§ CONG NGHE CAP QUANG = FOI TUNG HO GIA DINH (FTTH) BUGOC DOT PHA TRONG TRUYEN TAI THONG TIN Nam 1966, Charles Kuen Kao va George Hockman, hai ky su tré tai Phong thi nghiém chuan vién théng (Anh), 44 céng bé kham pha moi day htra hen vé kha nang cla soi quang - nhing sgi thiy tinh hodc nhya trong suédt, linh hoat va méng hon mét sgi téc. én nam 1970, Corning Glass Works, héing san xudt gém st va thiy tinh cia My, lan dau tién san xuat thanh céng soi cép quang thanh pham cé thé sir dung dé truyén dé ligu téc d6 cao va sao dé d& dugc cdc céng ty vién thong trién khai sir dung. Tuy nhién phai dén nhi¢ng nam 90 véi su bing né ca internet da khién céng nghé cap quang dug ting dung réng rai va tré nén khong thé thiéu trong viée truyén tai dé lién. Cap quang la co sé ciia Internet va Wi-Fi, Hién nay, moi doanh nghiép voi mang LAN déu str dung no. Moi ngudi cing nho dén cép quang méi khi gti e-mail, tin nhan SMS, Anh, video va cdc file di ligu khac. Cép quang ding anh sang truyén dan tin higu, do dé it suy hao va théng duoc ding cho két néi khodng cach xa. Ngay nay, Internet da tro’ thanh mét nhu cau thiét yéu, gidp moi nguéi & khap noi trén thé gidi C6 thé giao tiép, trao déi, hoc tap, mua s4m, giai tri dé dang, nhanh chéng. Cac tng dung, dich vu trén Internet cing ngay cang phat trién theo, diéu nay ddi héi téc d6, bang théng két néi Inter- net cao va cap quang tré thanh Iwa chon sé mét — FTTH (Fiber To Home) la mét dién hinh. FTTH dap tng cc dich vu luén déi héi mang két ndi téc d6 cao nh IPTV, héi nghi truyén hinh, video tryc tuyén, giam sat tl xa IP Camera... Truéc day, cp quang chi dung dé két néi cao duéng truc chinh cula quéc gia, nha cung cp dich vu, doanh nghiép Ién vi chi phi kha cao TS. Vit Ngoc Hai - Vign K¥ thugt Céng nghé cao NIT i Nhung hién nay, cép quang dug sir dung kha rong rai 6 c&c doanh nghiép vira, nhd, céc truéng dai hoc va nguoi str dung thong thuong. Bai viét gidi thigu co’ ban vé cap quang va cac dau néi, gitp ban doc hiéu duge théng sé ky thuat trén cc tai liéu, théng tin san phdm quang. Cap quang dung anh sang truyén dan tin higu, do dé it suy hao va thuong duge ding cho két ndi khoding cach xa. Trong khi cdp dang str dung dong dién dé truyén tin hiéu, dé bi suy hao trong qué trinh truyén va co khodng cach két néi ngan hon. Sgi cdp quang dugc cu tao tl ba thanh phan chinh: Idi (core), lop phan xa anh séng (cladding), 16p v6 bao vé chinh (primary coating hay con ggi coating, primary buffer). Core duoc lam bang sgi thiy tinh hoc plastic dung truyén dan Anh sang. Bao boc core Ia cladding - lop thuy tinh hay plastic — nham bao vé va phan xa anh sang trd lai core. Primary coating la I6p vd nhya PVC gilp bao vé core va cladding khéng bi bui, am, tray xu6c. Hai loai cap quang phd bién la GOF (Glass Optical Fiber) — cap quang lam bang thuy tinh va POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) — cap quang lam bang plastic. POF cé duéng kinh core kha lén khoang 1mm, siv dung cho truyén d&n tin higu khodng cach ngan, mang téc do thp. Trén cdc tai liéu ky thuat, ban thudng thay cap quang GOF ghi cac théng sé 9/125um, 50/125um hay 62,5/125um, day la duong kinh cia core/cladding; con primary coating c6 dur6ng kinh mac dinh la 250um. (tinh 1) Hinh 1Bao vé soi cap quang la lop vé ngoai gdm nhiéu lop khdc nhau tly theo cdu tao, tinh chat ctia méi loai cp. Nhung cé ba Iép bao vé chinh la l6p chiu Ive kéo (strength member), lp vd bao vé ngoai (buffer) va lop 40 giap (jacket) - tay theo tai ligu sé cé tén goi khdc nhau. Strength Fa member la lop chiu nhiét, chiu kéo cng, thong lam tw cac soi Kevlar. Buffer thuong lam bang nhya PVC, bao vé tranh va dap, am uot. Lop | ed, ely Coa sah caihar = aie bao vé ngoai cling I Jacket. Mdi loai cap, tuy ae theo yéu cau sir dung sé cé thém cac lop jacket