ehL fle;j

jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd;
cUthf;fk;

kjpAiuf;FOtpd; Ma;tpd; mbg;gilapy; cUthd mwpf;if

ijj;jpUehs; 2010
1. gpd;dzp
Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd ,g;Gdpjg; Nghupy; jk;ik
,yq;ifj;jPT FbNaw;w Ml;rpahsu;fsplkpUe;J KOikahf mu;g;gzpf;f Kd;tUk;gbAk;
Rje;jpuj;jpd; Nguhy; Ml;rpf;ifkhw;wj;jpidg; ,iwikAs;s jkpoPo muR vd;w ,yf;F
ngw;w fhyj;jpypUe;Nj ,e;jpa tk;rhtspj; jkpoupd; vl;lg;gLk;tiu mQ;rhJ NghupLk;gbAk; nghJtpy;
FbAupik gwpf;fg; gl;lJk;> rpq;fsk; kl;Lk; jkpo;j;Njrpa ,dj;Jf;Fk; Fwpg;ghfj; jkpo;
mur nkhopahf;fg; gl;lJk;> jkpo; khztu;fspd; ,isQu;fSf;Fk; mk;khehL miw$ty;
gy;fiyf; foff; fy;tp tha;g;G kWf;fg;gl;lJk;> tpLtjhf ,j;jPu;khdk; $wpKbj;jJ. 30 Mz;L
jkpou;fsJ mikjp topg;Nghuhl;lk; fhykhfj; jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; jiyikapy;
td;Kiwapidg; gpuNahfpj;J nfhLikahd <oj;jkpou;fs; jkJ Raepu;za cupikiag;
Kiwapy; eRf;fg; gl;lJkhfg;; gy;NtW topfspy; ngWtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l epaha G+Htkhd
jkpo; kf;fs; mlf;fp xLf;fg;gl;Lte;Js;dsu;. Kd;ndLg;Gf;fs; ahTk; rpwPyq;fh muRk; mjd;
Ml;rpgPlNkwpa jiytu;fspd; MjuTlDk; gilapdUk;; vy;yhtif khdpl tpOkpaq;fisAk;
newpg;gLj;jYlDk;; 1958> 1960> 1977> 1983 kPPwpa tifapy; Nkw;nfhz;l mjPj ,uhZt
vdj; njhlu;r;rpahfNt jkpo;kf;fSf;F vjpuhf Mf;fpukpg;gpdhy; gyj;j gpd;diltpidf;
,df;fytuq;fs; xOq;F nra;ag;gl;Lte;Js;sd. fz;Ls;sd. td;dpg; gpuhe;jpaj;jpy; jkpoHfs;
<oj;Jf; fhe;jpnad vy;NyhuhYk; md;NghL kPJ fl;ltpo;j;J tplg;gl;l nfhiyf;fshpahdJ
miof;fg;gl;L te;j jpU rh.N[.Nt.nry;tehafk; KO cyifANk NgujpHr;rpapYk; Mo;e;j
mtu;fs; 1975,y; eilngw;w fhq;Nfrd;Jiwj; NtjidapYk; mkpo;j;jpAs;sJ.
njhFjpf;fhd ,ilj;Nju;jypy;; ntw;wpngw;w
NghJ gpd;tUkhW mwptpj;;jhu;: ,d;Dk; Fwpg;ghfr; nrhd;dhy; ghtidf;Fj;
jilnra;ag;gl;l fdufg; NghuhAjq;fspdhYk;
"fle;j 25 Mz;Lfshf rpq;fstNuhL ,ilawhJ tPrg;gl;l vwpfizfshYk;> gPuq;fpf;
rkj;Jtkhf ,yq;ifapy; tho;tjw;fhd murpay; Fz;LfspdhYk; gy;yhapuf; fzf;fhd jkpo;
cupikiag; ngWtjw;F vy;yhtifahd nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;G tyak; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;l
Kaw;rpfisAk; vLj;J te;Js;Nshk;... Mdhy; gFjpf;Fs; itj;Nj nfhd;W Ftpf;fg;gl;ldH.
tUe;jj;jf;f cz;iknaJntdpy; mLj;jLj;J mijj; njhlu;e;J ,yq;if murhq;fk; %d;W
te;j rpqfs murhq;fq;fs; Rje;jpuk; %yk; ,yl;rj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l jkpoHfis rpq;fs
te;jile;j mjpfhuj;jpid> vkf;Fupa mbg;gil ,uhZtj;jpduhy; Rw;wp tisf;fg;gl;l
cupikfis kWf;fTk; vk;ik xU Msg;gLk; rpiw Kfhk;fspy;; td;dilg;Gr; nra;J
kf;fnsd;w epiyf;Fj; js;sTNk gad;gLj;jp rpj;jputijf;F cs;shf;fpaJ. If;fpa ehL rhHe;j
te;Js;sdu;... jkpo; kf;fs; Vw;fdNt nfhz;Ls;;s epWtdq;fSk;> gd;dhl;L mur epWtdq;fSk;>
,iwikiaj; jkpoPoj; Njrk; ifapnyLj;J nra;jpahsHfSk; ,e;j Kfhk;fSf;F nry;tjw;F
jk;ikj;jhNk tpLtpg;gjw;fhd MizahfNt jil tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. jkpopd milahsk;
,j;Nju;jypd; Kbtpid ehd; fUJfpNwd;." nfhz;ltu;fs; vd;w xNu fhuzj;Jf;fhf
,g;nghJkf;fs; milj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;shu;fs;.
nry;tehafk; mtHfspd; NjHjy; ntw;wpapidj;
njhlHe;J midj;Jf; jkpo;f; fl;rpfSk; Kfhk;fspDs;NsAs;s epiy kpfkpf NkhrkhdJ.
tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilapy; xd;W$b tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilj; I. ehtpd; $w;wpd;gb jLg;Gf; fhtypd; Muk;;g
jPHkhdj;ij Vfkdjhf epiwNtw;wpdH. ,j; epiyapy; gl;bdpahy; rpyu; ,we;jpUf;fpd;whu;fs;.
jPHkhdk; 1976 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 14k; jpfjp kd;dpg;Gr; rigapd; fUj;jpd;gb rpy ngz;fs;
eilngw;w jkpoH If;fpa tpLjiy Kd;dzpapd; jkf;Fg; gof;fkpy;yhjtu;fspd; Kd;dpiyapy;
KjyhtJ Njrpa khehl;by; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. gpurtk; nra;a tw;GWj;jg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. czTk;
1977 Mk; Mz;L jkpoH If;fpa tpLjiy ePUk; gw;whf;Fiw> ,we;jtu;fspd; clyq;fs;
Kd;dzpapd; NjHjy; gq;Fgw;wy; mj; tPo;e;j ,lj;jpNyNa iftplg;gl;l epiy> ngz;fs;
jPHkhdj;jpNyNa eq;$ukplg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,j; jkJ FLk;gq;fspypUe;J gpupf;fg;gLtJk; ghypay;
jPHkhdj;jpy; jkpoH If;fpa tpLjiy Kd;dzp td;Kiwf;F cl;gLj;jg;gLtJk; Nghd;w mjpu;r;rp
,iwikAs;s jkpoPo muir mikf;;Fk; jUk; jfty;fis gpupj;jhdpa njhiyf;fhl;rp
jdJ vz;zj;ij ntspg;gLj;jpaJ. ,k; nra;jp epWtdk; ntspf;nfhzu;e;jpUe;jJ.
khehl;bw;F rh.NI.Nt. nry;tehafk; jiyik nrd;w Mz;bd; ,Wjp thuq;fspy; gy;NtW
tfpj;jhH. ,j; jPHkhd thrfq;fs; gpd;tUkhW mOj;jq;fspd; fhuzkhf jLg;G Kfhk;fspy;
gpufldg;gLj;JfpwJ: ,Ue;j ngUe;njhifahd kf;fs; ntspNa nry;y
mDkjpf;fg;gl;l NghJk; ,tHfs; mbg;gil
xt;nthU Njrpa ,dj;jpdJk; cs;spay;ghd trjpfs; vJTkw;w epiyapy; epue;jug;gaj;jpd;;
Raepu;za cupikapd; mbg;gilapy; kj;jpapy; tho;e;J tUfpwhHfs;. mHj;jKs;s
Rje;jpukhd ,iwiknghUe;jpa rkar;rhu;gw;w GdHtho;Nth nrhe;j tPLfSf;Fj; jpUk;Gtjw;fhd
rkju;kj; jkpoPo muir kPl;lspj;jYk; mDkjpNah ,d;Dk; ,tHfSf;fpy;iy.
kPscUthf;FjYk; ,e;ehl;by; jkpo;j;Njrpa
,dk; csjhapUj;jiyg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;Lj; Kfhk;fSf;F ntspNa thOk; jkpoHfspd;
jtpu;f;f KbahjjhfpAs;snjd ,k;khehL ghJfhg;Gk; eyDk; vt;tifapYk; Nkk;gl;ljhf
jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ.

1
,y;iy. jkpoHfspd; ghuk;gupaj; jhafkhd #o;epiapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; gpupe;J NghFk;
tlfpof;F eilKiwapy; xU Mf;fpukpg;Gg; njupT cl;gl;l jd;dhl;rp cupikapidg;
gpuNjrkhf gilapduhYk; gilKfhk;fshYk; ngWfpwhHfs; vd;gij midj;Jyf rl;lq;fs;
#og;gl;Ls;sJ. rpwPyq;fhtpd; njw;Fg;gFjpapy; vy;yhNk mq;fPfupf;fpd;wd.
rpq;fsg; Nguhjpf;ff; fl;Lg;ghl;by; jkpo;
kf;fs; ghJfhg;gw;W> gaKWj;jg;gl;L> gy;NtW rpwpyq;fhtpy; jkpo; kf;fSf;F murpay; ntsp
,k;irfSf;F cs;shf;fg;gLjy; ehshe;;j vJTk; ,y;iy vd;gij Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuj;Jf;F
epfo;thAs;sJ. jkpoHfs; vd;w xNu vjpuhd tifapy; jdpehL gw;wpg; NgRtijNa
fhuzj;jpw;fhNt ,tHfs; Fwpitf;fg;gLfpd;wdH. jil nra;Ak; 1983 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd;
ed;F jpl;lkpl;l nfhiyfs;> Ml;flj;jy;> 6tJ jpUj;jr; rl;lk; Fwpj;J epw;fpwJ. ”Nkk;gl;l
fhzky; Nghjy;> td;ikahd milahs ehL vtw;wpYk; fhzg;glj; jfhj mOf;F
mopg;G> jkpoPo epyg;gwpg;G> ,dr;Rj;jpfhpg;G epiwe;j fiw” vd midj;Jyf rl;lthsu;
Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; jkpo; kf;fspd; Njrpa ,dj;Jt Mizaj;jpdhy; tpgupf;fg;gl;l 1979 Mz;bd;
KOik rpijf;fg;gl;LtUfpd;wJ. gaq;futhjj; jilr; rl;lk; jkpoHfspd;
ghJfhg;gw;w jd;ikapd; KOikahd
rpwpyq;fh murhq;fj;jpdhy; jkpoHfs; rl;lj;jpw;Fg; ntspg;ghlhf ,d;Wk; tpsq;FfpwJ. mJ NghyNt
Gwk;ghfj; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;bUg;gJk; rpwpyq;fhtpd; mtrufhyr; rl;lq;fs; ePz;l
,yq;ifj; jPtpd; kWgFjpapy; thOk; jkpoHfs; fhykhfNt gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd jkpoHfspd;
kPJ nrYj;jg;gLk; td;KiwAk; mtHfsJ type;j fhzhkw; Nghjy;fs;> nfhiyfs;>
Kw;whd ngsjPf ,Ug;gpid ,y;yhkw; nra;Ak;; rpj;jputij> ghypay; ty;YwT vd;gtw;wpw;F
,yf;fpidf; nfhz;ljhfTk; ,dmopg;G ,lkspj;J te;Js;sd. ,t;thwhd ghJfhg;gw;w
njhlu;ghd I.eh.gpufldj;jpd; tpjpKiw 2 (c) #o;epiyapy; jkpoHfs; jkJ murpay;
,id ngUksT kPWtjhfTk; cs;sJ. mgpyhirfis KOikahf ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F
rpwpyq;fhtpd; murpayikg;G vt;tpj ntspiaAk;
,yq;ifj; jPtpy; jkpo; kf;fspd; capH tho;f;if Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;ftpy;iy. mHj;jKs;s
Nfs;tpf;FwpahfpAs;sJ kl;Lky;yhky; mtHfsJ tifapy; murpaypy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F
epaha G+Htkhd murpay; mgpyhirfis ,lnkJTkw;w ,e; epiyAk; jkpouJ Njrpa
vLj;Jiug;gjw;fhd murpay;ntsp mope;J Kuz;ghl;bidj; jPHg;gjw;F midj;Jyfg;
NghAs;sJ. nghwpKiw vJTk; mw;w epiy jhd; jkpouJ
cupikf;fhd mwtopg;Nghuhl;lk; jkpoPo
kf;fspd; Fuiyg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; tpLjiyg;Gypfspd; jiyikapd; fPo; XH MAjg;
murpay;thjpfs; capuhgj;jpd; tpspk;gpy; Nghuhl;lkhf tsHr;rpailtjw;F fhuzkhfpaJ.
tho;fpd;wdH. 2005 ,y; uhIgf;] [dgjpgjpahf tpLjiyg; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; ,uhZt gyKk;
gjtpNaw;wgpd; 4 jkpo; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdHfs; mjd; top te;j eilKiw muRk; jkpoHfs;
nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdH. jd;dhl;rp cupikapid Nehf;fpa murpay;
tpUg;Gf;fis ,yFthf ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
,it jtpu ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; ngw;w murpay; ntspia tFj;Jf; nfhLj;jd. ,d;W
fhyj;jpypUe;Nj Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l jpl;lkpl;l mj;jifa murpay; ntsp vJTk; ,y;iy.
epy Mf;fpukpg;G> NjHjy;; njhFjpfspd; ,e;epiyapy; ,yq;ifj; jPTf;F ntspNaapUe;J
vy;iyfisf; rpq;fs ngsj;j kf;fspd; murpay; jhd;; jhafj;jpy; jkpouJ murpay; kw;Wk;
Nkyhjpf;fj;jpw;F VJthf khw;wpaikj;jy; tho;Tupikfspid epiy epWj;Jtjw;fhd
Nghd;w nraw;ghLfSk;;> Gjpa thf;fhsHfisg; mHj;jKs;s murpay; Kd;ndLg;G vjidAk;
gjpa kWj;jik> kw;Wk; njhlHe;J NghhpdhYk; njhlu KbAk;.
,uhZt nraw;ghLfspdhYk; ghhpa mstpy;
Vw;glj;jg;gl;l ,lg;ngaHTfs; MfpadTk; 2. epahag;ghL
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; jkpo;g; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
vz;zpf;ifapy; FWfr; nra;Js;sJ. ,it <oj;jkpou;fspd; r%f ,Ug;G vd;gJ
midj;JNk ,yq;ifj; jPtpd; gpujhd murpay; mtu;fspd; murpay;> gz;ghL> nghUshjhuk;>
ePNuhl;lj;jpy; jkpoHfs; gq;F ngWtij tho;tpay; Mfpatw;wpd; jdpj;Jtj;jpid
rhj;jpakw;wjhf;fpAs;sJ. jf;fitg;gjpYk; cyfpd; Vida
r%fq;fSld; ,ize;Jk; ,izahfTk;
NkNy tpgupf;fg;gl;l epiyik rpwpyq;fh nrOikg;gLj;JtjpYNkNa jq;fpAs;sJ. ,jid
murhq;fk; jkpo; kf;fSf;F vjpuhfg; GupAk; rpwg;ghf miltjw;Fk; mr;RWj;jy;fspid
nfhLq;Nfhd;ikapid ed;F njspthf;FfpwJ. Vw;gLj;jf;$ba fhuzpfspidf; fl;Lg;gLj;jp
mj;NjhL mtHfs; jk;ik moptpypUe;J ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;Fk; VJthf xU cWjpahdJk;
ghJfhj;J mjd; %yk; jkJ nrhe;jj; jhafj;jpy; jd;dhl;rp cupikapidf; nfhz;lJkhd
jdpj;Jtkhd kf;fshf ghJfhg;Gld; tho;tjw;F murpay; fl;likg;G mtrpakhfTs;sJ.
jkJ jd;dhl;rp cupikapid epWtTk; jkJ ,JNt 1976,y; tl;Lf;Nfhl;il jPu;khdkhf
,iwikia gpuNahfpf;fTk; Ntz;bajd; tbtk;ngw;W 1977k;Mz;by; kf;fs; Mizahf
mtrpaj;ijAk; typAWj;jp epw;fpwJ. ,t;thwhd cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1985 jpk;G Nfhl;ghLfs;
,jw;F NkYk; tYr;Nru;j;jd.

