Lịch Sử Dầu Khí VN - Tap 1

Hi ng Bin son1
Ch tch
Trn Ngc Cnh
Ph Ch tch
L Minh Hng (thng trc), Phan Th Ha
y vin
Nguyn ng Liu (thng trc), Nguyn Hip,
inh Vn Sn, Ch Thanh
C vn ni dung

Nguyn Ha, Phan T Quang,

L Vn C, Phan Minh Bch
Ban bin tp1

Trng ban
L Minh Hng
Ph Trng ban
Nguyn ng Liu (thng trc), Nguyn Hip
y vin-th k
inh Vn Sn
Cc y vin
ng nh Cn, V nh Chin, o Duy Ch,
ng Ca, H Duy Dnh, Phm Quang D,
Nguyn Vn c, Nguyn Giao, Trn Vn Giao,
Vn H, Nguyn ng Hi, Lng c Ho,
Nguyn Quang Hp , H c Hoi, Hong Vn Hoan,

L Vn Hng, V Vn Knh, Nguyn c Lc,
Nguyn Hng Ln, Nguyn Tr Lin,

Trng Minh, Phan Vn Ngn,
Nguyn Xun Nhm, Ng Thng San,
Nguyn Sm, H T, Ch Thanh,

H S Thong, Quang Ton, Trn Ngc Ton,

L Vn Trng, Nguyn c Tun, B Vn T,

L Xun V, Trn Quc Vit
Th k
o Mnh Chung, V Thnh Huyn
C quan t vn
Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam
C vn bin son Gio s ng Phong

C vn bin tp Tin s Khng c Thim
1. Theo Quyt nh s 419/Q-DKVN ngy 19-2-2009 ca Tp on Du kh Vit Nam v thnh lp

Hi ng Bin son v Ban Bin tp v Quyt nh s 2968/Q-DKVN ngy 27-4-2009 ca Tp on
Du kh Vit Nam v b sung nhn s.
iv
Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam
LI nh xut bn
gay t cui nhng nm 50 ca th k XX, xy dng v pht trin ngnh

Du kh c ng ta v Ch tch H Ch Minh ch quan tm. K
t khi on Thm d du la (mang s hiu on 36 du la) c
thnh lp, di s lnh o ca ng, tri qua 50 nm xy dng v trng thnh,
vi nhiu tn gi v hnh thc t chc khc nhau, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam
lun i mi v pht trin cng vi s ln mnh ca s nghip cch mng v Nh
nc ta. T sau khi t nc thng nht, nhng n lc t vn ln khng ngng
ca cn b, cng nhn, vin chc ca ngnh Du kh cng s gip hp tc ca
cc nc, c bit l s gip ch tnh, anh em ca Lin X, ngnh Du kh
c s pht trin vt bc.
Ngy 18-3-1975, dng kh thin nhin u tin c gi tr cng nghip ti ging
khoan s 61 x ng C, huyn Tin Hi, tnh Thi Bnh c pht hin.
Ngy 26-6-1986, X nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khai thc tn du u
tin ti m Bch H t gin MSP-1 v Vit Nam bt u c tn trong danh sch
cc nc khai thc, xut khu du th th gii, khng nh mt tng lai pht
trin y ha hn cho ngnh cng nghip Du kh t nc. Ngy 29-4-2010,
Petrovietnam sn xut tn phn m ur th 4 triu. Ngy 24-6-2010, khai thc
mt khi kh th 50 t. Ngy 26-10-2010, Petrovietnam t mc khai thc tn du
th th 260 triu. Ngy 6-12-2010, sn xut kWh in th 25 t
Tri qua 50 nm xy dng v pht trin, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam khng
ngng ln mnh v mi mt, vn ln tr thnh tp on kinh t u tu ca t
nc. Nm 2010, doanh thu ton ngnh t 478,4 nghn t ng, tng ng trn
23 t USD, chim 23% GDP ca c nc; np ngn sch nh nc 128 nghn t
ng, chim khong 30% tng thu ngn sch nh nc. c c nhng thnh
cng y, lp lp th h nhng ngi i tm la vt qua mun vn kh khn,
nm mt, nm gai, tm kim ngun vng en rng r sut na th k.
Li Nh xut bn
Nhm c kt nhng thnh tu t c trong 50 nm qua, gn gi nhng gi

tr v kinh nghim ca cc th h; ng thi tng cng gio dc truyn thng
cho th h tr ca ngnh, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam phi hp vi Nh
xut bn Chnh tr quc gia - S tht xut bn b sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit
Nam (n nm 2010).
Ni dung b sch bao gm 16 chng chia thnh 5 phn; trnh by nhng hot
ng v t chc du kh u tin nc ta t nhng nm 60 ca th k XX, qua
nhiu hnh thc t chc nh Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam, Tng cng
ty Du kh Vit Nam, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam. Cc hot ng c th
ca ngnh Du kh trong tng giai on c cc tc gi nu t m, c nhiu dn
chng sinh ng. Xuyn sut ni dung b sch, s quan tm, ch o, gip to
iu kin ca ng v Nh nc ta i vi s pht trin ca ngnh Du kh c
khc ha r nt. Cc t chc ng v cc t chc chnh tr - x hi - ngh nghip
du kh cng c trnh by khi qut trong b sch.
B sch c chia thnh 3 tp:
Tp I gii thiu Phn th nht: Nhng hot ng v t chc du kh u tin
Vit Nam; v Phn th hai: Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam (1975-1990).
Tp II gii thiu Phn th ba: Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam (1990-2006).
Tp III gii thiu Phn th t: Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam (20062010).
Ngoi ra, b sch cn c phn Ph lc do Petrovietnam cung cp t liu ghi
li mt s hip nh, hp ng, tha thun du kh trong nc v nc ngoi;
cc chng trnh, ti nghin cu; tm lc bin bn cc k hp Hi ng X
nghip Lin doanh Vietsovpetro; cc ging khoan a cht v tm kim, thm d
du kh; cng tc o to; tm tt ni dung Chin lc u tin ca ngnh Du
kh; mt s nhn nh v m hnh ngnh Du kh kinh qua; c cu t chc v
nhn s ch cht ca ngnh qua cc thi k,
Mc d c nhiu c gng trong qu trnh su tm, bin son v bin tp,
song do ti liu lu tr tht lc nhiu, c nhng thng tin chi tit, c th do thi
gian c hn cha c chnh sa thng nht nn cun sch kh trnh khi cn
thiu st, Nh xut bn v cc tc gi rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca
bn c b sch hon thin hn trong nhng ln xut bn sau.
Xin trn trng gii thiu cun sch.
Thng 7 nm 2011
NH XUT BN CHNH TR QUC GIA - S THT
vi
LI gii thiu
ut na th k xy dng v pht trin, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam tr thnh

mt tp on kinh t quan trng, u tu ca nn kinh t Vit Nam v c
nhng ng gp to ln cho s nghip xy dng v bo v T quc Vit Nam
x hi ch ngha. c bit l trong giai on xy dng t nc, ngnh Du kh
Vit Nam gp phn a t nc ta thot khi tnh trng khng hong kinh
t - x hi v y nhanh tin trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc.
Ti rt hoan nghnh Tp on Du kh Vit Nam t chc bin son v pht
hnh b sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam ghi li nhng du n, nhng
ct mc quan trng, nhng gi tr lch s qu bu ca cc th h nhng ngi i
tm la dy cng xy p. Ti hy vng b sch s l ngun t liu qu bu cho
cc nh khoa hc, nh nghin cu, cho bn c mun tm hiu v nghin cu v
ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, ng thi gio dc truyn thng cho cc th h tr
ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
Chc Tp on Du kh Vit Nam hon thnh xut sc hn na nhim v ca
mnh, xng ng vi nim tin v k vng m ng v nhn dn mong i.
Thn i!
Mi

Nguyn Tng B th Ban Chp hnh Trung ng
ng Cng sn Vit Nam
vii
viii
LI ta
m 2007, khi Tp on Du kh Vit Nam phi hp vi Nh xut bn

Hi Nh vn xut bn cun Nhng ngi i tm la, tp th tc gi
mong c ri y nht nh cn phi bin son c mt cng trnh ln ghi
li y , chnh xc din bin ca tng s kin, khng ch theo li bin nin m cn
c m t li c bi cnh, khng kh cng nh ngha ca n v chc chn khi
lch s pht trin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam s c trnh by cn k hn, sinh
ng hn, thu ht s quan tm mnh m hn t nhiu i tng bn c.
Thc hin nim mong mi , ng thi nhn thy tm quan trng ca b

sch lch s trong vic gn gi nhng gi tr v kinh nghim qu bu ca cc th
h ngnh Du kh dy cng xy p, cng nh gio dc truyn thng cho th
h tr ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam phi
hp vi Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam v Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia - S
tht xut bn b sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam. B sch gm 3 tp c
trnh by thnh 4 phn vi 16 chng v ph lc bao qut ton b cc hot ng
lin quan ti du kh t trc Cch mng Thng Tm nm 1945 n ht nm 2010.
Ni dung b sch ghi li chi tit ton cnh lch s ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam,
m t li nhng kh khn, gian kh, u tranh, vt ln, trn tr, cng nhng hoi
bo, mong c v c nhng thng trm, i thay qua cc th h nhng ngi lm
cng tc du kh t nhng ngy t nn mng u tin cho ti ngy hm nay. B
sch khng ch l mt bin nin s kin, m cn l mt kho tng kin thc v a
cht, du kh v nhiu lnh vc chuyn mn khc lin quan ti ngnh.
B sch Lch s ngnh Du kh Vit Nam ra i nh mt mn qu tri n ti
cc th h lm du kh cng nh nhng ngi gn b vi ngnh nhn k nim
36 nm Ngy thnh lp ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (3-9-1975 3-9-2011) v hng
ix
Li ta
ti k nim 50 nm Ngy Truyn thng ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (27-11-1961

27-11-2011). Mc d b sch lch s ny rt dy v s, nhng bn c s khng
cm thy nhm chn, m ngc li b cun ht vo dng chy cc s kin du kh
c trnh by sinh ng v y tm huyt ca tp th tc gi.
Xin trn trng gii thiu cng bn c.
Thng 7 nm 2011
inh La Thng
U vin Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam
B th ng y
Ch tch Hi ng Thnh vin
Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam
M U
i khi hnh dung li chng ng 50 nm xy dng v pht trin ca

ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, chng ti - nhng ngi trong ngnh v c
th c nhng ngi ngoi ngnh - li mong mun c mt b sch lch
s ghi li y din mo qu kh, hin ti v tng lai ca mt ngnh cng
nghip, kinh t ln mnh ang gi vai tr u tu ca t nc.
Ngay khi cuc khng chin chng thc dn Php ca nhn dn Vit Nam kt
thc thng li v min Bc c hon ton gii phng, vi tm nhn chin lc,
Ch tch H Ch Minh t mc tiu phi xy dng mt ngnh cng nghip
Du kh ca t nc t tm c quc t. Bng cc cuc i thm cc m du ca
Anbani, nh my lc du ca Bungari (nm 1957), m du Nheftianye Kamnhi
trn bin Caxpin ca Adcbaigian (nm 1959), Ngi ngh Lin X gip
Vit Nam xy dng ngnh Du kh. Nhiu hc sinh v cn b c ng v
Nh nc c sang Lin X v cc nc x hi ch ngha khc hc v thc tp
v tm kim, thm d, khai thc du kh v lc ha du...
Theo ngh ca Vit Nam, t nm 1959 Lin X c cc chuyn gia c kinh
nghim va nghin cu kho st, nh gi trin vng du kh, va o to cn b
Vit Nam. Mt k hoch tng th v cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh min
Bc Vit Nam c cc chuyn gia Lin X v Vit Nam xut v tng bc
trin khai. Ngy 27-11-1961, on Thm d du la 36 chnh thc ra i nh
du chng u ca nhng thay i, thng trm cng t nc v c th ni mi
bc pht trin ca ngnh u gp phn to ra nhng bc thay i quan trng
trong nn kinh t Vit Nam.
Sut 14 nm hot ng (t thng 11-1961 n thng 9-1975), on Thm d
du la 36, sau ny l Lin on a cht 36, kho st a cht - a vt l du
xi
M u
kh trn ton min Bc v tp trung thm d ng bng sng Hng, vng trng
An Chu; pht hin du kh trong nhiu ging khoan, nht l pht hin m
kh Tin Hi - Thi Bnh. Ti min Nam, vo nhng nm u ca thp k 1970,
mt s cng ty du kh phng Ty bt u thm d du kh thm lc a Nam
Vit Nam.
Ch 3 thng sau ngy min Nam hon ton gii phng, B Chnh tr ra
Ngh quyt s 244-NQ/TW v vic trin khai thm d du kh trn c nc v
trn c s Ngh quyt s 244, ngy 3-9-1975, Chnh ph quyt nh thnh lp
Tng cc Du kh Vit Nam - mt t chc thng nht v du kh cho c nc
vi mc tiu: nhanh chng tm ra v khai thc nhiu du kh... nhanh chng
hnh thnh mt nn cng nghip du kh hon chnh, bao gm c thm d, khai
thc, vn chuyn, lc du, ha du, c kh phc v ngnh Du kh.... Trong 15
nm tip theo (t thng 9-1975 n thng 6-1990), Tng cc Du kh t tin
hnh thm d du kh trn t lin v hp tc vi mt s cng ty du kh phng
Ty thm d mt s l thm lc a Nam Vit Nam. Ngy 19-4-1981, mt khi
kh u tin t m Tin Hi - Thi Bnh bt u c khai thc, c dn n
trm tucbin kh pht in. Ngy 26-6-1986, bc t ph hp tc ton din vi
Lin X v du kh cho kt qu mong i: tn du th u tin c X nghip
Lin doanh Vietsovpetro khai thc t m Bch H ti thm lc a Vit Nam, ghi
danh Vit Nam vo danh sch cc nc sn xut du kh trn th gii. Du kh
Vit Nam bt u gp phn quan trng vo khc phc khng hong kinh t - x
hi trong hon cnh t nc b bao vy, cm vn. Ngh quyt s 15-NQ/TW
(ngy 7-7-1988) ca B Chnh tr thi lung gi i mi vo hot ng du
kh Vit Nam. Nhiu cng ty du kh phng Ty bt u tr li Vit Nam. ng
thi vi hot ng thm d v khai thc du kh, nhng c s dch v du kh
u tin c xy dng... Nn mng ca ngnh cng nghip Du kh Vit Nam
c hnh thnh.
Khong thi gian 16 nm sau (1990-2006), ngnh Du kh Vit Nam c
nhng bt ph v m hnh t chc v hot ng, tr thnh mt t chc sn xut
kinh doanh - Tng cng ty Du kh Vit Nam (Petrovietnam), tng cng hp tc
quc t, thu ht nhiu cng ty du kh hng u th gii u t vo Vit Nam, gp
phn ph th bao vy, cm vn ca M. Vi nhiu m mi c pht hin, sn
lng du kh tng nhanh, ngnh cng nghip kh Vit Nam pht trin mnh vi
ba h thng ng ng dn kh cc b Cu Long, Nam Cn Sn v Malay - Th
Chu, Nh my m Ph M ra i, cc cng trnh lc ho du c xc tin, cc
loi hnh cng nh cc c s dch v du kh, k c nghin cu khoa hc cng
xii
M u
ngh v o to ngun nhn lc c pht trin. V cn bn, ngnh Du kh Vit

Nam kh hon chnh trong nhiu lnh vc v bt u trin khai hot ng du
kh ra th gii (Mng C, Malaixia, Angiri). Du kh Vit Nam ng gp t
mt phn t n mt phn ba ngun thu ngn sch nh nc hng nm.
u nm 2006, c B Chnh tr xem xt, kt lun, Th tng Chnh ph
ph duyt Chin lc pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam n nm 2015 v nh
hng n nm 2025, m ng cho ngnh Du kh Vit Nam bc ln tm cao
mi. Theo Quyt nh s 198/2006/Q-TTg ngy 29-8-2006, Tp on Du kh
Quc gia Vit Nam c thnh lp. n nay ngnh Du kh Vit Nam hon chnh
ng b mi lnh vc hot ng thng qua vic Nh my lc du Dung Qut, Nh
my Polypropylen i vo sn xut, cc s kin tng cng u t thm d v
mua m nc ngoi (chu Phi, Nam M v M Latinh), bt u c ngun thu t
du khai thc nc ngoi (Malaixia, Lin bang Nga). Bn cnh l vic Tp
on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam cn u t vo nhiu lnh vc nh sn xut in
(cc nh my: in C Mau I v II, Nhn Trch I v II), x si,... Cc cng ty v
n v thnh vin ca Tp on c cu li m hnh qun l, iu hnh, quyn s
hu, a dng ha ngnh, ngh nhm nng cao nng lc phi hp, sn xut, dch
v cng nh hiu qu u t. Cng cuc c phn ha c bn hon thnh v
ang pht huy sc mnh. Tp on tip tc ng hng u trong cc t chc kinh
t Vit Nam v trong ng gp ngun thu vo ngn sch nh nc.
Bn cnh cc ngnh than, in c tui i pht trin trn trm nm, ngnh
Du kh Vit Nam tuy mi bc vo tui nm mi nhng vic vit lch s
khng phi d dng, thun li. Kh khn u tin l Hi ng Bin son, Ban
Bin son v cc tc gi, cng tc vin tuy l nhng ngi trc tip tham gia vo
tin trnh lch s du kh Vit Nam, song hon ton khng c nghip v v bin
son lch s! Kh khn th hai l ngun ti liu. Mc d, Lu tr ca Tp on
kh tt, nhng do nhiu ln thay i v t chc, tr s, khi lng ti liu s,
a dng, vn cn ang trong qu trnh sp xp, ngoi ra c ln ma to, nc h
Thin Quang trn ngp tr s 80 Nguyn Du ca Tng cc Du kh, lm h hi
nhiu ti liu lu tr! l cha k cc nhn chng lch s cng dn dn ra i
theo nm thng. Kh khn th ba l mt s thnh vin ch cht trong Hi ng
Bin son, Ban Bin son, ch bin v tc gi l cn b ng chc, b cng vic
chi phi, thi gian cn eo hp cho vic bin son lch s. Nhng kh khn v tr
ngi ny phn no c khc phc bi s ng h, c v, ng vin, h tr nhit
tnh bng cch gp , cung cp thng tin, t liu, ti liu ca cn b trong ngnh
ngh hu hay ang lm vic. ng k hn c l c s t vn c th, nhit tnh,
xiii
M u
y trch nhim ca Tng Th k Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam Dng Trung

Quc, c gio s ng Phong, tin s s hc Khng c Thim. Qua nhiu ln hi
tho tng phn, tng chng, Ban Bin son nhn c hn 60 gp , nhn xt
hoc bng vn bn, hoc bng cch b sung, sa cha ngay vo bn d tho. Ban
Bin son tip thu, sa cha, b sung ngay nhng kin chnh xc, c t liu,
ti liu c th km theo. Nhng ng gp m Ban Bin son cng tc gi phi tm
li ti liu, thng tin gc kim chng, hoc cn phi c thi gian tng i di
mi c th tm kim ngun ti liu b sung cho ln ti bn sau. Mc d c
gng ht sc, nhng do tm vc ca b sch tng i s nn khng trnh
khi sai st. Hi ng Bin son rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca bn
c trong v ngoi ngnh sa cha, b sung khi ti bn b sch Lch s ngnh
Du kh Vit Nam.
Cui cng, xin chn thnh cm n ng y, Hi ng Thnh vin, Ban Tng
Gim c, cc Ban/Vn phng Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam, cc n v
trong ton ngnh, cc tc gi, c vn v cng tc vin, c gio s ng Phong, cc
nh s hc: Dng Trung Quc, Khng c Thim ca Hi Khoa hc Lch s
Vit Nam v Nh xut bn Chnh tr quc gia - S tht to iu kin cho chng
ti hon thnh nhim v a b sch ny ra mt bn c vo ng dp cc ngy
l k nim c bit ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
H Ni, thng 7 nm 2011
Hi ng Bin son
xiv
Chng 1

Ch bin Nguyn Hip
Tc gi Nguyn Hip, Phan Huy Quynh
Chng 2

Ch bin
Phan Minh Bch
Ph Ch bin
Trng Minh, H c Hoi
C vn
Bi c Thiu, V Bt
Tc gi
ng Ca, inh Vn Danh, Nguyn Giao,
Nguyn ng Hi, Vn Hn,

Nguyn Quang Hp, Nguyn Hip,
Vn Lu, Ngc Ngn,
on Thm, on Thin Tch,
Trn Ngc Ton, L Quang Trung,
B Vn T, Nguyn Vn Vnh
Cng tc vin
Nguyn Ngc Hp, Nguyn Tn Kch,
ng Phong, Ph L Sn, Nguyn Ch Thnh,

Quang Ton, Trn Xanh
chng
HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH

VIT NAM TRC NM 1945
I. Du m v sn phm du vi x hi Vit Nam

Hot ng lin quan n a cht, thm d, khai khong, ch bin v s dng
ti nguyn khong sn Vit Nam c hnh thnh v pht trin t thi nguyn
thu, trong nhng phm vi v trnh khc nhau, c ghi nhn qua nhiu di
tch kho c v s liu.
Cch y khong 6.000 nm n 5.000 nm, c dn sng trn lnh th Vit
Nam c k thut ch tc v lm gm kh pht trin. Phn ln cc b lc
bit trng la. Khong 4.000 nm trc cc b lc sng lu vc sng Hng
bit s dng mt loi nguyn liu mi l ng v c k thut luyn kim ng thau.
Thi i kim kh thi Hng Vng pht trin qua cc giai on ng, ng
thau, rc r nht l vn ho ng Sn c nhng trng ng ni ting.
Vo cc triu i phong kin inh, Tin L, L, Trn, Hu L n triu
Nguyn, tuy nhiu nm phi chng ngoi xm, nhng vic khai thc v s dng
ti nguyn vn c pht trin.
Trn th gii, cch y trn 5.000 nm, ngi dn Trung ng bit khai
thc bitum Hit, trn sng phrt, cch Babilon khng xa (nay l thnh ph Bta,
Irc), lm va xy tng, lm ng, trt thuyn chng thm nc, c t
chiu sng (nhng khng tt v khng sng lm m li nhiu khi v mi kh
chu); nhng li pht huy tc dng lm cht chy dng trong chin tranh. Ngoi ra,
bitum cn c dng lm thuc cha mt s bnh (chng chy mu, lm lin cc
vt thng, lm du xoa bp)1.
1. Daniel Yergin: Du m, tin bc v quyn lc, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2008, tr. 41-42.
Phn th nht: NHNG HOT NG V T CHC DU KH...
chu u, ngi dn pht hin

kh chy Salsomaggiore - Italia
nm 1226, du Andt - Php nm
1498 v du t - earth balsam Ba Lan nm 1506. Cn Marco Polo
ghi chp v sui du Bacu
vo cui th k XIII.
chu M, nm 1595, Raleigh
ni v h hc n Trinidad; nm
1632, Fransiscan thm sui
du Niu Oc.
chu , khi khoan tm mui,
ngi Trung Quc pht hin
du t 1.700 nm trc y; cn
ngi Mianma s dng du t
rt sm v bit khai thc du bng
cc ging o th cng vo cui
H hc n Trinidad
th k XVIII, sn lng hng nm
t ti 250.000 thng (33.333 tn),
nhiu hn lng du khai thc vng Ccad (Lin bang Nga), Rumani, Ba Lan,
c vo thi 1.
Nm 1859, i t
Edwin Drake s dng
k thut khoan tm
mui ca Trung Quc,
khoan su 21 m pht
hin du Oil CreekTitusville-Pennsylvania
(M), ng thi cng
m u cho s ra i ca
nn cng nghip du kh
hin i.
Sn lng nh khai
thc du nm 1900 l 0,4
Gin khoan thi xa ca Trung Quc
1. The Petroleum Handbook. Elsevier. 1983, tr.3, 4, 36.
Chng 1: HOT NG THM D A CHT V DU KH...
triu thng/ngy (khong

