Trigonometric Functions

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ssc2014
Trigonometric Functions-I
MODULE - IV
Functions
Notes
16
and cosec =
20
c
a
c
, cos = , tan =
b
b
a
b
b
a
, sec = , cot =
c
a
c
Fig.16.1
sc
-c
We also developed relationships between these

trigonometric ratios as
gl
sin =
14
.in
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS - I
sin 2 + cos2 =1 , sec 2 = 1 +tan 2 , cosec 2 = 1 +cot 2
.s
We shall try to describe this knowledge gained so far in terms of functions, and try to
develop this lesson using functional approach.
In this lesson, we shall develop the science of trigonometry using functional approach.
We shall develop the concept of trigonometric functions using a unit circle. We shall
discuss the radian measure of an angle and also define trigonometric functions of the type
y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = cot x, y = sec x, y = cosec x, y = a sin x, y = b cos x,
etc., where x, y are real numbers.
We shall draw the graphs of functions of the type
y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = cotx, y = secx, and y = cosecx y = a sin x,
y = a cos x.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this lesson, you will be able to :
define positive and negative angles;
define degree and radian as a measure of an angle;
convert measure of an angle from degrees to radians and vice-versa;
61
MATHEMATICS
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MODULE - IV
Functions
state the formula l = r where r and have their usual meanings;
solve problems using the relation l = r ;
define trigonometric functions of a real number;

draw the graphs of trigonometric functions; and
interpret the graphs of trigonometric functions.
Notes
EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

Definition of an angle.
Concepts of a straight angle, right angle and complete angle.
Circle and its allied concepts.
Special products : (a b )2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab , (a b )3 = a 3 b3 3ab ( a b )
Knowledge of Pythagoras Theorem and Py thagorean numbers.
14
.in
16.1 CIRCULAR MEASURE OF ANGLE
gl
20
An angle is a union of two rays with the common end point. An angle is formed by the rotation
of a ray as well. Negative and positive angles are formed according as the rotation is clockwise or anticlock-wise.
sc
-c
16.1.1 A Unit Circle

It can be seen easily that when a line segment makes one complete rotation, its end point
describes a circle. In case the length of the rotating line be one unit then the circle described will
be a circle of unit radius. Such a circle is termed as unit circle.
.s
16.1.2 A Radian
A radian is another unit of measurement of an angle other than degree.
A radian is the measure of an angle subtended at the centre of a circle by an arc equal in length
to the radius (r) of the circle. In a unit circle one radian will be the angle subtended at the centre
of the circle by an arc of unit length.
Fig. 16.2
Note : A radian is a constant angle; implying that the measure of the angle subtended by
an are of a circle, with length equal to the radius is always the same irrespective of the
radius of the circle.
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MATHEMATICS

16.1.3 Relation between Degree and Radian
An arc of unit length subtends an angle of 1 radian. The circumference 2 (Q r = 1) subtend
MODULE - IV
Functions
an angle of 2 radians.
Hence 2 radians = 360
radians = 180
Notes
radians = 90
2
radians = 45
4
radians =
radians
360
180
14
or 1 =
.in
360
180
1 radian =
=
radians into degrees.

6
(iv)
radians into degrees.

10
Solution :
(ii)
sc
.s
15 =
2
radians
360
90 = 2 90 radiansor
360
1 =
2
15 radians
360
(i)
gl
(iii)
(ii) 15 into radians
-c
(i) 90 into radians
20
Example 16.1 Convert
90 =
radians
2
or
15 =
radians
12
360
(iii) 1 radian =
360

radians =
6
2 6
radians = 30
6
360

(iv)
radians =
10
2 10
radians = 18
10
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MODULE - IV
Functions
CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.1