2
 topKiwahFk;.
,yq;ifj;jPtpDs; fle;j 60 tUlq;fSf;F ,e;j E}w;whz;bd; murpaypy; ehL fle;j
Nkyhf njhlu;r;rpahf tsu;j;njLf;fg;gl;L NjrpaKk;> ehLfspd; vy;iyfs; fle;j epiyapy;
,d;iwa epiyapy; $u;ikaile;Js;s njhopw;gl;L tUfpw murpay; nghUshjhu
,uhZt kag;gLj;jg;gl;l murpaw;fl;likg;Gk;> cwTfSk; Kf;fpa gq;fpid tfpf;fpd;wd.
ngsj;j rpq;fs Nkyhjpf;f r%fj;jpid ehL fle;j murpaYk; ehL fle;j NjrpaKk;
rhu;e;j murpayikg;Gk>; mjdbg;gilahd <oj;jkpoHfSf;Fk; mtHfsJ jhafj;jpd;
rl;lq;fSk; Vida Njrpa ,dq;fspd;; tpLjiyf;fhd Ntl;iff;Fk; gd;Kfg;gl;l Gjpa
mbg;gil cupikfspidAk; ey;tho;tpidAk;; tha;g;Gf;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. ekJ ehL fle;j
kWj;Js;sJ. ,it jkpo; kf;fspdJk; ngsj;j tho;f;ifapd; ju;f;fuPjpahd njhlHr;rpNa ehL
rpq;fstuy;yhj Vida ,dq;fspdJk;; murpay; fle;j murpayhFk;.
jdpj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; r%f ,Ug;Gf;Fk; Rje;jpukhd
gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpf;Fk; kpfg;ngUk; jilfshf 3.1 ehL fle;j NjrpaKk; Gyk; ngau;
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. jkpo; kf;fSk;
,it kl;Lkd;wp Vw;fdNt ehk; Nkw; Gyk; ngau;e;j - Gyk; ngaHf;fg;gl;l jkpo; kf;fs;
Fwpg;gpl;lthW> jkpo;kf;fs; jq;fs; murpay; jhk; thOk; ehLfspYs;s jkpo; kf;fNshLk;
Ntl;ifapid Rje;jpukhf njuptpg;gjw;Fk; jkJ jhafj;jpYs;s kf;fNshLk; neUf;fkhd
mjw;fhf FunyOg;gp NghuhLtjw;Fk; ,yq;ifj; cwTfisg; Ngzp tUfpwhHfs;. mtHfSila
jPtpd; cs;sf epiyikfs; kpfg;ngUk; tho;T mtHfs; thOk; ehLfspd; Njrpa kw;Wk;
jilahfTk; mr;RWj;jyhfTk; cs;sd. Gtpapay; vy;iyfSf;Fs; kl;LNk FWfp
,j;jifa #oypy; ,tw;wpidnay;yhk; tpLtjpy;iy. ,tHfs; ehL fle;j r%fkhf>
vjpu;nfhz;L jkpo;kf;fspd; murpay; jd;dhl;rp gy;NtW ehLfspYk; xNu Neuj;jpy; tho;f;if>
cupikapid ntd;nwLg;gjw;F Ntz;ba cwTKiwfs;> nghUspay; njhlHGfs;> murpay;
gzpfspid gy;NtWgl;l mZFKiwfSlhf ,izg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; NgZgtHfshf
Kd;ndLf;fNtz;ba ghupa flik ,yq;ifj; khwp tpl;ldH. jhk; Gyk; ngaHe;J thOk;
jPtpypUe;J ntspNawp thOfpd;w Gyk;ngau; ehLfspd; murpay;> rl;l jpl;lq;fSf;F mikthf
jkpo;kf;fspd; iffspy; tPo;e;Js;sJ. mj;NjhL tho;e;jhYk; ehL fle;j epiy mtHfSf;F Gjpa
jkpou;fs; jkJ ,iwikia epiy epWj;Jk; murpay; r%f ntspia cUthf;fpAs;sJ.
Nghuhl;lj;jpid Kd;ndLf;Fk; gzpapy; Gyk; <oj;jkpoHfspd; murpay; r%f eyd;fSf;F
ngaH jkpo; r%fj;jpdUk; Fwpg;ghf ,uz;lhk; cap&l;lk; jUtJ ,e;j ehL fle;j murpay;
jiyKiwapdUk; ngUk; gq;F tfpf;f ntspahFk;.
Ntz;Lk; vdj; jkpoPoj; Njrpaj; jiytH
jpU Nt.gpughfud; mtHfs; 2008 Mk; Mz;L mNjNtis> <oj;jpy; thOk; kf;fSk; ,e;j ehL
khtPuH ehs; ciuapy; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhH. Gyk; fle;j ntspAld; gpd;dpg; gpize;Js;sdH. Gyk;
ngaH jkpoHfs; ngUk;ghYk; jhuhz;ikthj ngaHe;j jkpo; kf;fSk; fsj;jpy; cs;s jkpo;
kf;fshl;rpapd; ,ilNa tho;fpd;wdH. jhk; kf;fSk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,U gf;fq;fshfNt
thOk; ehLfspd; tpjpKiwfSf;Nfw;w tifapy; cs;sdH. ,f; fhyfl;lj;jpd; jkpo;j;
jkpoPo ,yl;rpaj;ij [dehaf mikjptopfshy; Njrpak; vd;gJ gd;Kfg;ghl;ilAk; gd;Kf
Kd;ndLf;fyhk; vd;gjid ngupJk; milahsq;fisAk; tuNtw;gJ> [dehafg;
ek;GfpwhHfs;. mjid Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhd gz;G tha;e;jJ.
xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;lJk; kf;fspd; Mizapidg;
ngw;wJkhd xU fl;likg;gpd; mtrpak; ,d;W 3.2 ehL fle;j murpay;
czug;gl;Ls;sJ. mJNt ehLfle;j jkpoPo
murhq;fk; vd jw;NghJ Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sJ. ehL fle;j murpay; vdg; nghJthfg; Ngrg;gLk;
,J njhlu;ghf gy;NtW ehLfspy; thOk; NghJ mJ cyfkakhf;fYf;F vjpuhd
jkpoHfspilNaAk; ,g; gzpf;nfd epakpf;fg;gl;l Nghuhl;lq;fs;> ngz;zpak; - ngz;tpLjiy
kjpAiuf; FOtpdupilNaAk; ele;Njwpa fUj;Jg; ,af;fg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;> kdpj cupikfSf;fhd
gupkhw;wq;fspd; ntspg;ghNl ,t; mwpf;ifahFk;. Nghuhl;lq;fs;> Rw;Wr; #oiyg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhd
Nghuhl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwNa ,JtiufhyKk;
3. murpay; Nfhl;ghL Fwpj;J epd;wJ. ,j;jifa Nghuhl;lq;fs;
ehL fle;j epiyapYk; jhf;fkhdjhf ,lk;
<oj; jkpoupd; Gyg;ngaHTk; Gyk;ngaHTk; ngw;W tUfpd;wd. xU rpy Njrpa tpLjiyg;
mtHfSf;F ehL fle;j tho;f;ifia Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Mjuthf ehL fle;j
cUthf;fpapUf;fpwJ. kughHe;j ehL-Njrpak; ,af;fq;fSk; gzp Gupe;J te;Js;sd. ,j;jifa
Nghd;w vy;iyfisf; fle;J ‘ehL fle;j Njrpak;’ ehL fle;j murpaYk; mit rhHe;j Nghuhl;lq;fSk;
vd;w Gjpa epiyia mtHfs; vl;bAs;sdH. toikahd xU Njrk; - xU muR my;yJ
ehL fle;j Njrpak; vd;gJ jkpo; kf;fisAk; "rHtNjr cwTfs;" vd;fpw newpKiwf;Fs;
mtHfsJ gy;NtW r%f> nghUspay;> murpay; mlq;fhjit. mlf;fg;gl Kbahjit.
epWtdq;fis mtHfs; thOfpd;w ehLfspd; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l ehLfs; my;yJ Njrpa muRfs;
Gtpapay; vy;iyfisj; jhz;b ,izf;Fk; (Nation – states) rHtNjr cwTfSf;Fk; rHtNjr