53.000 tn/ngy), nm
1940 l 6 triu thng/
ngy (khong 0,8 triu
tn/ngy), nm 1950 l 11
triu thng/ngy (khong
1,33 triu tn/ngy), nm
1960 l 22 triu thng/
ngy (khong 2,66 triu
tn/ngy).
Vo nhng nm 50
ca th k XIX, M,
lut s George Bissell v
Ging khoan du u tin trn th gii do Edwin Drake
ch tch ngn hng James
khoan nm 1859 ti Pennsylvania (M)
Townsend cho rng t
du m c th ch bin thnh du thp sng, cng tc vi J. Benjamin Silliman gio s ho hc ti Trng i hc Yale, ngi thnh cng trong vic chng ct
du m thnh nhiu sn phm khc nhau. Nm 1854, tin s Abraham Gesner np
n xin cp bng sng ch ca M cho vic sn xut mt cht lng hydrocarbon
mi m ti t tn l du la (keosene) v c th dng thp sng v cho cc mc
ch khc. Nm 1894, Gesner np n xin cp bng sng ch Phng thc mi
sn xut cht lng hydrocarbongi tt l du la) v s dng cho qu trnh thp
sng v cc mc ch khc. Gesner tham gia thnh lp mt nh my sn xut du
la Niu Oc. Nm 1859, nh my ny sn xut c 5.000 gallon (14.000 lt)
du mi ngy1.
Nm 1860, trn th gii c 15 nh my lc du, n nm 1865 tng ln n
194 nh my, ch yu sn xut ra naphtha, du ho v du cn (Naphtha-xng,
khng bit s dng lm g, phi i! V lc cha pht minh ra ng c t
trong, ch yu l ng c hi nc)2.
Ch sau khi pht minh ra ng c t trong, nht l khi xy ra Chin tranh th
gii th nht (1914-1918), nhu cu xng, diesel, du m tng mnh. n gia th
k XX, cng nghip ch bin du kh pht trin rt mnh, sn phm lc du
v ha du chim t trng ln trn th gii, khng nh nhn loi bc vo
thi i du kh.
1. Daniel Yergin: Du m, tin bc v quyn lc, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2008, tr. 35, 41, 42.
2. Theo http://www.pafko.com/history/h_petro.html
Nm 1895, H Ni c in pht ra t Nh my n B H, lc u c 300 bng n

cng sut nh1... n nm 1935, ton ng Dng c 42 nh my in, cng sut
59 MW. Nm 1939, in cho cng cng v tiu dng c nhn l 149.200.000 kWh,
cho sn xut l 101.000.000 kWh2. C mt vng nng thn rng ln Vit Nam
khi , nh no nh ny ch leo lt ngn n du lc, sau ny c thay th bng
ngn n du ha.
C mt s ti liu cho rng du ha c s dng Vit Nam vo khong gia
th k XIX, nhng chc chn vo cui th k XIX c s dng nhiu. Trong
cun X Bc K ngy trc, Clt Buaranh cho bit: Nm 1895 ngoi ng
ph H Ni, ngi ta vn thp n du ha, c chp ti cc phu n li bc thang
tro ln cc ct chm n, sng li dng ng x ng tt i3. Cn ngy 5-91899, Ton quyn ng Dng ra ngh nh mc thu tiu th du ha trn ton
ng Dng l 6 phrng/100 kg4.
Ngay t nhng nm 1898-1899, t bn xng du phng Ty c mt cng

Nh B v sau l cng Hi Phng. Nhng sn phm du m dng Vit Nam
lc do Cng ty ng n ca H Lan (East Indie) cung cp.
Shell5 l mt trong nhng hng du ln nht th gii c mt Vit Nam thi Php
thuc. T nhng nm 1903-1904, Shell c xng lm thng thic loi 350 lt v 20
lt ti Nh B. Nm 1904, Cng ty Du chu (APC - Asiatic PetroleumCompany)6
n Hi Phng bn n du ho - n du Hoa K7. Ngy 4-11-1911,
Royal Dutch Shell Group thnh lp Hng du Php - (CFAP Compagnie Franco-Asiatique des Ptroles); Hng c nhim v bun bn xng
du ti ng Dng v pha Nam Trung Quc. Nm 1930, Shell xy tr s
1. Cng ty Xng du khu vc I: 50 nm xy dng v pht trin 1956-2006, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H
Ni, 2006, tr.19.
2. ng Phong: Lch s kinh t Vit Nam 1945-2000. Tp I: 1945-1954, Nxb. Khoa hc x hi, H Ni,
2002, tr. 200.
3. Cng ty Xng du khu vc I: 50 nm xy dng v pht trin 1956-2006, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H
Ni, 2006, tr.19.
4. Dng Kinh Quc: Vit Nam nhng s kin lch s 1858-1918, Nxb. Gio dc, 2006, tr. 263.
5. Cng ty Shell (vi logo hnh v s) l cng ty ca nc Anh do Marcus Samuel cng vi ngi cha
thnh lp nm 1833 nhp khu v s. Khi i thu mua v s vng bin Caxpin vo nm 1892, ngi
em ca Samuel pht hin thy c th nhp du thp n (lamp oil) vng ny, nn ny ra mua
sm tu cha du (tanker) vn chuyn. Nm 1897, Marcus Samuel v em l Samuel Samuel thnh
lp Shell Transport and Trading Company vn chuyn v bun bn du. Sau Shell Transport and
Trading Company hp nht vi Royal Dutch Petroleum Company ca H Lan (c thnh lp nm
1890 bi Jean Baptiste August Kessler, Henri Deterding v Cng ty Texaco, khai thc du H Lan v
Innxia) thnh lp Royal Dutch Shell Group vo thng 2-1907.
6. Cng ty Du chu (APC - Asiatic Petroleum Company) l doanh nghip hp nht do Marcus Samuel
(Shell), Henri Deterding (Royal Dutch) v nh Rothschild thnh lp thng 6-1902.
7. John Kleinein: Side Streets of History: A Dutchmans stereoscopic views of colonial Vietnam.
ti s nh 15, i l Nrm
(nay l ng L Dun, qun I,
Thnh ph H Ch Minh, l tr
s ca Cng ty Xng du khu vc
II - Petrolimex Si Gn). min
Bc, Shell c kho du Thng
L (Hi Phng), c tr s H
Ni (sau ny l tr s ca B
Khoa hc v Cng ngh, s 39
ph Trn Hng o - H Ni)
v khu kho bi t ti u ph
Khm Thin, ngi dn H Ni
quen gi l Nh Du.
Ton cnh S Du Thng L nm 1933
Trn khu t Nh Du,

sau ny xy dng tr s ca Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam - Petrolimex1.
Nh Du (c ngi cn gi l S Nh Du) l ni bn xng cho nhng ngi c
t v bn du ha cho nhng ngi dng n thp sng. Du la c bn bun
t cc cng (Nh B, Hi Phng) ln cc thnh ph v c nhng ngi bun li
gnh i bn rong trn cc ng ph, cc ch qu, k c bn n Hoa K. T khi
c S Nh Du, ci ng nh u tin ca ph Khm Thin c ngi dn gi l
ng Nh Du. Tn ny vn tn ti cho n gn y, khi U ban nhn dn thnh
ph H Ni quy nh dng ch s thay cho tn gi. Ng Nh Du c i thnh
ng 1 Khm Thin. Ci tn Nh Du cn st li trn tm bin ch Trm bin p
in trc ng2.
V xut x chic n du Hoa K: Theo Daniel Yergin, mt dc s t Lvov (nay
thuc Ucraina), vi s gip ca mt ngi th ng nc pht minh ra mt
loi n t du gi r. Da trn thit k ban u ca ngi dc s v ngi th
ng ng Lvov, chic n khc phc c cc vn khi v mi. Sau ,
mt i l bn du ti Niu Oc pht hin ra mt loi n c ng khi bng
thu tinh t du la ang c sn xut ti Vin. i l Niu Oc nhp khu
loi n du ny v nhanh chng chim lnh th trng. Do lin tc c ci tin,
loi n xut x t Vin tr thnh c s cho hot ng kinh doanh n du ti
nc M v sau c xut khu trn khp th gii3.
V lch s tn n Hoa K, theo c gio s ng Phong hin cn nhiu gi
thuyt. Mt s kin cho rng do cc hng du ca M khuyn mi bng cch
c mua 1 thng du th tng 1 chic n. Ci tn n Hoa K bt ngun t
1. 50 nm Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam (1956-2006), Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006.
2. Theo ti liu ca c gio s ng Phong.
3. Daniel Yergin: Du m, tin bc v quyn lc, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2008, tr. 44.
Ng Nh Du bn cnh Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam, nay l ng 1 Khm Thin
Hnh nh trch t cun sch K thut ca ngi An Nam

1. Li c kin cho rng Hoa K khng phi l M, m l tn mt ca hiu
ng Jule Ferry (nay l ph Hng Trng, H Ni) chuyn lm ra loi n ny
bng st ty bn, t ngi mua ly tn hiu gi tn n2.
Nm 1926, t bn Php thnh lp Cng ty Bugi ng Dng (Compagnie

Indochinoise de Bougie) kinh doanh cc loi du t, sn phm ph nh xi,
parafin, bougie cho my n.
T nhng nm 30 ca th
k XX, Cng ty Du Caltex
(M) n Vit Nam, tr s
t ti nh s 27-28 bn Bch
ng (Si Gn), sau ny l tr
s Cng ty Cung ng tu bin.
Caltex c chi nhnh Thng
L (Hi Phng).
T nhng nm 30 ca th
k XX, Cng ty Standard Oil
(M) c kho Nh B, i l
Bp du c dng Lin X nm 1930
Thng L (Hi Phng) v t
nm 1911 bun bn du vi thng hiu ESSO (ESSO l pht m ca hai ch
S v O ca t Standard Oil, v t nm 1911, trnh c quyn, chnh ph M
buc Cng ty Standard Oil phi chia thnh 7 cng ty khu vc nh California
Standard Oil).
Caltex l mt cng ty du lin doanh gia Texaco (Texas Company) v California
Standard Oil, c thnh lp nm 1936.
Texaco u tin l Cng ty nhin liu Texas (Texas - Fuel Company) do Joseph S.
Cullinan thnh lp Beaumont - Texas nm 1901
Tng kho xng du Nh B c xy dng t nm 1910, nhiu cng ty du u

c kho y3.
Cc s liu thng k di y cho thy s lng xng du c nhp vo
ng Dng:
1. Nguyn Cng Hoan: Nh v ghi v H Ni, Nxb. Tr, 2004, tr. 149.
2. Henry Oger: Introduction gnrale ltude de la technique du peuple Annamite, Geuthner, p. 28.
Dumoutier: Essais sur les Tonkinois, Imprimerie dExtrme-Orient, 1908, pp. 74-75.
3. 50 nm Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam (1956-2006), Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006.
Nm 1932, du lc: 44.690 tn, xng: 31.210 tn, du nng: 6.900 tn;
Nm 1933, du lc: 40.560 tn, xng: 27.750 tn, du nng: 5.670 tn;
Nm 1934, du lc: 34.950 tn, xng: 29.540 tn, du nng: 24.500 tn1.
II. Hot ng tm kim du m ca ngi Php

Sau khi hon thnh c bn vic t ch thng tr Vit Nam, thc dn Php
khn trng xc tin vic iu tra, thm d ti nguyn, y mnh khai thc bc
lt kinh t.
T nm 1888 n nm 1929, t bn Php u t mnh vo Vit Nam, khong
3,5-4,5 t phrng vng u t vo nng nghip, cy cng nghip, giao thng vn
ti, bu chnh vin thng, hng khng
Php thnh lp rt sm cc t chc m nhim vic nghin cu iu tra
a cht thu ht nhiu nh a cht gii, ban hnh cc vn bn php lut cho
vic thm d, khai thc khong sn ng Dng, ln lt thnh lp S M
Nam K (nm 1868), Nha M ng Dng (nm 1884), Cng ty Than Bc K
ca Php (thng 4-1888).
Thng 10-1888, Tng thng Php ra sc lnh u tin v m ng Dng,
trong quy nh v thu l di nhng v quyn s hu m. Nm 1898 (trn
giy t l nm 1894), S a cht ng Dng c thnh lp (Gim c l
M. Counillon - gio s Trng Chasseloup Laubat, nay l Trng trung hc ph
thng L Qu n, Thnh ph H Ch Minh) trc thuc Nha Canh nng v
Thng mi, n nm 1904 trc thuc Ban Thanh tra Cng chnh (S M). Nm
1921, Nha M c thnh lp gm S M, S a cht, mt phng th nghim v
th cc vt liu khong. Nm 1928, Hi ng Nghin cu khoa hc ng Dng
c thnh lp, c 40 thnh vin; trong c i din S a cht. Nm 1929, S
a cht sp nhp vo Tng Thanh tra M v K ngh, nm 1933 S a cht li
thuc Tng Thanh tra Cng chnh v n nm 1939 li trc thuc Tng Thanh tra
M v K ngh ng Dng (t chc ny c ti thnh lp nm 1938)2.
Ngoi ra, nm 1899, Ton quyn ng Dng thnh lp S a l ng Dng
trc thuc Ban Tham mu qun i Php, c nhim v thnh lp v in cc bn
1. ng Phong: Lch s kinh t Vit Nam 1945-2000. Tp I: 1945-1954, Nxb. Khoa hc x hi, H Ni,
2002, tr. 65.
2. Tp on Du kh Vit Nam (Ch bin Nguyn Hip): a cht v ti nguyn du kh Vit Nam,
Nxb. Khoa hc k thut, H Ni, 2007, tr. 17-18.
10
a hnh ng Dng. Nhng bn ny l c s rt quan trng cho vic v cc

bn a cht.
Nm 1922, Vin Hi dng hc ng Dng c thnh lp. Nhng nm
1923-1927, tu De Lanessan (Php) kho st su y bin v thu thp mu
y Bin ng. Nm 1930, ngi Php cho tin hnh o su, kho st a
hnh cc khu vc bin nng ven b nh vnh Bc B, vnh Thi Lan, cc o v
qun o: Hong Sa, Trng Sa, Ph Quc.
Sau khi ra i, mc d s ngi rt t (3-7 ngi), song S a cht ng Dng
nhanh chng xc tin cng tc iu tra v bn a cht cc t l 1/4.000.000
(nm 1928), 1/2.000.000 (cc nm: 1928, 1931, 1937). ng lu nht l Bn a
cht ng Dng t l 1/2.000.000, do J. Fromaget cng tc vi F. Bonelli, J. Hoffet
v E. Saurin lp nm 1937 (nm 1952 v nm 1971 c ti bn c b sung), th
hin c kh y cu trc a cht ca ng Dng.
V iu tra ti nguyn khong sn: c rt nhiu cng trnh lin quan n than
v cc kim loi ng, st, km, thic, vng, bc
Cc cng trnh nghin cu ca S a cht ng Dng u c cng b
trong cc tp K yu (Mmoire) v Tp san (Bulletin) ca S. Nm 1914, Bo tng
a cht ng Dng c xy dng v nm 1919 m ca n cng chng vo
tham quan. Bo tng c 5 nghn mu , khong vt v ho thch rt c gi tr1.
Cho n nay, nhng kt qu nghin cu a cht khu vc, a tng, c sinh,
khong sn ng Dng vn c gi tr cho nhng nghin cu a cht sau ny.
T bn Php thnh lp rt nhiu cng ty khai thc cc m than, crm v
phtpht Cc hot ng khai thc m ca Php Vit Nam phn ln tp trung
min Bc, ni c iu kin a cht thun li thnh to khong sn.
Cc cng trnh chuyn su v a cht du kh rt t so vi a cht khu vc ni
chung v khong sn rn ni ring. Tuy nhin, cc ti liu cn li cho thy cc
thng tin v du kh Vit Nam v ng Dng c bit kh sm.
Vo nm 1901, ngi Php tin hnh khoan mt vi ging khoan ti
Nng nhng khng gp kh chy v nm 1910 khoan v o ging vng
Ni Lch, Yn Bi. Ngy 23-3-1914, ti Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Php, De Launay
trnh by ghi chp ca P. Durandin V s c th tn ti m du kh ng
1. Tp on Du kh Vit Nam (Ch bin Nguyn Hip): a cht v ti nguyn du kh Vit Nam,
Sd, tr.18. Hong Th Thn. Le Service gologique de lIndochine 1898-1953. Extrait du Bulletin de la
socit des tudes indochinoises. Nouvelle srie-tome XLVIII-No 4. 1973.
11
Bo tng a cht ng Dng (nm 1914)
Dng thuc Php theo cc ch dn a danh nh Nm Du Lng Sn (nm l

sui, du l du ho?)1.
Vn du m Bc B v nhng vng cn li ng Dng c nu r
trong bo co chung v cng nghip m, nhn cuc thanh tra cc nc thuc a
vo thng 3-19222, gm nhng vng chnh nh sau:
(1) B trm tch Tam ng Ho (Qung Yn, nay l Qung Ninh) cha cc
va than lignit ang c khai thc v phin du dy khong 15 m, khi chng
ct cho 3-8% du khong (huile minrale) bc chy d dng, c th s dng lm
cht t khi trn vi lignit.
Ngi Php tm thy du ng Ho vo nm 1919. Nm 1924, P.Schoen c bo
co v m ny. Theo li k ca mt cng nhn lm vic y, khong nhng
nm 1930-1934, ngi Php giao cho mt thu khon Vit Nam thm d, mu
c ly gi i phn tch nc ngoi. Nm 1940-1941, ngi Nht Bn cng
n kho st vng ny. Cch thc thm d lc bng o ging, l, ho, ko t
bng tay v trc ti, rt nc bng my bm chy bng hi nc (ni supde)
1. Durandin P., 1914. Sur lxistence possible de gisements ptrolifres dans lIndochine franaise daprs
les indices toponymiques. CR. Acad. Sci. France, 158, pp 900-903, Paris.
2. Gouvernement gnral de lIndochine. Service des mines. La question du ptrole au Tonkin et dans
le reste de lIndochine. Extrait de rapport gnral sur lindustrie minire tablit pour linspection des
colonies, Mars-1922.
12

v mc bng tay. Vn chuyn t
thi bng xe gong, mu ly c
a ra thuyn bng xe ba gc.
S nhn cng khong 30 ngi
(nm 1930). Php nh gi ti
nguyn thy l 2.450.000 tn,
chc c l 2.750.000 tn, c th
c l 10.375.000 tn. Tng cng
15.575.000 tn1.
(2) Trm tch Tam

tnh Tuyn Quang, trn mi
lp lignit cn gp phin
Vt l du ng Ho, Qung Ninh
st - vi mu scla, khi
chng ct cho cc du khong t l khc nhau. Hai thnh to trn rt ging nhau,
nhng cc b rt hn ch, theo tnh ton s b, tr lng cc phin khng
ln, do kh c th xy dng c mt nh my du nc thuc a ny.
(3) Trm tch Paleozoi vng Ni Lch, hu ngn sng Hng, cch th x Yn
Bi (nay l thnh ph Yn Bi) v pha Nam 3-4 km, c di vi nt n, graphit
ho biu hin hydrocarbon xm nhim, to thnh mng ca b trm tch sng h Tam, dy khong 1.000 m, b un np Yn Bi dc thung lng sng Hng2.
Nm 1919, Nha M ng Dng tin hnh kho st a cht, thi cng mt
s cng trnh ho, h thng ngun Ngi c, Ngi Giao, c bit khoan
sn pha ng Ni Lch. Ngy 12-1-1911 khoan ti su 52 m v su 35 m
xuyn qua lp ct kt mu en c mi du m, nhng sau ngng ri b3.
Nm 1922, theo xut ca Guidon Lavalle thuc S M, Pierre Viennot
cng vi Guidon Lavalle kho st li vng Ni Lch, Ngi c, Ngi Giao, lp bn
ti liu thc t t l 1/50.000 v mt ct a cht qua Ni Lch, v gi mu phn
tch ti Phng th nghim ca S M, kt qu cho thy c hp cht hydrocarbon4.
Ngy 1-12-1924, ti hi ngh ca Hi a cht Php, P. Viennot im qua cc
nghin cu a cht ca R. Zeiller, 1893, E. Beauverie, 1911, L. Dussault, 1922, 1929
lin quan n vng Yn Bi, gm cc thnh to bin cht, cc trm tch Paleozoi
1. Bo co v tnh hnh m Schiste bitumineux ng Ho - Qung Yn ca Nguyn Xun An v L Vn
Bng, ngy 4-9-1958.
2. P. Viennot, 1924; E. Sarran, 1899; J. Fromaget, 1941.
3. La question du ptrole, 1922; P. Viennot, 1924.
4. Gouvernement gnral de lIndochine. Service des mines, 1922. Notes sur un prlvement dchantillons
effectu dans la rgion ptrolifre de Nui Lich-province Yen Bai.
13
v b Tam. Theo nhn nh ca P.

Viennot, c s xut l du y, tuy
nhin khng c kh nng tn ti mt
m du, nhng c th y l du hiu
tt cho cng tc tm kim du m
x ny.
(4) vng Tourane ( Nng),
ngi ta thng bo v s tn ti
ct kt cha du m v c xc
nhn ca nh iu tra (Prospecteur)
cho bit c du khong r r trong
20 nm qua, t khi lm cc nn mng
cng trnh vng ny, v trong mu
ct do phng th nghim tin hnh
c l l hn hp ca hydrocarbon.V
phng din a cht, nu s tn ti
hydrocarbon l c kh nng trong b
Mesozoi Nng Sn pha Ty Nam
Bn kho st vng Ni Lch, Yn Bi
Nng, th n li t c kh nng
gn thnh ph ny, ni ngi ta ch bit ngoi bi tch hin ti l bin cht
kt tinh, vic ko di ca b ny di nhng bi tch c l khong 10 km pha
Nam Nng.
Vt l du trong vi thung lng Ni Lch, Yn Bi
14
(5) im l du vng
m Th Ni (Quy Nhn)
c pht hin vo nm
1920 v nm 1944, E. Saurin
m t lng Hi Lc, chn
pha Ty ni Eo Vc, ni
b bin dc ng c du r
loang ra trn b mt bn,
ct lp y cc khe nt trong
granit khi thu triu rt
xung. Du thu c khi
chng ct dung dch mu
nu, nng c thuc tnh
Parafin v ch s khc x
l 1,425 nhit 28oC. E.

Saurin cho rng c th c s
tn ti du trong trm tch
vng vnh su di trm tch
hin i, v khng nghi ng g
n thuc Neogen, hoc c th
l phn di ca T. Nm
1944, ngi Php tin hnh
khoan thm d cc vng pha
Ty Hi Lc, ng K Sn
thuc vnh Quy Nhn n
su 40 m, gp mng granit
v trn l lp bn ct bin
im l du m Th Ni, Quy Nhn
mu xm, nhng khng pht
hin ra du. Nm 1945, ngi Nht Bn cng tin hnh khoan thm mt s ging
nhng cng khng pht hin g thm. n nm 1957, E. Saurin tr li nghin cu
im du ny gn lng Hi Lc, bn di lp ct bin 20 cm l lp bn ct mu
en, mi thi c nhng vng du loang trn lp bn sapropel phong ph nhng
mng vn thc vt (to) nh l m ca du phn tn, ri rc vnh Quy Nhn.
T nhng kt qu nghin cu mi ny, cng vi ti liu thm d nm 1944, nm
1964 E. Saurin li c nhn nh rng du y khng phi t trm tch Neogen hay
T c, m chnh l lp bn sapropel giu mn thc vt vnh Quy Nhn to ra.
Trong s khng nhiu cc nghin cu v du kh ni trn, ng lu nht l ti
liu Nhng c im a cht v kh nng du m ng Dng (Considrations
gologiques sur les possibilits de ptrole en Indochine) hon thnh ngy 22-4-1936
ca J. Fromaget, Gim c S a cht ng Dng (sau l vin s Vin Hn
lm Khoa hc Php). J. Fromaget c nhng nhn nh tng qut rng: cho
d nhng du hiu trc tip cn him (lc du hiu trc tip ca du kh l
tin tm kim rt quan trng), song trin vng du m ng Dng l ln
(stendent de trs grandes surfaces). Trn c s nh gi chung v cc thnh to
trm tch, cc c im c a l v kin to ng Dng, J. Fromaget cho rng
nhng a tng trm tch c kh nng du m nh sau:
- Lot di Indosinias di v gia, trong quan trng nht l trm tch
Moscovi trn di Carni, nhng i khi xung n tn y Carbon v ln
n Nori.
- Lot gia, Lias.
15
- Lot trn rt hn ch c tui Neogen.

