Kin trc My tnh

Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

Chng 1

Cc khi nim & Cng ngh

BK
TP.HCM

Cuc cch mng My tnh

Tin b trong Cng ngh: theo cp s

Bin cc ng dng m c tr thnh

hin thc

Da trn nh lut Moore

Lnh vc xe hi
Phone cm tay
Cc d n v Gen
World Wide Web
Search Engines

Ngy nay, my tnh hin hu khp ni

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

Lch s pht trin

Th h th I: 1945 - 1955

n chn khng, Board mch

transistors, h thng b (IBM my tnh ln)

Th h th II: 1955 - 1965

Th h th III: 1965 1980

Th h th IV: 1980 n nay

BK

Mch t hps & a lp trnh (Mini, Main

Frame)

personal computers
Thit b cm tay
Siu my tnh, Data Center, Tnh ton li
My tnh bng vi in ton m my

TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

Phn loi My tnh hin nay

BK

My tnh bn (Desktop Computers)

a nng, a dng phn mm
Cn i theo gi thnh/Hiu sut
My tnh Server (Server Computers)
Mi trng mng
Dung lng ln, Hiu sut cao, tin cy tt
loi cp (t nh n ln theo yu cu lp
t)
My tnh nhng (Embedded computers)
Tch hp nh l mt b phn trong cc h thng
Yu cu nhng rng buc cht ch v Cng
sut/Hiu sut/Gi thnh

TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

Th trng tiu th

Triu ci

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

Thc thi chng trnh

Phn mm ng dng

Ngn ng cp cao

Phn mm h thng

Bin dch: Ngn ng cp cao M

my
H iu hnh: thc thi dch v

Phn cng

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

X l Xut/Nhp
Qun tr b nh chnh & lu tr
nh thi cng vic & ti nguyn chung

B X l, B nh, iu khin
Nhp/Xut

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

L trnh thc hin lnh

Ngn ng cp cao

Hp ng (Assembly lang.)

Cp tru tng st thc

vi vn
Hiu qu (productivity) &
Uyn chuyn (portability)
Cc lnh m my trnh by
dng text gi nh

Biu din bng phn cng

S nh phn (bits)
M my lnh & D liu

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

Thnh phn chnh ca my tnh

Ging nhau cho cc loi,

bao gm (5 thnh phn):

bn, server, nhng

Nhp/Xut bao gm:

Giao tip vi ngi dng

Thit b lu tr

Mn hnh, bn phm, chut

a cng, CD/DVD, flash

Giao tip mng

Lin lc vi cc my tnh
khc

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

M x bn trong mt my tnh
Thit b
Xut

Cp ni
Mng

Thit b
Nhp

Thit b
Nhp

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

V d: Laptop

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

10

C ch hot ng ca chut

Chut quang

B phn pht quang

(LED)
Camera nh thu hnh
B x l nh n gin

Thu nhn mi chuyn

ng theo trc x, y

Nt nhn & a l
phn di

Chut c (Supersedes
roller-ball)

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

11

Th hin thng tin trn mn hnh

Mn hnh tinh th lng(LCD): nhiu im

(pixels)

Hin th 1 khung nh cha trong b nh

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

12

Cu trc bn trong B x l (CPU)

Datapath: l trnh thc hin cc tc v

vi d liu
iu khin: cc tn hiu iu khin l
trnh thc hin, b nh, v.v ...
B nh Cache

Mt b phn b nh nh nhng c tc
truy xut nhanh (SRAM), dng lu tr
trung gian cc d liu trc khi c truy
xut.

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

13

AMD Barcelona: 4 li (cores)

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

14

Lu tr d liu

B nh chnh (volatile)

Lu tr lnh v d liu. Thng tin s

mt khi tt ngun

B nh th cp (Non-volatile)

a cng (t)
B nh flash
Optical disk (CDROM, DVD)

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

15

Mng

Mi trng lin lc v chia s ti nguyn

Mng cc b (LAN): Ethernet

Trong cng vn phng, ta nh, v.v.