1.
Convert the following angles (in degrees) into radians :

(i) 60 (ii) 15
(iii) 75 (iv) 105
(v) 270
2.
Convert the following angles into degrees:
Notes
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
12
20
(iv)
60
(v)
2
3
3.
The angles of a triangle are 45, 65 and 70. Express these angles in radians
4.
The three angles of a quadrilateral are
5.
Find the angle complementary to
2
, ,
. Find the fourth angle in radians.
6 3 3
.in
.
6
14
16.1.4 Relation Between Length of an Arc and Radius of the Circle

An angle of 1 radian is subtended by an arc whose length is equal to the radius of the circle. An
angle of 2 radians will be substened if arc is double the radius.
20
An angle of 2 radians willbe subtended if arc is 2 times the radius.

All this can be read from the following table :
gl
.s
(2)r
sc
r
2r
Angle subtended at the

centre of the circle (in radians)
-c
Length of the arc (l)
4r
Therefore, =
l
r
1
2
2
4
or l = r
where r = radius of the circle,

= angle substended at the centre in radians
and
l = length of the arc.
The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the centre of the circle is given by the ratio of the
length of the arc and the radius of the circle.
Note : In arriving at the above relation, we have used the radian measure of the angle
and not the degree measure. Thus the relation = l is valid only when the angle is
r
measured in radians.
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MATHEMATICS

Example 16.2 Find the angle in radians subtended by an arc of length 10 cm at the centre of MODULE - IV
Functions
a circle of radius 35 cm.
l = 10cm and r = 35cm.
Solution :
=
=
or
l
radians
r
or
10
radians
35
Notes
2
radians
7
Example 16.3 If D and C represent the number of degrees and radians in an angle prove that
D C
=
180
14
Solution :
.in
360 180
1 radian =
or
-c
D C
=
180
sc
which implies
gl
180
D=C
20
180
C radians = C

Since D is the degree measure of the same angle, therefore,
.s
Example 16.4 A railroad curve is to be laid out on a circle. What should be the radius of a
circular track if the railroad is to turn through an angle of 45 in a distance of 500m?
radians
180
= 45 =
45
Solution : Angle is given in degrees. To apply the formula l = r , must be changed to

radians.
radians
4
l = 500 m
....(1)
....(2)
l = r gives r =
r=
500
m
= 500
[using (1) and (2)]
4
m
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MODULE - IV
Functions
= 2000 0.32 m
= 0.32
= 640 m
Example 16.5 A train is travelling at the rate of 60 km per hour on a circular track. Through
5
what
angle
will
it
turn
in
15
seconds
if
the
radius
of
the
track
is
km.
Notes
6
Solution : The speed of the train is 60 km per hour. In 15 seconds, it will cover
60 15
km
60 60
l =
1
km
4
and
5
km
6
20
1
l 4
= = radians
r 5
6
r =
14
We have,
3
radians
10
sc
-c
gl
.in
1
km
4
.s
2.
Express the following angles in radians :

(a) 30
(b) 60
(c) 150
Express the following angles in degrees :
1.
3.
4.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Find the angle in radians and in degrees subtended by an arc of length 2.5 cm at the
centre of a circle of radius 15 cm.
A train is travelling at the rate of 20 km per hour on a circular track. Through what angle
will it turn in 3 seconds if the radius of the track is
1
of a km?.
12
5.
A railroad curve is to be laid out on a circle. What should be the radius of the circular
track if the railroad is to turn through an angle of 60 in a distance of 100 m?
6.
Complete the following table for l, r, having their usual meanings.
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MATHEMATICS