J. Fromaget m t chi tit cc mt ct Chang Poung - H Giang (Paleozoi), rt
quan tm n trm tch bin vng ny. Tng chn l dip thch st Devon; mt
ct Paleozoi Savanakhet (Lo) c tng chn l trm tch mu Neotrias, tng
cha l vi Carbon-Permi, m l trm tch Devon; Campuchia ng m
t cc trm tch pha ng.
i vi cc thnh to Neogen,
J. Fromaget m t cc trm tch
h, sng hp dc thung lng sng
Hng. Lc Bnh - Lng Sn, dc
theo thung lng sng K Cng
l ra ct kt, st kt cha bitum.
Mu c phn tch Php nm
1927 cho bit c nhiu du (huile)
tng ny. thung lng sng
Hng, ng nhc li pht hin ca
P. Viennot nm 1924 Ni Lch,
ng cho rng du sinh ra t trm
tch Paleozoi. c bit cc trm
tch sng, h thung lng sng
Hng c th lin h vi cc trm
tch vng ca sng nm di chu
th sng Hng s c trm tch
nc l thun li cho vic hnh
thnh du m, cc lp st chu th
s l cc tng chn. Gi thuyt ny
Bn a cht ng Dng (nm 1929) trong
c chng minh ti ging khoan
ti liu ca J. Fromaget
vo thng 9-1934 ca S Cng
chnh, Ho M, nm gn ra Ty
Bc ca chu th. Khi phn tch, ngi ta thy c kh methane (58%), khng kh
(35%), CO2 (7%) trong ct su 33 m c th kh t di su di chuyn ln.
Song J. Fromaget cho rng ch l gi thuyt.
Trong phn kt lun ca cng trnh nghin cu ny, J. Fromaget vit:
Nu cc du hiu (indices) ca du kh kh him ng Dng th cc cu trc
thch hp li c mt tng i ph bin trong cc lp su.
16

Cc cu trc ny nm phn ra cc i un np: khu vc vm (anticlinal)
Nan Hin Boum, nm ra cc b trc ni (avant-fosse) Hercyni, cc khu vc
Vientian, Tchpone, Kompon Speu v thung lng Srepok, nm trong i un
(ondule) bao quanh phn bng (tabulaire) ca ng Dng, phn ra cc i
un np hay t gy ca c cu (difice) Indosini.
Cc cu trc khc c xem nh thun li hn cho s c du, nhng li km hn
v cc i un np hp v t ko di (peu tendues); cc thung lng Skamane
v S Kong, hoc trn ton ng Dng l lc a cc thi k khc nhau trong
tin trnh lch s a cht, chia thnh lot cc di hp, song song, nm cc
cung (arcs) b chia thnh cc vng (scinds en guirlandes), v v hp nn b c lp
trn mt cng nh di su bi cc hot ng to ni.
S tn ti cc cu trc thun li lin quan cht ch vi s sp t thnh cc
cung (dispositions en arcs), nh cc thi k a cht khc nhau, bin ln
vo cc ca sng, vng, vnh, m h trong mi ng ngch (recoins) ca ng
Dng, loi tr phn trung tm ng Dng do dng khi (forme massive),
khng chu nhng chuyn ng nh phn ra ca n.
S phn b cc tng phong ph v u th cc trm tch vn (dtritiques) i
vi cc trm tch bn (vaseux) ca bin su t hay nhiu, t nht t Cambri b sp
t thnh cc chui vng (disposition en guirlandes), dn n vng mt cc tn
d (a hnh - reliefs) quan trng trn cc vng rng ln v kh thy s tn ti
cc ng bng alluvi rng ln c to bi cc trm tch c thnh phn v ht
tng t vi trm tch duyn hi hay m h.
Cc tng ny k tc s n iu, tr Devon cc trm tch bin hnh nh c
nhiu hn so vi trm tch lc a v lc a, chng c mu xanh hay lun
phin ct kt (grseux) v phin (schisteux) vi u th ct kt (grs) so vi
phin (schistes) trong cc tng bn trn v cng vi s xen k than - graphit
Huroni v Cambri, antraxit Vesphali, Stephani, Permi, Notrias v Rhti, lignite
Neogen v T, v cc phn xut - basalt Huroni bin i thnh amphibolit,
porphyrit Urali, rhyolit v dacit Permi, Trias, basalt Tam v T. Trong cc
lot ny c mt cc thu knh bin nng (nritique), ch r s dao ng ca mc
nc bin, rt thun li cho s tin ho sapropel, hn na c s xen k cc lp
marne v argiles dy, c th l cc lp chn cn thit bo v cc ti du. Cc trm
tch khng thm ca cc lp chn l Silure, cc phin st (schistes argileux) ca
Devon, cc vng khc c th n u (sommet) Trias, t Nori; i vi trm
tch Lias, t Jura hay Creta, cui cng l cc tch t gi nh (hypothtiques
dpts) Neogen Bc K, cc trm tch st (argileux) ca Delta.
l tt c nhng g c th ni v ch kh nng du kh ng Dng. Tm
li ch l nhng hy vng ln.
17
Trang u v trang cui bo co ca J. Fromaget
Nh vy, ngay vo gia nhng nm 30 ca th XX, J. Fromaget c nhng

nhn nh rt khoa hc, nhng cn c v phn tch a tng trm tch, mi trng
thnh to cc trm tch, hot ng kin to, d on s pht trin ca cc trm
tch trn vng ng Dng rng ln a ra cc nhn nh v trin vng du
kh ng Dng.
Ngy nay khoa hc a cht du kh c nhng tin b vt bc v phng
php lun, v k thut, cng ngh, thit b hin i, nhng ni chung vn trn
nhng c s nh gi trin vng du kh ng Dng m J. Fromaget cp.
18
chng
HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM

giai on 1945-1975
I. Hot ng du kh do Vit Nam Dn ch cng ha tin hnh

1. Nhng bc khi u
Cch mng Thng Tm nm 1945 a Vit Nam t mt nc thuc a tr
thnh mt nc c lp. Ngy 2-9-1945, nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha ra
i. Mc d va phi i ph vi mu tr li thng tr ca thc dn Php, va
phi chng gic i, khc phc l lt, khi phc kinh t, Chnh ph vn quan tm
t chc li ngnh a cht v m.
Ngy 3-10-1945, Ch tch H Ch Minh k Sc lnh sp nhp S Tng thanh
tra Khong cht v K ngh thuc Ph Ton quyn ng Dng vo B Quc
dn Kinh t.
Trong c cu t chc ca B Quc dn Kinh t c Nha K ngh, Gim c l
ng H c Lin. Ngy 1-4-1946, B Quc dn Kinh t t chc li c quan, trong
Nha K ngh i thnh Nha Khong cht v K ngh, Gim c l ng Nguyn
Xun Thin. Ngy 26-11-1946, Chnh ph ban hnh Sc lnh s 220-SL i tn
B Quc dn Kinh t thnh B Kinh t. Sc lnh s 21-SL k ngy 14-5-1951
i tn B Kinh t thnh B Cng Thng, trong vn duy tr Nha Khong cht
v K ngh.
Trong 9 nm khng chin chng thc dn Php (1946-1954), tp trung mi
sc lc, ca ci ca c nc vo cuc chin, Chnh ph ch o phc hi khai
thc mt s m nh than Lng Cm, Qun Triu tnh Thi Nguyn, B H
19
tnh Bc Giang, i Hoa tnh Ho

Bnh, Khe B tnh Ngh An;
thic Tnh Tc tnh Cao Bng
(t thng 7-1947); ch Bc Sn,
o An, tnh Bc Kn (1950-1952);
antimoan m Hng, Lng Can
thuc huyn Chim Ho, tnh Tuyn
Quang (1946-1950); crm C
nh, tnh Thanh Ho; vng Vnh
Tuy (tnh H Giang), Bng Miu
(Qung Nam); st Nh Xun, tnh
Thanh Ha; phtpho Vnh Thnh,
huyn Hu Lng, tnh Lng Sn
Ngy 22-1-1950, Ch tch H Ch
Minh k Sc lnh s 9-SL tuyn b:
Tt c cc ngun khong cht Vit
Nam u l ca Nh nc.
Sc lnh s 9-SL do Ch tch H Ch Minh
c bit trong chin dch in

k ngy 22-1-1950
Bin Ph, mt s cha asphalt
thung lng bn Si Lng, huyn Mai Sn, tnh Sn La c khai thc v chng
ct thnh du chy xe vn ti.
Du vt khai thc asphalt thung lng bn

Si Lng, huyn Mai Sn, tnh Sn La nm
1952-1956, chng ct 1.000 kg asphalt c 5-10 kg du
20
Chin thng ng Xun 1953-1954, nh cao

l chin thng in Bin
Ph, buc thc dn
Php phi k Hip nh
Ginev, rt qun v nc,
lp li ho bnh trn c
s tha nhn ch quyn
dn tc ca ba nc ng
Dng, kt thc thng li
s nghip khng chin
chng thc dn Php xm
lc. Vit Nam tm thi b
chia thnh hai min, ranh
gii l v tuyn 17.
Chng 2: HOT NG DU KH VIT NAM...
Sau khi min Bc c hon ton gii phng, nhn dn ta bc vo giai on

khi phc kinh t v ci to x hi ch ngha.
Thng 9-1955, Chnh ph tch B Cng Thng thnh B Cng nghip v B
Thng nghip. Ngy 28-3-1956, B Cng nghip ban hnh Ngh nh s 91/BCNQ, trong Nha Khong cht v K ngh i thnh S a cht (Gim c l ng
H c Lin (1955-1957), sau l ng L Vn c (1958-1959)). Ngy 7-7-1958,
B Cng nghip ban hnh Quyt nh s 1225-BCN/Q i tn S a cht thnh
Cc a cht (Cc trng l ng L Vn c). Ngy 26-7-1960, Ch tch nc ban
hnh Lnh s 18/LCT cng b Lut T chc Hi ng Chnh ph, theo Tng
cc a cht c thnh lp v trc thuc Hi ng Chnh ph. Tng cc trng
l ng Nguyn Vn ip. Nhn lc trong ngnh a cht pht trin rt nhanh, nu
S a cht ch c 257 ngi (trong trnh i hc c 3 ngi, trung cp c 2
ngi, s cp c 130 ngi, cng nhn c 122 ngi), th Cc a cht c hn
5 nghn ngi (nm 1960), Tng cc a cht c 22 nghn ngi (nm 1972), vi
hng nghn ngi c trnh i hc, cao ng v trung cp.
Lp o to k thut a cht nm 1955:
Mt ngy u thng 7-1955, Th trng B Cng Thng, gio s Trn i
Ngha, khai ging lp chuyn vin a cht cha Lng (lc thuc ngoi
thnh H Ni, nay thuc qun ng a). K s m H c Lin, tt nghip i
hc Php, Gim c S a cht, trc tip ph trch lp hc. Lp c 104 hc
vin, trong c 4 n, 81 ngi l hc sinh, cn b min Nam tp kt, 23 hc
sinh, cn b min Bc. Phn ln anh ch em ang hc d cp III, c mt s ngi
tt nghip cp III. Cc thy gio l k s H c Lin, dc s V Vn Chuyn
(dy mn Khong vt v Tinh th hc), k s Nguyn Vn Nh (dy mn a
cht thm d), ng Trn Vn Thi (dy mn a cht i cng), ng L Trng
ng (dy mt s gi ting Nga). Qun l hc tp c cc ng: Trn Qu Khu,
Trn Sa, Nguyn Thin Giao, Phan Minh Bch, Nguyn Mai.
Ngoi vic hc lp, hc vin cn c tham quan, thc tp ti Bo tng a
cht v Trng i hc Y Dc H Ni.
Thy ging nhit tnh, tr hc say sa d lc cha Lng cha c in!
Thi gian ca kho hc l 6 thng, nhng mi c 4 thng, mt s hc vin
phi nhn nhim v ln ng cng tc, v cc chuyn gia Lin X, Trung Quc
n Vit Nam. Nhng hc vin ca lp hc ny sau ny tr thnh cc chuyn
gia nng ct ca ngnh a cht Vit Nam, nhiu ngi l gio s, tin s; mt s
ngi gi nhng trng trch trong ngnh a cht (Trn c Lng, Trn i),
trong ngnh Du kh (Trng Thin, Nguyn Giao, ng Ca) v ng u
Nh nc (Trn c Lng)1.
1. K yu: 50 nm Lp a cht u tin (1955-2006), H Ni, 2005.
21
T ngy 5 n ngy 10-9-1960, i hi i biu ton quc ln th III ca ng

Lao ng Vit Nam hp ti H Ni; i hi quyt nh ng li, ch trng
xy dng ch ngha x hi min Bc v u tranh thng nht t nc. Trong
Bo co chnh tr c nu: phn u thc hin mt bc cng nghip ho x
hi ch ngha, xy dng bc u c s vt cht k thut ca ch ngha x hi,1.
Khoa hc a cht phi ly vic thm d v nghin cu ti nguyn di t lm
cng tc trng tm ca mnh, tm ra nhng khong sn cn thit cho vic pht trin
cng nghip2. Nh vy, vic tm kim, thm d du kh v cc loi khong sn
khc c ng v Nh nc rt quan tm.
c s gip ca Lin X, Trung Quc v cc nc x hi ch ngha ng
u, cng tc kho st v bn a cht, tm kim, iu tra ti nguyn khong sn
c trin khai mnh m. Cc khong sn u c on thm d ring: on 9
thm d than Qung Ninh, on 20 chuyn o v bn a cht
ng lu l thng 8-1958, hai nh a cht Nguyn Xun An v L Vn Bng
kho st m dip thch bitum ng Ho m Php pht hin nm 1919. Nm
1958-1960, vi s gip ca chuyn gia Trung Quc Dng Thy Phong, on
thm d 12 tin hnh thm d xc nh tr lng trn 4,2 triu tn, v kt lun
ti y kh m c s tn ti mt khu m c quy m v trin vng3.
Ni bt nht trong thi k ny l cng trnh Bn a cht min Bc Vit
Nam t l 1/500.000 (1960-1963) do A.E. ovjikov ch bin. So vi cc bn
a cht ca S a cht ng Dng trc y, bn ny hn hn v mc
chi tit, tnh nht qun v c nhiu pht hin mi. Ngoi ra, im rt quan trng
l rt nhiu nh a cht Vit Nam hc tp v trng thnh t cng trnh ny.
Sau khi cng ngh chng ct du m ra i v pht trin mnh, nhiu sn
phm du p ng c cc nhu cu cho pht trin kinh t, qun s, cho i sng.
n gia th k XX, du m tr thnh mt ti nguyn khong sn chin lc,
mt i tng cnh tranh khc lit gia cc cng ty du kh th gii, mt trong
cc nguyn nhn n ra tranh chp lnh th, chin tranh gia cc nc. Cc nh
lnh o cc quc gia khng th khng quan tm n nguyn nhin liu c tm
chin lc ny. Cc nh lnh o Vit Nam sm c nhn quan nh vy.
1. ng Cng sn Vit Nam: Vn kin ng Ton tp, Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2002, t.21, tr. 566.
2. Sd, tr. 589.
3. on thm d 12, Cc a cht B Cng nghip; Trng on: Hong Ho: Bo co ph tra a cht
vng chung quanh khu m du ng Ho, huyn Honh B, tnh Qung Yn, thng 7-1960.
22

Theo li k ca ng L Vn C - nguyn Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh:
Ngay t nm 1954 ti Ginev, Thu S, ti c gp B trng B Ngoi giao
Phm Vn ng v Th trng B Quc phng T Quang Bu - Trng v Ph
on Chnh ph nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha ti Hi ngh Ginev ang
m phn vi Chnh ph Php v Hip nh nh chin ti Vit Nam. Khi bit
ti ang theo hc trng m Pari, ng ng dn d ti phi hc thm ngnh
du m, lnh vc m theo ng, trong tng lai s rt cn thit trong qu trnh xy
dng t nc. Tr v Pari, ti lm theo li cn dn ca ng v hc thm c
chng ch tt nghip mn a cht du kh1.
Nm 1957, trong chuyn thm cc nc ng u, Ch tch H Ch Minh

n thm gin khoan du Anbani v nh my lc du Bungari2.
Ch tch H Ch Minh thm gin khoan du Anbani
Trong chuyn thm Lin X ngy 23-7-1959, Ch tch H Ch Minh n

thm khu cng nghip du kh Bacu (Adcbaigian). Khi trao i vi cc nh lnh
o, Ngi ni: Sau khi Vit Nam khng chin thng li, Lin X ni chung v
Adcbaigian ni ring phi gip Vit Nam khai thc v ch bin du kh, xy
dng c nhng khu cng nghip du kh mnh nh Bacu. S kin ny th hin
tm nhn xa trng rng, mong c v quyt tm xy dng ngnh Du kh Vit
Nam ca Ch tch H Ch Minh.
khi bay qua vng bin Caxpin, Ngi ch cho ch Phm Th Xun Phng,
cn b ca s qun Vit Nam ti Lin X i cng on..., v ni: Bin du y
v Chu thy khng kia l my ht du, xa xa l cu ni t t lin ra bin ly
du y. Du qu lm, nc no c du l giu ln ngay3.
1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2006, t.I, tr. 425 v
trch phng vn ng L Vn C ngy 3-12-2009.
2. Bng ghi hnh chuyn i ang c lu tr ti Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam.
3. Phm Th Xun Phng: Nim vui bt ng, Nhng ngi thp sng bin khi, Vng Tu, 2006, tr. 110.
23
Ch tch H Ch Minh thm nh my lc du Bungari
Ngay t nhng nm 1956-1959, thc hin ch trng ca Chnh ph v cng

tc o to, B Gio dc gi mt s hc sinh i Lin X v Rumani hc cc
trng i hc v du kh (Trng i hc Cng nghip Du kh Mtxcva mang
tn Vin s I.M. Gubkin v Trng i hc Du kh v a cht Bucart - Rumani),
cng vi nhng k s c o to ngnh a cht v a vt l chung (Trng i
hc a cht thm d Mtxcva - Nga - MGRI, Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni,
Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni), Trng trung cp K thut II o to cc k
thut trung cp a vt l, Trng Nghip v a cht o to cc s cp a vt l.
Lc lng cn b k thut ny tuy s lng t v cha c kinh nghim, nhng
sau khi ra trng tham gia ngay vo cng tc iu tra, tm kim, thm d du
kh min Bc Vit Nam. c s gip ca cc chuyn gia, bng s n lc t
hc v c o to nng cao, sau ny nhiu ngi trong s h gi nhiu trng
trch trong ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
Nm 1958, Chnh ph Vit Nam quyt nh mi Lin X gip kho st, nh gi
trin vng du kh Vit Nam. Khong cui nm 1958, chuyn gia N.K. Griaznov
ca Vin Nghin cu khoa hc a cht Thm d Du m ton Lin bang (VNIGNI)
sang gip Vit Nam lp k hoch thm d du kh. Trn c s nghin cu, tm
24
hiu ti liu ca S a
cht ng Dng1, cng
ng L Vn C v ng Trn
Vn Tr, chuyn gia N.K.
Griaznov tin hnh 2 l
trnh ngn kho st thc
a, trong c vng Ni
Lch, tnh Yn Bi.
u nm 1959, chuyn
gia N.K. Griaznov trnh
Cc a cht Vit Nam bn
ngh v du m vi cc
ni dung chnh sau:
(1) T chc kim tra k
tt c nhng bo qung
hin c v du kh trong
phm vi nc Vit Nam
Dn ch Cng ha.
(2) Tin hnh nghin
cu, nh gi trin vng du
kh cc vng pht trin
trm tch C sinh thng,
Trung sinh, Tn sinh b bin
Ch tch H Ch Minh
thm khu cng nghip du kh Bacu (ngy 23-7-1959)
cht yu nht. Trc ht
nghin cu a tng tng
trm tch, kin to lm c s nh gi trin vng du kh cc vng v phn
vng thun li, tin hnh tm kim, thm d du kh t m hn.
(3) Trc tin l nghin cu di gip ranh pha Bc vng trng H Ni, do cc
trm tch Trias tng bin, duyn hi v lc a to nn. Tin hnh hng lot cc
l trnh kho st vng ng Bc Vit Nam, ni c phn b u th cc trm
tch C sinh thng - Trias.
(4) Giao mt phn nhim v ny cho Lin on lp bn a cht t l
1/500.000 thc hin.
1. B Tamara dch t ting Php sang ting Nga.
25
(5) Giao cho Vin

Nghin cu khoa hc a
cht Thm d Du m
ton Lin bang v Vin
a cht ton Lin bang
phn tch bitum v nghin
cu xc nh cc ho thch
ca cc trm tch C sinh
v Trung sinh - Tn sinh.
(6) Cn c vo kt qu
nghin cu nm 1959,
hoch nh nhng bin
php tin hnh cng tc
nghin cu, tm kim du
kh tip theo.
Trang u Bn k hoch cng tc pht hin nhng vng

c trin vng c du la (N. K. Griaznov, 1958)
Theo li k ca ng L Vn C: Vo khong u
nm 1959, phi on Lin X do Th trng B
a cht Lin X dn u, n lm vic ti Cc
a cht. V Pha Vit Nam, c ng L Trng
ng, quyn Cc trng, ng L Vn C, ng
Trn Vn Tr v mt s ngi khc. Trong bui
lm vic, chuyn gia N.K. Griaznov trnh by
bn K hoch cng tc pht hin nhng vng
c trin vng du la nc Vit Nam Dn
ch Cng ha v bn ngh v du m (thng
1-1959)1.
Bn ngh (ting Nga) cc bc

trin khai tm kim, thm d du kh
(thng 1-1959)
Trn c s xut ca N.K. Griaznov,

ngy 7-4-1959, Chnh ph Vit Nam
cho php Tng cc a cht k Hp ng
s 9431 vi B a cht Lin X v nghin
cu a cht, nh gi trin vng du kh
nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha.
Hp ng trn c bt u trin khai
t ngy 27-6-1959, vi vic thnh lp i
kho st nghin cu a cht du kh.
1. Trch phng vn ng L Vn C ngy 3-12-2009.
26
i gm chuyn gia
S.K. Kitovani, k s
trng a cht khu
vc v du m, cn b
a cht Nguyn Giao.
Trong mt s l trnh
ban u c s tham gia
ca cc cn b a cht:
Trn Vn Tr, Nguyn
B Nguyn; nhng l
trnh sau c thm cn
b a cht Nguyn c
Lc tham gia cho n
khi hon thnh bo co
tng kt.
ng Trn Vn Tr (bn tri), ng Nguyn Giao (bn phi)

n ng S.K. Kitovani sn ga Hng C, H Ni (nm 1959)
ng Nguyn Giao hi tng li nhng ngy lm vic cng chuyn gia