Mng din rng (WAN: the Internet)

Mng khng dy: WiFi, Bluetooth

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

16

Xu hng theo cng ngh

Cng ngh in t
khng ngng pht
trin:

Tng dung lng &

Hiu sut
Gim gi thnh

DRAM capacity

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

17

Cc khi nim tru tng

Abstractions: Khi nim quy c chc nng

Gip hn ch phc tp

Kin trc tp lnh (ISA = Instruction set

architecture)

Phn giao gia Cng/Mm

Giao tip ng dng

n nhng vn chi tit cp thp

(ISA) + Phn mm h thng

Thc hin

C th lp di v phn giao tip

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

18

nh ngha v Hiu sut

Hng khng: loi my bay no c hiu sut tt nht?

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

19

Hiu sut h thng

Gii thut

Ngn ng lp trnh, Trnh bin dch, Kin trc

Xc nh s lnh my thc thi cho mi tc v

(operation)

B X l v H thng b nh

Xc nh s tc v thc thi (number of operations)

Xc nh tc x l mi lnh my

H thng Nhp/Xut (bao gm H iu hnh)

Xc nh tc thc thi ca mi tc v I/O

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

20

Thi gian p ng & hiu sut u ra

Thi gian p ng (Response time)

V d: thi gian thc hin 1 cng vic (c.trnh)

Hiu sut u ra (Throughput)

C bao nhiu tc v c thc hin hon tt trong

1 n v thi gianTotal work done per unit time

Cc thng s trn s b nh hng nh th

no? Khi:

V d: tasks/transactions/ per hour

Thay b x l c tc nhanh hn?

Thm b x l vo h thng

Tp trung vo Thi gian p ng

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

21

Hiu sut: i lng so snh

N: Hiu sut = 1/Thi gian thc thi

(Performance = 1/Execution Time)
My X nhanh hn my Y n ln, c ngha:

V d: thi gian thc thi 1 chng trnh

Mt 10s trn my A, 15s trn my B

Execution TimeB / Execution TimeA
= 15s / 10s = 1.5
C ngha my A nhanh hn my B 1.5 ln

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

22

o thi gian thc thi

Thi gian tng th (Elapsed time)

Thi gian thc thi chng trnh, bao gm:Thi gian

x l (CPU), Xut/Nhp, ph tn HH, thi gian cht
Thng s xc nh hiu xut h thng

Thi gian B x l (CPU time)

Thi gian ca CPU x l chng trnh

Khng k thi gian I/O, thi gian do chia s

Bao gm thi gian CPU dnh cho chng

trnh ngi dng + chng trnh h thng
Cc chng trnh khc nhau s b nh hng
khc nhau bi hiu sut CPU v h thng

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

23

Xung ng h B x l

Cc tc v mch s (phn cng) c thc hin

di tc dng ca xung ng h c tn s c
nh.

BK

Chu k ng h: Khong thi gian cho 1 chu

k, v d: 250ps = 0.25ns = 2501012s
Tn s (rate): s chu k/mi giy,
V d: 4.0GHz = 4000MHz = 4.0109Hz

TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

24

Thi gian B X l (CPU Time)

Hiu sut s c ci thin bng cch

Gim s chu k CPU

Tng tn s ng h
Ngi thit k phn cng lun phi hi ha
gia tn s ng h vi s chu k thc hin

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

25

V d: Thi gian B x l

My tnh A: 2GHz clock, thc thi mt 10s CPU time

Thit k my tnh B sao cho:

Thi gian thc thi ch mt 6s CPU time

Vi ng h nhanh hn, nhng mt 1.2 ln chu k ng h
thc thi

Vy ng h my B phi l bao nhiu?

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

26

S lnh (inst. Count) v CPI

S lnh ca 1 chng trnh c xc nh

bi: Bn thn chng trnh, ISA & Bin dch
S chu k trung bnh cho 1 lnh:

BK

Xc nh bi phn cng CPU

Nu lnh c gi tr CPI khc nhau: CPI trung bnh
tng th

TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

27

V d: Chu k/lnh (CPI)

My A: T.gian/ck = 250ps, CPI = 2.0

My B: T.gian/ck = 500ps, CPI = 1.2
A & B c cng kin trc tp lnh
My no nhanh hn, hn bao nhiu?