(a)
1.25m
.......
135
(b)
30 cm
.......
(c)
(d)
0.5 cm
.........
2.5 m
6m
........
120
(e)
.........
150 cm
15
(f)
150 cm
40 m
........
(g)
........
12 m
(h)
(i)
1.5 m
25 m
0.75 m
........
........
75
Notes
20
16.2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
MODULE - IV
Functions
.in
14
.s
sc
-c
gl
While considering, a unit circle you must have noticed that for every real number between 0 and
2 , there exists a ordered pair of numbers x and y. This ordered pair (x, y) represents the
coordinates of the point P.
(i)
(iii)
(ii)
(iv)
Fig. 16.3
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MODULE - IV If we consider = 0 on the unit circle, we will have a point whose coordinates are (1,0).
Functions
If =
, then the corresponding point on the unit circle will have its coordinates (0,1).
2
In the above figures you can easily observe that no matter what the position of the point,
corresponding to every real number we have a unique set of coordinates (x, y). The values of
x and y will be negative or positive depending on the quadrant in which we are considering the
Notes
point.
Considering a point P (on the unit circle) and the corresponding coordinates (x, y), we define
trigonometric functions as :
sin = y , cos = x
x
y
(forx 0) , cot = (for y 0)
y
x
sec =
1
1
(for x 0) , cosec = (for y 0)
y
x
14
.in
tan =
20
Now let the point P move from its original position in anti-clockwise direction. For various
positions of this point in the four quadrants, various real numbers will be generated. Wee
summarise, the above discussion as follows. For values of in the :
quadrant, both x and y are positve.
quadrant, x will be negative and y will be positive.
quadrant, x as well as y will be negative.
quadrant, x will be positive and y will be negative.
I quadrant
II quadrant
III quadrant
All positive
sin positive
tan positive
cosec positive cot positive
Where what is positive can be rememebred by :
All
sin
tan
Quardrant
I
II
III
If (x, y) are the coordinates of a point P on a
unit circle and , the real number generated
by the position of the point, then sin = y and
cos = x. This means the coordinates of the
point P can also be written as (cos , sin )
IV quadrant
cos positive
sec positive
.s
sc
-c
gl
I
II
III
IV
or
From Fig. 16.5, you can easily see that the

values of x will be between 1 and + 1 as P
moves on the unit circle. Same will be true for
y also.
Thus, for all P on the unit circle
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cos
IV
P (cos q, sinq)
Fig. 16.4
MATHEMATICS

MODULE - IV
Functions
and 1 y 1
1 x 1
Thereby, we conclude that for all real numbers

1 cos 1 and
1 sin 1
In other words, sin and cos can not be numerically greater than 1
Example 16.6 What will be sign of the following ?
(i) sin
7
18
(ii) cos
4
9
(iii) tan
Notes
5
9
Solution :
7
7
lies in the first quadrant, the sign of sin
will be posilive.
18
18
(ii) Since
4
4
lies in the first quadrant, the sign of cos
will be positive.
9
9
(iii) Since
5
5
lies in the second quadrant, the sign of tan will be negative.
9
9
14
.in
(i) Since
(i) sin
(ii) cos 0 (iii) tan

2
2
20
Example 16.7 Write the values of
.s
sc
-c
gl
Solution : (i) From Fig.16.5, we can see that the coordinates of the point A are (0,1)
sin =1 , as sin = y
2
Fig.16.5
(ii) Coordinates of the point B are (1, 0)

cos 0 = 1 , as cos = x
sin 2 1
(iii) tan =
= which is not defined
2 cos 0
2
Thus tan is not defined.

2
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MODULE - IV Example 16.8 Write the minimum and maximum values of cos .
Functions Solution : We know that 1 cos 1
The maximum value of cos is 1 and the minimum value of cos is 1.
Notes
cos
2
3
(ii)
tan
5
6
(iii)
sec
2
3
(iv)
sec
35
18
(v)
tan
25
18
(vi)
cot
3
4
(vii)
cosec
(viii)
cot
7
8
sin0
(iii)
cos
2
3
(v)
sec 0
(vi)
tan
(viii)
c o s 2
14
8
3
.in
(i)
cos
(iv)
tan
3
4
(vii)
tan
3
2
(ii)
gl
(i)
20
Write the value of each of the following :
-c
2.
What will be the sign of the following ?
sc
1.
.s
16.2.1 Relation Between Trigonometric Functions