S.K. Kitovani:
Cn b lm v a cht nh chng ti lc by gi cn him lm. Ti c giao
lm i trng vi nhim v: chun b cc trang thit b k thut theo yu cu ca
chuyn gia, lin h xin xe t, nhn vin giao t, bc s, bo v, lin h vi chnh
quyn a phng m i s n kho st, v nhn kinh ph chi tiu cho vic
thc hin cc l trnh thc a.
H tr i l trnh kho st cho i chng ti c 1 bc s, 2 nhn vin giao t
phc v chuyn gia, 2 cng an bo v v dn ng (1 t B Cng an, 1 t Cng
an tnh lin quan), 2 li xe 2 xe com mng ca ca on xe 12 Cc Chuyn gia.
Trang thit b k thut ca i chng ti rt n s gm: cc bn a hnh t
l 1/100.000, ba a cht, a bn, s ghi chp, ti ng mu v ho thch, ba
l a cht, giy vi leo ni, cn qun o bo h lao ng lc cha c
trang b, chng ti c g mc ny nhng cng c gng n din cng p cng
tt v lc y chng ti cn tr qu!
Mi chuyn l trnh kho st ngn nht l mt tun, di nht l gn mt thng.
Sau mi chuyn l trnh, c i c H Ni khong mt tun chun b cho
chuyn l trnh tip theo.
Rng r hn mt nm tri, t thng 7-1959 n thng 8-1960, i chng ti
trin khai kho st thc a t v tuyn 17 tr ra, qua cc vng Ty Bc, Vit Bc,
trung du, ng bng, hi o, dc theo ni cao, sui su tm cc im l
vi 11 l trnh kho st a cht di khong 25.000 km, m t hn 1.000 im l
27

a cht, pht hin mi v thu thp cc ho thch ng vt v thc vt ca cc
thi i C sinh (Paleozoi), Trung sinh (Mesozoi) v Tn sinh (Kainozoi), kim
tra 20 a im bo qung v du kh. Trong nhng biu hin du m ch
nhn bit c cc vng nh sau:
1. Vng Ni Lch, Yn Bi: Nhng biu hin du m dng git lng quan st
thy Ni Lch, nm pha Ty Nam, cch Yn Bi khong 3-4 km. Ti y l
mt thung lng nh ca sui Ngi Gic (ngi Php gi Ngi Giao), pha ng
Bc sn Ni Lch, ngi dn a phng pht hin c cht m nhn lng
mu nu sm trong vi dm kt. im l du ny thu ht s ch ca
ngi Php. Ngay t nm 1910, h bt u cng tc khoan v o cc h
vng ny nghin cu. Sau nm 1910-1911, ti y khoan 2 ging khoan
nng 52 m, 22 m v o hng chc h. Ging khoan t sn Ty Nam Ni
Lch, cao khong 190 m, v chiu su ging khoan 35 m pht hin va
ct mu en c mi du m rt mnh. Cn ging khoan khc su 22 m khng c
ti liu no c lu gi.
Ngoi ra, vng ni ny tri di gn 1,5 km, qua nhiu nm ngi dn a
phng o mt s lng ln cc h, trong c nhiu h pht hin cht
m lng c mi du m. Sau cng vic trn vng ny chm dt v cc chuyn
gia c vn c mi n a ra l do l t y b bin cht v c t gy
kin to dc theo sng Hng, nn kh nng thu c s lng du m y
khng c ngha.
Chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani v i chng ti kho st Ni Lch v thung lng
Ngi Gic v Ngi c thy rng dy Ni Lch gm c cc tng ct st vi nhng
lp mng dip thch st mu en xen vi nhng lp mng ct kt mu xm v
xm sm.
Tng trm tch di thung lng Ngi Gic l ra nhng lp mng vi b
dm kt mnh mu xm sm v mu en c dng b bo mn. chn Ni Lch,
dc theo b tri sui Ngi Gic, ct kt, dip thch trn Ni Lch nm chm
nghch trn vi ni trn v sau l cc dip thch st v ct kt mu xm sm
b phong ho. Trong cc dip thch , chng ti thu thp c ho thch tui
Devon - nh vy nhng lp vi kp trong cc lp dip thch st cng c tui
Devon. Cn cc trm tch dip thch st v ct kt trn dy Ni Lch c tui Trias
thng - Nori, v vi Devon vng Ni Lch bin tin. t ngn sng Hng
l ra tng vi - dip thch st Devon c th nm bin tin trn dip thch kt
tinh v gneiss c. Ti y trm tch Devon b ph bi cc trm tch ct - st bin
tin tui Tam.
vi dm kt mnh tui Devon to thnh nhng mnh nh v gn kt bng
calcite tinh th mu trng. Trn b mt cc tinh th calcite trong cc l hng
vi bm y du m rt nh mu nu. Cng nh trong cc khe nt nh ca
28

vi khng c calcite cng thy c vt du lng v khi nhn chm cc mnh vi
xung nc thy cc vng du m ni ln mt nc. Nh vy c th kt lun
rng du m trong vi ny c th nm th sinh, c ngha l du m y dch
chuyn t cc tng su hn.
Nhng biu hin du m trong tng trm tch dip thch - ct kt Trias dy
Ni Lch cng nh cc biu hin du m dng git lng tri di theo thung
lng sui Ngi Gic khong 1 km cng bt ngun nh trong trm tch Devon
ni trn.
2. Vng bn Nm n, thung lng bn Si Lng, tnh Sn La: Ti vng ny biu
hin du m ko di t 10-15 km gia bn Ti, bn Nm n, thung lng bn Si
Lng tnh Sn La.
Ti bn Nm n l ra tng dip thch st v st mu xm vi cc lp mng
vi v st vi mu xm sm. Tng dip thch ny nm trn tng cui kt ht th
vi chiu dy ti 10-15 m v ct kt, st mu nu . Theo v tr a tng, tng
ny nm trn tng vi Carbon - Permi nn xc nh tui tng trm tch ny l
Trias. Nhng lp mng vi v st vi c mi bitum mnh vi hm lng vt
cht bc chy ln. Trong nhng khe nt c cha asphalt mu en.
3. du ng Ho, Qung Yn: Ngi Php tm thy du ng Ho t nm
1919. Tr lng du y qu nh, cht lng rt thp vi hm lng cht
bc trung bnh khong 14%. Va du mng, khong 5 m, k thut khai thc
rt phc tp.
Ngoi ra, chng ti gip chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani thu thp, tham gia,
phn tch 74 ti liu v a cht Vit Nam v cc nc ln cn ca cc nh
a cht Php, Trung Quc, Lin X (c ti Cc a cht) lp bo co a
cht hon chnh.
Thng 4-1961, Bo co Trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha

(1959-1961) hon thnh vi 302 trang nh my bng ting Nga, km theo
cc bn v v cc mt ct a cht, ct a tng c trng cho tng vng, bn
tng , c a l cho tng thi k, bn phn vng kin to a cht v c
bit l bn phn vng trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha t
l 1/500.000.
Bo co ch yu gm hai phn: a cht v du kh vi cc nhn nh sau:
- Phn a cht gm cc vn a tng, kin to, tng , c a l, lch s
a cht v phn vng kin to min Bc Vit Nam.
- Phn du kh xem xt cc vn : cc du hiu du m trc tip v gin tip,
29
c im a ho, mi
trng cc b trm tch
theo tng thi k, bin
cht v tnh cht cha
ca t , v.v..
Trn ton lnh th
min Bc Vit Nam c
chia thnh cc khu vc
trin vng, t trin vng,
khng trin vng v cc
khu vc cn nghin cu
tip. Trong trin vng
u tin s 1 l bn trng
Kho st a cht du kh Ty Bc (1959-1960)
gia ni ca chu th
sng Hng. Sau l khu vc ng Bc - Bc B, bao gm cc trm tch lc
nguyn v lc nguyn - carbonat tui Trias (vng trng An Chu).
Bn trng gia ni ca chu th sng Hng chim din tch trn 15.000 km2.
Phn ln chm ny c dng hnh tam gic, m rng hng ng v pha vnh
Bc B. Pha Ty Bc khp kn li bi cc thnh to Trias trn v T; v nm
di l cc bin cht kt tinh ca nn l trn b mt. Trn b mt ca bn
trng, cc gc b ph bi lp v cc thnh to T dy 70-100 m, ch mt s
khu vc vng ra ca bn trng l ra cc tui Devon nh ni Con Voi (Kin
An), tui Trias trn cc vng Ph Li, Bc Ninh, Phc Yn v Ph L, k c
bin cht kt tinh ca nn vng Ninh Bnh.
Tm li, trong phm vi bn trng ny, trin vng du kh c lin quan trc
ht n cc trm tch Tam v Trias-Jura (?). Tip sau l cc i vt mng ca
cc trm tch Permi - Carbon - Devon.
Cc tc gi kin ngh cng tc nghin cu kho st tip theo bn trng Sng
Hng nh sau:
(1) o t hng khng khu vc trn ton min Bc t l 1/200.000 v mt s
khu vc chi tit hn vi t l 1/50.000.
(2) Song song vi o t hng khng, trong phm vi bn trng Sng Hng
30
cn trin khai o trng lc t

l 1/200.000, hoc 1/100.000.
Nhng khu vc c d thng
o chi tit hn vi t l 1/50.000
hoc 1/25.000.
(3) tranh th thi gian, sau
khi pht hin c cc d thng
dng theo ti liu t v trng
lc, chun b la chn v tr ging
khoan chun, d kin chiu su
3.000-3.500 m, c th thit k
chiu su ny theo ti liu t v
trng lc khoan ht lp v
trm tch n b mt nn.
(4) Sau khi hon thnh cng
tc o trng lc - t chi tit, pht
hin cc d thng dng th
trin khai cng tc o a chn v
in song song vi khoan ging
khoan chun.
Bo co Trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam

Dn ch Cng ho (ting Nga) ca S.K. Kitovani
(5) cng tc a chn thm d t hiu qu cao, cn thit phi khoan mt s

ging khoan ly mu li theo tuyn a chn vi chiu su t 700-1.200 m.
(6) Cng tc tip theo bn trng Sng Hng ph thuc vo kt qu ca phc
hp cng tc a vt l v ging khoan chun.
Tc gi bo co kin ngh kho st nghin cu cc trm tch lc nguyn v lc
nguyn - carbonat tui Trias (vng trng An Chu) nh sau:
(1) o trng lc t l 1/200.000, ty thuc kt qu t c, o t m nhng
khu vc c trin vng n t l 1/50.000 hoc 1/25.000.
(2) o v a cht t l 1/100.000 ton b vng trm tch Trias.
(3) Chn cc khu vc v cu to c trin vng o c a cht v a vt l
in - a chn vi t l ln hn.
(4) lm r nhng kt qu o v a cht - a vt l cha r, cng nh chi
31
tit ho cc yu t cu to
ring bit, cn phi khoan
cu to theo tuyn.
(5) Cng tc tip theo
ca vng trng ph thuc
vo kt qu ca phc hp
cng tc nu trn.
K t khi cc nh a
cht Php cp n
vn du m ng
Dng, c th ni rng
Bo co Trin vng du
kh nc Vit Nam Dn
ch Cng ha (19591961) ca S.K. Kitovani
v cc nh a cht Vit
Nam l cng trnh tng
hp u tin ca nc ta
v nghin cu a cht v
Bn phn vng trin vng
nh gi trin vng du
du kh min Bc Vit Nam (1959-1960)
kh trn mt vng lnh
th rng ln, n l c s ban u nh hng mt cch khoa hc cho cng tc tm
kim, thm d du kh v sau.
ng Nguyn Giao nh li:
hon thnh cng vic trn, chuyn gia S.K. Kitovani v anh em trong i chng
ti phi vt qua bit bao kh khn, gian kh, him nguy, gi rt ca ma ng,
nng nng nh thiu nh t ca ma h. Nhng b li, chng ti cng c i
kh nhiu ni trn khp min Bc, c ngm nhng cnh p thin nhin hng
v ca t nc, c thng thc nhng iu ma xo ca ng bo Thi, Mng,
Ty V qun sao c s n tip nhit tnh, nng hu, chn tnh, chu o ca
cc v lnh o v ng bo cc dn tc ca cc tnh, a phng ni i chng ti
n kho st. Chng ti c nm nhng tri cy, khc ma ngt ngo y p tnh
ngi, s chn tht ca ng bo dn tc khi chng ti l ba, i cm, kht nc
trn nhng qun t gic, h dng dc theo nhng con ng ni o heo ht
gi. V th c i chng ti nh c tip thm sc mnh yu i, yu vic, say m,
cng hin ht sc mnh hon thnh tt cng vic c giao
32

Mt chuyn ti cn nh mi: Qua phong tro ton dn bo qung thi y, nhn
c cc thng bo v biu hin du kh Con Cung, tnh Ngh An, gn bin
gii Vit - Lo, i chng ti n kim tra xc minh thng tin trn. Khi xe t
ca chng ti thc hin l trnh, vt n gia mt con sui th xe b ngp nc
v cht my. Vi trch nhim ca ngi i trng, ti vi chy vo mt bn lng
gn v nh dn a phng y gip xe ln, xe khng chuyn bnh, ti li chy
vo bn nh cho mn my con tru ra ko nhng vn khng c. Khi mi
ngi va i va rt, ti quyt nh c anh bo v tr v n bin phng a
chic xe th hai ca i ra ko xe ln. Xe th hai n v ko c xe t ln th
cng l lc ti b ngt, ng tri theo dng nc. Rt may, khi ti b tri hn chc
mt, anh em kp pht hin, bi theo v vt c ti ln, t la si m cho ti,
ng Kitovani ci o m ca mnh khoc cho ti, dn dn ti tnh dy, v khi
cuc hnh trnh kim tra xc minh li tip tc.
Nhng k nim trn tht p, cm ng v trn y tnh cm yu thng
chn thnh ca cc ng nghip, c bit l ng Kitovani - ti khng th
no qun.
2. Cc t chc du kh u tin
2.1. on Thm d du la 36 (Tng cc a cht Vit Nam)
Trn c s nhn nh v trin vng du kh min Bc Vit Nam v cn c
Ngh nh s 159-CP ca Hi ng Chnh ph ngy 9-7-1961, trin khai cng
tc tm kim, thm d du kh, Tng cc a cht ra Quyt nh s 271-C
ngy 27-11-1961 thnh lp on Thm d du la vi s hiu l on 36 du la
(thng gi l on 36) trc thuc Tng cc a cht. on 36 c nhim v tin
hnh tm kim, thm d du ha v kh t trn phm vi nc Vit Nam Dn ch
Cng ha.
ng Bi c Thiu c Tng cc a cht b nhim lm on trng u tin
ca on Thm d du la 36. ng sinh ngy 19-2-1928 ti x Hnh Phc,
huyn Ngha Hnh, tnh Qung Ngi, xut thn t nng dn, tham gia cch mng
t thi khi ngha, c o to thnh cn b hot ng trong thi k khng
chin chng thc dn Php. Thng 10-1954, ng tp kt ra min Bc v tip
tc cng tc trong ngnh a cht. ng t nn mng u tin v dnh sut
qung i nhit tnh cng hin cho nhng bc khi u ca ngnh Du kh Vit
Nam vi nhiu thnh tch xut sc, song cng c o le un khc cuc i m trn
80 tui vn cha c gii to, m nh vn Vn Phng miu t ng nh Ngi
ca mt thi1. Thi y cn b lnh o c t ngi hiu bit v chuyn mn du
1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2006, t. I, tr. 317-334.
33

kh, nhng ng c gng hc hi
chuyn gia v cn b chuyn mn c
kin thc lnh o cng tc. ng l mt
ngi bit ng vin chuyn gia Lin
X, thu ht cn b khoa hc k thut
tr hng hi lm vic.
Quyt nh s 271/C ca Tng cc a cht

thnh lp on Thm d du la 36
ng Bi c Thiu,
on trng u tin
ca on 36
34
Lc by gi c cu th rng: Em ch
ly chng a cht u. Quanh nm
sut thng rng su. Cm nng,
nc sui cng gi ni. li cho
em mt mi su!. V vy, ng Thiu
dng chin thut Cc buc tru, ch
trng tuyn cc n hc sinh tr a
i o to chuyn mn phc v
cho cng tc du kh, ng thi gi
chn cc chng trai tr li vi on
36 lu di. iu tng ni chi m
ng lm tht, v thc t cho thy l
ng, chin thut gi chn cc
k s, k thut a cht - a vt l khoan gn b vi on v sau ny tr
thnh cc cn b ch cht ca ngnh
Du kh.
on ph l cc ng Phan T Ngha v H Xun Phong, t

nm 1963 b sung cc ng Phan Minh Bch v Nguyn c
Qu. Trong s cn b lnh o u tin ca on 36 c ng
Phan Minh Bch, cn b min Nam tp kt, qu huyn
in Bn, tnh Qung Nam. ng c nhiu nm cng
tc a cht, nguyn l on ph on thm d thic Tnh
Tc, tnh Cao Bng (nm 1956), on trng on thm
d st Bo H, tnh Yn Bi (1957-1958). T nm 1958, ng
c c i hc a vt l Trng i hc a cht thm d
Mtxcva - Nga (MGRI); nm 1963 ng tt nghip v nc,
phc v trong ngnh Du kh. ng l mt ngi rt khim
tn, vi trnh chuyn mn v kinh nghim cng tc ng
nm vng cc vn khoa hc - k thut v qun l cc
hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh. ng lun quan tm
du dt lp cn b khoa hc - k thut tr hon thnh xut
sc cng tc, gp phn xy dng ci ni du kh u tin Lin on a cht 36 - min Bc Vit Nam.
ng Phan Minh Bch,

on ph on 36
Khi mi thnh lp, tr s on 36 t ti H Ni,

cui nm 1961 chuyn v trng ng tnh Bc Ninh
th x Bc Ninh (thng 11-1962 thng 4-1963);
on chuyn gia v vn phng k thut t ti c quan
Tng cc a cht, s 6 Phm Ng Lo, H Ni. Ngy
1-4-1963, on 36 chuyn v Nh Thnh (trng
ng tnh Hng Yn) th x Hng Yn (1963-1965).
Trong nhng nm khng chin chng quc M,
bo m an ton, t nm 1966 c quan on 36 s tn
v thn Bnh Kiu, x ng nh, huyn Khoi Chu,
tnh Hng Yn.
on 36 c 211 cn b cng nhn vin, trong

123 cng nhn, 22 k thut vin, k s v 36 trung cp
nghip v hnh chnh, v 15 chuyn gia Lin X...
on chuyn gia Lin X gm c: n k s - lnh o k thut a chn V.V.
Macsiutova; k s trng phn tch s liu K.I. Chudinov; k s trng ng
my c: D.R. Alikhanov, D.Z. Macsiutov (chng b V.V. Macsiutova); k s trng
trc a G.D. Kenia; k thut trng trc a I.D. Trudinov (phc v chung cho
c a chn v trng lc); nhn vin k thut tnh ton gm c: L.P. Tulucova,
G. Alikhanova; k thut trng bn mn gm c: V.G. Porojnhiacov, L. Koroliev,
D. Zavaskii, M.N. Vizir; k thut trng khoan G.A.Nikichenco. Cc chuyn gia
trng lc gm: N.V. Epstein v I.I. Vlasova. Chuyn gia c vn u tin v thm
d in c tin s A.A. Vedrinxev. Cc chuyn gia Lin X c nhiu ng gp rt
quan trng t thu ban u xy
dng c s vt cht k thut, t
chc thi cng cc cng trnh tm
kim, thm d v o to cn b
k thut cho on 36.
Khu on b on 36 ti th x Hng Yn (nm 1963)
Ban u on 36 c
c cu t chc n gin
nhng cng y cc
phng chc nng bo
m cc cng tc hnh
chnh, nghip v, t chc
nhn s, cung cp vt t, k
thut (Ph lc Phn I-01).
35
2.2. Lin on a cht 36 (Tng cc a cht Vit Nam)

T nm 1969, cng tc thm d du kh pht trin m rng c v quy m v
phm vi hot ng. Ngy 9-10-1969, Hi ng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh
s 203/CP thnh lp Lin on a cht s 36 (thng gi l Lin on 36) trc
thuc Tng cc a cht. Lin on ng tr s ti Ch Go, tnh Hng Yn, c
thi gian s tn v x Ngc Trc, huyn Tin L, tnh Hng Yn.
Lin on 36 c nhim v tm kim, thm d du m v kh t vng trng
H Ni bng cc phng php a cht v khoan my, ch yu l khoan su.
Lnh o Lin on c Lin on trng V Bt, cc Lin on ph l Bi c
Thiu v Phan Minh Bch.
ng V Bt,
Lin on trng
u tin ca
Lin on a cht 36
ng V Bt l Lin on trng Lin on a cht 2 - Qung

Ninh, c Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng quyt nh
iu ng v lm Lin on trng Lin on 36. ng qu Gia
Khnh, huyn Gia Lc, tnh Hi Dng, l vng t vn vt ni
ting c nhiu danh nhn ho kit. ng tham gia hot ng
trc Cch mng Thng Tm nm 1945 v kinh qua nhiu
chc v trong Tng cc a cht. T mt ngi lnh o cng
tc thm d than chuyn v lm cng tc thm d du kh l
nhim v nng n, khng nhng kh khn v chuyn mn m
cn kh khn v iu hnh cng vic trong mi quan h i ni
v i ngoi. Song c s cn dn v ng vin tn tnh ca
Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng, ng quyt tm vt
qua kh khn hon thnh tt nhim v lnh o Lin on 36
t c nhiu thnh tch trong giai on u xy dng ngnh
Du kh Vit Nam.
Quyt nh s 1659/TCC ngy 4-11-1969 ca Tng cc a cht quy nh

chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v t chc b my ca Lin on 36 nu r, cc
on: a chn 36F, Trng lc 36T, in 36, on a cht 36C An Chu; cc
on: Khoan cu to 36K v Khoan su 36S trc thuc Lin on 36.
Lin on a cht 36 c tng s 2.300 cn b, cng nhn, trong khong
500 cn b k thut v cng nhn lnh ngh, vi s gip ca hng trm chuyn
gia k s, tin s Lin X. Lin on thc hin cc phng php thm d a vt
l, khoan cu to, khoan thng s - tm kim, thm d km theo cc cng tc ph
tr nh xy lp, th va, th nghim mu khoan, c kh vn ti... Ban u khi mi
36
thnh lp, tr s Lin on a cht 36 t ti Ch Go, th x Hng Yn (nay l

thnh ph Hng Yn), sau chuyn v Ch u, th x Thi Bnh (nay l thnh ph
Thi Bnh).
T nm 1973, cc on: 36F, 36T, 36 c sp nhp thnh lp on a
vt l tng hp 36F; cc on Khoan cu to 36K v Khoan su 36S c sp nhp
thnh on khoan 36K; on 36B c thnh lp lm nhim v nghin cu a
cht du kh.
Cng trong nm 1973, do hot ng du kh pht trin, Tng cc a cht
sp xp li c cu t chc v nhim v ca Lin on 36: cc on a vt l 36F,
36B, 36C tch khi Lin on 36, trc thuc Tng cc a cht.
T thng 9-1973, Lin on 36 c nhim v khoan tm kim, thm d; gm
on khoan 36K v on khoan 36N (nm 1975 thnh lp thm on 36Y). Tr
s chnh ca Lin on vn Ch u, th x Thi Bnh.
Thng 6-1974, ng Phan Minh Bch, on trng on a vt l 36F (nguyn l
Lin on ph Lin on 36) c iu ng v lm Lin on trng thay ng
V Bt nhn cng tc khc.
Ngy 13-8-1974, Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng k Quyt nh s 192/
CP b nhim thm 2 lin on ph: k s ng Ca, ph trch thi cng v ng
Nguyn Trng Tng, ph trch vt t. T nm 1975, Chnh k s ng Ca
l quyn Lin on trng ca Lin on 36. Theo Quyt nh s 1541/TC-DK
ngy 12-8-1976, k s a cht Nguyn Ngc C c bt lm Lin on ph
ph trch k thut.
Lc ny lc lng k thut ca Lin on c t chc li. Phng K thut a
cht do k s Nguyn nh Khung lm Trng phng. Phng c cc k s a
cht - a vt l: Nguyn Xun Nhu, Nguyn Cng Mc, L Anh Kin, V S L,
Nguyn Vn Thnh, Lng c Thin, Trn Vn Hi, Phm Xun Bi,... v cc
cn b k thut khc.
Phng Cng trnh (khoan) do k s inh Vn Danh lm Trng phng, c cc
k s khoan: Trnh Minh Hng, Lng Duyn Nga, inh Hu Khng, Nguyn
Tn Qung, Dng Vn ch, Nguyn nh Nhu, Phm nh Quang; b mn
bm trm xi mng do V Thanh lm Trng b mn; b mn pha ch dung dch
khoan do H Vn Mo lm Trng b mn, cc k s: Trn Hu Hin, Ng Vn
T, H nh Thanh, V B Quyn, Nguyn Th Cu... Phng C in do k s T
Qunh lm Trng phng, k s Phm Xun Cc lm Ph phng Phng iu
do ng Nguyn Cng Minh lm Trng phng, c k s Nguyn Tin Bnh
37
2.3. Ban Du m v Kh t (Tng cc Ha cht Vit Nam)