3
epWtd xOq;F KiwfSf;Fk; mbg;gilahf jpl;lkhFk;.
cs;sd. vdpDk; ehL fle;j murpay; ,tw;wpw;F 4. cUthf;ff;FOTk; kjpAiuf; FOTk;
mg;ghy; njhopw;gLtjhy; ,J Gjpa xOq;F
KiwfisAk; Gjpa epWtd mikg;Gf;fisAk; ehk; Muk;gj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;lthW ,yq;ifj;
Ntz;b epw;fpd;wJ. jPtpy; thOk; jkpo; kf;fs; vjpHnfhs;Sk;
Jd;gfukhdJk; cupikfs; kWf;fg;gl;lJkhd
21 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; murpay; ehL fle;j tho;f;ifr; #oypy;> Gyk; ngaHe;J thOk;
murpayhFk;. fle;j fhyq;fspy; Njrpa jkpo; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; vOe;Js;s mf;fiwapd;
tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Gyk; ngau;e;j - fhuzkhf ce;jg;gl;L ehL fle;e jkpoPo
Gyk; ngau;f;fg;gl;l kf;fs; ngUk; gq;fspg;ig murhq;fk; xd;wpid mikf;Fk; topKiwfisf;
ey;fpAs;sdH. Iup]; kf;fs;> a+jkf;fs; MfpNahu; fz;lwpaTk; mj;jifa murhq;fk; xd;wpDhlhf
,tw;wpw;F ey;y vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fshFk;. Gyk; mile;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba ,yf;Ffisg;
ngu;e;j a+j kf;fs; ,d;W tiu ,];NuYf;F gupe;Jiu nra;aTk; xU kjpAiuf;FO xd;W
kpFe;j cWJizahf cs;sdH. ,j;jhyp> 2009 Mz;L a+d; khjk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
nfapl;b> FNuh]pah> vupj;jpupah> vy;ry;tNlhH
Nghd;w ehLfspd; murpaypy; Gyk; ngahe;j ehL fle;e jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; vy;yh
kf;fs; gpupf;f Kbahj mq;fkhf cs;sdH. Gyk; Kaw;rpfSk; nraw;ghLfSk; rdehaf
ngau;e;j nfapl;b kf;fSf;nfdj; jdpahd NjHjy; tpOkpaq;fspidg; gpd;gw;wp mikatpUf;fpd;wJ
njhFjpnahd;W cz;L. ,];Nuypa NjHjy;fspy; vd;gjid mbg;gil epiyg;ghlhf tupj;Jf;
thf;fspf;f Gyk; ngau;e;j kf;fs; Mapuf;fzf;fpy; nfhz;L gpd;tUtd ,j;jia ehL fle;j
jpUg;gpg; NghtJ vd;gJ toikahd xd;W. murhq;fj;jpd; ,yf;Ffshf ,Uf;f KbAk; vd
1990 ,y; FNuhrpahtpy; [dhjpgjpj; NjHjypy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ.
Nghl;bapl;l Ngd;N[h J[;khd; Gyk; ngau;e;j
FNuhrpa kf;fspd; epjp cjtpAld; ntw;wp ngw;w 1. 1976,d; tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilj; jPu;khdj;jpdhy;
gpw;ghL Gyk; ngaHe;j kf;fSf;fhf 12 Mrdq;fs; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJk;> 1977y; eilngw;w
xJf;fpapUe;jhH. ,e;jpahtpd; nghUshjhu nghJj; NjHjypy; jkpo; kf;fshy; xU
Nkk;ghl;by; Gyk; ngaHe;j ,e;jpaHfs; ngUksT kdjhf thf;fspj;J Mizg;gLj;jg;gl;lJk;;>
gq;fspj;J tUtJk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. gpd;G 1985y; jpk;Gg; gpufldj;jpy;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJkhd jkpoH XH
fle;j 30 Mz;Lfshf Gyk; ngau;e;j <oj; Njrpa ,dk;> tlf;F- fpof;F jkpoH jhaf
jkpoHfs; tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg; NguhjuT epyk;> <oj;jkpohpd; jd;dhl;rp chpik
toq;fpaJ kl;Lkd;wp Nghuhy; mtjpAw;W te;j Nghd;w mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfis
,yl;rf;fzf;fhd kf;fspd; tho;f;iff;Fk; <oj;jkpohpd; murpay; mgpyhirfspd;
cWJizahf ,Ue;J te;Js;sdH. ,;e;j Mjhu RUjpahf Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; midj;Jj;
E}w;whz;by; ehL fle;j murpay; ngWfpw jkpo; kf;fisAk; Xd;wpizg;gJ.
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;F ,it
xU rpy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lf;fs; kl;LNk. ,e;jg; 2. 2001k; Mz;L> 2004k; Mz;L nghJj;
gpd;dzpapy; jhd; ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; NjHjy;fspd;NghJ jkpo; kf;fspd; murpay;
xU jpUg;G Kidahf mikatpUf;fpd;wJ. mgpyhirfisg; gpujpgypf;Fk; murpay;
fl;rpahfj; jkpo; kf;fspdhy; Vw;W cWjp
3.3 ehL fle;j murhq;fk; - ehL fle;j nra;ag;gl;l jkpo;j; Njrpaf; $l;likg;GlDk;
murhl;rp <oj;jkpohpd; jd;dhl;rpf; Nfhl;ghl;bid
Ve;jp Mjhpf;Fk; Vida jkpo; murpay;
ehL fle;j murhl;rp vd;w vz;zf;fU fl;rpfSlDk; ,ize;J nraw;gLjy;.
Ma;thsu;fs; ftdj;ijg; ngupJk; <Hj;Js;sJ.
gy;NtWgl;l tbtq;fspy; ehL fle;j murhl;rp 3. rpq;fs Njrj;Jldhd Ngr;RthHj;ij-
njhopw;gl KbAk;. [Nuhg;gpa xd;wpak; (EU) fSf;fhd jkpoH Njrj;jpd; epiyg;-
xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L. NAFTA vdg;gLk; tl ghLfis ntspg;gLj;jy;.
mnkupf;f fl;lw;w tzpf cld;ghL ,d;ndhU
vLj;Jf;fhl;L. 4. muRfSlDk;> gd;dhl;L muRfs;
rhHe;j epWtdq;fSlDk; Neubj;
vdpDk; ehk; Kd;nkhopfpw ehL fle;j murhl;rp njhlHGfis Vw;gLj;Jjy;.
Kiwik jdpj;JtkhdJk; Nfhl;ghl;LuPjpahf
NtWgl;lJkhFk;. xU Njrpa ,dk; jdf;nfd xU 5. cynfq;Fk; gue;J thOk; <oj;jkpohpd;
ehL fle;j murhq;fj;ij Kd;nkhoptJ ,JNt r%f> nghUz;kpa> gz;ghl;L
Kjw;jlit. ,Jtiu fhzg;gLk; ehL fle;j Nkk;ghLfisj; Jhpjg;gLj;jy;.
murhl;rp Kiwikfs; Njrpa muRfs; (Nation
– states) xd;wpize;J my;yJ ,zf;fg;ghL 6. jkpo; kw;Wk; K];yPk; kf;fSf;fpilapyhd
nfhz;L cUthdit. ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLk; NtWghLfis jkpoH jd;dhl;rp chpikf;-
ehL fle;j murhq;fkhdJ tpLjiy Ntz;b nfjpuhd gaj;ij Njhw;Wtpf;Fk; fUtpahff;
NghuhLfpd;w xU Njrpa ,dk; Kd; itf;Fk; nfhs;shky;> K];yPk; kf;fSld; ,ize;J ,U
4
 r%fj;jpdUk; xUkpj;J gq;FngWk; murpay;
topKiwfis ,dk; fhZjy;. 2-4 xf;NlhgH 2009 ,y; x];NyhtpYk;> 3-6
7. tlf;F- fpof;fpy; thOk; <oj; jkpoHfspdJk;> bnrk;gH 2009 ,y; yz;ldpYkhf %d;W Neubr;
cynfq;Fk; rpjwp Gyk;ngau;e;J thOk; re;jpg;Gf;fis Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,r; re;jpg;Gf;fs;
jkpo; kf;fspdJk; eyd; NgZk; tifapyhd eilngw;w ,lq;fspy; thOk; jkpo; kf;fNshLk;
nraw;ghLfis Cf;Ftpj;jy;. jkpoH mikg;Gf;fNshLk; kjpAiuf;FO
re;jpg;Gf;fisAk; Nkw;nfhz;lJ.
,yq;ifapy; njhlHe;J epfOk;
,dg;gLnfhiyapid epWj;JKfkhf gd;dhl;L tpNrl eltbf;if:
muR rhH epWtdq;fSlDk;> mur rhHgw;w
gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fSlDk; njhlHGfis kjpAiuf;FOtpd; gpujhd nraypyf;F
Vw;gLj;jpr; nraw;gLtjidAk; ,f;FO jdJ Neubj; NjHjy;fs; %yk; ehL fle;e jkpoPo
gzpahff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. murhq;fj;jpidcUthf;fw;fhd gupe;Jiufis
toq;Ftjhf ,Ug;gpDk; rpwPyq;fh murhy; jLg;G
,t;thW njhlHGfisg; Ngzpf; nfhs;tjd; Kfhk;fspy; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;jtHfspd;
%yk; <oj;jopohpd; capH ,Ug;ig cWjp - Fwpg;ghf rpWtHfspd; eyd; NgZk;
nra;jy;; kw;Wk; jkpo; ngz;fs; kPjhd ghypay; jpl;lq;fisAk; jdJ tpNrl nraw;ghlhff;
td;KiwfisAk;> jkpo;r; rpWtHfs;; kPjhd nfhz;lJ. tijKfhk;fSf;F epfuhff;
td;Kiw rpj;jpu tijfisAk; rpq;fs muRk; fUjg;glf;;$ba Kiwapy; jLg;G Kfhk;fspy;
mjd; ,uhZtKk; mjdhy; newpg;gLj;jg;gLk; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;j 280>000 Nkw;gl;l
rf;fpfSk; Nkw;nfhs;shjgb jLj;J epWj;Jjy;> kf;fspd; eyd; kjpAiuf;FOtpd; tpNrl
gphpe;j FLk;gq;fis tpiuthf xd;W NrHj;jy;> ftdj;jpw;Fl;gl;bUe;jJ.
td;jilKfhk;fspy; tijgLk; %d;W ,yl;rk;
jkpo; kf;fisAk; mtHfspd; nrhe;j tPLfs;> kjpAiuf;FO> jLg;G Kfhk;fspy; jLj;J
CHfspy; FbakUk;gbahd toptiffis ,dk; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j rpWtHfsJ ngau;> taJ> ghy;
fhZjy;> jkpo; ,d mopg;gpy; <Lgl;ltHfisAk; tpguq;fs> mtHfs; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;bUe;;j
kdpj Neaj;jpw;F vjpuhd NghHf;Fw;wq;fisj; Kfhk;fspd; tpguq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwj;
jpl;lkpl;Lg; Ghpe;jtHfisAk; ePjp tprhuizf;F jpul;br; Nrfupj;J Mtzg;gLj;jpaJ. ,t;
cs;shf;Fjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy; cupa tpguq;fs; Kfhk;fspy; ,r; rpWtHfs; eyd;
eltbf;if vLf;fj; J}z;LtjpYk; ,f;FO njhlHr;rpahf mtjhdpf;fg;gl;L mtHfspd;
ftdk; nrYj;jp te;jJ. eyd; Ngzg;gLtjw;Fk; gl;bdp %yKk;
Gwf;fzpg;ghYk; ,r; rpWtHfs; rpwpyq;fh murhy;
gy;NtW Jiwfspy; rpwg;Gj; jfik nfhz;l Jd;gg;gLj;jg;glhky; fz;fhzpf;fg;glTk;
gpd;tUk; GyikahsHfs; ,f; FOtpd; cjTk;. ,t;thW Nrfupf;fg;gl;l rpWtHfspd;
cWg;gpdHfshf gzpahw;Wfpd;wdu;. ngau;g;gl;bay; If;fpa ehLfs; rigf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJld; ,t; tplak; njhlHghf xU
NguhrpupaH gpuhd;rp]; ngha;y; mwpf;ifAk; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
(mnkupf;fh)
NguhrpupaH N[hrg; re;jpufhe;jd; jLj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;NshUld; midj;Jyf
(fdlh) nrQ;rpYitr; rq;fk; njhlu;G Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
itj;jpaf; fyhepjp ehfypq;fk; nIaypq;fk; tha;g;gpidg; ngWtjw;F kjpAiuf;FO
(mnkupf;fh) Mtd nra;Ak;. ,jd;%yk; FLk;gj;jpdu;
rl;l mwpQH nIag;gpufh]; nIaypq;fk; mtu;fisr; nrd;W ghu;itaplTk;
(mnkupf;fh) rl;lthsu;fspd; cjtpngwTk; trjpNaw;gLk;.
rl;l mwpQH fud; ghHf;fH jLj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;NshupdJ tpLjiyf;fhf
(mnkupf;fh) kjpAiuf;FO jkf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; vy;yh
NguhrpupaH godpag;gd; ,uhkrhkp tha;g;Gf;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk;.
(kNyrpah)
rl;l mwpQH tp];tehjd; cUj;jpuFkhud; 5. ehL fle;j murhq;fj;jpid
(mnkupf;fh) cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nrad;Kiw
NguhrpupaH gPw;wH rhy;f;
(RtPld;) ,g;gpuptpd; fPo; ehLfle;j murhq;fj;jpid
itj;jpaf; fyhepjp rptNde;jpud; rPtehafk; cUthf;Ftjw;F mbg;gilahd Nfhl;ghl;Lf;
(mT];jpNuypah) fhuzpfs;> milag;glNtz;ba ,yf;Ffs;
NguhrpupaH eluhrh rpwp];fe;juhrh Mfpa tplaq;fs; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,q;F
(RtPld;) Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s epWtdj;jpd; ngaupy;
NguhrpupaH Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp nrhHzuh[h Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;s "Provisional" vd;fpd;w
(gpupj;jhdpah) Mq;fpyg;gjk; jw;Nghija epiyikf;F
fyhepjp mKJ Y}ap]; tre;jFkhH nghUj;jkhdjhfTk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; vof;$ba
(gpupj;jhdpah) khw;wq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; <LnfhLf;Fk;
tifapy; nghUj;jkhd fl;likg;G khw;wq;fSf;F
,k; kjpAiuf;FO> 2-4 Xf];l; 2009 ,y; #upr;rpYk;> jd;id cl;gLj;jg;glf;$baJ vd;fpd;w

5
fUj;jpd; mbg;gilapidNa nfhz;Ls;sJ. njhz;L epWtdq;fSk; jkJ rl;luPjpahd
,t; mwpf;ifapy; "ehLfle;j murhq;fk;" eilKiwr; nraw;ghLfSf;F Clhf jhq;fs;
vd njhlu;r;rpahf gad;gLj;jg;gLk;NghJ nraw;gLk; ehLfspd; Ml;rpahsu;fspidAk;
mJ ”ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk;” vd;w kf;fspidAk; NtW nry;thf;Fs;s
epWtdj;jpidNa Rl;bepw;Fk;. njhFjpapdiuAk; ntd;nwLj;Js;sdu;. mJNt
ehLfle;j murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; jdJ murpay;> r%f>
”ehLfle;j murhq;fk;” vd;Dk; tplak; cWjpahd nghUshjhu kw;Wk; gz;ghl;L ,yf;Ffspid
fUj;jpay; jsj;jpy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;bUe;jhYk; Kd;ndLg;gjw;F rpwe;j Kd;Djhuzkhf
mjidr; nraw;gLj;jg;gLj;Jfpd;w NghJ cs;sJ.
<oj;jkpou;fs; Gyk;ngau;e;J thOfpd;w
Njrq;fspd; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; tpjpKiwfSf;Fk; 5.1. ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd;
Kuz;glhjjd;ikapid epr;rag;gLj;jpf; Nguitapd; fl;likg;Gk;
nfhs;sNtz;Lnkd kjpAiuf;FO mq;fj;jtu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifAk;
typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. gy;NtW Gyk;ngau;Njrq;fspd;
jdpj;Jtkhd rl;lq;fSf;Fk; murpay; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd;; Nguitf;fhd
tpOkpaq;fSf;Fk; Clhf ehLfle;j murhq;fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fspid gy;NtW Njrq;fspYk;
nraw;ghl;bid Kd;ndLg;gJk; mjd; Gyk;ngau;e;J thOk; <oj;jkpou;fs; kj;jpapypUe;J
,yf;Ffspid miltJk; ghupa rthYf;Fupait Neubahf njupT nra;tjw;fhd Nju;jy;jy;fspid
vd fUJk; kjpAiuf;FO ,yf;Ffspid elhj;Jjy;> Kd;nkhopag;gl;l ehLfle;j
miltjw;fhf nfhLf;fg;gl Ntz;ba murhq;fj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd KjyhtJ
Kd;DupikapidAk; mtrpaj;jpidAk; fUj;jpw; nraw;ghlhf ,Uf;Fk;.
nfhz;L> mgpyhirfspidg; gpukhz;lg;gLj;Jk;
thu;j;ijfspid kpff;$ba mtjhdj;Jld; rdehaf Ml;rpg;gLj;jypy; nghJkf;fspd;
gad;gLj;JkhW typAWj;Jfpd;wJ. gq;Fgw;wYf;fhd cupik ru;tNjr rl;lq;fspdhy;
typAWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. I.eh tpd; kdpj
Kd;nkhopag;gl;l ”ehLfle;j murhq;fk; cupikfSf;fhd FO kf;fs; jq;fSf;fhd
(Transnational Government)” vd;fpd;;w epWtdk; murpayikg;gpid cUthf;Ftjpy; nfhz;Ls;s
”Gfypl murhq;fk; (Government in Exile)” vd;w gq;Fgw;wy; cupikapid mq;fPfupf;fpd;wJ.
fl;likg;gpypUe;J Kw;whf NtWgl;lJ. ,g;; xUtifapy; murpayikg;gpid jahupf;Fk;
Gfypl murhq;fk; vdg;gLtJ Kd;G jdJ FOtpid Fbkf;fspd;; gq;Nfw;wY}lhf
ehl;bDs; ,aq;fpf; nfhz;bUe;j epiyapy; njupTnra;jy; rpwg;ghdtplakhf nfhs;sg;gLk;.
mf Gwf;fhuzpfspd; mr;RWj;jy; fhuzkhf nghJkf;fs; gue;jstpy; gq;Nfw;Fk;
jdJ ehl;bypUe;J jw;fhypfkhf ntspNawp Nju;jy; Kiwik kf;fspd; gue;jsthd
NtNwhu; el;G Njrj;jpd; vy;iyf;Fs; mtu;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpid rhd;Wg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
mq;fPfhuj;JlDk; MjuTlDk; jdJ Ml;rpapid
njhlu;e;J nraw;gLj;Jk; fl;likg;ghFk;. ,uz;lhk; gq;Nfw;wy; eilKiw ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy;
cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ rhu;s;]; B Nfhypdhy; mtrpakhdJk; cupikrhu;e;jJkhd tplakhf
,yz;ldpy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l murhq;fj;jpid khwpAs;sJ. “cupik” vd;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
,jw;F cjhuzkhff; nfhs;syhk;. ehL ru;tNjr gpufldq;fshYk; kfhehLfspdhYk;
fle;j murhq;fk; vd;gJ jw;fhy murpay; Njrq;fspd; murpayikg;Gf;fspdhYk;
eilKiwapy; Nghjpa Kd;Djhuzq;fsw;wJk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cd;djkhd rl;lKiw
Gj;jhf;fkhdJkhd fUj;jpayhFk;. ehL fle;j Ml;rpapaYf;F Mokhd <Lghl;Lld; $ba
murhq;fj;jpid nraw;gLj;Jtjw;F ve;jnthU rdehafg; gapw;rp gpujhd fpisahf mike;Js;sJ.
Njrj;jpdJk; mq;fPfhuNkh mDkjpNah murpayikg;gpid cUthf;Ftjpy; gq;Nfw;gJk;
Kd;dpge;jidahf mikahJ. cupiknfhs;tJk; tpuptilaf;$ba
efUk; tpirapid cUthf;Ftjid xj;j
ehL fle;j murhq;fr; nraw;ghLfs; <oj;jkpou;fs; gapw;rpahFk;. tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;JjypYk;
Gyk; ngau;e;J mjpfstpy; nrwpe;J thOfpd;w epiwNtw;WtjpYKs;s rthy;fspid
ehLfspy; ikak; nfhs;Sk;.. eilKiwapy; vjpu;nfhs;tjw;Fk; mg;ghy; rdehaf gq;Nfw;wypD}
,t; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; gy;Njrpa lhf murpayikg;gpid cUthf;Fjy;
$l;LepWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; ru;tNjr jd;dhu;t vd;gJ gyKk;> Vw;GlikAk; rl;lKiwahd
njhz;L epWtdq;fs; Mfpad nraw;gLk; Kiwf;F mq;fPfhuKk; nfhz;l KbTg;nghUspid
xj;jjhf mikAk;. Fwpg;ghf fl;lw;w rdehaf ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhd ,d;wpaikahj
gz;GfspidAk; fUj;Jupikr; Rje;jpuj;jpidAk; fhuzpahFk; vd Mgpupf;f mtjhdpg;ghsu;
nfhz;baq;Fk; Njrq;fspy; mtw;wpd; rl;lq;fSf;F [Pypa]; Itd;Ngu; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.
Kuz;glhtz;zk; mwtopr;nraw;ghLfspD}
lhf jdJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fspid Kd;ndLg;gjpy; gy;NtW Njrq;fspYk; rpjwpthOk; <oj;jkpou;fs;
ehLfle;j murhq;fj;jpw;F vt;tpj jilfSk; kj;jpapy; ehLfle;j murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhd
,Uf;fKbahJ. Nju;jy;fspid elj;JtJ njhlu;ghfTk;
gpujpepjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifapid epu;zapg;gjpYk;
gy;Njrpa $l;L epWtdq;fSk; ru;tNjr jd;dhu;t cs;s rpf;fy;fspid Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpYk;

