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    Милен Нинов
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    Review of Faults Detectable in DGA

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    12 views10 pages

    Review of Faults Detectable in DGA

    Uploaded by

    Милен Нинов
    Review of Faults Detectable in DGA

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 10
    NP rearune ARTI A Review of Faults Detectable by Gas-in-Oil Analysis in Transformers Key Words: Transformer, faut, dissolved gas analysis [icccirasvelpain ns SShngey Bt = See of eee tag oi cagy Ti = fal eo pens 5 ra flue tempermse 00°C = Fo0°C 3 = hl fens» 0° hee TCI dus of BCA els coxepting so fn oy a peste ey wc Seinsewas hn en eee spre ae ‘he pean pus ee ne DGX eae hs re thy Bo om a reste DCA wl Sit ne epg sme he a pnts otic ear or ced eer. The spit fp nee (LTO Bie strc ah stoned wos BEA tcp me e wor tge Creep eprint ‘tiling proof be OLTC Por oes oa res0nc Michel Duval IREQ, Canada also given to DGA rests related to PDs and low: temper: ture thermal aus. The Tiangle graphical method of representation [1 is awed to visualize the different cases and facilitate their ‘comparison. The coordinates ad limite ofthe discharge Sd thermal foul zones of the Triangle are indicated in Fig. 1, and are not epeated in Figs. 2-13 for clarity. Zone DT in Fig. 1 corresponds 1 mixtores of thermal and ele trial ful, Readers interested in visualizing their own DGA results sing the Tiange representation should preferably set angular coordinate drawing pape, sch asthe one provided by Keel & Esser Co (#46 4493), for beter precision, “The Triangle coordinates corresponding to DGA re sultsin ppm can be calculated a follows: 0 C2H2 = 100% Mpctyt2}; WCIHE = 100y ibety42), CHA = 100 oct), with x = (C2H2), y = (CHA); 2 = (CHA), in Pom. ‘Thermal Faults (11, 12, T3) ‘Thermal Faults in Transformers in Service ‘Thirty-five cases of thermal faults (hot spots in faulty transformers in servic, identified by visual inspection of the ‘equipment, ar indicatedin Figs, 2and3. The corresponding ‘aluesin ppm hae aleady been publishedon page 37 of 2) Figure 2 consis 16 eases of hotspots in paperfilinsula- tion. Seven eases where ceronized paper wat fond upon inspection (> 300°C), and ive cases where only broveish ‘paper was found (I < 300°C), ate indicated separately. Pa covaonaese IEEE Electrical rslaton Magazine "ig. 2 oma li nthe papel aation ramon a ie defied ding sprints marse Carbone po ett Io0sc} Orban oper 100°C) wat meone per involvement in thes cases often results in a COJCO ra tio <3, but not always, therefore this ratio should he wsed ‘with auton when tying o predict whether or nt paper is involved ina ful Figure 3 contains 19 eases of horspotsin oi ony (with no paper involved). These were located inthe lamination, oF were the resus of cizculating currents in bok, rank, oF clamps, ofthe resus ofbad contact in welds, windings, ot terminal, indicated, Fires 2 and 3 sges that DGA ress appearing the "13 zone correspond in general oa thermal fain ol and those inthe T2/T1 zones toa thea faltin paper Carbon ‘aed paper tends to appear in oF closet the T2 zone. ‘Thermal Faults in Laboratory Models “Twenty-two cass of hor spor simulated in the laboratory a indicted in Figs. 4 and 5. The corresponding DGA re- sulin ppm canbe found in Tables land Il and thee refer ‘ces in Table I. Figure 4 contains 12 eases of hoe spots paperorin paperoil insulation. Figure S contains 10 cases of hor spots inal only. Hor spots in paper or paper insulation at all emp tures are located in the 1 and T2aones, Hor pots ino at temperaures > 500 °C ate located in the TS zone Hot spot inl at semperatures < 300 °C requite some iscusion, Most “normal” oils donor produce significant or measurable amounts of gases ar these temperatures (xcept the eatboa oxides), However, some types of oil ("aay Ba fing oils") have been shown in recent sues 3H] (espe Sally among the new oils appearing on the marke) to produce gases (msinly H, and CH) athe beginning of their Iie. These gaes are formed he fiseie the tray gassing {shheated at these temperaares, up to a concentration pla- ten (ypc 5 to 250 ppm), which depends onthe typeof ayidune 2002 — vo 18, No.3 "jg, Thermal faces ol only of ranma et fed saving inspection by vial mars of: laminations a, treed ora celtic inl tank ana edcomtace nel ini erin ‘ig Thermals labora; Oa apn in: Cr pero ‘il, Then ifthe ois heated second time a thes tempers tees, no more gassing i observed. This behavior has been related to