Trin khai Ngh nh s 248/CP ngy 28-12-1970 ca Hi ng Chnh ph v
giao nhim v cho Tng cc Ha cht chun b cng tc ch bin du kh v ha
du, ngy 27-9-1971 Tng cc Ha cht trnh Chnh ph Nhim v xy dng,
pht trin ngnh du m v kh t, bao gm mt s ni dung cn nghin cu,
ng thi xin php thnh lp Ban Nghin cu Du m v Kh t trc thuc Tng
cc Ha cht vi bin ch ban u 50 ngi.
Cc ni dung chnh ngh nghin cu:
1. Nghin cu quy hoch, k hoch, phng hng, bin php v chnh sch
pht trin ngnh du m, kh t v ha du.
2. Nghin cu chun b xy dng cc phng n kinh t, k thut v cc lnh
vc khai thc, vn chuyn, ch bin, tng tr du m, kh t v ha du.
3. Nghin cu tnh hnh pht trin khoa hc - k thut ca ngnh du m v kh
t trn th gii, nghin cu nhng vn v khoa hc - k thut, khai thc, ch
bin v ha du cho ph hp vi iu kin v hon cnh ca nc ta.
4. Nghin cu v ra ch trng, bin php trnh Nh nc ph chun, phi
hp vi cc ngnh thc hin, hoc t chc thc hin, chun b iu kin c s
vt cht k thut o to cn b v cng nhn cho cc lnh vc du kh.
5. T chc nm tnh hnh pht trin du m v kh t ca th gii; theo di tnh
hnh a cht thm d du m v kh t min Bc nc ta, ng thi theo di
tnh hnh du m v kh t min Nam hin nay v chun b cho sau ny.
6. V quan h cng tc gia Tng cc Ha cht
vi cc b, cc tng cc c lin quan.
Ngy 3-3-1972, Tng cc Ha cht quyt nh

thnh lp Ban Du m v Kh t.
Lnh o Ban Du m v Kh t bao gm:
- Trng ban: Nguyn Chn, Tng cc trng
Tng cc Ha cht,
- Ph Trng ban: Nguyn Vn Bin, Ph Tng
cc trng Tng cc Ha cht,
- Ph Trng ban: Hong Hu Bnh, Ph
Tng cc trng Tng cc Ha cht,
- y vin thng trc: Nguyn ng Hi,
- y vin: Trn Quang Vinh.
38
ng Nguyn Chn
Tng cc trng Tng cc
Ha cht, kim Trng ban
Du m v Kh t (1972-1973)
Nhim v ca Ban Du m v Kh t:
(1) T chc nghin cu xy dng quy hoch, k hoch, phng hng, bin
php, v chnh sch xy dng, pht trin ngnh cng nghip du m v kh t
ca t nc;
(2) Nghin cu xy dng cc phng n kinh t - k thut khai thc, ch bin,
vn chuyn, tng tr, s dng du m, kh t v ha du trc mt v lu di;
(3) T chc nghin cu cc ti khoa hc - k thut v thit k phc v yu
cu xy dng, pht trin v sn xut ca ngnh cng nghip du m v kh t
trn cc mt khai thc, ch bin, vn chuyn, tng tr, s dng v ha du;
(4) T chc tt vic tip nhn s gip ca bn v khoa hc, k thut, xy
dng cc cng trnh cng nghip du m v kh t, chun b tt cc iu kin
v c s vt cht k thut, o to cn b cng nhn, v.v., cho ngnh cng nghip
du m v kh t;
(5) Quan h cht ch vi ngnh a cht theo di nm tnh hnh thm d v
du m v kh t phc v cho cng tc nghin cu v chun b tt cho vic
trin khai nhng cng tc ca Nh nc v Tng cc giao;
(6) T chc nm tnh hnh du m v kh t ca th gii ng thi theo di
nm tnh hnh du m v kh t min Nam chun b cho sau ny;
(7) T chc cng tc thng tin v ph bin khoa hc - k thut cng nghip
du m v kh t.
v:
Ban Du m v Kh t gi tt l Ban Du kh, c cc t chuyn mn v nghip

- T Hnh chnh qun tr: T trng Nguyn Th Cm Vn,
- T Lc - ha du: T trng Trn Quang Vinh,
- T Kh: T trng Nguyn Khi,
- T C in: T trng Chu Ngc Thun,
- T Phn tch th nghim: T trng Nguyn Vn Minh,
- T Thng tin quy hoch: T trng Nguyn Mnh Hng.
T cui nm 1971, Ban Du kh pht hnh Bn tin Du kh hng thng, cung
39
cp thng tin v tnh hnh cng nghip

du kh th gii cho lnh o Nh nc,
lnh o Tng cc Ha cht v cc ngnh
c lin quan. T nm 1973, pht hnh
Ni san Du kh, ba thng ra mt k.
2.4. Ban iu tra Du m v Kh

t vnh Bc B (1974-1975)
Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t
vnh Bc B c thnh lp theo Quyt
nh s 48-TTg ngy 13-3-1974 ca Th
tng Chnh ph, v t Vn phng ti
U ban K hoch Nh nc. Trong quan
h vi cc cng ty/t chc nc ngoi,
Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t Vnh
Bc B ly danh ngha l Tng cng ty
Nhp khu thit b ton b v K thut
(Technoimport) trc thuc B Ngoi thng.
Ba Ni san Du kh
Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc b do B trng, Ph Ch nhim U

ban K hoch Nh nc Nguyn Vn Kha trc tip ph trch. ng Phm Ho,
y vin U ban K hoch Nh nc, lm Trng ban. Cc y vin, gm: ng
Nguyn Vn Bin (Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Ho cht), ng Nguyn Lm
(Cc trng, B Ti chnh), ng Ng Thanh Giang (V trng, B Ngoi thng),
ng L Vn C (V trng, Tng cc a cht), ng L Quang Khi (V trng,
B Ngoi giao), ng Nguyn Vn ch (Ph V trng, Vn phng Ph Th tng),
ng L Hong (Ph Cc trng, Ngn hng Nh nc), ng L Tn Pht (Trng
phng, B Ngoi thng), ng Nguyn Phi Hng (chuyn vin, U ban K hoch
Nh nc). Cc ng: L Vn C, H c Hoi (Tng cc a cht) tham gia vi
t cch c phi vin.
Cc hot ng ca Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t vnh Bc B khng c

lu gi li nhiu.
ng L Vn C v ng H c Hoi k li: Thi k ny Vit Nam cha c bt c
lut l, th tc g v lm du kh bin, nhng Ban iu tra Du m v Kh t
vnh Bc B cng tip xc vi nhiu t chc du kh ca Php, Nht Bn,
Italia, k bn ghi nh gia i din ca Technoimport vi Nht Bn v Italia
lm a chn vnh Bc B. Tuy nhin, cng vic ny khng trin khai c do
s cn tr ca nc lng ging.
40
3. Hot ng tm kim, thm d du kh min vng H Ni

Bo co Trin vng du kh nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha (1959-1961)
(S.K. Kitovani, 1961) phn chia lnh th min Bc Vit Nam ra cc vng:
(1) Vng trin vng nht: vng trng gia ni thuc tam gic chu th sng
Hng (vng Bc v ng Bc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha).
(2) Vng t trin vng: vng thnh to cc trm tch lc nguyn tui Trias
thuc vng trng An Chu.
(3) Vng trin vng khng r rng.
(4) Vng khng c trin vng: i un np Hercyni.
ng bng sng Hng hay tam gic chu th sng Hng l phn pha Bc Vit
Nam, l ni khi u cho cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh trn ton lnh
th nc ta. Qua qu trnh thm d a cht - a vt l, khu vc ny c
t tn theo mc nghin cu a cht nh vng trng gia ni sng Hng
(S.K. Kitovani, 1961); vng trng tha k T H Ni (A.E. Dovjicov, 1962);
min vng ven ra, min vng trc ni (A.E. Kameneski, Nguyn Ngc C,
1965); bn trng H Ni (E.S. Postenicov, 1966); trng H Ni, min vng H
Ni (N.V. Epstein, V.V. Macsiutova, H c Hoi, 1964); min vng chng gi
tui Neogen - Q (V.K. Golovenok, L Vn Chn v nnk. 1967, 1968, 1970); phn
nghing hng tm Ty Bc min vng H Ni (on chuyn gia B a cht
Lin X, 1972). Khi cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh m rng ra vnh Bc
B, mi nhn thy min vng H Ni ch l phn Ty Bc ca b trm tch Sng
Hng rng ln, chim din tch khong 4.000 km2 ca vng t lin v bin nng
ven b. T y khi nim min vng
H Ni c nhiu ngi cng nhn
v c s dng rng ri trong cc vn
liu khoa hc - k thut.
3.1. Thm d a vt l
Kho st a cht ti thc a
T nm 1962, Vit Nam bt

u nhn chuyn giao v ng
dng cng ngh thm d a
vt l ca Lin X, bao gm cc
phng php thm d t hng
khng, trng lc, a chn, in
cu to, a vt l ging khoan.
41

Cc phng php thm d a vt l:
Thm d t: ng dng t tnh ca vt cht m ra phng php o trng a
t nhm nghin cu cu trc v tri t v s phn b cc nham thch trong n.
Phng php thm d t c cc dng: o t mt t, o t hng khng, o t
bin, o t v tinh, o t trong hm l...
Thm d trng lc: C s khoa hc ca phng php thm d trng lc l nghin
cu trng trng gy ra bi lc hp dn ca vn vt theo nh lut Newton. o
trng lc l o gia tc trng trng (g), i hi chnh xc rt cao. o trng lc
trn t lin, di y nc hoc trn thnh tu. Dng phng php trng lc
nghin cu hnh thi v cu trc bn trong tri t, cng nh tm kim cc m
khong sn rn v du kh.
Thm d a chn: C s khoa hc ca phng php thm d a chn l da
trn nguyn l truyn sng n hi theo nh lut Hooke. Sng a chn t nhin
hay nhn to truyn qua cc lp t trong v tri t l tin xy dng
phng php thm d a chn, phc v cho vic nghin cu cu trc a cht
v tm kim cc m khong sn, trong c m du kh. Phng php thm d
a chn c cc dng: a chn phn x c a chn n, a chn im su chung
(SC~CDP), a chn 3 chiu (3D), a chn 4 chiu (4D), a chn a thnh
phn (4C), a chn khc x. C a chn trn b v a chn bin, a chn ging
khoan (karota a chn).
Thm d in: o in tr sut ca t nghin cu cu trc a cht, tm
kim khong sn, c bit l cc m kim loi, ngun nc ngm. Thm d in
c cc dng:
- in mt chiu: dng ngun in nhn to.
- in xoay chiu: dng dng in nhn to v t nhin (dng telua).
- Phng php s dng sng v tuyn (radio kip).
- Phng php Rada xuyn t.
Thm d in c th tin hnh trn mt t v trn khng, trong ging khoan
(karota in).
Thm d phng x: s phn r ht nhn nguyn t to ra nguyn t mi, pht ra
cc tia bc x alpha, beta, gamma. Nghin cu trng phng x ca t gii
quyt nhim v a cht. C cc phng php gamma hng khng, phng php
gamma mt t, o phng x trong ging khoan.
a vt l ging khoan: p dng cc phng php a vt l trong lng ging
khoan nh karota a chn, siu m, karota in, karota phng x...
Do yu cu thc hin cng tc kho st a vt l trn thc a, ngay sau khi

c thnh lp, on 36 t chc cc t k thut, nh T Trng lc, T a chn
42
v T Trc a. T Trng lc do Phm Liu, k thut trung cp ph trch; T a

chn do Trn Cnh, ngi min Nam tp kt, k thut trung cp a vt l lm T
trng; T Trc a do Phm Cng Chnh lm T trng.
T u nm 1963, cc i chuyn c chnh thc thnh lp trn c s pht
trin cc t k thut.
i Trng lc do Nguyn Quc Trng lm i trng, Nguyn c Tm lm
T trng o c trc a, Nguyn c Lc ph trch k thut v th nghim.
i a chn c thnh lp ngy 12-01-19631. i a chn c cc t: T
Trm my do Bi Vn Khit lm T trng; T 63 lm nhim v bn mn (dng
xe ti GAZ-63 Lin X ch thuc n) do Nguyn Xun Thanh lm T trng;
v Nhm thuyn b khi lm a chn trn sng, ngi.
Ngoi cng tc kho st thc a, i a chn cn c nhim v x l v phn
tch s b ti liu thu c. Nhn lc ca i c 100 ngi.
i Thm d in (1963-1966) c thnh lp nm 1963, bao gm cc t
nghin cu thc a v mt vn phng phn tch ti liu. i trng u tin l
Nguyn Quc Trng (t i Trng lc chuyn sang) v i ph l Hong Hip.
Nhn lc ban u gm 40 cng nhn, k thut s cp (Nguyn Ph Thnh, Trn
Nghim...) v mt s cn b qun l nghip v.
Ngy 9-1-1967, Tng cc a cht quyt nh chuyn cc i chuyn a vt
l thnh cc on chuyn a vt l, trc thuc on 36.
on Thm d trng lc 36T, ban u do Nguyn Hu Lc lm on trng,
sau l Vn ng Li; Nguyn Hip l on ph. on b ng ti Ch a,
huyn n Thi, tnh Hng Yn.
on Thm d a chn 36F, on trng l L Khon v cc on ph:
Nguyn Vn Di, Trng Minh. Khi mi thnh lp, on b 36F ng ti lng
Trng X, sau chuyn v lng o Qut, huyn n Thi, tnh Hng Yn v chuyn
tip v th trn Cm Ging, tnh Hi Dng.
on Thm d in 36, Trn Trng nh lm on trng, sau l Tng Mi,
tip theo l Trn c nh. Tr s ca on ng trong nh dn v di chuyn lin
tc. Nm 1969, tr s ca on Lin Kh, huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn;
nm 1970 chuyn v L Chi, huyn Tin L; nm 1971 chuyn v huyn M Ho.
1. Quyt nh s 18 /C.
43
Lin on trng Lin on a cht 36

Phan Minh Bch cng cc cn b khoa hc k thut
on a vt l 36F v on Nghin cu 36B
on a vt l tng hp
36F c thnh lp ngy 243-1973 trn c s hp nht
cc on chuyn Trng lc
36T, a chn 36F, in 36.
T ngy 11-9-1973, on a
vt l 36F tch khi Lin on
36 v trc thuc Tng cc a
cht1. on a vt l 36F c
nhim v tin hnh cng tc
a vt l khu vc v tm kim
du m, kh t min Bc
Vit Nam.
Ban lnh o on a vt l 36F gm c ng Phan Minh Bch, Lin on ph

Lin on a cht 36 kim on trng on a vt l 36F, cc on ph l
Trng Minh, Nguyn Tn Kch v Vn ng Li. Thng 8-1974, ng Phan Minh
Bch v nhn nhim v Lin on trng Lin on a cht 36 ti Thi Bnh,
thay ng V Bt nhn cng tc khc; k s H c Hoi c b nhim quyn
on trng on a vt l 36F. Sau l ng Ng Mnh Khi.
Trong thi gian ny,

cng tc thm d a
chn thc hin nhiu
phng n k thut,
m rng ra ton vng
ng bng sng Hng
v vng rng ni An
Chu. Do , on
a vt l 36F t chc
thnh 5 i thc a
trc thuc.
Kho st t
hng khng
Kho st
trng lc
Kho st
a chn, in
i I chnh l
Vng kho st a vt l min vng H Ni
i a chn
(theo V.V. Macsiutova,1964)
u tin ca
on 36 c chuyn sang phin hiu i I, do i trng Nguyn c Tun
v cc i ph Nguyn nh Sng, Bi Vn Cc ph trch; s dng cc trm my
1. Quyt nh s 241/Q-CT.
44

a chn tng t ca Lin X nh CMO, trm my ghi s SN-338B ca Php
(nm 1975).
i II do i trng L Ngc Thnh v cc i ph Trn Vn Hoa, Trng nh
Qu, Trnh B Cung ph trch.
T nm 1967, i I v i II ghp li (ly tn l i Khc x) thc hin kho
st a chn khc x min vng H Ni. ng V Long l i trng i Khc x.
i III, i trng l Nguyn Xun Thanh, sau mt thi gian hot ng c
sp nhp vo i II.
i IV do i trng V Tin Hi v i ph Nguyn Lng Bng ph trch.
i V do quyn i trng L Hu Liu v i ph L Din Cu ph trch.
i V thc hin kho st a chn min vng H Ni, sau thc hin cng
tc th nghim a chn phn x vng trng An Chu.
Trm karota a chn do k s vt l V Ngc Thch lm Trm trng v k s
v tuyn in Hong Vn Hanh sa cha v ng my.
Xng Sa cha my a vt l do Nguyn Tt Nho lm Xng trng, Hong
Vn Hanh lm Xng ph ph trch k thut v sau lm Xng trng.
Thm d t hng khng

Cng tc t hng khng khng phi l nhim v ca on 36, nhng bn
t hng khng l t liu ht sc quan trng cho vic nghin cu cu trc a cht,
tm kim v thm d du kh.
T thng 4-1961, di s ch o k thut ca chuyn gia Lin X Iu.D. Ivanicov,
on 35 Tng cc a cht tin hnh kho st t hng khng khu vc min
Bc Vit Nam. Nm 1963 thnh lp Bn d thng t hng khng t l
1/200.000 min Bc Vit Nam, phc v cho cng tc iu tra c bn. Trn bn
t hng khng pht hin c cc dy d thng m dng ln, phn chia lnh
th ra ba vng ng Bc, Ty Bc v Nam ca min Bc Vit Nam (Iu.D. Ivanicov,
1962-1963).
l c s ban u nghin cu cu trc a cht su ca min vng H Ni,
gp phn phn vng kin to v khoanh khu vc trin vng du kh.
Thm d trng lc
T thng 11-1961, on Thm d du la 36 bt u trin khai phng n o
v trng lc vng gia v ng Nam vng trng H Ni t l 1/500.000, 1/200.000
45
v 1/50.000 do chuyn gia

Lin X N.V. Epstein ch
bin cng vi n k s trng
I.I. Vlasova v c nhn vt l
Nguyn Ngc Khnh, sau ny
l Nguyn Hip.
Nhng k thut vin o my u
tin l Nguyn Quc Trng, Phm
Ngc Cc, Nguyn Thanh Xun,
Hong Vn Li, Nng Huy Nhi,
Nguyn Ngc Ton, Bi Duy To,
Trn Nghim, Hong Khnh Ho;
N k s trng I.I. Vlasova,
cc k thut trc a: L Ngc Tn,
Nguyn Hip v Nguyn Ngc C trn l trnh
Vn Hnh, Trn Lin, Nguyn
kho st vng ng Bc - Bc B
Trn T, Nguyn Duy Hin, Phm
Hng Cn, Nguyn Duy Thit thc hin vic o c, tnh ton s liu xc
nh ta v cao cc im quan st trng lc.
o trng lc bng my o trng lc (trng lc k), thc cht l o bin thin
gia tc trng trng i hi chnh xc rt cao (t 0,1-0,5 miligal, tc l t
0,0001-0,0005 cm/sec2). My o trng lc GAK-PT ca Lin X nng khong
5 kg - trng nh mt ci phch kem - b phn quan trng nht nhng cng d
hng nht l l xo bng si dy thch anh c ng knh nh hn si tc! (vic
sn xut i hi cc k kho tay, ton Lin X lc by gi ch c vi ba ngi th
c th lm c vic ny). Khi o ti mt im mt khong 1-3 pht, nhng thi
gian di chuyn my t im o ny n im o tip theo cng ngn th kt qu
o cng chnh xc. Vn chuyn my bng xe t th thun li (nhng ng s
khng c xu qu), nu khng c ng xe chy c th ch cn cch dng
ba l eo my i b, li ng rung, leo o vt ni, bng qua rng rm, nhanh
nhng phi an ton cho my!
Gi tin ca mt my o trng lc khong 3.000-5.000 rp, lc gi mt chic
qut tai voi khong 15-20 rp.
Kt qu quan trng ca bo co thm d trng lc do N.V. Epstein ch bin l

ln u tin thnh lp c Bn d thng trng lc t l 1/500.000 phn
ra ng Bc min vng H Hi, 1/200.000 min vng H Ni v 1/50.000
ng Nam min vng H Ni. Ti liu ny cng vi Bn d thng t hng
khng do Iu.D. Ivanicov thnh lp cho bc tranh u tin v cu trc a cht
ca min vng H Ni, nht l xc nh c cc t gy su sng Hng, sng
Chy, sng L v phn nh cc vng cn c kho st chi tit.
46
Cc chuyn gia Lin X N.V. Epstein, I.I. Vlasova rt tn tnh o to, km

cp v chuyn mn nh o v chun my, vit phng n, t chc trin khai, x
l phn tch, vit bo co tng kt cho th h cn b k thut trng lc u tin
ca Vit Nam.
T thng 10-1963 n thng 4-1966, thm d trng lc c trin khai trn
ton min Bc Vit Nam thnh lp Bn d thng trng lc t l 1/500.000
vi cc im o cch nhau khong 5 km.
i trng trng lc l Phm Ngc Cc, t thng 4-1965, sau khi anh Cc i
chin trng B, anh Nguyn Thanh Xun lm i trng; cc k thut vin o
my gm: Nng Huy Nhi, Nguyn Ngc Ton, Hong Khnh Ho, Nguyn Hu
Chuyn, Trnh Xun Bo. V trc a, ph trch k thut l Vn Hnh, t thng
7-1965 l Nguyn c Th; o my c cc k thut vin: Trn Lin, Nguyn Trn
T, Nguyn Duy Hin, Phm Hng Cn, Nguyn Duy Thit, Nguyn Th Hot,
Ng Duy K, Bi Ngc Ton; k thut vin tnh Phm Cng Chnh; cc ha :
Nguyn Th Kim Ln v Cao Th Vit.
Thng 5-1967, Bo co tng kt ti liu trng lc trn ton min Bc c

hon thnh do Nguyn Hip, Phm Liu, Hong Vn Li thc hin, c s tham
gia ca cc chuyn gia Lin X N.V. Vikhornov, A.M. Gmar.
ng Nguyn Hip k li: Vic trin khai cng vic ny gp rt nhiu kh khn
v gian kh. Trc ht l do phm vi hot ng qu rng, h thng ng giao
thng cn hn ch v xu nn phi i b nhiu theo cc ng mn bng qua
rng ni, cha c cc trm cung cp xng du nn xe phi chy i chy li nhiu.
Cng kh khn hn khi my bay M bn ph c lit Qung Bnh, Vnh Linh,
khng ch cc con ng Ty Bc, bt buc phi di chuyn v o my vo ban
m. Nhiu ln anh em phi lm vic nhng ni cn kht lt mi bom n,
cy c, nh ca b chy. Cng khng t ln trong m xe chy di nh pho sng
do my bay M th, cng nh phi chy gn k nhng qu bom cha n, khi
thy cc c gi ng bn cnh h bom, tay cm c trng ch ng cho xe qua,
chng ti rt vng tm song vn cn hi hp v c phn hi xu h trc tinh
thn dng cm ca cc c gi ! Trang b bo h lao ng rt thiu thn, mi
nm c pht mt b qun o lao ng bng vi si ta, mt i giy vi do Trung
Quc vin tr, che ma bng mt tm ny lng (ch c lnh o mi c pht
o ma bng vi bt). Ba l cng rt thiu nn phi dng cc bao d ng
dng c nhn, ni niu xoong cho, lng thc v dng n gnh trn
vai! Nu khng c my mc i km th khng ai ngh li l mt t o c
trc a - trng lc! Kh khn hn na l hai ba ngy li di chuyn ni ( nh
nh dn), c nhng vng qu ho lnh phi dng xe tip t lng, go, vt t k
thut, c tem phiu cng khng th mua. C khi n k tip t, xe hng, anh em
ht go phi n ng, khoai, sn.
47
T o trng lc ng bng sng Hng
T o trng lc vng Ty Bc
Ln ln vi anh em trng lc v trc a khng th khng nhc n cc anh li