6
cr;rgl;rkhd rpwg;ghd njupTfspid apid gfpu;T nra;jypd; NghJ kjpAiuf;FO
milahsq;fhz;gjpYk; kjpAiuf;FO $basT ifahz;l kpfKf;fpa Nfhl;ghL epahaepiy
rf;jpapidAk; fhyj;jpidAk; gad;gLj;jpaJ. NgZjyhFk;. fpilf;fg;ngw;w juTfspd;gb
gy;NtW Njrq;fspypUe;Jk; ngwG;glf;$ba mwpag;gl;l thf;fhsu; guk;gypid Njrq;fspd;
kf;fl;njhifg; Gs;sptpguq;fs; mtu;fspd; mbg;gilapy; fzpg;gpl;L mjD}Nl mjpcau;e;j
Njrq;fs; gpuhe;jpaq;fs; rhu;e;j guk;gy; tpfpjhrhuepiyf;F ,irthf gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
Mfpatw;wpid fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Mokhf murpayikg;Gg; Nguitf;F xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
guprPyid nra;jgpd; kjpAiuf;FO fPo;tUk;
gupe;Jiufspidr; nra;Js;sJ. epahaepiy NgZjy; vd;w ,f; Nfhl;ghL
jhd; gfpu;Tnra;jy; my;yJ xJf;fPL nra;jy;
vd;w fUj;Jf;F mbj;jskhf mikfpwJ.
ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; KjyhtJ Nguit xJf;fPL nra;jy; vd;gJ gy Njrq;fs; my;yJ
135 mq;fj;jtu;fspidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. gpuhe;jpaq;fSf;fpilapy; gpujpepjpfspd;
vz;zpf;ifia mj; Njrq;fspd; my;yJ
,tHfspy; Kjw; gpujhd njhFjpapdH kf;fshy; gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; msTg;gupkhzj;Jf;fikag;
NjHT nra;ag;gLk; gpujpepjpfs; (115). ,tHfs; gfpu;jyhFk;. lhdpay; ntg;];uupd; fUj;Jg;gb
gy;NtW Njrq;fspYk; Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpid gq;fpLk;NghJ rupahd
,lq;fspy; elhj;jg;gLk; Nju;jy;fspDlhf mstPLfspidg;gad;gLj;jp nghUj;jkhd
Neubahf njupT nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;. tpfpjhrhuj;jpy; rfyUf;Fk; Nruf;$bajhd
epakj;jpid Vw;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. ,f;Nfhl;ghl;bd;
,uz;lhtJ njhFjpapdu; (20)> kpff; Fiwe;j mbg;gilapNyNa If;fpa mnkupf;f ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;
vz;zpf;if fhuzkhfNth my;yJ Vw;ghLfisr; murpayikg;G gpujpepjpfspy; guk;gypid
nra;tjpy; cs;s eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fs; kf;fs; njhif mbg;gilapy; epu;zapj;Js;sJ.
fhuzkhfNth Kjw; fl;lj;jpy; Nju;jy;fspid vdpDk; epahag;gLj;j Kbahj msT ngupa
elhj;Jtjw;F tha;g;G Fiwe;j ehLfs; my;yJ gpujpepjpfs; rigAz;lhf;f Kbe;jhNy jtpu
gpuhe;jpaq;fspd; kf;fspid gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kw;iwa re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,Wf;fkhd tpfpjhrhug;
nra;Ak; Nguhsu;fs;. gpujpepjpj;Jt xJf;fPnld;;gJ rhj;jpakw;wJ.
Xt;nthU ehl;Lf;Fk; VNjh xUtifapy;
Kjy; Rw;Wj; Nju;jy;fs; epiwtile;j gpd;dH gpujpepjpj;Jtk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;w
njupT nra;ag;gl;l Nguitapduhy; ,uz;lhk; mbg;gilapy; ,q;NfAk; milahsq;fhzg;gl;l
njhFjp NguhsHfSk; njupT nra;ag;gLtH. Njrq;fspy; thOk; Gyk;ngau;kf;fspd;
njhifiaAk; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L Mff;Fiwe;j
,uz;lhk; njhFjp NguhsHfis njupT rdj;njhifapidf; nfhz;l Njrq;fSk;
nra;tjw;fhd eilKiw gpd;tUkhW mikayhk;. Fiwe;j gl;r mbg;gilg; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpidg;
njupT nra;ag;gl;l NguitapdH ,uz;lhk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; tpfpjhrhug;gbapyhd
njhFjp NguhsHfs; njupT nra;;ag;gl Ntz;ba xJf;fPL cWjpnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehLfspypy; ,Ue;J MHtKilNahuplk;
tpUg;Gf; fbjq;fissf; Nfhup> ,t;thW tpUg;Gj;
njuptpj;jtHffs; kj;jpapy; ,Ue;J cupatHfisj;
njupe;njLf;fyhk;.

Nguhsu;fspid njupT nra;Ak; KiwikahdJ

,e;jpah kw;Wk; Vida Njrq;fspypUe;J
<oj;jkpouy;yhj jkpou;fs; ehL fle;j jkpoPo
murhq;fg; Nguitapy; gq;F gw;wpf; Fuy; nfhLf;f
tha;g;gspf;fpwJ.

,isNahUk; ngz;fSk; Nguitapd;

cWg;gpdu;fshf ngUkstpy; gq;Fgw;w
Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;Jk; tifapy;
xt;nthU ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf; FOTk;
Nju;jy;gzpfis tbtikf;Fk; NghJk; Nju;jypy;
Nghl;bapLNthiur; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; NghJk;
,t;tplak; njhlu;ghf rpwg;ghf mtjhdk;
nrYj;jNtz;LnkdTk; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;;fhd

Kjw;Rw;W Nju;jy; 2010k; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjj;jpd;
,WjpehSf;Fs; elhj;jpKbf;fg;glNtz;Lk;.

ehLfSf;fpilapy; gpujpepjpfspd; vz;zpf;if-

7
ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhd gpujpepjpfspd; vz;zpf;ifAk; guk;gYk;:

Njrk; my;yJ gpuhe;jpak; njupTnra;ag;gl;l Nguhsu;fs;

mq;fj;jtu;fs;

fdlh 25

gpupj;jhdpah 20

gpuhd;]; 10

Rtpw;ryhe;J 10

N[u;kdp 10

mnkupf;fh 10

M];jpNuypah 10

Nehu;Nt 03

nld;khu;f; 03

,j;jhyp 03

njd;Mgpupf;fh 03 02

nejHyhe;J> ngy;Ipak;> yf;]k;Ngu;f; 03

epA+rpyhe;J 02

RtPld; 01

gpd;yhe;J 01

mau;yhe;J 01

rpq;fg;G+u; 02

kNyrpah 03

kj;jpa fpof;F 02

nkhwPrpa]; 01

Vida Mrpa fz;lehLfs; 01

Vida INuhg;gh fz;l ehLfs; 01

grpgpf; jPTfs; (X]pahdpah) 01

fupgPad; gFjpAl;gl njd;mnkupf;fh 01

Vida Mgpupf;f fz;l ehLfs; 01

,e;jpah 05

KOikahd vz;zpf;if 115 20

8
5.2. ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpid
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nrad;KiwAk; [3] jkpou; jhafj;jpYs;s ,aw;iftsq;fs;>
,yf;FfSk; ePu;epiyfSk; Cw;Wf;fSk;> tpisepyq;fs;>
kPd;gpbikaq;fs;> tdtsk;> fdpktsq;-
Neubahd Nju;jy; %yk; NjHe;njLf;fg;gl;l fSk; gLf;iffSk; Mfpadtw;wpid
gpujpepjpfSlDk; Nguhsu;fspd; mq;fj;Jtj;- ghJfhj;jy;.
JlDk; $l;lg;gLk; ehLfle;j jkpoPo
murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitapd; Kjd;ikahd [4] jkpo; rpwhu;fspdJk; ,isQu;fspdJk;
Fwpf;Nfhs; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpid fy;tp.
cUthf;FtJk; mjw;Fupa epu;thf fl;likg;-
gpid cUthf;fp newpg;gLj;JtjhFk;. [5] jkpo;nkhopapidAk; gz;ghl;bidAk;
kjpAiuf;FO fPo;tUk; gzpfspid ehLfle;j milahsj;jpidAk; ghJfhj;J NgZjy;.
jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;Fupa Muk;gfl;l
gzpfshf Fwpj;Jiuj;Js;sJ. [6] jkpopd milahsj;jpidf; fhuzkhf
itj;J jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd; kPJk;
1. Nguitapd; Kjd;ikahdJk; cldbahd- jdpkdpju;fs; kPJk; epfo;j;jg;gl;l
Jkhd gzp jd;id Kjw; fl;lkhf ehL Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs;> kdpjFyj;jpw;F vjpuhd
fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; murpayikg;G td;nray;fs; Mfpatw;wpw;F fhuzkhd-
rigahf khw;wpaikj;jYk; ehL fle;j jkpoPo tu;fspid ePjpapd; Kd; epWj;JjYk;
murhq;fj;jpw;fhd ahg;;gpid jahupj;jYkhFk;. mjD}lhf mj;jifa nfhLikfs; ,dp
xU NghJk; eilngwhky; ,Ug;gjid
2. jahupf;fg;gLk; murpayikg;G mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;L cWjpnra;jYk;.
mKyhf;fg;gLk;tiu cs;s fhyj;jpw;F
nraw;gLj;jg;glf;$ba ,ilf;fhy Vw;- [7] If;fpaehLfspd; kdpj cupikr;rhrdq;fs;>
ghLfs; Vw;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kdpj cupikfs; ghJfhg;G Mfpad
njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;iffs;
3. epiwNtw;Wf;FO my;yJ epiwNtw;Wg; gpufldq;fs; Mfpatw;wpid rpwg;ghf
gzpg;ghsH %ykhf gzpfs; epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fk; me;epakq;fspd;
newpg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. mbg;gilapy; jkpo;kf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gk;
cupikAk; cj;juthjg;gLj;Jjypid
4. ,yq;ifj;jPtpy; jkpou;jhafj;jpy; Kd;ndLf;fg; cWjpnra;jYk;.
glNtz;ba mtru> FWq;fhy jpl;lq;fspid
Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd mikr;Rf; [8] ,dq;fSf;fpilapy; R%f cwT epiyia
fl;likg;Gf;fspidNah> rl;lthf;f FO- cWjpg;glj;jf;$ba kjr;rhu;gw;w [dehaf
f;fspidNah cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. murpid fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd ehL
,f;FOf;fs; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fSf;F jq;fs; fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; gw;WWjp
nraw;ghLfspy; $Ljy; ftdk; nfhLf;fyhk;. nfhz;bUj;jy;.

[1] ,lk;ngau;e;J Kfhk;fspYk;> jilKfhk;- 5.3. Nju;jypid elj;Jtjw;fhd

fspYk;> NtW mwpag;glhj ,lq;fspYk; xOq;FKiwfs;
jq;fpAk; jLj;Jk; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s kf;fs;>
fhzhkw; NghNdhu;> nfhiyAz;Nlhu;> Vw;fNt Fwpg;gpl;lthW <oj;jkpou;fs;
rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;Nlhu;> Jd;GWj;jy;fS- fzprkhd vz;zpf;ifapy; Gyk;ngau;e;J thOk;
f;Fk; ghypay; ty;YwTf;Fk; cl;- Njrq;fspy; elhj;jg;gLk; Nju;jypd; %yk; 115
gLj;jg;gl;Nlhu; MfpNahupd; epiy gpujpepjpfs; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd;
njhlu;ghd tpguq;fspid Nrfupj;jYk; Nguitf;fhf njupTnra;ag;gLthu;fs;. ,j; Nju;jy;
Mtzg;gLj;jYk; mtu;fSf;Fupa mj;jp- nraw;ghl;bid Kd;ndLf;Fk; Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
ahtrpa gzpfspid xUq;fpizj;jYk;. ehLfs; thupahd nrw;ghl;Lf;FOf;fs;
mikf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,e; ehLthupahd
[2] <oj;jkpou;fspd; ghuk;gupa tho;tplkhd nraw;ghl;Lf;FOf;fs; Neubj; NjHjy;fis
,yq;ifj; jPtpd; tlf;F fpof;F elj;jp ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpid
gpuNjrj;jpd; fhzpAk; epyKk; mikg;gjw;fhd gzpf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
jpl;lkpl;l rpq;fs FbNaw;wq;fspdhYk;>
,uhZt kakhf;fj;jpd; fPOk;> ,f;Fwpg;gpl;l Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf Xu;
mgptpUj;jpapd; NguhYk; cupik khw;wk; nrayfk; mikf;fg;gLfpwJ mtrpaj;jpd;
nra;ag;gLtjpypUe;Jk; mgfupf;fg;- mbg;gilapy; nrayfj;jpd; gzpfspid
gLtjpypUe;Jk; ghJfhj;jYk; mg;gpuNjr- newpg;gLj;jp ,izg;gjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd
j;jpd; capupaw; gz;Gk; ,aw;ifr; vz;zpf;ifnfhz;l Mszpapdu; nrayfj;Jld;
#oypaYk;> MNuhf;fpaKk; rpijf;fg;- ,izf;fg;gLtu;. nrayfk; jdJ nghJrd
glhky; ghJfhj;jy;. njhlu;G Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf nra;jpg;gj;jpupif>

