Bui # 2

(lp TH08/1)

C s d liu nng cao

ng Th Bch thy
14/9/2010

Nhc li chnh tun trc

Yu cu v
thng tin/d
liu
Yu cu khai
thc/ x l
c trng
ca H qun
tr CSDL

THU THP-PHN
TCH NHU CU
THIT K CSDL:
quan nim
l-gc
vt l

La chn lc
Tiu ch hiu qu

Cu trc CSDL
hiu qu, ph
hp vi ng dng
v mi trng
trin khai

Cu hnh phn cng /

c trng ca
h iu hnh
ng Th Bch Thy

B mn H Thng Thng Tin

Trng H Khoa Hc T Nhin - HCM

Nhc li chnh tun trc (2)

Yu cu v
thng tin/d
liu
Yu cu
khai thc/
x l

Thit k quan nim

c trng
ca h
QTCSDL

Thit k l-gc
Thit k vt l

c trng ca
phn cng
v HH

Lc CSDL vt l
ng Th Bch Thy

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CHNG II:
Giai on thit k quan nim

Ni dung tun ny

II.1 Dn nhp
 Quy trnh thit k quan nim tng th
 Gi thuyt Quan h
ph qut
 Pth trong vai tr RBTV - C ch kim tra
pth

II.2 Cc mc tiu ca thit k quan nim

ng Th Bch Thy

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II.1 Dn nhp

u vo: kt qu ca giai on phn tch
nhu cu, c th l:
 S phc cu trc CSDL gm cc quan h con
Q1, Q2, Qm v cc ph thuc d liu nh
ngha trn mi quan h con: D1, D2, Dm :
C0 = {<Q1, D1>, <Q2, D2>,<Qm, Dm>}

(a)

 Hoc mt s phc tng th:

C0 = <Q0, D0>

ng Th Bch Thy

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(b)

II.1 Dn nhp (2)

Thit k CSDL mc quan nim:
Bin i u vo thnh mt cu trc CSDL quan
nim cht lng hn, da trn mt s tiu
chun thit k
C0 = {<Qi, Di>}

C0 = <Q0, D0>

(a)

(b)

Thit k CSDL mc
quan nim

ng Th Bch Thy

C = <Q , D >

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tiu chun thit k

II.1 Dn nhp (3)

Gi thit quan h
ph qut

L nn tng ca m hnh quan h v l
thuyt ph thuc d liu

Khi nim quan h ph qut:
 Mi th gii thc ca ng dng  mt quan
h duy nht (= quan h ph qut, k hiu U)
 Quan h ph qut tp hp tt c cc thuc tnh
ca mi trng ng dng

ng Th Bch Thy

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II.1 ...Gi thuyt quan h
ph qut (2)

Nu cu trc s phc CSDL l C0 (trng
h p a), ngm hiu quan h ph qut U nh
sau:
 U cha tt c cc thuc tnh ca cc quan h
con Qi.
 Mi quan h con Qi l kt qu ca php chiu
ca U ln Qi+:
i, Qi = U[Qi+] (Qi+ : tp thuc tnh ca Qi)
ng Th Bch Thy

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II.1 ... Gi thuyt quan h
ph qut (3)

Nu cu trc s phc l C0 (trng h p b),
khi nim quan h ph qut ngm c
s dng.

H
qu:
 Mi mt thuc tnh c mt ngha duy nht.
D thuc tnh ny hin din trong quan h con
hay quan h ph qut, ngha ca n vn nh
nhau.
 Gia hai thuc tnh ch c mt mi kt hp vi
mt ngha duy nht.
ng Th Bch Thy

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10

II.1 ... Gi thuyt quan h
ph qut (4)

V d 2.1: Cho mi trng ng dng vi 3
quan h con nh sau:
<T_HNG (M_H, Ngy); FH = {M_H Ngy}>
<TK_HG_GIAO(M_HG, Ngy, Lng);
FTKHG = {M_HG, Ngy Lng }>
<CHI_TIT_T_HNG (M_H, M_HG, Lng);
FCTH = {M_H, M_HG Lng }>
Cc thu
c tnh Ngy v L ng c ngha khc nhau
trong nhng quan h
khc nhau.
ng Th Bch Thy

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11

II.1 ... Gi thuyt quan h
ph qut (5)

V d 2.1 (tt):
 Nhp nhng v ng ngha, dn n kt qu sai
khi p dng lut dn cho pth trn ton cc:
M_H
Ngy (H)
MHG, Ngy (GH) Lng (GH)

MHG, M_H
Lng (H)

 Phi t tn li cho cc thu

c tnh:

Ngy trong T_HNG thnh Ngy_H

Ngy trong TK_HG_GIAO thnh Ngy_TK

...
ng Th Bch Thy

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12

II.1 ... Gi thuyt quan h
ph qut (6)

V d 2.2:
Cho quan h NHN_VIN( M_NV, Tn_NV, Ngy)
 ngha mi kt hp gia M_NV v Ngy :
Ngy sinh ca nhn vin
 Mi kt hp ny l duy nht : nu cn thm
thng tin v ngy tuyn dng, ta phi thm mt
thuc tnh mi Ngy_TD, khng th thm mt
ngha khc cho mi kt hp gia M_NV v
Ngy.
ng Th Bch Thy