xe (GAZ 69 t vung) Thc, Dn (sau ny i B), Tun ln, Lin, c nhng
thng chy nh con thoi 2.000-3.000 km trn nhng con ng khc khuu,
nhng con ng lm nghip, k bn vc thm trong iu kin ma, l rng.
Nguyn Hip - on ph ch o k thut, Nguyn Thanh Xun trc l i
trng sau l on ph on 36T thi gian ch yu l thc a. Cc anh lnh
o on 36T nh Nguyn Hu Lc (t nm 1967 n thng 5-1968), Vn ng
Li (t thng 6-1968 n thng 8-1970), Nguyn Ch Thnh (t thng 12-1969
n thng 4-1973), cng vi cc cn b nhn vin nghip v cng ngy m lo
chy mi vic nhm bo m hu cn cho anh em trc tip lm vic thc a.
Cc anh cng nhiu ln trc tip i tip t cho cc t, c ln v xe hng, on
trng Vn ng Li cng anh em phi ly gc cy c th lm nh!... Trong thi
gian M bn ph min Bc, tr s on 36T lc u s tn nh nh dn x
ng nh, huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn, sau di chuyn v x Chin Thng,
ri n Ch a, huyn n Thi, tnh Hng Yn mi dng nh tranh vch t
lm vic. gim bt kh khn v i li, mt s cuc hp tng kt n v c
t chc ngay ti vng ang kho st o c....
Trong cng vic x l, phn tch, minh gii ti liu vn phng cng gp
khng t kh khn. Vic tnh ton ch yu dng bn tnh Trung Quc, thc tnh
logarit, my tnh c Nisa quay tay ca Tip Khc, cc loi bn c lp bng
phng php th cng! Chng hn khi tnh bin i trng, phi c hng trm
gi tr trn bn ri cng tr nhn chia tng y con s mi cho kt qu gi tr
bin i trng ti mt im! v c mt bn bin i trng cn phi c
48
hng nghn im nh th, lm ngy lm m cng phi mt c thng tri! By gi

cng vic ny dng my tnh in t ch mt vi gi!
Gian kh vt v nh vy song Bn d thng trng lc t l 1/500.000 trn
ton min Bc Vit Nam cng hon thnh cho php khng nh hai h thng
un np ng Vit Nam v Ty Vit Nam ngn cch nhau bi i khu Sng
Hng, ti y c s nng ln rt nhiu ca y v qu t (mt Moho), ng thi
cng khng nh s c mt ca cc h thng t gy su c phng Ty Bc ng Nam v ng Bc - Ty Nam.
V chi ph, gi thnh cho mt im ta (chun) l 255 ng, im thng l 85
ng, tng chi ph khong 137.000 ng, lc lng thng ca mt k s l 73
ng, k thut trung cp t 45-52 ng, cng nhn t 32-37 ng, cng tc ph l
1,2 ng/ngy, tin cm thng l 18 ng. Nh vy, chi ph cho mt n trng
lc rt khng ng k so vi cc n thm d in, a chn. V vy, phng
php thm d trng lc bao gi cng c tin hnh trc khoanh li cc
vng c trin vng, sau mi tin hnh thm d in v a chn.
ng thi vi vic trin khai o trng lc t l 1/500.000 trn ton min Bc,
trong nm 1963-1964 tin hnh o t l 1/50.000 (cc im cch nhau khong
1 km) vng ng Nam tnh Thi Bnh v vng Ph Bnh tnh Thi Nguyn.
Ngoi cc chuyn vin k thut nu trn, t thng 8-1964 c s tham gia ca
k s a vt l Phan Minh Bch v t thng 11-1964 c s tham gia ca chuyn
gia Lin X N.V. Vikhornov. Bo co tng kt ti liu cho bit vng ng Nam
tnh Thi Bnh c hai i cu to: i Kin Xng - Tin Hi (hay phn ng
Nam i Trung tm Khoi Chu - Tin Hi), i ng Bc Tin Hi (hay phn
ng Nam i n Thi - Qunh Ci), c ng phng Ty Bc - ng Nam,
ngn cch nhau bi hai t gy Thi Bnh v Vnh Ninh. Cn vng Ph Bnh
tnh Thi Nguyn, th nm ca cu trc c tui trc Mesozoi c dng n t,
cu to Ph Bnh c ng phng v tuyn.
Trong nhng nm 1967-1968 trin khai o trng lc t l 1/50.000 ra ng

Bc min vng H Ni.
V nhn lc, b sung thm k s Chu Ngc Khnh v mt s k thut vin trung
cp nh: Hong Ngc Sn, Dng Huy Thc, Nguyn Th Hp, Nguyn Th Thc,
Nguyn Th Min, Nguyn nh ng, Phan Vn Minh, Phan Vn Ch, Hong
Th Phng Bin ch ca on 36T c 3 t trng lc (mi t c 5 ngi: 2 k
thut vin trung cp, 3 k thut vin s cp); 4 t trc a (mi t c 7 ngi: 1 k
thut vin trung cp, 1 k thut vin s cp v 5 cng nhn); mt t vn phng
trng lc; mt t vn phng trc a - ho , cc t hnh chnh, nghip v; tng
bin ch khong 60-70 ngi. Ngoi ra, cn c chuyn gia Lin X I.E. Isaev h tr.
49
T thng 8-1970 n thng 5-1971, Giang Cng Thnh v Phan Th Ngc Lan
trin khai o trng lc t l 1/50.000 phn Ty Bc min vng H Ni, din tch
khong 5.000 km2 v n thng 6-1972, hon thnh bo co tng kt.
T thng 9-1971 n thng 5-1973, Ng Th L v Phan Th Ngc Lan trin
khai o trng lc t l 1/50.000 vng Ninh Bnh, din tch 7.500 km2. Do nh
hng ca chin tranh, nhiu vng thuc b mt qun s khng c tin hnh
kho st, n phi thu gn li.
T thng 2-1973 n thng 5-1975, Giang Cng Thnh, Phm Liu, Trnh
Cng v L Cng Gio trin khai o trng lc t l 1/25.000 vng Kin
Xng - Tin Hi (c din tch 490 km2), o chnh xc cao t l 1/10.000 ( di
129 km) nhm nghin cu cc cu to v tm kim trc tip cc du hiu du kh.
Cng trong nm 1975, Nguyn Vn Thnh v Phan Quang Quyt trin khai o
trng lc vng Xun Thu, tnh Nam nh vi t l 1/25.000 trn vng t lin,
t l 1/50.000 trn vng ngoi bin n mp nc khi thu triu xung (Cn
Thng, Cn Vt), t l 1/10.000 trn mt s tuyn. y l mt n lc rt ln
tin ra bin khi khng c cc phng tin v my o thch hp. Kh khn phi
vt qua l phi ch thu triu xung kit (khng k ngy m), o my trong
iu kin snh ly, mui bao vy v nht l my khng n nh do nh hng ca
sng, gi bin.
Thm d a chn phn x
thc hin cng tc thm d du kh, ln u tin cng ngh thm d a
chn c Lin X chuyn giao v gip cho Vit Nam t u nm 1962. Phng
php a chn phn x (MOB) c a vo th nghim u tin huyn Khoi
Chu, tnh Hng Yn, tuy thu c sng phn x nhng cn yu v kh nng.
Cn n mn trong ging khoan di mt t nhm tng nng lng sng v trnh
nhiu lon ca lp t b ri trn mt. Cuc th nghim li phi tip tc chn
chiu su bn mn thch hp nhm tng chiu su kho st. Qu tht n mn trong
ging khoan nng 15-18 m cho phn x n 1,8-2,0 giy, tc l chiu su kho
st c th n trn 3.000 m. Da vo kt qu th nghim, phng n thm d a
chn phn x cho ng bng sng Hng1 c tho ra. Sau cc phng n
k thut chi tit v m rng tip theo c thc hin, xy dng cc lt ct, v nn
bn v pht hin hng lot cc cu to c trin vng du kh, ch ra v tr cc
ging khoan cu to. Thi gian ny vic x l phn tch s liu cha c my tnh.
1. Trong B sch ny, Nh xut bn thng nht vit l ng bng sng Hng, ng bng sng Cu Long.
50
Mi cng vic cy nh vo cy bt
ch mu v chic my Nisa, nh
kin thc a vt l - a cht v
kh nng tng hp ca con ngi.
Pht n a chn u
tin ng bng sng
Hng c ng Trng
Minh ghi li: Nim
vui ln u n mn th
nghim thm d a
chn cnh ng lng
g ng To, huyn
Pht n a chn u tin ti lng ng To,
Khoi Chu, tnh Hng
huyn Khoi Chu, tnh Hng Yn
Yn. y l th nghim
u tin xem th c sng phn x t lng t khng... Ngy 25-6-1962, Hng
Yn lng lng tri xanh, ma la nc dy th mn man hng ng gi ni.
Hai ngn c ui nheo phn pht gi chn hai u con ng ng y c
may. Cnh hai ngn c ch gii l hai tp bo v eo bng va nghim trang
va ti ci vn ng, hng dn b con i vng li khc. Mt vic lm, hai
tc dng: bo m an ton cho ngi v trnh gy nhiu, lm nh hng n
chnh xc ca th nghim. ng gi khai ho, 2,5 kg thuc n pht ho trn mt
t. Mt ct khi bc cao. ng rung nh ca rung ln, nc sng snh b, trn
ln trn mt ng. Trm my a chn SS-24P (CC-24) ca Lin X v cc
my thu sng SP-1 (C-1) ghi c cc t tn hiu sng phn x u tin,
24 ng ghi trn giy nh hin ln cc t sng a chn r nt tuyt vi1.
Phng n k thut cng tc thm d a chn trong phm vi ng bng

sng Hng l phng n u tin do cc chuyn gia Lin X V.V. Macsiutova,
G.T. Kenia son tho, c s tham gia ca cc k s: H c Hoi, Trng Minh,
do i a chn thc hin t thng 6-1962 v hon thnh nm 1964, nhm t
c cc yu cu:
- Khng nh v chnh xc ho cc hiu bit v cu - kin to chu th sng
Hng, ranh gii v c trng phn cch ca n vi cc khu vc xung quanh,
nghin cu cu trc lp ph trm tch, xc nh mi quan h gia chng vi cc
d thng trng lc a phng.
- V bn cu to t l 1/200.000 v 1/100.000 tm kim v chnh xc ho
cc cu to a phng thun li cho tch t du kh.
1. Nhiu tc gi, T Duy Anh ch bin: Nhng ngi i tm la, Nxb. Hi Nh vn, 2007, t. II, tr. 200.
51

Mng li kho st bao gm cc tuyn khu vc v mng li din tch vi khi
lng xp x 400 km. Cc tuyn a chn chy theo ng giao thng, sng ngi
knh rch cong queo dch dc hoc theo tuyn thng xuyn qua ng rung
lng mc, rt kh khn v phc tp cho cng tc thi cng v x l s liu. Vic
n mn gy chn ng thc hin trn mt t, trong ging khoan nng 15-20 m
v di nc. Thit b k thut ca Lin X gm c Trm a chn ghi giy nh
24 mch SS-24P (CC-24), my thu sng SPED-56 (-56), my bn mn
VM-1 (BM-1), my o vi karota a chn (ca Trung Quc), khoan n mn bng
my khoan SBU-ZIV-150 (--150) v UGB-50 (-50), v khoan nc
t to bng my bm M-800, M-1200. Khi tuyn a chn qua ng rung, vic
vn chuyn thit b hu ht bng sc ngi.
ng Minh nh li: Khi kho st trn sng, trm my trn thuyn, my thu trn
b lung bng bnh trn mt nc. Dc theo sng, ngi n trn thuyn. Ni
gn dn, gn ch th c ci la, cn c rau u ngy hai ba thi nu vi nhau.
Khi xa dn, xa ch th qua qut cho xong. Nhiu ln ht go, n khoai lang luc
thay cm... Mt sng ma ng, trong lu bt trn g cao gia ng, rm ang
m gic ng, bng nhin mt ng lo nh thc dy, cho hay y l m hi, phi
chuyn i ngay... ng c kh lc u ri th di, thy nhng ngi lm du kh
cng vt v khng km g ngi nng dn chn lm tay bn. i a chn n mn
lm rn nt mng mng, dn khng bt n, khng nhn bi thng, li cho n
ung na. Cc bc v ngi i tm du kh hn c i tm vng cho t nc. Ngi
dn cng chu thit thi i cht, cng ng gp cho s nghip ny ch sao!.
Kt qu thm d a chn phn x xy dng c bn cu to t l 1/100.000

vi 3 tng chun I, III, V nhng chiu su 400, 950, 1.450 m. Theo cc c trng cu
to, tng trm tch min vng H Ni c phn chia thnh 3 vng: Trung tm, Ty
Nam v ng Bc, ngn cch bi cc t gy su Thi Bnh v Vnh Ninh.
vng Trung tm a chn pht hin di nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi (gm
cc cu to Khoi Chu, Kim ng, Ph C, Thi Bnh, Tin Hi, Kin Xng)
v trng Phng Ngi. Cu to li Thi Bnh phn chia thnh 2 nh nh, bin
khong 200 m, rng khong 130 km2.
Theo ti liu a chn v khoan cu to lm sng t, min vng H Ni c lp
y bi trm tch Neogen, c th c carbonat phn su.
Phi ni rng kho st trng lc cho nhng khi nim u tin kh r rng
v phn vng cu trc su ca tam gic chu th sng Hng vi cc thnh phn
cu - kin to bc hai gm hai ra nng Ty Nam v ng Bc, di li tng i
Khoi Chu - Tin Hi v di ng Quan; cc t gy phn chia chng cng d
on c kh r. Tuy nhin phi ti khi c cc kt qu kho st a chn phn
x mi thc s lm r c cc thnh phn c bn ca min vng H Ni.
52
V trin vng du kh ca min vng H Ni, bo co a chn c nhn nh:

i Trung tm c nh gi l c trin vng nht, trong i tng ch u
tin l cu to Thi Bnh c chiu su 3.000 m, l ni t ging khoan chun
nghin cu kh nng cha du cc tng su. i tng th hai l nng Kin
Xng. i ng Bc l vng vt nhn a tng, ni cn lu v trin vng.
Nm 1964, k s
Trng Minh thnh
lp phng n thm
d a chn phn x
cc a phng: Hng
Yn, Thi Bnh, Kin
An, Bc Ninh, ng
Triu, Hi Dng c
nhim v:
- Nghin cu a
chn khu vc ng
Bc tam gic chu
th sng Hng, t l
1/200.000.
K s H c Hoi bo co tng kt cng tc

thm d a chn phn x min vng H Ni
- Trc lng din tch trn cc cu to Kim ng, n Thi, Yn M, Ph C, v

bn cu to t l 1/100.000.
Nm 1967, phng n a chn phn x vng ng Bc, t l 1/100.000, do
k s H c Hoi xy dng nhm nghin cu cc khu vc cc huyn: Ninh
Giang, Nam Sch, Ch Linh, Kinh Mn (tnh Hi Dng); Gia Lng, Thun
Thnh (tnh Bc Ninh); Vnh Bo, Kin Thy, Tin Lng (tnh Hi Phng) vi
din tch 1.445 km2. Phng n ny c thc hin ko di n nm 1968.
T nm 1965, cc phng n a chn ny do cc k s H c Hoi, Trng
Minh iu hnh; cng cc k s: Nguyn Cng Binh, Nguyn Cng S, L
Trng Cn trc tip thc hin, vi s tr gip ca cc chuyn gia c vn Lin X
Lipovetski (1967) v M.B. Shnerson (1968).
Cng tc thm d a chn trong giai on 1965-1969 min vng H Ni
cho cc kt qu c bn sau:
V lin kt a cht, kho st c 6 tng phn x chun (s cu to
min vng H Ni t l 1/200.000, bn cu to t l 1/100.000 cho di
53

Khoi Chu - Tin Hi) c lin quan n
cc lp trm tch c thnh phn thch
hc v tui a cht khc nhau nh: tp
than - st than Tin Hng (500-600 m),
tng alevrolit, than - st than Ph C
(950 m). trng ng Quan (3.5004.000 m) xut hin lp c tc 5.000 m/
giy, c th l tng dolomit tui Carbon
di. ra ng Bc ch tn ti mt lp
mng tng Tin Hng v trm tch
T, nm bn di l mng c tui Trias,
dolomit Carbon di. vng li Gia
Lm mng tui Proterozoi.
V hnh thi cu to a cht, khoanh
cc vng cu to nh:
Bn cu to a chn min vng H Ni

t l 1/200.000
- Di Khoi Chu - Tin Hi c trng

tn ti cc cu to bc III vi cc hnh
dng, kch thc v nghing khc
nhau, bin 200-300 m (Khoi Chu,
Ph C), 100-150 m (Tin Hng, Kin
Xng B, C, Tin Hi A). V pha Ty
Nam tn ti cu to bc II - lm V Tin.
- Di Gia Lm - ng Quan c cc cu trc ln l cu to li Gia Lm, vng

chuyn tip Thanh Min, trng ng Quan; y khng c phn d mnh ca
cc cu to bc III vi kch thc v bin nh.
- Ra ng Bc c cu to khi r rt, c cc t gy bao quanh nh cc cu to
Hi Dng, Thanh H; cu to Gia Lc c dng ko di, chiu dy cc tng Tin
Hng, Vnh Bo tng dn v pha lm.
T thi gian ny cng tc thm d a chn phn x c tin hnh nghin

cu chi tit, chnh xc ho cc cu to c trin vng min vng H Ni, chun
b cho vic xc nh cc ging khoan tm kim du kh.
T nm 1965, cng tc thm d a chn trong thi k chin tranh gp nhiu
kh khn nguy him.
ng L Ngc Thnh, nguyn i trng i a chn II on 36F, sau ny l
Trng ban Bo v ca Tng cng ty Du kh, ghi li: Thng 6-1967, i a
chn II thu na chn qua ga Cao X,tnh Hi Hng (nay l tnh Hi Dng),
bom M nm xung nh ga, mnh bom ct t mt s dy my thu sng nhng
54

rt may anh em c an ton v tip tc lm vic. Thng 7-1967, thi cng qua
cc b cha xng du gn bn ph Cm Ging sang Nam Sch, lc 4 gi chiu c
i va thu qun th my bay M nm bom khu vc kho cha xng du, ngn la
bc chy ngn ngt, nhng cng rt may khng c thng vong. Cng thiim
ny, khi khoan na chn lm rn nt chn chn sng ca a phng.
Cn b cng nhn vin ca on 36F ang s tn Trng X - n Thi, cng
i II ngy i lm m i p bo m an ton cho chng l... Khi i
a chn II ng qun ti x Nam Trung, huyn Tin Hi, tnh Thi Bnh, m
n thng b thc gic bi pho sng bn t Hm i 7 ngoi bin, ting go x
ca my bay M khi bay tr ra bin, n pho gm rt khng khip, ri gn ni
ng qun v kho cha thuc n ca chng ti x ng C.
T sau nm 1970, do c yu cu chnh xc ha cc cu to c pht

hin, phc v cho vic xc nh v tr khoan cu to v tm kim du kh nn i
hi phng php phn x phi nng cao kh nng gii quyt ca mnh. Vi s
c vn ca chuyn gia Lin X Murzin, cc k s: Vn Lu, Trn c Th,
Nguyn Thnh tip tc th nghim nng cao chiu su nghin cu ca
phng php.
Ni dung th nghim:
- Chn chiu su bn mn: cc vng Tin Hi v Kin Xng C (Kin Xng C
thuc di cu to Kin Xng, ko di n Giao Thy) su n chn c th
ln ti 20-25 m, vng Khoi Chu, Ph C ch l 5-8 m.
- Chn nhm n: p dng n nhm 3 cho cc vng Tin Hi v Kin Xng C.
- Th nghim thu ghi sng phng trn cc cu to Tin Hng, Kin Xng B v
Kin Xng C, ln u tin c thc hin bi L Trng Cn, Vn Lu vi s
cng tc ca tin s Phm Nng V.
a chn im su chung (SC): Phng php im su chung c giao

cho c nhn a vt l Nguyn Vn Hng p dng vo cui nm 1972, song
mi n cui nm 1975 khi c chuyn gia Murzin v thit b x l PSZ-4
(-4 - Lin X) mi bt u trin khai. Cui nm 1974, Tng cc a
cht c mt on gm: Trng Minh, Nguyn Tr Lin, Nguyn c Tun
i Php mua trm my a chn ghi s SN-338B, thit b x l CAS-48
(hng Sercel - Php). Nguyn Tr Lin chu trch nhim thc hin cng tc
th nghim v thu n a chn im su chung trn di nng Kin Xng Tin Hi, Nam ng Quan.
55
T y cng tc thm d a chn phn x chuyn sang mt giai on mi, giai

on p dng cng ngh a chn im su chung (CDP - Common Depth Point)
v k thut s trong thu n trn t lin v trn bin, ng dng cng ngh tin hc
trong x l v phn tch s liu a vt l, nghin cu chi tit trn nhiu khu
vc c cu to trin vng, phc v cho vic xc nh v tr cc ging khoan su tm
kim, thm d trong ton min vng H Ni.
C th ni rng, ti thi im nhng nm 1974-1975, cng ngh a chn ca
Vit Nam chm hn khong 5-7 nm so phng Ty. Khng phi qu mun, song
cng phi ni rng trong hon cnh chin tranh, chng ta khng c iu kin tip
nhn cng ngh mi ca th gii hi .
Mc d vy, cng tc thm d a chn im su chung vn gi vai tr quan
trng trong vic nghin cu v nh gi tim nng du kh min vng H Ni.
Nhng kt qu chnh ca cng tc thm d a chn phn x trong thi gian ny
min vng H Ni l:
- Cung cp khung kin trc ca trm tch Kainozoi, bn cc cu to c trin
vng l c s cho vic la chn v tr cc ging khoan tm kim, thm d v khai
thc du kh vng ny.
- Cc lt ct lin kt cc ging khoan khoan l c s cho vic phn nh ranh
gii cc lot/tng hoc thnh h trm tch.
Phng php o a chn phn x mang li hiu qu rt tt. Song vn cn
nhc im l ch xuyn su vo lng t cha ti 3.500 m ( trng ng Quan).
T 3.500 m xung di vn cn m o, cha xc nh c y ca tng trm tch.
a chn khc x lin kt (KM): khc phc tn ti ny ca a chn phn
x v c th nghin cu su n tng mng trm tch Tam min vng H
Ni, phng php a chn khc x lin kt c ng dng t nm 1966; trc
tin bng vic th nghim la chn phng php k thut, thit b v cc iu kin
thi cng thc a.
Trc tip thc hin chng trnh ny c: i a chn khc x do i trng
Nguyn Vn Di ph trch; Trng Minh ch o k thut cng Trng nh
Qu, Nguyn Tr Lin, V Long, L Hu Liu, L Ngc Thnh, Bi Ngc Toan,
Nguyn Vn T.
Cng tc th nghim c chia thnh 2 bc:
- t I (t thng 8 n thng 9-1966) di s ch o k thut ca Trng Minh,
56

tin hnh kho st trn cc tuyn N1KX
(12,4 km) v tuyn N2KX (6,6 km) khu
vc Ph C thuc trung tm min vng H
Ni; ban u s dng cc thit b thu - n
a chn phn x c tn s cao (25-80 Hz),
gm trm my a chn SS-24P (CC-24 Lin X) v my thu sng SPM-16.
- t II (t thng 10-1966) di s ch o
k thut ca chuyn gia Lin X V.Z. Riaboi
v Trng Minh, tin hnh kho st trn
tuyn N3KX, t thnh ph Nam nh n
Hi Phng di 81 km, bng 2 trm my vi
khong thu 4,6 km.
Qua th nghim t I cho thy vic quan st
sng khc x cn c cc thit b thp tn (1020 Hz). Nhng lc by gi Vit Nam cha
c cc phng tin ny. Vi s gip ca
chuyn gia Lin X - k s trng v thit
b a vt l A.A. Mactnov, Trng Minh
v Bi Xun Toi cng Xng Sa cha
Chuyn gia A.A. Mactnov v k s
v tuyn in on 36 (do Xng trng
Trng Minh ti trm ghi sng khc x,
Nguyn Tt Nho ph trch) thc hin
bn v bom M ti Ph Ving,
thnh cng mt lot ci tin thit b hin c
tnh Nam nh (nm 1966)
nh: h thp tn s dao ng ca my thu
sng bng cch mi mng l xo l dp, h tn s b lc khuych i trong trm
my, ci tin my bn mn n mn ln trn mt tn thuc n, thit lp h
thng truyn tn hiu n qua v tuyn in... Cc sng kin ci tin ny c a
ra p dng trong cng tc kho st a chn khc x min vng H Ni c kt
qu tt.
Cc tuyn kho st a chn khc x di hng trm kilmt, ri t Nam nh

n Qung Ninh, t Tin Hi n Gia Lm. Mi chng ri dy my di n 5 km.
Thu sng ti Thi Bnh m n mn t Ph Ving, tnh Nam nh v Qung Yn xa
n trm cy s. Cng vic thu n a chn khc x ch lm v m.
Th nghim a chn khc x thu c cc kt qu rt c bn:
- V phng php, la chn phng php k thut thu n thc a v x l
s liu, tm hiu c cc c trng ng hc (kinetic) v ng lc (dynamic)
sng a chn khc x, to c s cho vic trin khai cng tc trong ton vng.
- V a cht, nhn c cc thng tin mi v cu trc a cht su ca min vng
57