x = cos
By definition
As tan =
y = sin
y
, (x 0)
x
sin
n
,
cos
2
and cot =
x
, ( y 0)
y
i.e., cot =
cos
1
=
sin tan
Similarly, sec =
1
cos
( n )
Fig. 16.6
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MATHEMATICS

and cosec =
1
sin
MODULE - IV
Functions
( n )
Using Pythagoras theorem we have, x 2 + y 2 =1

i.e., (cos )2 + (sin )2 =1
Notes
or, cos + sin =1

2
Note : ( cos ) 2 is written as cos 2 and ( sin ) 2 as sin2

Again x 2 + y 2 =1
2
or, 1 + ( tan ) =(sec )

2
14
i.e. sec 2 = 1 +tan 2
.in
y 1
, for x 0
or 1 + =
x
x
20
Similarly, cosec2 = 1 +cot 2
gl
Example 16.9 Prove that sin 4 + cos 4 =1 2sin 2 cos2
-c
Solution : L.H.S. = sin 4 +cos4
sc
= sin 4 + cos 4 + 2sin 2 cos 2 2sin 2 cos 2

= ( sin 2 + cos 2 ) 2sin 2 cos 2
.s
= 1 2sin 2 cos2 ( Q sin 2 + cos 2 = 1)
= R.H.S.
Example 16.10 Prove that
Solution :
1 sin
= sec tan
1 + sin
1 sin
L.H.S. = 1 + sin
=
(1 sin ) (1 sin )
(1 + sin ) (1 sin )
(1 sin )2
1 sin 2
71
MATHEMATICS

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MODULE - IV
Functions
(1 sin )2
cos 2
1 sin
cos
1
sin
cos cos
Notes
= sec tan =R.H.S.
Example 16.11 If sin =
21
1
, prove that sec + tan = 2 , given that lies in the first
29
2
21
29
14
sin =
Solution :
.in
quadrant.
20
Also, sin 2 + cos2 =1
-c
21
20
29 21 29 + 21
+
=
20 20
20
5
1
=2
=R.H.S.
2
2
sec + tan =
.s
tan =
20
( cos is positive as lies in the first quardrant)
29
sc
cos =
20
=
29
gl
441 400
2
2
=
cos = 1 sin =1
841 841

1.
Prove that sin 4 cos 4 = sin 2 cos 2
2.
If tan =
3.
If cosec =
b
, find the other five trigonometric functions, if lies in the first quardrant.
a
4.
Prove that
1 + cos
= cosec +cot
1 cos
1
, find the other five trigonometric functions.
2
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MATHEMATICS

MODULE - IV
Functions
5
13
5.
If cot + cosec =1.5 , show that cos =
6.
If tan + sec = m , find the value of cos
7.
Prove that ( tan A + 2) ( 2 t a n A +1) =5 t a n A +

2sec2 A
8.
Prove that sin 6 + cos 6 =1 3sin 2 cos2
9.
Prove that
cos
sin
+
=cos +sin
1 tan 1 cot
10.
Prove that
tan
sin
+
= cot +cosec sec

1 + cos 1 cos
Notes
, , and are summarised below in the

6 4 3
2
14
The values of the trigonometric functions of 0,
sin
1
2
cos
1
2
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
-c
Function
gl
20
form of a table :
Real
Numbers
.in
16.3 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF SOME

SPECIFIC REAL NUMBERS
.s
sc
tan
Not defined
As an aid to memory, we may think of the following pattern for above mentioned values of sin
function :
0
,
4
1
,
4
2
,
4
3
,
4
4
4
On simplification, we get the values as given in the table. The values for cosines occur in the
reverse order.
Example 16.12 Find the value of the following :
(a)
sin
sin cos cos

4
3
4
3
(b)
4tan 2
cosec 2 cos 2
4
6
3
73
MATHEMATICS

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MODULE - IV
Functions
Solution :
sin
(a)
sin cos cos