khdc nhau. Jacket cO kha nang chiu va dap, POF GOF nhigt va chiu mai mon, bao vé phan bén trong trénh 4m uét va céc anh hudng tir méi trudng. ae Cé hai cach thiét ké khdc nhau dé bao vé ° soi cap quang la éng dém khéng chat (loose- tube) va éng dém chat (tight buffer). Loose-tube thudng ding ngoai_troi (outdoor), cho phép chtra nhiéu soi quang bén trong. Loose-tube gitip soi cép quang “gian no” trudc sy thay déi nhiét 46, co gin ty nhién, khéng bj cing, bé gap & nhiing chd cong, ((izinh 2) Tight-buffer thuong ding trong nha (indoor), bao boc khit soi cép quang (nhu cap dién), giup dé lap dat khi thi cong. (Hink 3) Trén mét sé tai liu, ban sé gap hai thuat ngi viét tat IFC, OSP. IFC (Intrafacility fiber cable) la loai cap ding trong nha, cs it lbp bao vé vat ly va vigc thi cng lap dat linh hoat. OSP (Outside plant cable) la loai cap ding ngoai tri, chiu duoc nhiing diéu kién khac nghiét cua nhiét 46, 6 4m, bui... loai cap nay 6 nhiéu lop bao vé. eB sis Cac tia sang bén trong cap quang cé hai ‘Singlemode kiéu truyén dan la don mét (Singlemode) va da Hinh 5 mét (Multimode). Cap quang Singlemode (SM) o6 dudng kinh core kha nhé (khong 9ym), sir dung nguén phat laser truyén tia sang xuyén sudt vi vay tin higu it bi suy hao va cé téc dé kha lon. SM thuong hoat dong 6 2 bude séng (wavelength) 1310nm, 1550nm. Cap quang Multimode (MM) o6 duéng kinh core Ion hon SM (khoang 50um, 62.5um). MM str dung ngudn sang LED (Light Emitting Diode) hoa laser dé truyén tia sng va thuéng hoat dong 6 2 bude séng 850nm, 1300nm; MM co khodng cach két néi va toc d6 truyén dan nhé hon SM. MM 06 hal kiéu truyén: chiét xuat buéc (Step index) va chiét xuat lién tuc (Graded index). Cac tia sang kiéu Step index truyén theo nhiéu hyéng khéc nhau vi vay cé mie suy hao cao va téc 46 kha cham. Step index it phé bién, thuéng dung cho cap quang POF. Cac tia sang kiéu Graded index truyén dan theo duéng cong va hdi ty tai mét diém. Do dé Graded index it suy hao va o6 téc 46 truyén dn cao hon Step index. Graded index duc str dung kha phé bién. Truyén dn tin hiéu trén cap quang cé hai dang don céng (simplex) va ‘song c6ng (duplex). Sim- plex truyén tin higu chi 1 chiéu. Duplex o6 thé truyén nhan tin higu 1 chidu ban song céng (half-Duplex) hoae c8 2 chiéu song céng toan phan (full-Duplex) Duplex 6 cling thoi diém tay theo cach cau hinh. ‘Core / Cladding Hinh 4 Multimode, Graded IndexOFF. ON __half-Duplex’ —— OFF full-Duplex ON Hinh 6 8 dau néi cap quang vao bang déu day (patch panel) hod vo céc céng vao/ra (input/output) trén oc thiét bi truyén nhgn quang, ngudi ta thudng str dung day néi quang mét dau c6 san du néi (pigtail) hoac ca hai dau c6 s&n dau ndi (pathcord). Hinh 7 Hinh 8 Mét sé loai cdp quang: Ribbon: cap quang dang ruy-bang, chtra nhidu soi quang bén trong. Hinh 9 Zipcord: hai soi quang cé vd ngoai lién nhau (nhu day dién). Hinh 10 Hinh 9 Hinh 10 Bat ky giao tiép quang nao cing bao gdm 3 thanh phan: nguén phat, vat truyén dan trung gian (cap quang) va nguén thu. Nguén phat sé chuyén déi tin higu dién tl thanh anh sang va truyén dan qua cép quang. Ngudn thu chuyén di anh sang thanh tin hiéu dién tir. Cé hai loai ngudn phat la laser va LED. Laser it tan sc, cho phép truyén dan dir ligu téc dé nhanh, khoang cach xa (trén 20km), dling duge cho ca Sing- lemode va Multimode nhung chi phi cao, khé str dung. LED tan sc nhiéu, truyén dan téc 46 cham hon, bu lai chi phi th4p, dé si dung, thuong ding cho cép quang Multimode. LED dung cho hé théng c6 khong cach ngan hon, co thé sir dung cho cA soi quang thuy tinh, soi quang plastic. Cac théng sé quang can quan tam Suy hao quang (Optical loss): lvong céng suat quang (optical power) mt trong sudt qua trinh truyén dan qua cp quang, diém ghép néi. Ky higu aB. Suy hao phan xa (Optical Retum loss): anh sng bi