H Ni; kho st c mng trm tch Neogen c tui v chiu su khc nhau
trn 4 khu vc: vng nng vng Ty Nam, vng tt ln khi nng Khoi
Chu - Tin Hi, vng chm su n 4-5 km trng ng Quan, ra ng Bc
min vng H Ni; nhn c s liu v c trng vt l ca t ; kho st
c cc ranh gii chun trong tng trm tch Tam.
Sau khi c kt qu ca chng trnh th nghim, phng n thm d a chn

khc x lin kt cho ton min vng H Ni c k s Trng Minh thnh lp,
c cc tuyn khu vc: N4KX (Gia Lm - ng Quan 100 km), N5KX (Khoi
Chu - Tin Hi 94 km), N6KX (Kim Bng - Ph Li 71 km). V sau c b
sung cc tuyn lin kt: N4AKX (Tin L - Ph C 13,3 km), N4BKX (cu to
Tin Hng 8,8 km), N4DKX (Thi Bnh - Giao Thu 29 km). Tng khi lng
l 263 km tuyn.
Vic thi cng Phng n thm d a chn khc x do i a chn khc x
(i trng V Long) thuc on a chn 36F thc hin, do k s Trng Minh
ch o k thut. T thng 9-1969 n nm 1971, c nhn Nguyn Tr Lin thay
k s Trng Minh ch o cng tc ny vi s gip ca chuyn gia Lin X
M.V. Shnerson.
Tng kt cng tc thm d a chn khc x nhng nm 1967-1970, Nguyn Tr
Lin a ra cc kt qu:
- Kho st c tng F l tng mng ca phc h trm tch Neogen - T,
c tui khc nhau: tui Proterozoi (Pt) khu vc Ty Nam v Ty Bc min
vng H Ni, mng c tui Palaeozoi tng i ng nht vng Trung tm
v ng Bc.
- Kho st c cc tng chun K1 (vng ng Quan), K2 (trong di nng Khoi
Chu - Tin Hi) trong trm tch Kainozoi.
Ring mng trm tch Neogen c su 3.000 m vng Tin Hng khng c
xc nhn ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100 - Tin Hng).
Thm d in
u nhng nm 1960, Vit Nam s dng phng php in cu to cng
cc phng php a vt l khc nhm nghin cu cu trc a cht min vng
H Ni. Ton b thit b, vt t c nhp t Lin X gm 1 xe pht in mt
chiu lu ng, 1 xe thu ti liu, cc my EP-1 (-1) dng thm d tng
nng trong o su i xng, dy in v cc loi vt t chuyn dng khc. Tng
58
cc a cht lc by gi khn trng o to nhn vin k thut ngn hn, cc

lp trung cp a vt l 2 nm, mt khc thng qua B Ngoi thng nhp cc
thit b, vt t. Sau mt thi gian chun b cn b, thit b, vt t, cng vic c
bt u.
Nm 1964, i in p dng rng ri cc phng php o su i xng, o su
lng cc, o su nh v, telua, t - telua. Vng cng tc ch yu nm gia min
vng H Ni, gm Hng Yn, Hi Dng, H Ni, Thi Bnh, Nam nh. T l
bn kho st khc nhau: o su i xng t l 1/25.000, o telua t l 1/100.000,
o su lng cc, t - telua t l 1/200.000.
Sau nm 1965, vi kt qu phn tch t ti liu thc a, phng php in
c s dng nghin cu vng ra ng Bc v Ty Nam min vng H Ni.
Phng n u tin v thm d in cu to do cc chuyn gia Lin X G.A.
Vedrinsev, A.M. Emilianov v Tng Mi thnh lp, c i in tin hnh
trong nhng nm 1964-1969, nhm gii quyt cc nhim v sau y:
- Nghin cu khu vc tng ta in tr cao trn mng,
- Pht hin cc cu to a phng c trin vng du kh,
- Kho st t l 1/500.000 cho ton vng, t l 1/200.000 cho vng trng v t
l 1/100.000 cho di Khoi Chu - Tin Hi.
Tham gia thc hin
phng n ny cn c cc
chuyn gia Lin X: A.M.
Emelianov, G.A. Vasin, C.B.
Tonstov, A.E. Xidenicov, V.
Xivixitski, P.A. Marat.
Ri dy tin hnh phng php o in t - telua

khu vc min vng H Ni
Tip theo cng tc ny

c cc phng n: o su
t - telua (MTZ) Ph
Dc, Tin Hng (tnh
Thi Bnh), An Lo (tnh
Hi Phng) (Vaxilianovic,
1970); o dng telua (TT)
Khoi Chu, Tin Hi,
59
Kin Xng (Nguyn Tn Kch, 1970); kho st chi tit in cu to vng ng

Nam min vng H Ni 1971-1974 (Phm Th Cu, 1971); o in mt chiu
di Khoi Chu - Tin Hi (Trn Ngc Ton, Nguyn Tn Kch, 1972).
thc hin cng tc ny, i in p dng mt h a dng cc phng
php thm d in, nh d in thng ng (VEZ), o su lng cc (PZ), thit
lp trng (ZCS), dng telua (TT), t - telua (MTZ.MTP).
Cng tc thm d in cu to min vng H Ni cho cc kt qu c bn
nh sau:
- C c s gi nh c mt i mi vi nhng cu to li theo ng phng
ng Bc, vung gc vi ng phng ca cc yu t cu trc c bn ca vng.
- Pht hin cc vng trng tng i di nng Ph C.
- C s trng hp cc tng chun in vi mt a chn.
- C tng ta in tr ti 4.000 m trng ng Quan.
ng Nguyn Tn Kch ghi li: ... Nhng nm 1965-1973 l khong thi gian kh
khn gian kh nht cho cng tc thm d du kh do chin tranh ph hoi min
Bc bng khng qun ca quc M. Cc i kho st thc a, vn phng phn
tch di chuyn n u u nh nh dn. V vy, c cu v von n cm t nu,
ng nh nh dn v lm vic ht mnh cho t nc. Vt qua ht tt c gian
trun, anh em vn sng vui v, lm vic ht mnh cho tp th. Sng c tnh, c
ngha, on kt chn thnh. l yu t quan trng, gip anh em vt qua th
thch, hon thnh tt nhim v. Tnh cm su m, keo sn gn b vn cn lu
mi trong tm khm ca nhng ngi cng thi....
T nm 1973, phng php in trng nhn to trc giao (NT) do tin s

Trn Ngc Ton nghin cu p dng th nghim trn cu to Tin Hi C v sau
m rng ra trn cc cu to khc trong i Khoi Chu - Kin Xng - Tin Hi.
Phng php o su t - telua bng thit b hin i do gio s Nguyn Vn Ngc
(Vit kiu ti Php) sng to cng c ng dng nghin cu cu trc a cht
min vng H Ni.
Trong thi gian t nm 1962 n nm 1978, phng php thm d in cu
to cung cp c mt lng thng tin qu, gp phn cng cc phng php
a vt l khc lm sng t cu - kin trc min vng H Ni, An Chu, phc v
cho cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh v cho nghin cu a cht ni chung
trn a bn ny. Ch trng s dng nhiu phng php kt hp nghin cu
cc i tng a cht phc tp l ng nhng do vic tin hnh chm so vi cc
phng php a chn v trng lc v nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan, ch quan
khc lm cho hiu qu kinh t - k thut cha cao.
60
3.2. Khoan du kh
u nm 1963, hai t khoan nng cng trm dung dch trc thuc on 36
c thnh lp.
T khoan 1 c 16 cng nhn, kp trng l Nguyn Vn Nguyn v Vi Minh
Hng; T khoan 2 c 16 cng nhn, kp trng l Nguyn Tin nh, Nguyn Vn
Soan, T Vn Sinh, on Vn Tin.
Cc t khoan ny ban u lm nhim v khoan cc l khoan nng bn mn

phc v thm d a chn v v bn a cht bng cc my khoan ZIF-150
(-150) ca Lin X.
Ngy 11-1-1963, 2 i khoan 650 c thnh lp: (i) i s 1 bt u khoan
ging khoan cu to s 1 Khoi Chu; v (ii) i s 2 khoan ging khoan cu
to s 2 Ph C. C 2 ging khoan u thuc a phn tnh Hng Yn. Bin ch
mi i c 31 ngi.
Nhm p ng yu cu m rng cng tc thm d du kh, ngy 24-3-1963
on khoan 36K c thnh lp trn c s 2 i khoan nng. Ngy 22-10-1965,
i khoan s 3 c thnh lp, do Nguyn c Tu lm i trng, tham gia vo
cng tc khoan cu to min vng H Ni.
Ngy 13-8-1966, Tng cc a cht chnh thc quyt nh thnh lp on
Khoan cu to 36K, trc thuc on 36. Ban u do ng L Xun Thnh lm on
trng; n thng 7-1969 ng Nguyn Trng Tng lm on trng. on 36K
s tn ti lng Cc Kh; nm 1970 chuyn v Tn Cu, huyn Kim ng, tnh
Hng Yn; nm 1971 chuyn sang huyn V Th, tnh Thi Bnh. Thi on
36K c 2 i khoan ZIF-650 v 3 i khoan ZIF-1.200, lm nhim v khoan cu
to ng bng sng Hng v vng trng An Chu.
chun b cho vic khoan ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100), ngy 1-21969, on Khoan su 36S c thnh lp, ng Nguyn c Qu lm on
trng, ng ng Ca lm on ph ph trch thi cng.
Ngy 24-3-1973, on Khoan 36K (hp nht) c thnh lp trn c s sp
nhp 2 on Khoan 36K v 36S. Lin on ph Bi c Thiu kim on trng
on 36K. Tr s ca on 36K t ti th x Thi Bnh.
T thng 8-1974, nhn s ca Lin on 36 thay i, ng V Bt v ng Bi
c Thiu thi gi chc Lin on trng v Lin on ph, i nhn nhim v
khc. Th tng Chnh ph b nhim ng Phan Minh Bch, on trng on
61
a vt l 36F (nguyn Lin on ph Lin on 36) lm Lin on trng Lin

on a cht 36, ng ng Ca v ng Nguyn Trng Tng lm Lin on ph.
Lin on qun l trn 10 i khoan su t 1.200-5.000 m.
Ngy 6-1-1975, on a cht Xun Thu 36N c thnh lp. on c nhim
v khoan su tm kim, thm d du kh vng Xun Thy, tnh Nam nh,
chun b c s vt cht k thut tin dn ra bin khoan cc ging khoan 102,
110 ngoi Cn en. on t tr s cng c s phc v chuyn gia huyn l
Giao Thy.
Ngy 28-7-1975, on Khoan su 36Y c thnh lp, do ng Nguyn Tin
nh lm on trng; on 36Y c nhim v khoan ging khoan 104 ti Ph
C, Hng Yn.
Khoan cu to
Trn c s kt qu kho st a vt l tm hiu lt ct a cht, c bit i
vi i nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi, on 36 tin hnh khoan ging khoan cu
to u tin (GK-1) Khoi Chu vi b my khoan ZIF-650-A (-650-A),
do Lin X sn xut. Ging khoan c khi cng ngy 14-2-1962 vi d kin
chiu su 650 m v kt thc ngy 15-4-1963 t chiu su 802 m. Kt qu khoan
vt chiu su thit k, pht hin phn trn lt ct trm tch Neogen. l
ging khoan u tin min vng H Ni, a tng ging khoan c khng nh
v lin kt c cc mt a chn phn x d kin. Ti y pht hin cc va
than gy, c du hiu kh mtan.
Tip theo ging khoan cu to s 1, cc ging khoan cu to khc nh s 2,
3, v.v., c thi cng. Ton b s ging khoan cu to min vng H Ni l 22
ging, trong : (i) Trn di nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi c 14 ging l GK 1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 31, 33, 35, 36, 37, 41; (ii) ra ng v ng Bc c 4 ging l GK
8, 8B, 14, 19; (iii) ra Nam v Ty Nam c 4 ging l GK 11, 15, 18 v 20. Tng
s mt khoan cu to l 20.025,8 m.
Kt qu khoan trn lm r cc cu to a cht ca min vng H Ni, gip
cho vic xc nh cc ging khoan tm kim, thm d tip theo.
ng Phan Minh Bch k li: Ti ging khoan cu to s 2 Ph C pht hin cc
tng trm tch Neogen v bt gp trm tch tng Ph C ln u tin min
vng H Ni. Ti chiu su 1.182,5m, khoan b kt v cu kt sut nhiu thng
t thng 6 n thng 8-1964 m vn khng cu kt c. T y vn t ra
l vng nghin cu s khng c pht hin g mi hn trong lt ct a cht
Neogen nu chiu su khoan cu to ch n 1.200 m. iu cng cho thy do
62

trnh chuyn mn k thut cn km v thiu kinh nghim nn gy lng
ph trong chng kt. y mt ngun phng x do b trm cp. S vic c
bo co ln Tng cc a cht v tuyn truyn gii thch s nguy him ca ngun
phng x cho nhn dn cc x xung quanh ging khoan. Cui cng nh cn b
on x him kho st tm kim v pht hin c ngun trn ng rung cch
ging khoan khng xa. Qua kinh nghim trn chng ta bo v cn thn ngun
phng x v t chc hc tp ni quy s dng ngun phng x cho cn b, cng
nhn v bo v ngun sau khi s dng.
Khoan v bn
Khoan nng v bn c tin hnh ra quanh min vng H Ni do k
s a cht du kh Nguyn Quang Hp ch tr. Thit b khoan l b my khoan
-150 ca Lin X. Tng s c 22 ging khoan vi 2.188,12 m khoan. Ging
khoan GK-15 ti ni Gi, Nam nh gp mng kt tinh c tui Proterozoi
su 150 m.
Kt qu cc ging khoan v bn c dng xc nh ranh gii vng
trung tm v nh gi cc iu kin cu - kin to ca vng nghin cu.
Ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100)
Cn c vo kt qu ti liu thu c trong qu trnh hot ng thm d a
vt l, khoan cu to n chiu su 1.200 m v cc phng php thm d gin
tip khc, ging khoan su thng s s 1 c chn trn cu to Tin Hng
thuc di nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi. Chuyn gia Lin X A.E. Kameneski v
H c Hoi vit c s a cht - a vt l cho ging khoan trn cu to ny,
ngy 15-1-1969 trnh by trc Hi ng xt duyt (gm V K thut Tng
cc a cht, lnh o on 36 v cn b k thut a vt l, a cht, khoan su);
cui cng v tr ging khoan su c t ti lng Khuc, x Ph Chu, huyn
ng Hng, tnh Thi Bnh (lng cho ni ting ca ng bng sng Hng). V
ging khoan cch Ph Tng khong 800 m v pha Ty Bc, nn quen gi l ging
khoan su Ph Tng.
Ging khoan thng s s 1 ly s hiu GK-1001 l ging khoan su u tin
min vng H Ni, cng l u tin Vit Nam, c nhim v nghin cu lt ct
y cc tng trm tch Neogen v cc trm tch c tui trc Kainozoi.
1. Cc ging khoan su du kh min vng H Ni c nh s theo quy nh: (i) Cc ging c chiu
su 1.700-2.400 m mang s t 50; (ii) Cc ging c chiu su 2.400-3.200 m mang s t 60 (GK-61,
GK-63...); (iii) Cc ging c chiu su trn 3.200 m mang s t 100 (GK-100, GK-102...).
63

Ging khoan GK-100 c xc nh trn cu to Tin Hng, nm trn di nng
Khoi Chu - Tin Hi. Cu to Tin Hng c chiu di 18 km, rng 8 km v
bin ti 200 m. V tr GK-100, lc u khng c cc k s a cht ca U
ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc ng h, h ngh khoan trn cu to Kin
Xng st ven bin, ni nhiu trin vng du kh hn. Vn ny c trao i
nhiu ln nhng cha c kin thng nht. V vy, Ch nhim Vn phng Ph
Th tng Trn Quang Huy triu tp cuc hp gia Tng cc a cht v U
ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc quyt nh. Cui cng Hi ngh nht tr
chn v tr ging khoan theo ngh trn ca Tng cc a cht l khoan trn
cu to Tin Hng.
Chuyn gia Lin X v cc k s Vit Nam tin hnh thit k ging khoan,
trc tip ch o thc hin phng n khoan su.
Lm xong phng n thit k thi cng ging khoan, so snh vi n hng sp
nhn thy c chnh lch qu ln gia thc t v thit k. Khng r v nguyn nhn
no, vt t, dng c khoan, ng chng cc loi, chong khoan, ha phm ch
c th p ng c 50% so vi thit k. Nh vy, phi t hng b sung gp sang
Lin X, khong thi gian t khi t hng n nhn hng t nht l 1 nm!
Thng 2-1969, nhng chuyn hng u tin l 400 tn xi mng nng trm
ging khoan phi gi vo trong ngi nh lng Phong Chu (cn gi l lng
Khuc, nay thuc huyn ng Hng, tnh Thi Bnh). Thi cng ging khoan bng
my khoan 4LD-150D do Rumani sn xut, cng sut khoan c 3.200 m. Thit
b ca b my khoan nng gn 1.000 tn, c nhng thit b nng 18, 20 v 25 tn,
ring thp khoan c thit k thnh 3 on, c nhng on di 18 m. Thit b
thuc v dng siu trng - siu trng km theo cn khoan, ng chng, chong
khoan v cc loi vt t tiu hao khc c trng lng hn 2.000 tn. Do my bay
M bn ph cng Hi Phng, cc thit b, vt t c ch ri rc bng nhiu tu,
nhiu chuyn khc nhau, nn hng a ln cng Hi Phng c a i ct giu
dc ng s 5.
ng s, cu cng chu ti trng rt thp, on 36S cng vi n v giao
thng c phng tin bc d chuyn dng tm mi phng n vn chuyn v
n khoan trng, phi kt hp c ng thy, ng b. ng vo v tr ging
khoan t Ph Tng vo lng Khuc l ng lng rt hp, nn khoan nm ngay
gia rung. Vic thi cng m rng ng gia c nn mng phi mt 4 thng.
ng m rng vo nh dn, dn khng i n b. Rung t do hp tc x
qun l, vic xin t lm nn khoan c kch thc 100 m x 140 m kh thun li.
64
Nn mng yu phi gia c bng vic ng cc thp ng knh 299 mm su t

40-45 m, s lng hai b gm 16 cc. Thit b, vt t c vn chuyn v
dc ng theo Ph Tng, mt s a vo khoan trng, ri rc mt s kho
trong lng Khuc v cc lng ln cn.
Thng 6-1970, Lin X c i xy lp sang, c k s v 15 cng nhn cng vi
cn b v cng nhn ca ta tin hnh xy lp gin khoan. Thng 9-1970, vic xy
lp gin khoan hon tt, thp khoan cao 53 m, c sc nng 150 tn, ng sng
sng gia cnh ng ca lng Khuc, i cch xa hng cy s cng nhn thy.
Cng thi gian ny c thm 1 i khoan ca Lin X, on trng l chuyn gia
K.A. Friev. on gm 20 ngi, chia lm 4 kp, khoan lin tc. Mi kp gm kp
trng, 2 th khoan, 1 th chy my diesel, 1 th ngui thit b chuyn sa cha
my khoan v my bm. Ngoi ra cn c 3 k s khoan.
Trc tip thc hin phng n khoan GK-100 c k s khoan ng Ca, l on
ph ph trch thi cng on 36S v k s khoan inh Vn Danh. i khoan
su do k s Phan Vn Ngn ph trch gm 4 kp khoan v 1 t diesel gm 1
t trng v 8 th chy my. Mi kp khoan gm kp trng, th c, th trn
cao v 2-3 th ph. Ba kp khoan thay phin nhau lm vic sut ngy m, mt
kp ngh. Cc kp trng u tin gm cc trung cp khoan: V Quang Quynh,
Nguyn Vn Hng, L Vn Hc, Nguyn Vn Ng, ng C. Cc th c gm:
o Kim Cc, Nguyn Hu Nhan, Nguyn Lc Vin, L Vn Chi. Th trn cao
gm cc trung cp khoan: V Vn Ng, Tng Xun nh, Nguyn Vn Bin. Cng
nhn khoan gm: Lu Vn Vng, Trn Vn Thng, V Xun Trng, Nguyn
Trung Tnh. Sau c b sung thm 2 kp trng khoan nng l Nguyn
Quc Ty v Phm Ngc Uyn (t Lin on a cht 2). T phi lo tip nhn
thit b v xy nh ti bi tha ma va mi di di gn Ph Tng.
i khoan su ca on 36S cng vi chuyn gia Lin X xy lp thnh cng
b my khoan su u tin 4LD-150D do Rumani sn xut.
Thng 10-1970, on cn b v cng nhn k thut Vit Nam thc tp Grozni
v b sung cho on 36S, gm k s a cht Nguyn Ngc C; cc trung cp
a cht: Nguyn Vn c, Phm Ngc Chi, T Nguyn Nhn; cc trung cp:
Nguyn Cng Minh, o Kim Cc, Ng Vnh Nhng, Nguyn Hu Nhan, Bi
Phng, H Thnh, on Vn Thnh; trung cp c kh Nguyn Vn m.
Sau gn 2 nm chun b, ngy 23-9-1970, ging khoan c khi cng; n

ngy 28-9-1971 t chiu su 3.000 m, ng ging vo ngy 7-10-1971 v khoan
tip n ngy 5-12-1971 t chiu su 3.303 m; l k lc khoan su nht Vit
Nam lc by gi. Theo thit k ban u, chiu su ging khoan l 3.000 m, do yu
cu v a cht khoan qu cng sut my t 3.200 m ln 3.303 m.
65

