1 (0, ) = 0,

0 < < , 0 < <

0
0
0
0

(5.3.79)

( 1)
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)

(5.3.80)
(5.3.81)
(5.3.82)
(5.3.83)

-3
. , , 1 3
(
). , -1 - =
= 0 -3. ,
=

= 0 =
= = 0
, (5.3.62), 1 , ,
: 2 2013

 5. - ,
50
.
-3! , (
)

3 (, ) = sin () sinh [( )] , = 1, 2, 3 . . .

(5.3.84)

3 (, ) =

sin () sinh [( )]

(5.3.85)

=1

3 (, 0) =

sin () sinh() = ( )

(5.3.86)

=1

Fourier

( ) =

sin(), 0 < <

=1

( ) sin()

sin2 ()

2
=

{
( ) sin() =

0,
8
,
3

= 2
= 2 + 1

(5.3.87)

sin () sinh() =

=1

sin() =

=1

sinh()

(5.3.88)

.,

{
=

0,
8
,
3 sinh()

= 2
= 2 + 1

(5.3.89)

8
(2 +

1)3 sinh [(2

+ 1)]

, = 0, 1, 2 . . .

(5.3.90)

3 (, ) =

sin [(2 + 1)] sinh [(2 + 1)( )]

=1

: 2 2013

(5.3.91)

5.3. .

-4.

51

-4 ,

2 1
2 1
(,
)
+
(, ) = 0,
2
2
1 (, ) = 0,
1 (, ) = 0,
1 (, 0) = 0,
1 (0, ) = (),

0 < < , 0 < <

0
0
0
0

(5.3.92)

( 1)
( 2)
( 3)
( 4)

(5.3.93)
(5.3.94)
(5.3.95)
(5.3.96)

-4 -3
-1. 2 4 , (5.3.73),
-4 -2 ( ). ,

4 (, ) = sin () sinh [( )] , = 1, 2, 3 . . .

(5.3.97)

4 (, ) =

sin () sinh [( )]

(5.3.98)

=1

4 (0, ) =

sin () sinh() = ()

(5.3.99)

=1

()

() =

sin(), 0 < <

=1

2
=

() sin()

(5.3.100)

=1

sin () sinh() =

sin() =

=1

2
=
sinh()

=
sinh()

() sin()

(5.3.101)

(, ) = 1 (, ) + 2 (, ) + 3 (, ) + 4 (, )

(5.3.102)

0 < < , 0 < <

0 < < , 0 < < .
: 2 2013

 5. - ,
52
.
.
: ,
.. (0) = () = 0, - .
,
,
Fourier, (7).
.

5.4 - - .
, -
, Laplace
,

d2
=
d2
, ,
2

5.2: dd
2 = .

d2
d2

= , 0 < <

Dirichlet

Neumann

(0) = 0

d
(0)
d

=0

() = ()

() = 0

d
()
d

=0

d
()
d

(
)2 , = 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

( )
sin

(
)

() =
sin

(
)2 , = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,

( )
cos

(
)

() =
cos

Fourier

=1

=0

d
()
d

(
)2 , = 0, 1, 2, . . .

( )
(
)
sin cos

(
)

() =
cos

=0

Fourier

(
)
() sin

0 =
=

()
() cos

0 =
( )

sin

=1

1
2

( )

()

() cos

( )

() sin

( )

.
.
: 2 2013

5.4. - - .

53

.
,
. ,
, ,
:

.
, , . (6)
Fourier (8), Sturm-Liouville
. Fourier
Sturm-Liouville . (8)
!
,
().

5.10 ( ).

d2
= (), 0 < <
d2
d
(0) =
() = 0.
d
.

1 2
( + )2 2 , = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
2

]
1
sin ( + )
, = 0, 1, 2, . . . ,
2

d2 ()
= (), 0 < < < <
d2

(5.4.1)

Fourier
(Dirichlet, Neumann ) .
(5.1.1)
.
. (5.4.1) ,

. Fourier (6)
(6.5) ..
, .
Fourier.
: 2 2013

9.1 .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

9.1 .
.

sin = cos( )
2

cos = sin( )
2
sin( ) = sin cos cos sin
cos( ) = cos cos sin sin
sin 2 = sin cos
cos 2 = cos2 sin2 = 2 cos2 1 = 1 2 sin2
1
[sin( + ) + sin( )]
2
1
cos sin = [sin( + ) sin( )]
2
1
sin sin = [cos( ) cos( + )]
2
1
cos cos = [cos( + ) + cos( )]
2
2
2
sin sin = sin( + ) sin( )
sin cos =

(9.1.1)
(9.1.2)
(9.1.3)
(9.1.4)
(9.1.5)
(9.1.6)

(9.1.7)
(9.1.8)
(9.1.9)
(9.1.10)
(9.1.11)

(9.1.12)

(9.1.13)

cos cos = sin( + ) sin( )

cos sin = cos( + ) cos( )
116

9.1. .

117

sin[( )] sin[( + )]
sin() sin() =

+ , || =
||
2( )
2( + )

1
sin2 () =
sin(2) + =
sin() cos() +
2 4
2 2
sin[( )] sin[( + )]
+
+ , || =
||
cos() cos() =
2( )
2( + )

1
cos2 () = +
sin(2) + = +
sin() cos() +
2 4
2 2
cos[( )] cos[( + )]

+ , || =
||
2( )
2( + )

1
sin() cos() = cos2 () +
2

(9.1.14)
(9.1.15)

(9.1.16)
(9.1.17)

sin() cos() =

(9.1.18)
(9.1.19)

=
, =

sin(
0

cos[( )] cos[( + )]

) cos( ) =

+
+

2( )
2( + )
2( )
{
0,
=

+
= 2

(
),

=
2( + )
2 2

(9.1.20)

, = + = = + =

: 2 2013


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