phan xa tai cdc diém ghép néi, dau nédi quang. Suy hao tiép xtic (Insertion loss): giam c6ng suat quang & hai dau ghép néi. Gid tri thong thurong tty 0,2dB - 0,54B. Suy hao (Attenuation): mtr suy giam cong suat quang trong suét qué trinh truyén dn trén mét khoang cach xac dinh. Ky hiéu dB/km. Vi dy, véi cap quang Multimode 6 bude séng 850nm suy gidm 3dB/km, trong khi 6 budc song 1300nm chi suy giam 1dB/km. Cap quang Sing- lemode: suy gidm 0,4dB/km 6 1310nm, 0,3dB/km & 1550nm. Bau néi (connector) suy giam 0,5dB/cap dau néi. Diém ghép néi (splice) suy gidm 0,2 dB/diém. Bwée song (Wavelength): Ia chu ky di chuyén cla song dién tl. Ky higu nm (nanometer). Anh sang ching ta nhin thay dugc co wavelength ti 400nm dén 700nm (mau tim dén mau dé). Cap quang st dung anh sang nam trong ving héng ngoai cé wavelength lan hon wavelength ma ta nhin thay — trong khoadng 850nm, 1300nm va 1550nm. Cac bude séng truyén dan quang dug xdc dinh dua trén hai yéu t6 nham khac phuc tinh trang suy hao do nang Ivong va vat ligu truyén dan: cdc bude séng nam trong ving héng ngoai va cdc bude s6ng khéng ném trong vung hap thu, can tro nang long anh sang truyén dan (absorption) do tap cht ln trong cap quang tr qua trinh san xuat Vay vi sao ching ta khéng sir dung cdc budc séng dai hon? Buée séng hdng ngoai la sy chuyén tiép gita anh sang va nhiét. Budc séng dai hon, nhiét xung quang cang néng hon, tin higu nhiéu loan nhiéu hon. Do dé, thong POF c6 bude séng 650nm, 850nm. GOF voioe Hinh I Multimode hoat dong & 850nm va 1300nm, Singlemode & 1340nm, 1550nm. Gita hai bude song 1300nm va 1310nm khéng khac biét nhau, chi la cach qui uéc dé phan biét str dung cap quang Singlemode hay Multimode. Dau néi quang: gdm nhiéu thanh phan két hop lai voi nhau, ching co nhiéu kiéu nh SCIPC, ST/UPC, FC/APC... Nhung cé hai thanh phan ban cdn quan tam, dé la kiéu dau néi SC, ST, FC...va diém tiép xtc PC, UPC, APC. SC (subscriber connector), ST (straight tip), FC (fiber connector) la cdc kiéu dau ndi quang c6 dang hinh vuéng, hinh tron... Bén trong dau ndi la ferrule, gidp bao vé va gid’ thang soi cép quang. Ferrule dugc lam bang thiy tinh, kim loai, plastic hoac g6m (ceramic) - trong do chat ligu gém la tét nhat. Dinh cia ferrule dug lam nh&n (polish) voi ba dang diém tiép xtc chinh PC (Physical Con- tact), UPC (Ultra Physical Contact) va APC (Angled Physical Contact), giup dam bao ché ghép néi co it anh sng bj mat hoac bi phan xa nhat. Dang PC duge vat cong, str dung voi céc kiéu du néi FC, SC, ST. PC, 66 gid tri suy hao phan xa (optical return loss) la 40dB. Vi gid tri nay khd cao, nén da thie day cdc nha san xuat tiép tuc tim kiém cac gidi phadp tét hon. UPC la giai php tiép theo, no cfing dug vat cong nhur PC nhung giam return loss hon. UPC 06 gid tri return loss 50dB. UPC dung voi cdc dau néi FC, SC, ST, DIN, E2000. APC duge vat chéo 8 do—7, loai bo hau hét sy phan xa 6 diém ghép ndi va c6 gid tri return loss 60dB. Ban nén lwu y la khi doc cc thong sé ky thuat quang dé cap murc suy hao cé thé lam ban dé hiéu sai vé déu “+” va “" Chang han, voi két qua tinh toan, do dac mtrc do = Hinh 12 Ferre LT eT. | —_— Hinh 13 PC upc APC Return oss 4088 ‘Retum toss $048 Rowen loss 6008 Hinh 14 suy hao la -40dB. Trén théng sé ky thuat c6 thé viét gid trj suy hao (loss values) Id 40dB hoac sO do mirc phan xa la -40dB hay 46 loi (gain) Ia -40dB. Tat cd du nhu nhau, do 6 ban can chi y céch viét dé tranh hidu sai. Hién nay, gia thanh cap quang va cdc phy kién quang da th4p hon so voi cach nay vai nam. Cung voi viée ung dung nhiéu gidi phap nhu IP Camera, VoIP, Hai nghi truyén hinh qua mang, két _néi mang gigabit gitra cdc téa nha, van phong, xwéng san xuat; cdp quang dan tro thanh Iya chon sé mét cho viéc trién khai ha tang mang doi héi nhiéu bang théng va téc dé cao. MR