4
3
4
3
1 1
1 3
=
2 2 2 2
Notes
cosec 2 cos 2
4
6
3
2
2 1
( 2 )
2
1
1
= 4 4 =
4
4
.in
= 4 (1)
14
2
(b) 4tan
3 1
2 2
and B = , verify that

3
6
cos (A + B) =cosAcosB s i n A s i n B
gl
20
Example 16.13 If A =
-c
Solution : L.H.S. = cos ( A +B)
.s
sc

= cos + = cos = 0
3 6
2
R.H.S. = cos
cos sin sin

3
6
3
6
1 3
3 1

2 2
2 2
3
3
=0
4
4
L.H.S. = 0 = R.H.S.
cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B
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MATHEMATICS

MODULE - IV
Functions

1.
Find the value of

(i)
sin 2
+ tan 2 +tan 2
6
4
3
sin 2
(ii)
cos sin
sin
(iii) cos
(iv)
3
3
3
3
(v) sin + sin
6
2.
+ cosec 2 +sec 2 cos 2

3
6
4
3
cos cos +
4
3
4 4
Show that
If =
14
20
(ii) cos ( A + B) = cosAcosB s i n A s i n B
, verify the following :

4
sin2 = 2sin cos
(ii)
cos2 = cos 2 sin2
.s
(i)
tan A + t a n B
1 tan A tan B
-c
4.
tan ( A + B ) =
sc
(i)
, B = , verify that
3
6
gl
Taking A =
(i)
= 1 2sin 2
, verify that
6
= 2cos2 1
If A =
5.
.in
=sec2 sec 2
1 + tan tan + tan tan
6
3
6
3
6
3
3.
Notes
4cot 2 + cosec 2 +sec 2 tan 2

3
4
3
4
cos2A = 2cos 2 A 1
(ii)
tan2A =
2tanA
1 tan 2 A
(iii) sin2A = 2 s i n A c o s A
16.4 GRAPHS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Given any function, a pictorial or a graphical representation makes a lasting impression on the
minds of learners and viewers. The importance of the graph of functions stems from the fact that
this is a convenient way of presenting many properties of the functions. By observing the graph
we can examine several characteristic properties of the functions such as (i) periodicity, (ii)
intervals in which the function is increasing or decreasing (iii) symmetry about axes, (iv) maximum
and minimum points of the graph in the given interval. It also helps to compute the areas enclosed
by the curves of the graph.
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MATHEMATICS

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MODULE - IV 16.4.1 Variations of sin as Varies Continuously From 0 to 2 .

Functions Let X'OX and Y'OY be the axes of
coordinates.With centre O and radius
O P = unity, draw a circle. Let OP
starting from OX and moving in
anticlockwise direction make an angle
Notes with the x-axis, i.e. XOP = . Draw
PM X'OX, then sin = MP as OP=1.
The variations of sin are the same as those of
MP.
I Quadrant :
20
14
PM is positive and increases from 0 to 1.

sin is positive.
.in
As increases continuously from 0 to

II Quadrant ,
2
Fig. 16.8
-c
gl
In this interval, lies in the second quadrant.

Therefore, point P is in the second quadrant. Here PM
= y is positive, but decreases from 1 to 0 as varies
to . Thus sin is positive.