he oil refining technique used, and investigations de underway at CIGRE to identify the stray gassing presently in use and thee gas concentration plateaus. Hoe spots in stay gassing oils at cemperautes < 300°C are indicted in Fig . They aze located in the T1 and T2 tones Ifsraygasing ol are used during factory heat-un tex or inthe erly feof transformer, tay thus be dii- ‘uletotell whether DGA reals appestinginthe 2/7 20n6 Indicate shot spot in paper or say gasing of theo. Aer ig 5: Thermal fle sina eh aoa, on oa perwturC » 100°C) Or = 2050 some months in service, howeves or ater heat treatment of the oi say gassing will cop, and DGA results che TI and "T2 zones wil ndeate a hotspot in paper oa. Low-Energy Discharges (D1) “Twenty-five cases of discharges of low energy (D1) in faulty transformers in service—as identified daring inspec- ‘ion by visual marks of racking, small arcing, sparking at- honized pinholes in paper, or carbon partes in oit—ace indicated in ig. 6. The coresponding values in ppm can be found on page 35 of (2) Twelve cass of discharges or PDs of the D1 type sim laren aboratory models are indicated in Fig, 7. The corre- sponding values in ppm ean be found in Tale Il eases is slalelelely w ry Ey 5 Ey s ig. 6 Discharges of ow nrg (Dh and pial charges of hace ‘one (0) ransom see nid ura peso bp ual marks of Cr tracking espinal ing (Outetypa as coonasype PD 6-17), and thei references in Table IV. Various configura- tions have been vse in these laboratory models: needle- tosphere, poinr-to-plane, ollpaper wedge, sparking or soll a, ol andor in paper ol insulation. Small breakdowns in oil produce relatively more C,H, (cases 14-16 of Fig. 7). Also, increasing pC amplitudes of the discharges appear to pull che gas composition towards the DI/D2 zone boundary (cases 8-12). Alightningimplse discharge (ase 17) appears asa discharge D2 in terms of DGA formation, In transformers inservice, D1 discharges of low energy suchas racking, small arcs, and unitereupted sparking dit- charges are usually easily detectable by DGA, becate gas formation i large enough. IEEE Eectical nedaton Magazine ow m 3 ‘ [ee PDs ofthe D1 ype, however, may not be detected by DGAualessthe PD activity isintense andor occuring over long period of time. For example, daring high-voltage fac tory testson transformers, performed over elatively short, Period of time, low-tosmedium levels of PD activity ate of: fen detected by acoustic or other electrical echnigues, but detecable amounts of gases related to hese PDs are seldom found by DGA, and isil damage i seldom found by in spection ofthe transfor “The reason is mos Hkly that PDs produce only small mount of gases and damage: PDs of 100 m of energy wll produce only $ulof gas [5 or abou 0.1 ppm in the eof ttanaformet, whichis the DGA analytical detection limit daring factory tests. A discharge energy of 11010 my isest- ‘mated as the minimum required to produce damage or eat- bonization of paper insulation [6]. An energy of 10 mi corresponds 10 several charge pulses of 100,000 to m7 + [om e [en [re 1,000,000 pC [SI consiered as PDs of high or very high amplitude. Similar levels of pC amplitnde have been te ported in [7] as necessry to produce visible damage to the paper insulation, “This might explain why, daring factory oF Feld tests, 0 6 wo [oo [io [aa | am om | | Wetowpamess> og [as [n2 [ae [or om fo | 10 | somone woe ae lw fe je |s [se [ee |i [2 | mane wo [wo [eo [os [so [ofan [ws 12 | som sora zo [wo [eo [wo [so [se [em [1 a 1s | setpa [eo [m [ao [2 |e [wn Tam | 14 | aga deans eo |s [6 |» |r = fs a oc w_ [oe | 16 | ratte [re [ae [aos | se |oon fs 17 [natostrtoninmpas | sae [on [eco | 000 | wo om | 2 evince 508 aon, 727 Car 0125 orn t5 (fe TES) fe Ta EC ToOWate PALS Eni, 19.27 ate TEsT2OKE IEEE Becta nsuston Magazine % of % {ip 8 Nomal operation ftp hangers in rie OT "ig 10 Thermal on OL rie wt ring pe fib byvkral mek fi Or woes cong Os igh eng [ig 1 OLTCraeal oa err of opens hon ho ‘mph ©: 5,938), $8,000, 20200 ed 29,0 opera 1750, 5730, nd 47,850 peti rom fog of Banal). saturated hydrocarbon polymer), which incteases the tan 8 ofthe oil and may lead vo thermal runaways in insrument ttansfomers and bushings. High-Energy Discharges (D2) Forty-seven eases high-energy discharges (D2) in fauly transformers in service are indicated in Fig. 8 The core sponding values in ppm canbe found on page 36 of (2 High-density current or power follow through coud be identified by the presence of molten copper or extensive

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