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

28

Cch tnh CPI tng quan

Nu cc loi lnh khc nhau thc hin vi

s chu k khc nhau trn mi lnh

CPI trung bnh trng s

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

29

V d: CPI trung bnh

Sau khi bin dch 1 chng trnh vi 3 loi

lnh A, B, C cho kt qu:

Kt qu bin dch 1: IC = 5
Clock Cycles
= 21 + 12 + 23
= 10
Avg. CPI = 10/5 = 2.0

Kt qu bin dch 2: IC = 6
Clock Cycles
= 41 + 12 + 13
=9
Avg. CPI = 9/6 = 1.5

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

30

Rt ra nhng g v Hiu sut

Cng thc tng quan

Ph thuc vo cc yu t:

Gii thut: IC, c th c CPI

Ngn ng lp trnh: IC, CPI
Bin dch: IC, CPI
Kin trc tp lnh: IC, CPI, Tc

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

31

Nng lng tiu th

Trong cng ngh ch to CMOS IC

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

32

Gim nng lng tiu th

Gi s 1 CPU mi so vi 1 CPU c

Ngng v nng lng tiu th

85% ti
Gim 15% ngun (V) v 15% tn s

Khng th tip tc gim ngun (v)

Khng th lm hn ch nhit sinh ra cng tng

Vy ci thin hiu sut bng cch no?

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

33

Hiu sut n x l

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

34

Nhiu b x l kt hp

B x l a li

Nhiu b x l trn cng 1 chip

Yu cu lp trnh song song tng minh

Compare with instruction level parallelism

Nhiu lnh phn cng thc hin ng thi

Hidden from the programmer

Kh khn

Lm sao lp trnh vi hiu sut cao

Cn bng ti
Ti u trao i d liu v ng b

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

35

SPEC CPU Benchmark

Tp cc chng trnh o hiu sut

Standard Performance Evaluation Corp (SPEC)

C ti c th st vi thc t

Pht trin cc b nh gi (benchmarks) cho CPU, I/O, Web,

SPEC CPU2006

Tng thi gian thc thi 1 nhm chng trnh c chn ra

nh gi
Khng tnh t.gian I/O, ch tp trung vo CPU
Normalize relative to reference machine
Summarize as geometric mean of performance ratios
CINT2006 (integer) and CFP2006 (floating-point)

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

36

CINT2006 for Opteron X4 2356

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

37

SPECpower_ssj2008 for X4

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

38

MIPS i lng o hiu sut

MIPS = Millions of Instructions Per Second

Khng dng vo mc ch so snh

BK

S khc nhau v Kin trc tp lnh ca my tnh

S khc nhau v phc tp ca lnh

Cc chng trnh cng thc hin trn 1 CPU

c th c CPI khc nhau

TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

39

Quy trnh ch to mch

BK

li (Yield): s chip t yu cu/mi

wafer

TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

40

AMD Opteron X2 Wafer

X2: 300mm wafer, 117 chips, 90nm technology

X4: 45nm technology

BK
TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

41

Gi thnh mch tch hp

Quan h phi tuyn vi thit din Wafe & t l li

BK

Gi thnh Wafer & thit din c nh

T l li ph thuc vo quy trnh sn xut
Thit din chip ph thuc vo kin trc & thit k
mch

TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

42

Kt lun

Gi thnh/Hiu sut ngy cng ci thin

Cu trc t chc phn tng nim

BK

C phn cng ln mm

Kin trc tp lnh

Cng ngh pht trin

Phn giao Phn cng/Mm

Thi gian thc thi: cch tt nht o hiu

sut
Nng lng (Power): yu t cn tr nht
Song song ha ci thin hiu sut

TP.HCM

21-Jan-15

Khoa Khoa hc & K thut My tnh

43