2
sc
from
Fig. 16.7
.s
3
III Quadrant ,
In this interval, lies in the third quandrant. Therefore,

point P can move in the third quadrant only. Hence
PM = y is negative and decreases from 0 to 1 as
Fig. 16.9
3
varies from to
. In this intervalsin decreases from 0 to 1. In this interval sin is
2
negative.
IV Quadrant
2 , 2
In this interval, lies in the fourth quadrant. Therefore,

point P can move in the fourth quadrant only. Here again
PM = y is negative but increases from -1 to 0 as
3
to 2 . Thus sin is negative in this
varies from
2
interval.
76

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Fig. 16.10
MATHEMATICS

MODULE - IV
Let X'OX and Y'OY be the two coordinate axes of reference. The values of are to be measured Functions
16.4.2 Graph of sin as varies from 0 to 2 .
along x-axis and the values of sine are to be measured along y-axis.
2 = 1.41,
(Approximate value of
sin
.5
2
3
5
6
7
6
4 3
3
2
.87
.87
.5
.5 .87
Notes
5
3
11
6
1 .87
.5
Some Observations
gl
(i) Maximum value of sin is 1.
20
Fig. 16.11
14
.in
1
3
=.707,
=.87 )
2
2
sc
-c
(ii) Minimum value of sin is 1.

(iii) It is continuous everywhere.
3
and from
to 2 . It is decreasing from to
.
2
2
2
2
With the help of the graph drawn in Fig. 16.12 we can always draw another graph.
y = sin in the interval of [ 2 , 4 ] ( see Fig. 16.11)
1)
What do you observe ?
.s
(iv) It is increasing from 0 to
The graph of y = sin in the interval [ 2 , 4 ] is the same as that in 0 to 2 . Therefore, this
graph can be drawn by using the property sin (2 + ) =sin . Thus, sin repeats itself when
is increased by 2 . This is known as the periodicity of sin .
Fig. 16.12
77
MATHEMATICS

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MODULE - IV
Functions
WH
LET US SUM UP
An angle is generated by the rotation of a ray.
The angle can be negative or positive according as rotation of the ray is clockwise or
anticlockwise.
A degree is one of the measures of an angle and one complete rotation generates an
angle of 360.
An angle can be measured in radians, 360 being equivalent to 2 radians.
If an arc of length l subtends an angle of radians at the centre of the circle with radius
r, we have l = r .
If the coordinates of a point P of a unit circle are (x, y) then the six trigonometric functions
Notes
4.
in
1
.
y
l2
cosec =
01
x
are defined as sin = y , cos = x , tan = y , cot = , sec = 1 and
y
x
x
ccg
The coordinates (x, y) of a point P can also be written as ( cos , sin ) .

Here is the angle which the line joining centre to the point P makes with the positive
direction of x-axis.
The values of the trigonometric functions sin and cos when takes values 0,

, , , are given by
6 4 3 2
.s
s
sin
1
2
1
2
3
2
cos
3
2
1
2
1
2
Graphs of sin , cos are continous every where
Maximum value of both sin and cos is 1.
Minimum value of both sin and cos is -1.
Period of these functions is 2 .
MATHEMATICS

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91
MODULE - IV
Functions
tan and cot can have any value between and + .
The function tan has discontinuities (breaks) at
and
in ( 0, 2 ) .
2
2
Its period is .
The graph of cot has discontinuities (breaks) at 0, , 2 . Its period is .
sec cannot have any value numerically less than 1.
Notes
(i)
(ii)
3
and
. It repeats itself after 2 .
2
2
cosec cannot have any value between 1 and +1.
It has breaks at
gl
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http://mathworld.wolfram.com
20
14
SUPPORTIVE WEB SITES
.in
It has discontinuities (breaks) at 0, , 2 .

It repeats itself after 2 .
-c
TERMINAL EXERCISE ONS

A train is moving at the rate of 75 km/hour along a circular path of radius 2500 m.
Through how many radians does it turn in one minute ?
2.
Find the number of degrees subtended at the centre of the circle by an arc whose length
is 0.357 times the radius.
3.
The minute hand of a clock is 30 cm long. Find the distance covered by the tip of the hand
in 15 minutes.
.s
sc
1.
4.
Prove that
(a)
(c)
1 sin
= sec tan
1 + sin
tan
cot
= 2sin cos
1 + tan 2 1 + cot 2
(b)
1
= sec tan
sec + tan
(d)
1 + sin
2
= ( tan + sec )
1 sin
(e) sin8 cos8 = ( sin 2 cos 2 )( 1 2sin 2 cos 2 )