9
 ,jd; nghUl;L rpwg;G mDgtKk; mq;fPfhuKk;
,izaj;jsk; Mfpatw;wpid gad;gLj;jp jdJ ek;gpf;ifj; jd;ikAk; nfhz;l jdpegu;fisNah
nraw;ghLfs; Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd mwpTWj;jy;fs; my;yJ epWtdj;jpidNah Nju;jy; Mizakhfr;
Mfpatw;wpid nghJkf;fSf;F toq;Fk;. nraw;gLtjw;F gzpf;fku;j;Jk;.
6. ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf;FO Nju;jy;
5.3.1. ehL thupahd nraw;ghl;Lf; fz;fhzpg;ghsu; FOtpid njupT nra;Ak;. ,f;
FOf;fs;. fz;fhzpg;ghsHfs; jkpo; r%fj;jpd; kj;jpapy;
,Ue;Jk; NtW ed;kjpg;Gg; ngw;w epWtdq;fspy;
ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf; FOf;fs; 2009 xf;Nuhgu; ,Ue;Jk; tUk; RahjPdkhd fz;fhzpg;ghsu;fshf
khjj;jpypUe;J nraw;gl Muk;gpj;Js;sd. ,Uf;fyhk;.
Kjw;fl;lkhf gpupj;jhdpah> fdlh> mnkupf;fh>
njd;Mgpupf;fh> Nehu;Nt Mfpa ehLfSf;fhd 7. ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf;FO jdJ rfy
FOf;fs; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Vida nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;ghfTk; ehLfle;j jkpoPo
ehLfSf;fhd FOf;fs; 2010 [dtup ,Wjpf;Fs; murhq;fj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nraw;FOTf;Fk;>
mwptpf;fg;gl;L jkJ gzpfspid Muk;gpf;Fk;. mjd; kjpAiuf;FOtpw;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;l fhy xOq;fpy;
my;yJ Ntz;lg;gLk; NghJ mwpf;ifapLk;
ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf; FOf;fs; jq;fs; flg;ghl;bid nfhz;bUg;gNjhL jdJ nraw;ghl;L
ehLfspy; nraw;glf;$ba gy;NtW jkpo; tiuaiwf;Fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gzpfs; njhlu;ghf
mikg;Gf;fSlDk; kf;fSlDk; nfhs;if uPjpahd gjpyspf;Fk; nghWg;gpidAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
fye;Jilahly;fspid Kd;ndLg;gjDlhf
ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpid 8. ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf;FO jdJ
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd mtu;fspd; Mjutpidf; nraw;ghLfspid rpwg;ghf Kd;ndLg;gjw;fhf
fl;bnaOg;Gk;. ,f;FOtpd; gug;Giug;gzpfs; nghUj;jkhdJk; rl;lj;jpw;F cl;gl;lJkhd topfspy;
<oj;jkpo; r%fj;jtUld; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhky; jdf;Fj;Njitahd epjp> nghUl;fs;> kdpjtsk;
Vida r%f kf;fSlDk; FOf;fSlDk; Mfpatw;wpid Njbf;nfhs;Sk;.
Kd;ndLf;fg;gLtjD}lhf mtu;fspd; MjuTk;
ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; cUthf;fj;jpw;F 5.3.2. Nju;jw;FOtpdJk;
rhu;ghf jpul;lg;gLk;. Fwpg;gpl;l Njrq;fspd; Nju;jw;fz;fhzpg;G FOtpdJk;
murpaw; jiytu;fs;> murhq;fk; epWtdq;fs; nraw;gLKiwfs;
Mfpatw;WlDk; fye;Jiuahly;fspid
Nkw;nfhz;L mtu;fspd; Mjutpid ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitg;
ntd;nwLg;gJ ehLthupahd nrawghl;Lf;; FOtpd; gpujpepjpfSf;fhd Nju;jy;fs; eilngWtjw;nfd
gpujhd ,yf;Ffspy; xd;whf mikAk;. jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;Ls;s rfy ehLfspYk; Rje;jpukhf
nraw;glf;$ba Nju;jy; Mizaq;fs;
5.3.1.1. ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf; mikf;fg;gLk;. ,jw;fhd nghWg;Gk; mjpfhuKk;
FOtpw;fhd nraw;ghl;L tiuKiwfs; me;je;j ehLthup nraw;FOf;fSf;Nf
kl;LNk cupajhFk;. milahsq; fhzg;gl;l
1. Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;bw;nfd mikf;fg;gLk; Rje;jpukhd Nju;jy; fz;fhzpg;ghsu;fspd; Neub
nraw;ghl;Lf;;FO epakpf;fg;gl;l jdJ ghu;itapd; fPo; Nju;fypd; rfy nraw;ghLfSk;
mq;fj;jtu;fSf;fpilapy; xUtupid jiytuhf fz;fhzpf;fg;gl;L Nju;jypd; Kbtpy; jdpahd
my;yJ gpujhd ,izg;ghsuhf njupT nra;Ak;. mwpf;ifahf mtu;fspdhy; ntspaplg;gl
2. ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf;FO nghUj;jkhd xOq;Ffs; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.
topKiwfSlhf jq;fsJ ehl;by; thOfpd;w
Gyk;ngau; <oj;jkpou;fSld; njhlu;Gfspid Nju;jy; Mizaj;jpdJk; Nju;jw;
cUthf;fp ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; njhlu;ghd fz;fhzpg;ghsu;fspdJk; nraw;gL ,yf;Ffshf
fye;Jiuahly;fspidAk; tpthjq;fspidAk; fPo;tUk; tplaq;fs; mikAk;.
Nkw;nfhs;tJld; cupa mwpT+l;ly;fspidAk;
toq;Fk;. 5.3.2.1. Nju;jw;FOtpw;fhd nraw;gL
3. ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf;FO nghUj;jkhd tiuKiwfs;
topKiwfspD}lhf jq;fsJ ehl;bd; jkpo; kw;Wk;
Njrpankhopg; gj;jpupiffs;> thndhyp;> njhiyf;fhl;rp 1. ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhd
Mfpatw;wpid gad;gLj;jp Mf;fG+u;tkhd jfty; Neubj;Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;L njupTnra;ag;gl
gupkhw;wj;jpid cWjpnra;Ak;. tpUk;Ggtu;fsplkpUe;J tpz;zg;gj;jpid cupa
4. ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf;FO jdJ ehl;bd; gbtq;fSlhf ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; epWtdkhf
G+Nfhs mikg;G> epu;thfgpupg;Gf;fs;> Nghf;Ftuj;J nraw;gly;.
njhlu;Gfs;> <oj;jkpou;fspd; Fbrdg;guk;gy; 2. ngw;Wf; nfhz;l Ntl;ghsu;fSf;fhd
Mfpatw;wpidf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L Mff;$ba tpz;zg;gq;fspid guprPyid nra;jYk; mtw;wpd;
rhj;jpakhf ikaq;fspy; thf;fspg;G epiyaq;fspid Vw;Glikj;jd;ikapid cupa Mjhuq;fSld; cWjp
epWtp thf;fhsu;fs; kpff;Fiwe;j rpukq;fSld; nra;jYk;.
thf;fspg;gpy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F topnra;Ak;. 3. jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhd
5. ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf;FO jdJ Nju;jy;fspid elhj;jtjw;F nghUj;jkhd xU
ehl;bw;nfd Nju;jy; Mizak; xd;wpid cUthf;Fk;. ehspid my;yJ ehl;fspid kjpAiuf;FOtpd;
10
topfhl;lw; Fwpg;GfSf;F Vw;g jPu;khdpj;jy; gupe;Jiufspid nra;fpd;wJ.
4. jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhf
elhj;jg;gl;l Nju;jypd; thf;Ffspid 5.3.3.1 thf;fhsu;fspidg; gjpTnra;jy;
kjpAiuf;FOtpd; topfhl;lw;Fwpg;Gf;fSNfw;g Vw;g
vz;zpf;fzf;fply;. ,U NtWgl;l Kiwfspd; $l;bdhy;
5. jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l rpwg;GKiw xd;wpid thf;fhsu;
elhj;jg;gl;l Nju;jypd; thf;fspg;G KbTfspid gjpTfspd; NghJ iff;nfhs;SkhW kjpAiuf;FO
gpufldg;gLj;jp ntspaply;. gupe;Jiu nra;fpd;wJ.
6. jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhf
elhj;jg;gLk; Nju;jypd; eilKiwapd;; NghJ 1. xU Kiwikapd; fPo; ehL fle;j jkpoPo
vOg;gg;glf;$ba Ml;Nrgidfs; FiwghLfs; mrhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhd gpujpepjpfspid
njhlu;gpy; gpzf;F jPu;f;Fk; nghwpKiw xd;wpid njupTnra;Ak; Nju;jypy; thf;fspf;f tpUk;GNthu;
kjpAiuf;FOtpd; topfhl;lw;Fwpg;GfSf;F mikthf thf;fspg;G eilngWk; jpdj;jd;W thf;fspg;G
cUthf;fp nraw;gLj;jy;. epiyaj;jpw;F Neubahfr; nrd;W jq;fsJ
milahsj;jpidAk; thf;fspg;gjw;fhd
5.3.2.2. Nju;jw;fz;fhzpg;G FOtpw;fhd jFjpapidAk; rhd;Wg;gLj;Jk; KiwahFk;.
tiuKiwfs; ,k;Kiwapy; thf;fspg;gpd;NghJ thf;fhsupd;
Ratpguq;fs; vJTNk Mtzg;gLj;jg;glkhl;lhJ.
1. Nju;jw;fz;fhzpg;ghsu; FO jq;fsJ 2. kW Kiwikapd; fPo; ehLfle;j jkpoPo
fz;fhzpg;G gzpapid kjpAiuf;FOtpd; murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhd gpujpepjpfspid
topfhl;lw;Fwpg;GfSf;F mikthfTk; rdehaf njupTnra;Ak; Nju;jypy; thf;fspf;f tpUk;GNthu;
Nju;jy;fspid elhj;Jtjw;fhd ru;tNjr epakq;fSf;F jq;fsJ tpguq;fspid Kd;$l;bNa gjpTnra;ayhk;.
,irthfTk; xOq;fikg;gu;. mjw;fpzq;f ehLfle;j ,jd;NghJ thf;fspg;G eilngWk; jpdj;jpw;F
jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhd gpujpepjpfspid Kd;dNu mtu;fsJ thf;fspg;gjw;fhd jFjpapid
njupTnra;Ak; Nju;jypid mJ eilngWk; Nju;jw;FO guprPyid nra;J cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk;.
jpdj;jpNyh my;yJ jpdq;fspNyh fz;fhzpg;gu;. ,k;Kiwapy; thf;fspg;gpd;NghJ thf;fhsupid
2. ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fg; Nguitf;fhd mj;jhl;rpg;gLj;jy; rpukkw;wjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
gpujpepjpfspid njupTnra;Ak; Nju;jypd; thf;Ffs; gjptpd;NghJ ngwg;gLk; Ratpguq;fs; Nju;jypd;
Nju;jw; FOtpduhy; vz;zpf;ifaplg;gLk;NghJ Nehf;fj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd ve;jf;fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk;
mr;nrad;Kiwapid Nju;jw;fz;fhzpg;gf; FOtpdu; Njitf;fhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;glkhl;lhJ.
kjpAiuf;FOtpd; topfhl;lw;Fwpg;GfSf;Fk;>
rdehaf Nju;jy;fspid elhj;Jtjw;fhd ru;tNjr 5.3.3.2. thf;fhsuhtjw;fhd jFjpfs;
epakq;fSf;F Vw;gTk; fz;fhzpg;gu;.
3. Nju;jYf;fhd Ntl;ghsu;fspid 1. ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhd
njupTnra;Ak;NghJ vof;$ba Ml;Nrgidfs; gpujpepjpfspid njupTnra;Ak; Nju;jypy; thf;fspf;f
FiwghLfs; Mfpad njhlu;gpy; ifahsg;gLk; tpUk;Gk; xUtu; Fwpg;gpl;l Nju;jy; eilngWk;
gpzf;F jPu;f;Fk; nrad;Kiwapid jpdj;jd;W jdJ tajpd; 17tJ Mz;bidg;
kjpAiuf;FOtpd; topfhl;lw;Fwpg;GfSf;F ,irthf G+u;j;jpnra;jpUg;gNjhL <oj; jkpoH gz;ghl;L
Nju;jw;fz;fhzpg;Gf;FO fz;fhzpg;Gr; nra;Ak;. tho;NthL g+HtPfk;> jpUkzk;> jj;njLj;jy; Clhf
4. Nju;jYf;fhd thf;fhsu;fspid ,ize;jtHfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,j;NjhL NjHjy;
gjpT nra;Ak; eilKiwapd;NghJ vof;$ba Mizaj;jpdiuj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;jf;$ba tifapy;
Ml;Nrgidfs; FiwghLfs; Mfpad njhlu;gpy; jdJ <oj; jkpo; milahsj;ij epWtf;$batUk;
ifahsg;gLk; gpzf;F jPu;f;Fk; nrad;Kiwapid ,jpy; cs;slq;FthH. ,t;tifapdupd; jFjp
kjpAiuf;FOtpd; topfhl;lw;Fwpg;GfSf;F ,irthf mtutH epiyf;Nfw;gj; jPHkhdpf;fg;gLk;.
Nju;jw;fz;fhzpg;Gf;FO fz;fhzpg;Gr; nra;Ak;.
5. thf;Ffs; fzf;nfLg;gpd; NghJ vof;$ba 5.3.3.3. Ntl;ghsuhtjw;fhd jFjpfs;.
Ml;Nrgidfs; FiwghLfs; Mfpad njhlu;gpy;
ifahsg;gLk; gpzf;F jPu;f;Fk; nrad;Kiwapid 1. ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitapy;
kjpAiuf;FOtpd; topfhl;lw;Fwpg;GfSf;F ,irthf kf;fspid gpujpepjpj;jtg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
Nju;jw; fz;fhzpg;Gf;FO fz;fhzpg;Gr; nra;Ak;. Neubahf njupT nra;ag;gLk; Nehf;fj;Jld;
6. Nju;jw; fz;fhzpg;Gf;FO jdJ gzpfs; elhj;jg;gLk; Nju;jypy; xUtu; Nghl;bapl
ahTk; njhlu;ghd tpgukhd vOj;J mwpf;ifapid Kd;tUthNuahdhy; mtu; Fwpg;gpl;l Nju;jypy;
Fwpg;gpl;l fhytiaiwf;Fs; ehLfle;j jkpoPo jhd; thf;fspf;Fk; jFjpapidf; nfhz;bUg;gjhf
murhq;fj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nraw;FOTf;Fk; cWjpg;gLj;JtNjhL> Nju;jw;FOtpdhy;
mjd; kjpAiuQu; FOtpw;Fk; rku;g;gpf;Fk;. epu;zapf;fg;gLk; fl;Lg;gzj;jpidAk; (Njitg;gbd;)
Fwpg;gpl;l fhytiuaiwf;Fs; rl;lG+u;tKiwapy;
5.3.3. thf;fhsu;fSk; Ntl;ghsu;fSk; nrYj;jpapUf;fNtz;Lk;.
2. Ntl;ghsUf;fhd fl;Lg;gzj;
thf;fspg;G cupik> thf;fhsu; gjpT> njhifAk; nrYj;Jk; topKiwfSk;
Ntl;ghsu;fspd; jFjpg;gLj;jypid cWjpnra;tJ Fwpg;gpl;l ehl;bYs;s ehL fle;j jkpoPo
Mfpad njhlu;ghf kjpAiuf;FO fPo;tUk; murhq;fj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd ehLthupahd
11
nraw;ghl;Lf; FOtpduhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. vdpDk; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpid Gyk;ngau;
<oj;jkpou;fspd; murpay;tY ikakhf khw;Wtjw;F
6. Kd;nkhopag;gLk; nraw;gLKiwfs;. ,q;F Fwpg;gpl;l rpwg;G mk;rq;fs; khj;jpuk;
Nghjpaitay;y.
ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; rpy
Fwpj;Jiuf;fg;gl;l Kf;fpa gzp,yf;FfSk; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; jdf;Fupa
nraw;gLj;jg;glNtz;ba KiwikfSk; fPNo tYr;rkepiyapid fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F ehd;F
$wg;gl;Ls;sd. NtWgl;l njhFjpapdupd; MjuTk; mq;fPfhuKk;
Kjd;ikahdJ vd ehLfle;j jkpoPo
6.1. murpay; tY ikakhf ehL fle;j murhq;fj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nrayzp
jkpoPo murhq;fk; Mokhf ek;Gfpd;wJ. fPo;f;Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
ehd;F njhFjpapdUk; ntspg;gilahf
fle;j 25 tUlq;fSfFk;; Nkyhf jkpoPo jq;fs; MjutpidAk; mq;fPfhuj;jpidAk;
tpLjiyg;Gypfspdhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l gpufldg;gLj;jhtpl;lhYk; jq;fSila
,uhZttYr; rkdpiy <oj;jkpo; kf;fspd; Gupe;Jzu;thd nraw;ghLfspd; %yk; toptpLtJ
jd;dhl;rp cupikf;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpd; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
mbj;jskhf mike;jpUe;jJ.
1. Gyk; ngau; <oj;jkpou;fs;.
ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; jdJ Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy; 2. jhafj;jpy; thOk; jkpou;fs;.
ntw;wp ngWtJ vd;gJ mjdhy; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; 3. cynfq;Fk; gue;JthOk; gyNjrq;fspidr; Nru;e;j
murpay; tYr; rkepiyapNyNa jq;fpAs;sJ. jkpo;r;r%fk;.
xU Fwpj;j fhuzpapid my;yJ ,aq;F 4. ru;tNjr r%fk;.
Gs;spapid kw;Nwhu; fhuzp jhd; tpUk;Gfpd;w
jpirapy;> tpUk;Gfpd;w Nfhzj;jpy;> Njitg;gl;l ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpid <oj;jkpou;fspd;
Ntfj;jpy; efu;j;Jtjw;fhd MSikapid murpay t; Yikakhf fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gJ mjd;
nfhz;bUg;gjidNa tY vdf;nfhs;syhk;. ,yf;Ffspid miltjw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk;
Mdhy; ,jid ,uhZtNkyhjpf;fj;jpdhy; nraw;wpl;lq;fspYk; mjw;fhd %Nyhghaq;fspYk;
kl;LNk ngwg;;gLk; tpisthf nfhs;sKbahJ. mtw;wpid epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gLk;
,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLk; tY MSik vdg;gLtJ epWtdf; fl;likg;Gf;fspd; tpidahw;wy;
nghUshjhu Mw;wy;fs;> ru;tNjr mq;fPfhuk;> MSikapYk; mtw;wpid jhq;fp epw;ff;$ba
xUtupd; fUj;jpay; epiyg;ghl;bw;F kf;fl;gyj;jpYNk jq;fpAs;sJ. cyfe;jOtpa
fpilf;ff;$ba jhu;kPf MjuT> kf;fspd; nfhs;iftFg;ghsu;fs; kPJ nry;thf;F
gpd;GyKk; gyKk;> jiyikj;Jt Mw;wy;fSk; nrYj;Jtjpy; rpwpa kf;fl; njhifahd
njhiyNehf;Fk; vd;gtw;wpd; jpuz;l <oj;jkpou;fspdhy; cUthf;fg;gLk; ehL
gupkhzkhFk;. ,uhZttY td;ikahdjhfTk; fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; kl;Lg;ghLfspidf;
Vida tYf;fs; nkd;ikahdjhfTk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; vd;gJ Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl
tifg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. N[hrt; ie vd;w Ntz;baJ xd;Nw. vdpDk; cyfpd;
murpaywpQu; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ nkd;ikahd Mjpf;f tYr;rf;jpfspd; epfo;r;rpepuYf;Fs;
tY vd;gJ ,uhZtgyj;jpw;F Gwk;ghf <oj;jkpou;fspd; eyd;fspid nfhz;L
khw;WKiwikfspidf;nfhz;L xU fhuzp nry;tjw;Fk;; mjd;nghUl;L ,af;ftpay; jd;ik
jhd; tpUk;Gk; tifapy; kw;Nwhu; fhuzpapid epiwe;j nraw;gLjsj;jpid fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk;
nraw;glitg;gjhFk;. ehLfle;j jkpoPo ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; Kiwikfspidf;
murhq;fk; rfy tifahd nkd;tYf;fspidAk; Njbf;fz;lwpe;J nrOikg;gLj;Jk;.
gad;gLj;jp jdJ ,yf;fpid miltjw;F
jd;id mu;g;gzpf;Fk;. 6.2. jw;NghJ nraw;gLfpd;witAk;
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; cUthff;$baitAkhd
Gyk; ngau; r%fj;jpd; kj;jpapy; gy;NtW epWtdmikg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghd epiy
epWtdq;fSk; mikg;Gf;fSk; FOf;fSk;
cUthfp nraw;gl;lhYk; mtw;wpypUe;J ,aq;Fjpwd; epiwe;j Gyk;ngau;r%fq;fspy;
ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; fPo;f;Fwpg;gpl;l xd;whf tsu;r;rpngw;Ws;s <oj;jkpou;fspilNa
gy;gupkhzq;fspy; rpwg;Gj;jd;ikAk; NtWghLk; gy;NtW Fwpf;Nfhs;fspid mbg;gilahf nfhz;l
nfhz;ljhfNt mikAk;. r%f FOf;fSk; epWtdmikg;Gf;fSk; Njhw;wk;
ngw;W Mf;fG+u;tkhf nraw;gLtJ ,ay;ghdjhf
1. ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; Njrq;fspd; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,j;jifa mikg;Gf;fs;
Ms;Gy vy;iyfspidf; fle;j epiyapy; nghJ Njrpa jq;fSf;nfd njspthf Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;>
milahsj;jpid nfhz;bUf;Fk; kf;fshy; Neubahd nraw;ghl;L ,yf;Ffs;> mq;fj;jtu;fs;>
rdehaf gq;fspg;G gapw;rp%yk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Mfpatw;wpidf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdpDk;
<oj;jkpo;r%fj;jpd; Njrpa murpay; Ntl;iffspd;
2. ,J Njrq;fspd; Ms;Gy Gtpapay; vy;iyf;Fs; topepd;W rthy;fspid ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf
cUthf;fg;gLk; murhq;fq;fSf;F rkhe;jukhf r%fj;jpid topelj;Jtjw;Fk; gy;NtW
nraw;gLk; epWtdkhf ,Uf;Fk;. jsq;fspYk; gygupkhzq;fspYk; nraw;gLk;
epWtdq;fspid xUq;fpizg;gjw;Fk;