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13

II.1 Dn nhp (4)

C ch kim tra pth

Ph thuc hm: mt loi rng buc ton
vn quan trng trong CSDL quan h

Cn chn cu trc CSDL sao cho vic kim
tra pth hiu qu nht  tiu chun thit k
quan trng

Xem xt:
 C ch kim tra pth no c h qun tr
CSDL h tr?
 Thi im cn kim tra pth trong qu trnh khai
thc CSDL? Lc cp nht? Lc truy vn?
ng Th Bch Thy

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14

II.1 ... C ch kha c ch ch

mc trong h
QTCSDL

nh ngha:
Cho mt quan h Q, mt kha K ca Q, v I, mt
ch mc duy nht nh ngha trn Q
 C ch kha l mt c ch c sn ca h qun
tr CSDL nhm m bo:
q, q Q sao cho q q , q.K q.K
 C ch ch mc vi gi tr duy nht l mt ci
t khc m bo tnh trng tng t nh c
ch kha:
q, q Q sao cho q q , q.I q.I
ng Th Bch Thy

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15

II.1 ... C ch kim tra ph thu

c
hm (3)

C ch kha m bo kim tra hiu qu
cc ph thuc hm dng K
A, vi
A
Q+ v K l kha chnh ca Q
(Khng cn duyt tun t qua tt c cc
b trong TQ)

C ch ch mc duy nht c dng
kim tra hiu qu K
A, vi K l mt
kha khc ca Q
ng Th Bch Thy

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16

II.1 ... H p l
ha tnh trng m

t
quan h


Cho Q(ABC) vi kha l A, v tp ph thuc
hm c nh ngha trn Q:
F = {B
C, A BC}

Cho mt tnh trng ca Q:
TQ:

ng Th Bch Thy

A
a1
a2
a3
a4

B
b1
b2
b3
b2

C
c1
c1
c3
c1

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17

II.1 ... H p l
ha tnh trng ca

m
t quan h
(tt)

Tnh trng TQ c xem l hp l i vi F
nu TQ tha tt c cc pth ca F.

Kim tra B C, m bo:
q, q Q, nu q.B = q.B th q.C = q.C
 Cn duyt qua tt c cc b ca TQ kim tra
 Tn km v mt thi gian khi TQ ln

Kim tra A
BC: nh c ch kha ca
HQT CSDL, vic kim tra pth ny s hiu
qu hn.
ng Th Bch Thy

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18

II.1 ... H p l
ho m
t bin i
tnh trng ca Q

Cho mt tnh trng TQ1 hp l

TQ1 c bin i thnh TQ2 sau mt vi
thao tc:
 Cc thao tc bin TQ1 thnh TQ2 c th gy
ra tnh trng khng hp l cho TQ2  cn
phi hp l ha TQ2 (= kim tra li xem F c
cn c tha trong TQ2)

ng Th Bch Thy

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19

II.1 ... H p l
ho m
t bin i
tnh trng ca Q (tt)
 Cc thao tc c th xy ra trn TQ1:

Thm mt b: phi kim tra li cc pth trong F .

Xa mt b: khng cn kim tra li pth (nhng
c nguy c b mt thng tin)

Sa mt b: phi kim tra li pth v c nguy c
b mt thng tin (Sa = Xo + Thm)

ng Th Bch Thy

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20

II.2 Cc mc tiu thit k quan

nim

Hai tiu chun quan trng cn t c
trong qu trnh thit k CSDL mc quan
nim:
 Cu trc CSDL kt qu (u ra ca giai on
thit k mc quan nim) cn t dng chun
cao nht
 Cu trc CSDL kt qu phi tng ng vi
cu trc ban u

ng Th Bch Thy

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21

II.2 Cc mc tiu thit k (2)

Tiu chun v dng chun:
 Gim ti a s trng lp thng tin  trnh
c mt s bt tin khi cp nht CSDL
 Cc ph thuc d liu c kim tra d
dng, n gin v tng i t tn km nht

Tiu chun tng ng:

 m bo cc thng tin trong quan h ph
qut s c tm thy y trong CSDL ca
cu trc kt qu (gm nhiu quan h con).
ng Th Bch Thy

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22

II.2 Cc mc tiu thit k (3)

Mt CSDL tha mn hai tiu chun v DC v tnh
tng ng, m bo cho vic khai thc n
c thun li trn c ba phng din:
 Truy vn: tiu chun tng ng m bo cc
thng tin c truy xut t CSDL l nhng thng
tin c phn tch.
 Cp nht: Tiu chun dng chun gim bt cc
tnh hung thng tin mu thun sau khi cp nht.
 Kim tra RBTV: c hai tiu chun u hng n
mc tiu l kim tra RBTV dng ph thuc d liu
c thun li.
ng Th Bch Thy

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23

Cu hi?

ng Th Bch Thy

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24