(f)
5.
92For
sec 2 + cosec2 = tan +cot
If =
, verify that
4
sin3 = 3sin 4sin 3
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MATHEMATICS

MODULE - IV
Functions
Evaluate :
(a)
sin
25
6
(d)
sin
17
(b)
sin
21
4
(e)
3
tan
4
(c)
cos
19
Notes
.s
sc
-c
gl
20
14
.in
6.
MATHEMATICS

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93
MODULE - IV
Functions
ANSWERS
1.
(i)
2.
(i) 45
(ii)
12
(ii) 15
13 14
,
,
4 36
36
3.
(iii)
5
12
(iv)
(iii) 9
14
6
(a) 36
(b)
3
(b) 30
5
6
(c) 20
1
radian; 9.55
6
4.
(a) 0.53 m
(d) 12.56 m
(g) 6.28 m
(b) 38.22 cm (c) 0.002 radian

(e) 31.4 cm (f) 3.75 radian
(h) 2 radian
(i) 19.11 m.
20
(c)
1
radian
5
5.
95.54 m
.s
sc
6.
(a)
gl
3.
-c
2.
3
2
(v) 120
5.

1.
(v)
(iv) 3
5
6
4.
7
12
.in
Notes
(i) ive
(v) + ive
(ii) ive
(vi) ive
(iii) ive
(vii) + ive
(i) zero
(ii) zero
(iii)
(v) 1
(vi) Not defined
(vii) Not defined
1.
2.
(iv) + ive
(viii) ive
1
2
(iv) 1
(viii) 1

2.
sin =
3.
sin =
tan =
94For
1
2
, cos =
, cot = 2 , cosec =
5
5
a
, cos =
b
a
b2
a2
b2 a 2
, sec =
b
cot =
b2 a2
a
5 , sec =
b
b2 a2
5
2
6.
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2m
1 + m2
MATHEMATICS

Trigonometric Functions

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We also developed relationships between these

sin 2 + cos2 =1 , sec 2 = 1 +tan 2 , cosec 2 = 1 +cot 2

define degree and radian as a measure of an angle;

convert measure of an angle from degrees to radians and vice-versa;

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state the formula l = r where r and have their usual meanings;

solve problems using the relation l = r ;

define trigonometric functions of a real number;

EXPECTED BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE

Concepts of a straight angle, right angle and complete angle.

Circle and its allied concepts.

Special products : (a b )2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab , (a b )3 = a 3 b3 3ab ( a b )

Knowledge of Pythagoras Theorem and Py thagorean numbers.

16.1 CIRCULAR MEASURE OF ANGLE

16.1.1 A Unit Circle

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radians into degrees.

radians into degrees.

(ii) 15 into radians

(i) 90 into radians

Example 16.1 Convert

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.1

Convert the following angles (in degrees) into radians :

Convert the following angles into degrees:

The three angles of a quadrilateral are

Find the angle complementary to

16.1.4 Relation Between Length of an Arc and Radius of the Circle

An angle of 2 radians willbe subtended if arc is 2 times the radius.

Angle subtended at the

Length of the arc (l)

where r = radius of the circle,

l = length of the arc.

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Since D is the degree measure of the same angle, therefore,

Solution : Angle is given in degrees. To apply the formula l = r , must be changed to

[using (1) and (2)]

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.2

Express the following angles in radians :

Complete the following table for l, r, having their usual meanings.

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16.2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

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From Fig. 16.5, you can easily see that the

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Thereby, we conclude that for all real numbers

(ii) cos 0 (iii) tan

Example 16.7 Write the values of

(ii) Coordinates of the point B are (1, 0)

Thus tan is not defined.

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CHECK YOUR PROGRESS 16.3

Write the value of each of the following :