12
Njrpakl;lq;fspYk; ru;tNjrkl;lj;jpYk; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; vd;w
nraw;glf;$ba mjpcau;epWtdk; xd;wpd;Njit vz;zf;fUj;jpw;F rhu;ghfTk; mjw;fhd
czug;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s epWtdq;fSf;F Mjutpidj; jpul;Lk; Nehf;FlDk;
ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; epiwTnra;Ak;. gykl;lq;fspYk; fye;jiuahly;fspid
Kd;ndLf;FkhW Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.
rdehafuPjpahd Nju;jy; nrad;KiwA+lhf ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguit
njupT nra;ag;gLk; gpujpepjpfspidf; nfhz;L cUthf;fk; ngw;wgpd;G ,j;jifa ciuahly;fs;
cUthf;fg;gLk; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; Vida Gjpa gupkhzj;jpy; KOMSikAlDk;
r%fk;rhu;e;j fl;likg;GfSld; xUq;fpize;Jk; mq;fPfhuj;JlDk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l Nguitg;
xj;jpirthd KiwapYk; nraw;gLk;. Vw;fdNt gpujpepjpfspdhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLk;.
mit njhlu;ghd fye;Jiuahly;fSk;
tpthjq;fSk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L Kd;Ndw;wfukhd gy fye;Jiuahly;fspd; NghJ ehLfle;j
epiyia Nehf;fp nry;tJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpid ehl;bw;F Gwk;ghd
murhq;fj;Jld; (Government in Exile); ,izj;Jg;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s ehLfle;j jkpoPo ghu;f;Fk; jtwhdGupjy; mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhd gpujpepjpfspid Vw;fdNt rpwPyq;fhtpd; murhq;fj;jpid
Neubj;Nju;jy; %yk; Gyk;ngau; <oj;jkpo;r; rl;lG+u;t murhf ru;tNjr r%fk; mq;fPfupj;Js;s
r%fk; jq;fsJ rdehaf cupikfspidg; epiyapy; NtNwhu; fl;likg;gpid mjw;F rkkhf
gad;gLj;jp njupT nra;atpUg;gJ kpf rpwg;ghd mq;fPfupg;gjw;Nfh Mjupg;gjw;Nfh ru;tNjr r%fk;
xU tplakhfNt nfhs;sNtz;bAs;sJ. Kd;tukhl;lhJ. ,j;jifa neUf;fb epiy
,t;thW Rje;jpuKk; ntspg;gilj;jd;ikAk; vohky; ,Ug;gjw;fhf Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;s
nfhz;l #o;epiyapy; kf;fspd; Neubahd ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ehl;bw;F
rdehafg;gapw;rp %yk; njupTnra;ag;gLk; Gwk;ghd murhq;fj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapyhd
gpujpepjpfspidf; nfhz;ljhf ehLfle;j jkpoPo NtWghLfs; njspthf tpsf;fg;gl;L rupahd
muRg;Nguit mikf;fg;gLk; NghJ mJNt Gupjy; Vw;gLj;jg;glNtz;Lk;.
me;j epWtdj;jpw;Fupa mq;fPfhuj;jpidAk;
tYtpidAk; toq;Ftjhf cs;sJ. ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; jdJ nraw;ghLfspd;
Nju;jypDlhf njupTnra;ag;gl;l gpujpepjpfs; NghJ jw;NghJ fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s ru;tNjr
xd;wpize;J Nju;jy; eilngwhj ehLfSf;fhd cwTfspidAk; ,uhrje;jpu njhlu;GfspidAk;
gpujpepfspid Nguhsu;fshf milahsq;fz;L ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. jw;NghJs;s
njupTnra;J jq;fs;mitapy; ,izg;ghu;fs;. rl;lG+u;t muRfSf;F rkkhd ,uhrje;jpu
cwTepiyfspidNah my;yJ ntspg;gilahd
jw;NghJ ,aq;F epiyapYs;sJk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mq;fPfhuj;jpidNah ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk;
cUthff; $baJkhd r%f epWtdq;fSld;; cldbahf vjpu;ghu;g;gJ ajhu;j;jkhfhJ.
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Ngzg;glNtz;ba cwTfs;
njhlu;gpy; ey;yhl;rp fUj;jpaypd;; mbg;gilapy ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; jdJ nraw;ghLfspd;
,Wjpj; jPu;khdnkLf;Fk; cupikapid xt;NthU epiyfspYk; ru;tNjrj;Jldhd
njupTnra;ag;gLk; gpujpepjpfs; nfhz;bUg;gu;. Gupe;Jzu;tpid kjpg;gPL nra;J nfhs;s
rpy ehLfspy; Gyk;ngau; <oj;jkpo; kf;fs; Ntz;bapUg;gNjhL Njitg;gLk; vy;yh
rhu;ghf Njrpakl;lf; fl;likg;Gf;fspid NtisfspYk; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd;
cUthf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLtJ nraw;wpl;lq;fs; jlk;Guz;L Nghfhtz;zk;
mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mj;jifa rdehafg; khw;Wtopfs; iff;nfhs;sg;gLtjid cWjpg;-
gapw;rpfs; tuNtw;fg;gl Ntz;bait gLj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. ru;tNjrj;Jldhd
vdpDk; mj;jifa Kaw;rpfSf;F Neubahf cwTfspYk; njhlu;ghly;fspYk;
MjutpidNah vjpu;g;gpidNah ehLfle;j rpf;fy;fspidAk; Kuz;ghLfspidAk;
jkpoPo murhq;fk;; rhu;ghf toq;f KbahJs;sJ. mjw;fhd VJepiyfspidAk;
,j;jifa Kbtpid ehLfle;j jkpoPo murpid Njhw;Wtpf;ff;$ba mwpf;iffspidAk;
cUthf;Ftjw;fhd nrayzp Nkw;nfhz;ljhdJ thu;j;ijg;gpuNahfq;fspidAk; ehLfle;j
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; cUthfg;NghFk; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; rhu;ghf Fuy;nfhLg;gtu;fs;
jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitapd; rdehaf kl;Lg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. rpwg;ghf
cupikfspidAk; jdpj;Jtj;jpidAk; Fwpg;gpLtjhdhy; ehLfle;j jkpoPo
CWgLj;jf;$lhJ vd;fpd;w njspthd murhq;fk; jdJ nraw;ghLfs; ahtw;wpidAk;
fhuzj;jpdhNyahFk;. Fwpf;Nfhs; rhu;e;j tpisTfspid vjpu;ghu;j;J
tbtikg;gNjhL %Nyhghaq;fspd; Clhf
6.3. ru;tNjr r%fj;Jldhd nraw;ghLfs;. ntw;wpfspidg; ngWtjw;F jahuhfNtz;Lk;.
ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpid cUthf;Fk; ,t;tuR jdJ nraw;ghLfspid gy;Njrpa
nrayzpapd; kjpAiuf;FO njhlu;r;rpahf $l;LepWtdq;fSf;F xj;jjhf Kd;ndLg;gjd;
gy;NtW ehLfspd; ,uhrje;jpupfSlDk; %yk; ,ul;il ,yf;Ffshf murpay; kw;Wk;
nfhs;if tFg;ghsu;fSlDk; Mf;fG+u;tkhd nghUshjhu ntw;wpfspid milaKbAk;.
fye;Jiuahly;fspid Nkw;nfhz;ltz;zk;
cs;sJ. mNjNghd;W ehLthup nraw;FOf;fSk; 6.3.1. ru;tNjr r%fj;Jld;
13
nrayhw;Wtjw;fhd %Nyhghaq;fs;. mq;fPfupj;J Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jk; mNjNtisapy;
ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; jdJ mtu;fspd; jPu;khdq;fSf;F vjpuhf jhd;
,uhrje;jpu myfhf nraw;gLtjw;Fupa nraw;glhkypUg;gjid cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;Sk;.
gpupthf ntspehl;LwTfs; gpupT xd;wpid vdpDk; ,yq;ifj;jPtpDs; vof;$ba murpay;
cUthf;fp mjD}lhf nghUj;jkhd gzpfs; epu;g;ge;jk; fhuzkhf cs;Su; jiyikfs;
ahtw;wpidAk; xUq;fpizf;fNtz;Lk;. <oj;jkpoupd; murpay; Ntl;ifahd murpay;
,t; ntspehl;LwTfs; gpupT nghUj;jkhf Raepu;za cupikg;Nghuhl;lj;jpidAk; murpay;
topKiwfSlhf ru;tNjr fl;likg;Gf;fSlDk; ,iwikapidAk; typikapof;fr; nra;tjw;F
Njrq;fspd; murhq;fq;fSlDk; VJthd jPu;khdq;fspid vLf;f Kw;gLk;NghJ
njhlu;ghly;fspid Vw;gLj;JtJld; mtu;fspd; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; mjidf;
Mjutpid <oj;jkpou;fspd; murpay; fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba khw;Wtopfspid NjLk;..
Raepu;za cupikapid ru;tNjrj;jpdhy; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; jhafj;jpYs;s
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl epakq;fSf;Fk; rl;lq;fSf;Fk; murpaw;jiytu;fSld; Vw;gLj;Jk; rpwg;ghd
Clhf ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhd #oypidAk; Gupe;Jzu;tpd; Clhf jhafj;jpdJk; jhaf
fl;bnaOg;gNtz;Lk;. ehLfle;j jkpoPo murpd; kf;fspdJk; Gdu;tho;T> Gduikg;G> mgptpUj;jp
Kjd;ikahd gzp ru;tNjrj;jpd; MjuTld; Mfpad njhlu;ghd nghJNtiyj;jpl;lj;jpid
<oj;jkpou;fs; jq;fsJ murpay; Raepu;za Kd;ndLg;gJld; mtw;wpid jhafj;jpYs;s
cupikapid ntd;nwLg;gJthfNt mikAk;. jiytu;fspd; gupe;JiufSf;F mikthf
xUq;fpizf;Fk;.
ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; kw;WNkhu;
Kf;fpa gzpahf <oj;jkpoupd; jhafj;jpy; 6.5. K];yPk; ,d kf;fSldhd
thOfpd;w kf;fspd; mbg;gil kdpj cwTepiyfs;.
cupikfspidg; ghJfhg;gJk; ,d> kj> gz;ghl;L ,yq;ifj;jPtpDs; thOk; K];yPk; kf;fs;
milahsq;fSf;F mg;ghy; epd;W mtw;wpid jq;fsJ kjmilahsj;jpd; Nguhy; jq;fspid
cj;juthjg;gLj;jp nrOikg;gLj;JtJkhFk;. jdpnahU ,dkhf fUjpf;nfhz;lhYk;
Njrq;fspd; Ms;Gy vy;iyfspidf; fle;jjhf mtu;fSk; jkpo;NgRk;kf;fspd; xU gFjpapdNu.
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; jkpo;nkhopapid rpwg;gpj;J nrOikg;gLj;jpajpy;
jdf;Fupa vy;iyfs; fle;j rpwg;Gepiyapidg; K];yPk; r%fKk; mjd; rpe;jidahsu;fSk;
gad;gLj;jp ru;tNjr gug;gstpYk; Njrpaq;fspidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; gq;F Vida jkpo;
fle;jepiyapYk; kdpjcupikfs; NgRk; kf;fspw;F Fiwe;jjhf ,y;iy.
ghJfhf;fg;gLtjid cWjpnra;tjw;fhf fle;jfhyj;jpy; K];yPk;fs; kj;jpapy; cUthfpa
nraw;gLk;. ,g;gzpfspy; cyfe;jOtpa mstpy; murpaw;jiyikfspd; MSikfspidj;
nraw;gLtjw;fhf ru;tNjr kd;dpg;Gr;rig> kdpj jhz;bAk; rpq;fsj; Njrpathjj;jpd; Nkyhjpf;f
cupikf;fz;fhzpg;gfk; Nghd;w mikg;Gf;fs; mr;RWj;jy; mr; r%fj;jidf; Fwpitj;Js;sJ.
nraw;gLk; epiyapy; ehLfle;j jkpoPo muR jdJ jkpo;NgRk; kf;fs; vd;fpd;w nghJj;jsj;jpy;
gzpfspid Fwpg;ghf ,yq;ifj;jPtpDs; thOk; xUq;fpize;J nraw;gLtJ jhd; rpq;fs
jkpo;kf;fspd; cupikfspidg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf ngsj;j Njrpathj Nkyhz;ikapypUe;J
xUq;fpizf;Fk;. tpLgLtjw;fhd %Nyhghakhf ,Uf;fKbAk;.
vdpDk; murpayikg;G uPjpahf mjpfhuq;fspid
ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; jdf;Fupa gfpu;tjw;fhd Vw;ghLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;NghJ
cyfe;jOtpa nraw;ghl;Lj; jsj;jpidg; kjek;gpf;ifspd; mbg;gilapyhd xU
gad;gLj;jp ,yq;ifj;jPtpDs; Fwpg;ghf ,df;FOthf K];yPk; kf;fspid
tlf;F fpof;F jkpou; jhafg;gpuNjrj;jpDs; tifg;gLj;Jjy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
rpwPyq;fhtpd; ml;rpahsuhy; jkpo;kf;fs;kPJ ,t;thjj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ehL fle;j jkpoPo
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l kdpjcupik kPwy;fspidAk; murhq;fj;jpy; K];;yPk; kf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fspidAk;> kdpjFyj;jpw;F ,lk;ngWk;tifapy;; fPo;Fwpg;gplg;gLk;
vjpuhd Fw;wq;fspidAk; ntspf;nfhzUtNjhL tplaq;fs; njhlu;gpy; murpayikg;G xOq;Ffs;
mjw;Fg;nghWg;ghdtu;fspid ePjpapd;Kd; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.
epWj;Jtjd; %yk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mj;jifa
Jd;gpay; epfo;TfSk; nfhLikfSk; epfohky; gy;NtW r%ff;FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd
,Ug;gjidAk; mJnjhlu;gpy; rl;lKiwahd cupikfSf;fpilapy; rkj;Jtk; Ngzg;gLtjid
muRf;F ,Uf;ff;$ba flg;ghl;bDs; rpwPyq;fh cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; K];yPk; r%fj;jpd;
muR fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLtjidAk; cWjpnra;Ak;. gpujpepjpfspd; jdpj;JtKk; cupikg;gpuNahfKk;
mq;fPfupf;fg;gLtjid fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fnkd
6.4. ,yq;ifj;jPtpy; ,Uf;Fk; cs;Su; rpwg;G xOq;F nra;ag;gLtJld; K];ypk; kf;fspd;
jiyikfSldhd cwTfspid rl;lG+u;t cupikfspidAk; mf;fiwfspidAk;
NgZjy;: mtu;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; Kd;nkhope;J
mq;fPfhuk; ngWtjw;fhd topKiwfs;
ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; jhafj;jpYs;s cUthf;fg;;glNtz;Lk;. ,e;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf
murpay; jiytu;fspd; jPu;khdnkLf;Fk; rfy ehLfspYk; Gyk;ngau;e;J thOk; <oj;J
cupikapidAk; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidAk; K];yPk; kf;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpid

14
fz;lwpe;J mjw;Fupa tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jtk; tha;e;j epiyiaAk; njd;dhrpahtpd; GtprhH
xJf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Vida kjq;fspidr;rhu;e;j murpay; epiyikfisAk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;s
<oj;jkpou;fSf;F ,r;rpwg;G xOq;Ffs; Ntz;Lk;. ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd;
nghUj;jkhdjhf mikakhl;lh. ehLfle;j nrayfk; ,t; tplak; njhlHghf Muha;e;J
jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; ahTk; cupa %Nyhghaq;fisf; fz;lwptjw;fhf
If;fpa ehLfs; epWtdj;jpd; 1948k; Mz;bd; rpwpa gpupT xd;wpidf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;. ,j;
kdpjcupikr;rhrdj;jpid mbnahw;wp Jiwapy; njhopw;gLk; ’mwpQH Fohk;’ Nghy
Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lk;. ,g;gpuptpd; gzpfSk; mikayhk;. ,NjNtis
eltbf;iffspd; rl;lg+Htj;jd;ik kpf
jhafj;jpy; Rje;jpu jkpoPo murhq;fk; caHthdjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
cUthf;fg;gLk; epiyikapy;
kdpjcupikfspidg; ghJfhg;gjw;Fk; 6.7 XU mtjhdpg;G mikg;Gf; Fwpj;J
K];yPk;kf;fspd; $l;Lg;gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpid ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; Kd;nkhopag;gl;l
mq;fPfupg;gjw;Fk; VJthd tYthd topfhl;bf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F ,irthf
murpayikg;G kw;Wk; epWtdf; ,aq;Ffpwjh vd;gjid mtjhdpg;gjw;F xU
fl;likg;Gf;fspid cWjpnra;Jnfhs;tJ fl;likg;G mtrpak; vdr; Rl;bf; fhl;lg;gl;lJ.
ehLfle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd; nghWg;ghFk;.
K];yPk; kf;fSk; Vida jkpo;kf;fSld; ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk;> ,t; mwpf;ifapd;
,ize;Jk; ,ire;Jk; jkpo;g;NgRk;kf;fs; gFjp 8 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l topfhl;bf;;
vd;fpd;w Xu; milahsj;jpd;fPo; thoNtz;Lk; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F xj;jpirthf ,aq;Ftjid
vd;gJ ehLfle;j jkpoPo murpd; tpUg;ghf mtjhdpg;gjw;fhd myF xd;wpid cUthf;fg;
,Ue;jhYk; tpUk;Gk;NghJ gpupe;Jnrd;W jdpahf kjpAiuf;FO gupe;Jiu nra;fpwJ.
thOk; Raepu;za cupik K];yPk;kf;fSf;Fk;
cupaJ vd;gJ Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.. cupa mjpfhuj;Jld; xU guprPyidr; rig
tbtj;jpy; mikaf;$ba ,f; mtjhdpg;G
6.6 njd;dhrpahtpd; khwptUk; GtprhH myF ehLfle;j murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitapy;
epiyik gw;wp jPHkhdnkhd;W epiwNtw;Wg;gLtjd; Clhf
Eastern Economic Review rQ;rpifapd; xf;NfhgH mikf;fg;glyhk;. ,t; fz;fhzpg;G myfpd;
2009 ,jopy; ntspte;j fl;Liunahd;W cWg;gpdHfs; ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpd;
gpd;;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. ”rkhjhdj;jpd; epiwNtw;Wr;rigahy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;L
tpisr;ry; vd;gJ vt;tsT Vkhw;WfukhdJ ehLfle;j murhq;fg; Nguitahy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl
vd;gjid Vw;fdNt ghupa mstpy; cs;s Ntz;Lk;.
,uhZtj;ij NkYk; tpupTgLj;j mtH vLj;Js;s
Kbtpd; Clhf mwpa KbfpwJ. JUg;Gg; 7. mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;l gpd;dH
gyj;jpy; rpwpyq;fh ,uhZtk; gpupj;jhdpa kw;Wk; kjpAiuf;FOtpd; tFghfk;: ,ilf;fhy
,];Nuypa ,uhZtj;ij tplg; ngupaJ. 1980 Vw;ghLfs;
,Wjpg; gFjpapy; ,Ue;J ,d;Wtiu rpwpyq;fh kjpAiuf;FO ehL fle;j jkpoPo
,uhZtk; 5 klq;F tsHr;rpaile;J 200>000 murhq;fj;jpw;fhd NjHjy;fis elhj;Jtjw;Fk;
epiyahd giltPuHfisf; nfhz;l ,uhZtkhf mjid mikg;gjw;Fkhd KiwikfisAk;
cs;sJ. ntw;wpAld; ’mizahj tpopg;Gepiy’ nghwpKiwfisAk; gupe;Jiug;gJ jhd; jdf;F
vDk; ngaupy; 200>000 khf ,Ue;j ,uhZtj;jpd; toq;fg;gl;l gpujhd gzp vd;gjid ed;F
vz;zpf;if 50 tPjj;jhy; mjpfupf;fg;gl;L Gupe;jpUe;jJ. ,Ue;j NghJk; kjpAiuf;FOtpd;
300>000 Mf cah;j;jg;gLfpwJ. 2009 Mk; Mz;L ,t; mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;ljpy; ,Ue;J ehL
Nk khj ntw;wpapd; gpd;dH NghuhspfsplkpUe;J fle;j murhq;fj;jpd; Nguitf;fhd NjHjy;fis
ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fisg; ghJfhf;fntd;W elhj;jp Kbf;Fk; tiuahd fhyj;jpy; rpy
50>000 Gjpa JUg;Gf;fis ,izg;gjw;Fupa Nkyjpfg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
Kaw;rpapid rpwpyq;fh murhq;fk; mwptpj;jJ. eilKiw mtrpak; jw;NghJ czug;gLfpwJ.
,t; tpupthf;fk; rpwpyq;fh ,uhZtj;jpid ,e;jg; gzpfspy; ntspehl;L murhq;fq;fs;>
ty;yuRfshd gpuhd;];> ag;ghd;> NaHkdp midj;Jyf nrayikg;Gf;fs;> mur rhHgw;w
Nghd;wtw;iw tpl ghupa ,uhZtkhf khw;wp mikg;Gf;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; Neubj; njhlh;Gfisg;
tpLk;” Ngzpf;nfhs;tJld; jhafj;jpYk; Gyk; ngau;e;Jk;
thOk; jkpo; NgRk; kf;fspdJ r%f nghUshjhu
cs;sf ,uhZt mr;RWj;jy; ,y;yhj gz;ghl;L cupikfSf;fhff; Fuy; nfhLj;jYk;
xU #oypy; ,uhZtkag;gl;l rpwpyq;fh cs;slq;Ffpd;wd. kjpAiuf;FO rpWtH
njd;dhrpahtpd; mikjpf;Fk; ];jpuepiyf;Fk; njhlHghd nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;l NghJk;
mr;RWj;jyhf mikAk;. ehL fle;j jkpoPo Vida tplaq;fspy; - mt; tplaq;fspy; Vida
murhq;fk; njd;dhrpahtpd; mikjpf;Fk; mikg;Gf;fs; nraw;gl;L tUfpd;wikahy; $Ljy;
];jpuepiyf;Fk; gq;fspf;f KbAk;. ehL ftdk; nrYj;jtpy;iy. vdpDk; kjpAiuf;FO
fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; jdJ murpay; ,t; tplaq;fspy; Vida jkpo; mikg;Gf;fshy;
%Nyhghaq;fis tFf;Fk; NghJ ,e;J rKj;jpug; Nfhupf;iffs; tpLf;fg;gl;lhy; KO kdJld;
gFjpapy; rpwpyq;fhtpd; Nfe;jpu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Xj;Jiof;fj; jhahuhf cs;sJ.

15
 Nfhl;ghLfshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdg;
NjHjy;fis elj;jp Kbg;gjpy; cs;s rpukq;fs; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpwJ.
njhlHghd mf;fiwfs; kjpAiuf;FOtpw;F
jdpg;gl;ltHfshYk; FOthfTk; 1. <o Njrj;jpid ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhd
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,jidnahl;b NjHjy; cWjpg;ghL
eilKiw njhlHghd gpd;tUk; gupe;Jiufis jkpoHfSila tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;l tuyhw;wpy;
kjpAiuf;FO Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ. ,JNt fle;j 35 tUlq;fshf Njrpa murpay;
Ntl;ifahfTk; ,yf;fhfTk; ,Ue;J te;jpUf;fpwJ.
1. ,t; mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;l gpd;dUk;
kjpAiuf;FO jdJ gzpapid njhlHjy; Ntz;Lk;. topfhl;bf; Nfhl;ghL: 1
ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf; FOf;fsJk; NjHjy;
Mizaq;fsJk; Ntz;Ljy;fSf;F Vw;g mtHfSf;Fj; Rje;jpuKk; ,iwikAk; cila jkpoPoj;
Njitahd MNyhridfisAk; gupe;JiufisAk; jdpauir ntd;nwLg;gjpy; tpRthrkhd
toq;Fjy; ,j;jia xU nraw;ghLfspy; rpythf ,Uf;f cWjpg;ghl;ilf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
KbAk;. ,t; ,yf;if milAk; %Nyhghak;
2. kf;fs; vz;zpf;if Fiwthf cs;s gbKiw mZFKiwahhFk;. jkpoH
,lq;fspYk;> ,e;jpah Nghd;w NjHjy;fis Njrpak;> jhafk;> RaepHzak; Mfpa
elj;Jtjw;F tha;g;Gf;Fiwe;j ,lq;fspYk; kf;fs; mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;F midj;Jyf
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij cs;slf;FtJ njhlHghd mq;fPfhuj;jpid ntd;nwLg;gJ ,jd;
tplaq;fspy; Njitf;Nfw;g gupe;Jiufis toq;fy;. Kjw;gb. ntd;nwLf;fg;;gl;l mq;fPfhuj;jpd;
,j;jifa gupe;Jiufs; rpy ehLfspd; ehLthupahd mbg;gilapy; <oj; jkpoH Njrk; jdJ
nraw;ghl;Lf;FOf;fs; jkf;F mz;ikapYs;s RaepHza cupikiag; gpuNahfpg;gJ
ehLfspy; jkJ nraw;ghLfis tpupthf;FtJ mLj;jgb.
njhlHghd tplaq;fisAk; cs;slf;fyhk;.
3. ehLthupahd nraw;ghl;Lf; FOf;fshYk; 2. kjr; rhHgpd;ik
NjHjy; rigfshYk; jPHT fhzg;gl Kbahj tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilj; jPHkhdj;jpy; jkpo; <ok; kjr;rhHgw;w
gpzf;FfSf;F mtHfspd; Ntz;Ljy;fSf;F mika murhf mikAk; vdTk; ,t; murpd; MOiff;Fl;gl;l
eLtHfshfr; nraw;gLjy;. kf;fs; midtuJ kjq;fSf;Fk; rkkhd cupikAk;
4. ,izg;ghsH Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ljw;fikthf> ghJfhg;Gk; toq;fg;gLk; vdTk; njuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ehL fle;j murhq;fj;jpd; murpay; epHza rigapd; ,e;j epiyg;ghL ,e;jpa murpay;; ahg;gpypUe;j
NjitfSf;Fk; miof;fg;gLk; NghJ jkJ gzpia kjr;rhHgpd;ik mk;rj;jhy; ftug;gl;l jkpoH Njrpa
toq;f kjpAiuf;FO jahuhf cs;sJ. Njitg;gbd; tpLjiyf; $l;lzp kw;Wk; jkpoPo tpLjiyg;
murpay; epHza rig jdf;Fj; Njitahd rpwg;G Gypfs; mikg;Gf;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. ,k; kjr;
MNyhridfSfFj; jdpahd kjpAiuf;FOtpid rhHgw;w epiyg;ghL xU tYthd mk;rkhfTk; etPd
mikj;jYk; ,q;F gue;Jiu nra;g;gLfpwJ. jkpo;g; gz;ghl;Lld; njhlHGilajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;
mNjNtis gpuhd;];> mnkupf;fh Mfpa ehLfspd;
8. ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpw;fhd kjr; rhHgpd;ikapypUe;J NtWgl;lJ.
topfhl;bf; Nfhl;ghLfSk;
nraw;jpl;lq;fSk; topfhl;bf; Nfhl;ghL: 2

ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpw;fhd ,yf;Ffs; jkpoPo muR kjr;rhHgw;wjhf mikAk;. ve;j
Fwpj;Jk; gupe;Jiuf;FkhW kjpAiuf;FOtplk; kjq;fSf;Fk; rpwg;gplk; toq;fg;gl khl;lhJ.
Nfhug;gl;lJ. <oj; jkpoH Njrj;jpd; epahakhd
murpay; mgpyhirfspid ntd;nwLf;f mauhJ 3. jkpoPoj; jhafj;jpYs;s kf;fsJk; Gyk;
ciog;gNj ,jd; mbg;gil ,yf;F. ,jid ngaH jkpo; kf;fsJk; Kd;dH Gyk; ngaHe;j
tpl Vida nraw;ghLfisAk; ehL fle;j cyfj; jkpoH r%fj;jpdJk; eyd;Ngzy;. ,q;F
jkpoPo murhq;fk; Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,r; cyfj; jkpoH r%fk; vd;gJ ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F
nraw;ghLfs; <o Njrj;ij ntd;nwLg;gjw;Fk; Kd;dH Gyk; ngaHe;J njd; Mgpupf;fh> rpq;fg;g+H>
<o Njrk; cyf rKjhaj;jpd; kj;jpapy; kNyrpah> nkhuprpa]; Nkw;fpe;jpaj;jPTfs; Nghd;w
jd;id epiyepWj;Jtjw;F rhjfkhd #oiy ,lq;fspYk; kw;Wk; Vida ,lq;fspYk; thOk;
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; tYthd mbj;jskhf jkpo; kf;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ehL fle;j jkpoPo
mikaf;$bait. ,j;jia nraw;ghLfs; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs; jkpoPoj; jhafj;jpYs;s
Gyk;ngaHe;j <oj; jkpo; kf;fs; jkJ kf;fSf;Fk; Gyk; ngaH jkpo; kf;fSf;Fk; cyfj; jkpoH
jhafj;jpYs;s jkpo; kf;fSlDk; cyfj; r%fj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd neUq;fpa njhlHGfisg;
jkpoH r%fj;JlDk; nfhz;Ls;s ,izg;gpid Ngzp mtHfSf;fpilNahd r%f gz;ghl;L
tYT+l;b cWjp nra;Ak;. ehL fle;j jkpoPo cwTfis tYtilar; nra;tjhf mika Ntz;Lk;.
murhq;fj;jpd; xU ,yf;F ,j;jifa cwTfis jkpoPo tpLjiyia ntd;nwLf;Fk; ,yf;if ,J
cWjp nra;jy; MFk;. tYtilar; nra;tJld; jkpoPoj; jhafj;jpy; r%f
nghUshjhu tho;T rPuopf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; jkJ
ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fj;jpw;fhd ahg;gpid tho;it kPs;rPuikg;G nra;aTk; Jiz GupAk;.
mikf;Fk; NghJ gpd;tUtd topfhl;bf;

16
topfhl;bf; Nfhl;ghL: 3 <LgLtjid Cf;Ftpj;jy;.

NkNy ,dq;fhzg;gl;l ,yf;fpd; 4. jhafj;jpy; rpwe;j

mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffs; njhopy;El;gtpayhsHfs; cUthff;$ba
Kd;ndLf;fg;glyhk; tifapy; njhopy;El;gf; fy;tpf;fhd
tha;g;Gf;fid mjpfupj;jy;.
1. jhafj;jpd; Rfhjhu trjpfis
Nkk;gLj;jj; JizGupjy;. 5. nghUsjhu eyd;Ngziy Cf;Ftpj;jy;
2. Aj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;F ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; jhafj;jpd; nghUshjhu
cupa tPLfisAk; jq;Fkplq;fisAk; eyid Cf;Ftpf;Fk; tifapy; jhafj;jpd; cw;gj;jpg;
mikj;jy;. nghUl;fis Gyk; ngaH ehLfspy; re;ijg;gLj;jf;$ba
tha;g;Gf;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. jdJ nrhe;j
3. kf;fSf;fhd tPlikg;Gj; njhopy; epWtdq;fis cUthf;Fjd; %yk; ,jw;fhd
jpl;lq;fisAk; nghJkf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd tha;g;Gf;fis Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.
cl;fl;Lkhdq;fiaAk; mikg;gjw;Fj;
Jiz Gupjy;. topfhl;bf; Nfhl;ghL: 5
4. NkNy milahsg;gLj;jggl;l %d;W 1. Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,yf;fpw;F Vw;g
tifahd jkpoH r%fj;ijAk; NrHe;j ehL fle;j tHj;jf epWtdq;fd; Nghd;w
ve;jj; jkpoUf;Fk; ,j;jifa cjtpfs; fl;likg;gpy;> gy;NtW Gyk; ngaH
Njitg;gLkplj;J rhj;jpaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ehLfspy; ,aq;ff;$ba tifapyhd
mjid nra;a top tif nra;jy;. tHj;jfg; Nguitapid cUthf;Fjy;. ,J
jhafj;jpw;Fk;> Gyk;ngaH ehLfSf;Fk;>
5. Gyk; ngaHe;j ehLfspy; <oj; cyfj; jkpo; r%fj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd
jkpoupd; milahsj; jdpj;Jtj;ij tHj;jfj; njhlHGfis Nkk;gLj;j cjTk;.
ntspg;gLj;Jk; fiy gz;ghl;L
Kaw;rpfis Cf;;Ftpg;gjw;fhd 2. ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJld; jhafj;jpy; Gjpa njhopw;Jiwfis
jkpou; jkJ gz;ghl;Lyfj;Jld; cUthf;fj; Jiz GupjYk; ,jw;fhd
njhlHGfisg; Ngzpf; nfhs;s cjTjy;. epjp%yq;fis jpul;LjYk;.

4. jhafj;jpd; fy;tp Nkk;ghl;bw;F cjTjy; 3. jhafj;jpYs;s epWtdq;fSf;F

midj;Jyf ed;;kjpg;igg; ngwf;$ba jkpo;g;
GyikahsHfs; cUthFtjidj; jLf;ff;$ba
tifapy;> jkpoPoj;jpd; fy;tpf; fl;likg;Gf;fisr;
rpijf;Fk; %Nyhghaj;ij rpq;fs murhq;fq;fs;
gpd;gw;wp te;Js;sd. rpq;fs ,uhZtk; mupa gy
E}y;fisf; nfhz;bUe;j gpugy;ak; kpf;f aho; nghJ
E}yfj;ij vupa+l;baik fw;wy; gzpf;nfjpuhd
khngUk; Fw;wr; nrayhFk;. jkpoH jhafj;jpd; fy;tpg;
ghuk;gupaj;ij ehk; kPsf; fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk;.
topfhl;bf; Nfhl;ghL: 4
tHj;jf tha;g;Gf;fis mjpfupf;f cjtf;$ba
tifapy; tHj;jf epWtdq;fis cUthf;fy;.
6. ntspehl;L cwTfs;
ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; rpwpyq;fhtpy;
,dKuz;ghl;Lf;Fj; jPHthf jkpoPoj;jdpauR cUthf
Ntz;ba mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jp nraw;gLtjd; %yk;
,jw;fhd rhjfkhd #oiy cUthf;f Kay Ntz;Lk;.
murhq;fq;fSlDk; Vida epWtdq;fSlDk;
njhlHGfisg; Ngzp jkpoPoj;jpw;fhd
MjuTr; #oiy cUthf;f Kida Ntz;Lk;.

ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk; gpd;tUk; ,jw;fhf midj;Jyfr; r%fj;Jld; njhlh;Gfis

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; Clhf tsHj;njLj;jy; Kjd;ikg; gzpahf Kf;fpak;
fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F cjt KbAk;. ngWfpwJ. ehLthupahd FOf;fs; ,jw;nfd xU gFjp
epjpapid xJf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,ijnahl;ba JiwrhH
1. jhafj;jpYs;s ghlrhiyfspd; Ma;Tg;gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
fl;Lkhdq;fis Nkk;gLj;j cjTjw;fhd
epjpaq;fis cUthf;fy; topfhl;bf; Nfhl;ghL: 6
2. jhafj;jpNyh> Gyk; ngaH ehLfspNyh> 1. jkpoPoj;jdpauR cUthFtjw;F
cyfj; jkpo; r%fj;jpd; kj;jpapNyh cs;s rhjfkhd #oiy Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj;
jfik tha;e;j jkpo; khztHfSf;F jkJ Njitahd nraw;ghLfSf;fhd
fy;tpapidj; njhlUtjw;F tha;g;ghf nghwpKiwia ehL fle;j jkpoPo
Gyikg;guprpy;fis toq;Fjy; murhq;fk; cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;
kf;fspd; epahahg+Htkhd murpay;
3. Gyk; ngaHe;J thOk; jkpo; kf;fs; mgpyhir jkpoPoj;jdpauR vd;gjid
jhafj;jpYs;s fy;tp epWtdq;fspy; ntspg;gLj;jp midj;Jyfr; r%fj;jpd;
FWfpa fhyj;jpw;fhtJ fw;gpj;jy; gzpapy; Mjuitj; jpul;Ltjw;fhd nraw;ghLfis

17
 Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2. jkpoupd; Njrpag;gpur;rpidapy; jhf;fk;
juf;$ba njw;fhrpag;gpuhe;jpa nfhs;if
tptfhuq;fis fw;wwptjw;fhd mwpQH
Fohk; xd;W cUthf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
3. RaepHzaf; Nfhl;ghl;il
tYg;ngwr; nra;tJld; ,t; cupikia
ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf jkpoHfshYk; Vida
kf;fshYk; elj;jg;gLk; mikjp topapyhd
[dehafg; Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F ehL fle;j
jkpoPo murhq;fk; Mjutspf;f Ntz;Lk;
7. Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs; kw;Wk; kdpjFyj;jpw;F vjpuhd
Fw;wq;fs; njhlHghd tprhuizAk; jz;lidAk;
mz;ikapy; ele;Njwpa jkpoUf;nfjpuhd Aj;jj;jpy;
rpwpyq;fh murhq;fk; mjd; jiytHfSk; ghuJhukhd
khdplj;jpw;F vjpuhd Fw;wq;fs; nra;;Js;sdH.
midj;Jyf r%fj;jpdJk; xl;Lnkhj;j jkpo;
r%fj;jpdJk; vjpHfhy ed;ik fUjp ehL fle;j
jkpoPo murhq;fk; Aj;;jf; Fw;wthspfis tprhuiz
nra;J jz;lid toq;Fjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
nghwpKiwfis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf midj;Jyf
epWtdq;fSld; ,ize;J nraw;gLk;.
topfhl;bf; Nfhl;ghL: 7
ehL fle;j murhq;fk; jkpo; kf;fSf;F
vjpuhf Aj;jf;Fw;wq;fs; Gupe;jtHfs;
tprhuizf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;L Fw;wq;fs;
,ioj;NjhH ePjpapd; Kd; epWj;jg;gLtij
cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;
8. ngz;fsJk; midj;Jj; jkpouJk; rkj;Jtj;ijg;
ghJfhj;jy;
jkpoH Nghuhl;lk; jkpo;g; ngz;fs; jq;fs; jisfis
fl;lWj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;Fk; jkpo;r; r%fk; rhjPa
NtWghLisf; fise;J nraw;glTk; fhuzkhf
mike;J rkj;Jtf; Nfhl;ghL tYg; ngw cjtpaJ.
ehL fle;j jkpoPo murhq;fk;> Mz;fSk; ngz;fSk;
KOikahd rl;lg+Ht rkj;Jtj;ij vl;Ltij
cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
topfhl;bf; Nfhl;ghL: 8
jkpo;g; ngz;fspd; rk cupik KOikahfg;
ghJfhf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. Gyikg;guprpy;fs;
kw;Wk; Vida tha;g;Gf;fspy;
jkpo;g;ngz;fSf;F Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. jpUkzq;fspd; Nghjhd rPjd
KiwiaAk; jkpo;g; ngz;fSf;F ghjfkhf
mikaf;$ba Vida toikfisAk;
,y;yhnjhopf;f ehL fle;j murhq;fk;
ciof;f Ntz;Lk;. jkpo;r; r%fj;jpypUe;J
rhjPa Kiw ,y;yhnjhopf;fg;gLtjw;F ehL
fle;j murhq;fk; ghLgl Ntz;Lk;.
9. khtPuHfs; Kd;dhs; Nghuhspfs; eyd; Ngzy;
jkpo; tpLjiyg; Nghuhspfs; jkpo; kf;fspd;
neQ;rq;fspy; tpNrl kupahijf;Fupa ,lj;ijg;
gpbj;jtHfs;. ,j;jifa khtPuHfsJk; Kd;dhs;
NghuhspfsJk; FLk;gq;fspd; eyd; NgZtjid
jdJ flikahf ehL fle;j murhq;fk; nfhs;fpwJ.
,jw;fhf fy;tpg; Gyikg;guprpy;fs;> tho;thjhuj;
jpl;lq;fs;> khjhe;jf; nfhLg;gdTfs;> Rfhjhug;
guhkupg;G> rl;l cjtpfs;> FLk;g mq;fj;jtHfisj;
Njbf; fz;L gpbj;jy;> FLk;g kPs; ,izT>
rpiwfspy; ,Ue;J tpLtpf;fg;gly;> tho;it kPsf;
fl;bnaOg;gtjw;fhd cjtp> Mw;Wg;gLj;jYk; mJ
Nghd;w NritfSk; Nghd;w jpl;lq;fis ehL
fle;j murhq;fk; Kd;ndLf;fyhk;. mnkupf;fhtpy;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Aj;j tPuHfs; tpthfhur; nrayfk;
Nghd;w ,j;jifa jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;
mikg;Gf;fisg; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhd
Kaw;rpfisAk; ehL fle;j murhq;fk; Nkw;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. ,e;jpahtpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljidg; Nghy
tpLjiy tPuHfSf;F Xa;t+jpak; toq;Fk; jpl;lj;ij
eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fisAk; ehL
fle;j murhq;fk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;syhk;.
topfhl;bf; Nfhl;ghL: 9
khtPuHfspdJk; Kd;dhs; NghuhspfspdJk;
FLk;g eyd; NgZk; nraw;jpl;lj;jpw;F ehL
fle;j murhq;fk; xU tpNrl FOtpid
mikj;Jr; nraw;gLk;.
9. nghJ kf;fSldhd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;
gy;NtW jug;gpdUld; fye;J Ngrp> vOg;gg;gl;l
ntt;NtW tifahd tpdhf;fisf; ftdj;jpw;
nfhz;L kjpAiuf;FO ,t; mwpf;ifapidj;
jahH nra;j NghJk;> ,t; mwpf;if Nkyjpf
fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wj;jpw;F cupajhfNt cs;sJ.
ehL thupahd nraw;FOf;fs; ,jw;fhd
$l;lq;fisAk; fye;Jiuahly; muq;FfisAk;
xOq;F nra;fpd;wd. MHtk; cs;s midtiuAk;
jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; ghpe;JiufisAk;
vjpHtUk; ngg;utup khjk; 5k; jpfjpf;Fg; gpe;jhJ
vkf;Ff; fpilf;ff;$ba tifapy; mDg;gp
itf;FkhW jq;fis Ntz;bf; nfhs;fpNwhk;.
jq;fsJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; ghpe;JiufisAk;
mDg;g Ntz;ba kpd;dQ;ry; Kftup – info@
govtamileelam.org
kjpAiuf;FO ,f; fUj;Jf;fisAk;
ghpe;JiufisAk; ftdj;jpw; n;fhz;L cupa
khw;wq;fisr; nra;J mwpf;ifapid ngg;utup
khjk; 10k; jpfjpf;F Kd;dH KOikg;gLj;Jk;.
18