Cu trc GK-100:
Chng ng nh hng ng knh 503 mm n chiu su 18,97 m, trm xi mng
n ming ging khoan. Chng ng dn hng ng knh 426 mm n chiu su
283,77 m, trm xi mng n ming ging khoan. Chng ng k thut 1, ng knh
299 mm n chiu su 1.211 m, trm xi mng n ming ging khoan. Chng
ng k thut 2, ng knh 219 mm n chiu su 2.213,26 m, trm xi mng n
ming ging khoan. Chng ng khai thc ng knh 146 mm, t 3.300-2.000 m,
trm xi mng trong khong chiu su .
Trong qu trnh thi cng GK-100, trong lc x l s c, ngy 23-9-1971 xy

ra tai nn, cht ngi. Khi y b cn 73 mm ra khi mm rto, v vng phi
mc ca u Vertolux, chuyn gia Lin X L.M. Cerdukov trt chn ng xung
v p u vo rto. Mc d, Pha Vit Nam ht lng cu cha, nhng sau 10 ngy
ng ra i, thi hi c a v Lin X ngay trong thng 10-1971. l chuyn
gia c cng khoan, c nhiu kinh nghim, ht lng gip v truyn ngh cho
cn b, cng nhn Vit Nam. y l chuyn gia u tin hy sinh v s nghip
pht trin ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
u thng 8-1971, sau khi hon thnh khoan ging khoan 51A, b my A50 cng
cc thit b th va, my nn kh UKP 80 c chuyn ngay v khoan trng ca
ging khoan 100. Ngoi ra, cn c thm 2 xe bm trm xi mng XA-320, trm
karota c iu ng thm trin khai th va theo k hoch nh vo
nm 1972.
Lp rp my khoan 4LD-150D v nn khoan GK-100 cn lu li trn cnh ng la

lng Khuc, huyn Tin Hng, tnh Thi Bnh
66
Tng hp cc ti liu nghin cu a cht, a ha, a vt l ca GK-100 cho thy:

- Trm tch Neogen dy hn 3.000 m, ln u tin pht hin tng trm tch
mi, c B.M. Poluctovich v Nguyn Ngc C t tn l tng Phong Chu.
- Trong qu trnh khoan thy c xut hin kh chy nhng khng ln.
- C nhiu tng cha bitum kh ln n 0,15%; carbon hu c n 2-3% .
- rng chung 26%, rng h 20%, thm kh 290 milidarcy.
- C nhng mn chn l st, st kt v ct kt rn chc.
l nhng c s quan trng nhn nh kh nng c du, kh min vng
H Ni. Phi nghin cu tng hp cc tai liu, kt hp vi th va mi c c
nhng kt lun chc chn hn.
Ngay 10-6-1972, Tng cuc a cht quyt inh ngng vic th va GK-100
v quc M ang leo thang nh ph c lit min Bc. Nhm bao v ging
khoan, chuyn gia va can b, cng nhn khn trng thao d v bao quan ton b
thit b khoan. B my khoan 4LD-150D c a n a im s tn ti vng
d kin xy dng ging khoan thng s - tm kim GK-101 ti Quang Bnh. Cc
chuyn gia c thu xp v nc. Chun b k hoch thit b, vt t, cn b v
cng nhn khi c iu kin tip tc ngay vic th va. Thi gian ny tranh th
nhp b my khoan A-50 cng vi cc ng p hi thch hp, sau ny tin hnh
th va ti ging khoan su GK-100.
thc hin khn trng cng vic s tn theo quyt nh ca Tng cc a
cht, vn nan gii nht i vi cn b thi cng ca on 36S l tm thu cho c
cn cu c sc nng 30 tn tho d. n v c cn cu khng th cho thu c
v ang phc v cho cng trnh trng im ca B Giao thng vn ti. Cui cng,
on 36S ny ra sng kin l u th 2 cn cu trn xe t KRAZ (PA), mi
chic c sc nng 16 tn nng trc ti nng ti 25 tn cao trn sn 4,70 m.
y i hi s iu khin ng b, c b thn kinh vng chc v cui cng cn b,
cng nhn nng cm thit b nng nht xung mt t an ton.
ng ng Ca k li: ... Thi Bnh tuy khng phi l vng trng im nhng
thng l ni trt bom tha trn ng v Hm i 7 ca my bay M, bt k
ngy m u c ting bom n trn cc cnh ng, b v khng loi tr cc
lng xm ng dn. C ln my bay ch nm bom cch gin khoan 500 m,
nhng may mn khng nh hng n my mc, thit b v ngi. Chuyn gia
Lin X, cn b, cng nhn ta khng k ngy m tm mi cch tho d nhanh
b my khoan 4LD-150D, sm hn k hoch c giao 10 ngy. Cc thit b nh
67

c vn chuyn a vo trong lng, thit b nng hai bn ng dc Ph
Tng c ngy trang. Lm vic nng nhc, ch lng thc c cung cp cho
mi ngi c 18 kg k c n khoai, bo bo v sau c tng ln 21 kg v
2,5 kg tht trong 1 thng....
Sau khi on 36S a xy dng xong hm h tru n va chn chinh h thng t

chc bao ng trong thi gian tm ngng san xut, ngay 21-6-1972 Tng cuc a
cht cho php c tin hanh tr li cc cng vic khoan trng.
Thng 9-1972, s sinh vin tt nghip Trng i hc Du kh Ploiesti - Rumani
v nc c: cc k s khoan: Trnh Minh Hng, Ng Vn T, Vn Vit, Ninh
Vn Nhun, o c Nghinh, Vng Hu Onh Cc k s khoan tt nghip
trong nc c: Lng Duyn Nga, Trn Ngc n, L Gng, Hu Vit
Lc lng cn b k thut c b sung trng thnh mt cch nhanh chng.
Khi bt u khoan ging th 2 (101) Quang Bnh v tip theo cc ging khoan
khc, cc cn b k thut ca ta thay th kp trng, k s l chuyn gia Lin
X. Mi gin khoan ch cn 2 hoc 3 chuyn gia Lin X. C nhng gin khoan
khng c chuyn gia Lin X.
T ngy 21-8-1974 n ngy 26-8-1974, chng ta tin hnh th va u tin,

th trc tip t y ging 3.073,64 m, Pva = 297 at, T = 1430C v cc thng s
khc theo chng trnh nghin cu nu ra trc y; c bit i tng 11 t
1.217-1.725 m vn khp kt qu so vi chiu su 1.142 -1.152 m GK 61, nhng
khng pht hin kh v condensat.
17h ngy 30-4-1975 kt thc th va. Tng cng thi gian thi cng GK-100 l
301 ngy, trong ch xi mng ng: 32 ngy, ch o a vt l: 83 ngy, ch x
l ging khoan: 69 ngy, thi gian nghin cu ging khoan: 117 ngy. Bnh qun
th va: 25 ngy/va.
Va th 1: th trc tip t y ging 3.073,64 m, Pva = 297 at; T = 1430C.
Va th 2: 2.930-2.933 m; 2.908-2.917 m, Pva = 279 at; 2.892 m; T = 138,50C c
thy xut hin kh.
Va th 3: 2.448-2.450 m, T = 1270C, t l kh nc 2/1.
Va th 4: 2.293-2.298 m, T = 120,50C.
Va th 5: 2.140-2.146 m, Pva = 232 at, T = 1150C (2.100 m).
Va th 6: 2.008-2.014 m, 1.960 m, Pva = 222 at, T = 1100C.
Va th 7: 1.840-1.853 m, 1.920 m, Pva = 191 at, T = 1070C.
Va th 8: 1.638-1.647 m, T = 930C c kh v nc.
Va th 9: 1.525-1.531 m, 1.500 m, T = 920C.
68

Va th 10: 1.485-1.498 m, T = 890C.
Va th 11: 1.217-1.226 m, T = 77,50C.
Va th 12: 965-975 m, T = 69,50C.
Ging khoan tm kim, thm d 101 (t ngy 15-1-1974 n ngy 15-8-1974)

ti np li Kin Xng A, x Quang Bnh, huyn Kin Xng, tnh Thi Bnh, c
nhim v tm kim cc tng cha du kh trong trm tch Neogen, nghin cu cc
c im a cht, a ha. Ging khoan t chiu su theo thit k 3.202 m. Kt
qu pht hin hai i ph hy chiu su 1.875-1.880 m v 3.020-3.202 m, xut
hin kh ng k, c cc tng c kh nng cha chn v cc d thng ca phc
h qua cc ng cong o a vt l ging khoan. tin hnh th 17 va, khng
pht hin c c va du kh, ch gp kh ha tan.
Ging khoan 102 l ging khoan thng s th 2 (sau ging khoan 100 huyn
Tin Hng, tnh Thi Bnh) nhng l ging khoan thng s - tm kim. V tr ging
khoan 102 c t ti x Giao An, huyn Xun Thy, tnh Nam nh khoan bng
b my khoan Uralmash-3D ca Lin X, c ngn thp cao 63 m. Ging c
t trn phn gn vm ca cu to Kin Xng C, nhm pht hin b dy phc h
trm tch Neogen - T, nghin cu cu to a cht v tm hiu trin vng cha
du kh ca vng. Ging khoan c khi cng ngy 28-12-1974 v kt thc ngy
27-5-1977. su thit k 5.000 m, nhng thc t khoan n chiu su 3.966 m
th kt thc thi cng v s c kh phun.
on 36N chu trch nhim thi cng cc ging khoan su tm kim, thm d
du kh min vng H Ni, cng nh chun b c s vt cht k thut tin dn
ra bin.
on c 4 i khoan vi 300 cn b cng nhn vin. on c 2 b my khoan
Uralmash-3D-61, 2 b my khoan BU-80 (-80) v BU-75 (-75).
on 36N, lc mi thnh lp, do Anh hng Lao ng Trn Vn Giao lm on
trng cng vi s thc tp sinh Rumani v. Khi xy lp ging khoan 102,
khong cui nm 1974, ng Giao c iu v on 36Y chun b cho ging
khoan 104 cng vi b my khoan 3DH-250 do Rumani ch to.
Vic xy lp ging khoan 102 do i xy lp ca k s - i trng Nguyn
Quang Th cng vi i xy lp va thc tp m du Thng Li - Sn ng
(Trung Quc) v m nhim cng vi i khoan 102 di s hng dn ca
chuyn gia xy lp Lin X.
69

i khoan 102 do V nh Hip lm c cng th nht, Lng Duyn Nga v
Nguyn Tin Bnh lm ph c cng. Cc kp trng gm: o Kim Cc, V
Quang Quynh, Nguyn Vn Hong v Si Vn on.
n cui nm 1975, on 36N c 2 i khoan: i 102 vn hnh b my khoan
Uralmash-3D-67 do Lin X sn xut v i khoan 64 do Vi Minh Hng lm
i trng vn hnh b my khoan BU-75 do Lin X sn xut.
Cui nm 1974 u nm 1975, lnh o on 36N gm c: ng Bi c
Thiu - Lin on ph Lin on 36 kim on trng, k s a cht Hong
Thnh - on ph k thut, k s khoan Phan Vn Ngn - on ph thi
cng. Sau nm 1975, k s inh Vn Danh - nguyn ph trch Phng Cng
trnh Lin on 36 c iu xung on 36N thay ng Bi c Thiu lm
on trng, cc k s: Lng Duyn Nga, Ninh Vn Nhun l on ph.
ng Phan Vn Ngn c iu v ph trch Phng Cng trnh Lin on 36
thay ng Danh v ng Hong Thnh c iu vo Nam (lc u lm Trng
Phng K hoch. Cng ty Du kh Nam Vit Nam, sau lm on ph on
Du kh ng bng Cu Long).
Ging khoan tm kim 61 t ti x ng C, huyn Tin Hi, tnh Thi Bnh

trn cu to Tin Hi C. Thi cng khoan bng b my khoan BU-75 do Lin X
sn xut, cng sut trc ti nng 75 tn, khoan n chiu su 2.400 m. Ton b
thit b nng hn 600 tn, thp khoan cao 50 m.
Cu trc ging khoan 61:
- ng chng nh hng 299 mm n chiu su 45 m, trm xi mng n ming
ging khoan.
- Chng ng k thut 1 219 mm n chiu su 789 m, trm xi mng n ming
ging khoan.
- Chng ng khai thc 190 mm n chiu su 2.389 m, trm xi mng n ming
ging khoan.
Kt qu ging khoan 61 cho thy phn v a tng kh r rng: chu k 1 mi

trng trm tch bin, bin nng ven b nh tng Ph C, vng vnh xen k m
h lc a nh tng Tin Hng. Bt u chu k 2 ca bin tin t tng Vnh Bo.
Chu k 3 bt u t tng Kin Xng tr nht ca mt ct. Kt qu phn tch c l
cho thy tng Ph C 4 c kh nng cha tt, v mt vi lp st c kh nng lm
mn chn, ph tng Tin Hng 1 khng c mu phn tch nhng thy vi va c
kh nng tng t. y xc nh c phm vi nh ca cu to, iu kin
trm tch kh n nh, dc t khng ln. Cn c vo ti liu a vt l
cho thy Tin Hi C l mt cu to tng i hon chnh.
70
Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng cng Tng cc trng Tng cc Du kh

Nguyn Vn Bin thm ging khoan 61 (ngy 16-3-1976)
Ti ging khoan 61 tin hnh th va bng 2 phng php: phng php

KI (th trc tip vo thn ging khoan) v phng php c l (bn n qua ng
chng). Phng php KI c tin hnh trong qu trnh khoan, kt hp vi ti liu
karota tin hnh th cc v tr sau: 1.148-1.150 m, 1.206-1.224 m, 1.560-1.706 m.
Ngy 18-3-1975, ti khong va th 1.148-1.150 m nhn c dng kh t
do, lu lng kh v kh ha lng (condensat) tng i ln, lu lng kh t do
tuyt i t ti 448.000 m3/ngy m. Va ny c a vo nghin cu t m
bng phng php c l. Ti va 1.206-1.224 m cho dng rt yu. Ti chiu su
1.560-1.706 m c tin hnh th 2 ln. Th ton b khng cho kt qu, ln th
2 t chiu su 1.656-1.708 m, khi ko cn n chiu su 789 m thy xut hin kh
v nc. Khong chiu su ny c tin hnh nghin cu tip sau khi chng ng.
T chiu su 2.303-2.448 m chia thnh nhng va theo chiu su tng ng c
trin vng, 5 va c th cho nc va c kh ha tan.
Qua nghin cu xc nh su 1.146-1.152 m gp va kh c gi tr cng
nghip trong ph tng Tin Hng 1. Nghin cu ton b lt ct a cht cho thy
71
tng c kh nng cha sn phm ch gii hn t Tin Hng 1 n Ph C 3, v

trm tch c ch tiu c l kh tt. Kh, du nh l sn phm th sinh ca du
m, iu kin di chuyn v tch t cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc na cn
c nghin cu tip. Va sn phm cha kh condensat gp ging khoan 61 cng
chng minh ging khoan nm trong phm vi vm nh ca cu to.
Tm trng ca nhng
ngi ang lm cng tc tm
kim, thm d du kh sau
s kin c dng kh cng
nghip u tin rt bi hi,
vui mng khng t c
bng li.
Cc Lin on ph Lin on 36: ng Ca

(bn phi) v Nguyn Trng Tng (bn tri),
bn ng dn kh ang phun ti GK-61 (nm 1975)
ng ng Ca nh li: m
ma ng rt lnh, anh Phan
Minh Bch - Lin on trng
khng ng c, khp cht vt o
bng dy i do quanh hnh lang,
hai mt knh cn ca anh sng
ln, lp long. Ti nghe ging anh
ni to:
- Khng ng c ng Ca i!
Ti cng chong dy ni vng sang:
- Tui c ng u, nm thao thc ht ht iu n n iu kia ht c bao thuc
anh !
... Ngy hm sau Lin on 36 c mt on do anh Bch lm Trng on ln
bo co Th tng Chnh ph Phm Vn ng v vic pht hin dng kh
Tin Hi.
Thng 7-1975, Nh vn Nguyn Duy Thnh vit bt k vi ta nh la
mu da cam ng trn Bo Vn Ngh ngy 25-10-1975 nh sau:
... Khng ring g cc ng ch lnh o m dng nh tt c cn b cng nhn
vin ca Lin on 36 m qua cng khng ng. Nim vui ch i t lu n bt
cht qu...
... Th tng n thm gin khoan trong ting reo h v nhng chic m th
khoan tung ln tri ti tp. Qun ht mi th tc nghi l chun b trc, th
khoan trong qun o lao ng y du m, cc cn b v chuyn gia bn quy
qun li xung quanh Th tng. Th tng cn dn mi ngi phi thy ht nim
vui vinh d v trng trch ln lao ca ngh i tm m, lm giu cho T quc
72

... ng Ca ngi pha sau xe, cht nh ti giy pht v cng xc ng bn gin
khoan Ngn la mu da cam chy di trc van i p. Ting rt x mang tai
nh ng c phn lc ca kh chy thot ra t lng t, l kt qu n b cho
sc lc tr tu ca chng ta. Ngn la tt, nhng nh phn chiu ca n mi
mi lp lnh trong tm tr anh. Mi suy ngh, mi ti khi xe quay ngang trong
mt chn ng mnh, ng Ca ch cn kp nhn ra cnh ca xe UAZ (A) bt
tung, ht mnh anh ra ng ph. Xe cp cu a ng Ca v Bnh vin Vit c. u, mt v chn tay anh b nhiu vt thng...
... Ngy hm sau, ng Ca ra vin. Anh x bt nhng mnh bng dnh dn
trn mt, qun o chnh t, cng phi on ca Tng cc a cht vo Ph Th
tng... S m m thng yu trong phong cch quen thuc ca Th tng lm
anh thm cm ng:
- Bo co Th tng v cc ng ch lnh o trong Chnh ph, Lin on a
cht chng ti tm thy nhng du hiu trc tip c du - kh.
Th tng tru mn gi mt bn tay ra pha trc, c nhc ng Ca ni chm
li v bnh tnh... Ting ci ca Th tng trn ngp khp phng. Ch mi ti
sau ny, khi Si Gn c gii phng, ng Ca mi hiu ht ngha ting ci
ngy hm y ca Th tng. S trng hp ngu nhin ca lch s tht l diu k:
Chin dch H Ch Minh bt u gn nh cng lc vi vic pht hin ra cc du
hiu trc tip c du kh trn min Bc....
y l ging pht hin dng kh cng nghip u tin min Bc Vit Nam,
nh du mt bc tin quan trng trong cng tc tm kim du kh sau hn 15
nm lao ng, nng cao trnh v tch ly kinh nghim.
3.3. a vt l ging khoan

a) a vt l ging khoan cu to
T khi on 36 tin hnh khoan cc ging khoan cu to, vic nghin cu lt
ct a cht ging khoan t ra yu cu o a vt l ging khoan v nm 1964
b phn a vt l ging khoan, ngy thng c gi l karota, ra i; b
phn ny trc thuc Phng K thut on 36, ng ti th x Hng Yn.
Thng 3-1964, mt nhm cn b k thut a vt l ging khoan c iu t
Phng a vt l thuc Tng cc a cht v on 36 gm 2 k thut vin trung
cp Phm Ngc Din, Nguyn Xun Lc v 1 k thut vin s cp inh Vn Lp.
Cui nm 1964, on c b sung thm 2 k thut vin trung cp: H Xun
Dc v Nguyn Vn o t Trng trung cp K thut 2; c nhn a vt l on
Thm t Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni v v thnh lp T Karota do on
Thm ph trch.
73
Trong thi k ny, vic o a vt l cc ging khoan cu to c chiu su di

600 m nh Trm Karota AEKC-900 ca B Nng trng vi t hp o n gin
gm cc phng php in, phng x v lch. Phng php in c in th,
in gradien (KC) v in th t nhin (PS). Phng php phng x ch o
phng x t nhin ca t (GK). Trong thi k ny nhim v minh gii ti liu
ch yu l s dng cc ng cong in v phng x kt hp vi ti liu m t
mu li khoan thit lp mt ct a cht - a vt l tng hp ca ging khoan.
Nm 1965, trc yu cu pht trin mng li khoan ti cc a tng su hn
(n 1.200 m), Tng cc a cht iu v cho on 36 mt trm karota t ng
ca Lin X loi AEKC-1.500 hot ng theo nguyn l in c, cng chuyn gia
A.M. Margolin hng dn.
Nhng nm 1965-1966, khi lng khoan ca on 36 cha nhiu, tranh
th s gip ca chuyn gia cng nh tch ly kinh nghim thc t phn ln cn
b nhn vin karota c a ra Qung Ninh o a vt l ti cc ging khoan
thm d than.
Nm 1966-1967, mng li khoan cu to pht trin ng bng sng
Hng, khi lng ti liu thu c kh nhiu. mt s ging khoan c ti liu
o mu, do cng tc minh gii s liu karota kt hp vi mu li nhm bc
u nh gi cc c tnh vt l - thch hc ca lt ct a cht ng bng sng
Hng c trin khai, kt qu cho nhng nhn nh s b v quy lut bin i
cht lng cha ct st theo chiu su cng nh theo cc tuyn ca phn nng
lt ct a cht min vng H Ni.
Trong nhng nm 1967-1972, lc lng k thut karota c b sung thm cc
cn b k thut: Nguyn Th Tho, Nguyn Th Lan v Nguyn Th Chnh cng 2
cng nhn iu khin ti l Nguyn Quc Vng v V ng Ti. Nm 1968, t
karota tch khi Phng K thut on 36 v trc thuc on khoan nng 36K,
do ng Phm Ngc Din ph trch.
Sau 8 nm tin hnh o karota cc ging khoan nng, t ging u tin ti

Khoi Chu n ging khoan s 33 cui cng Kin Xng, cng tc a vt l
ging khoan thu c mt khi lng ln cc ti liu in, phng x, nhit ,
ng knh v lch ging khoan, bo m cht lng p ng nghin cu a
cht lt ct cc ging khoan cu to v cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit v trng
thi k thut ging khoan.
74
b) a vt l ging khoan su
Cui nm 1970, o karota ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100), T a vt l
ging khoan ca on 36S c thnh lp do c nhn a vt l on Thm ph
trch. Cng trong nm nhp v 2 trm karota tng hp v karota kh.
Trm karota tng hp l loi trm t ng AKC-64 hot ng theo nguyn l in
quang. Loi trm ny c th ghi ng thi ba tham s vt l trong mt ln o v
c ghi trn giy nh. Trm karota kh loi AGKC-65 ca Lin X o tng hm
lng kh v cho php ly mu phn tch ch s kh thnh phn t 1C n 5C. B
my karota tng hp l mt t hp my th h mi nht ca Lin X thi , bao
gm my o in cc phng php nh in o su sn (BZ) loi KCP-1, in
sn (B) loi ABK-3, in vi h cc K v in vi h cc sn MBK-1, my o
phng php phng x P-60 v D-2, my o siu m SPAK-1 (CA-1),
my o siu m xi mng AKC-1, my o nhit TED-60. Ngoi ra, cn cc loi
my xc nh trng thi k thut ging khoan nh ng knh CK-1, lch IK.
Ti cp t trn xe ring vi xe trm v lp cp truyn tn hiu ba rut teflon chu
c nhit n 150C c v bc si thp chu lc.
Thi k ny c 4 chuyn gia karota Lin X gip do k s trng Kunbiecpai

ph trch, trong c 3 chuyn gia karota tng hp v 1 chuyn gia karota kh.
Lc lng cn b v cng nhn k thut lm karota pht trin nhanh chng,
t 3 sinh vin c Nh nc gi i hc Lin X t u chuyn ngnh
karota v nc (nm 1971), v sau lc lng k thut ngy cng ln mnh, c
48 k s, 34 k thut vin trung cp v 29 cng nhn k thut cc loi; trong
hc Lin X c 12 k s, Rumani - 11 k s, Hungary - 3 k s, Ba Lan - 2 k
s, Anbani - 2 k s, Cng ho Dn ch c - 1 k s, Tip Khc - 1 k s v
o to t cc trng i hc trong nc c 18 k s. S k thut vin trung
cp u c o to trong nc, trong mt s c gi i thc tp cc
m du ca Lin X v Rumani.
Nm 1972, ging khoan thng s s 01 (GK-100) hon thnh, tuy kt qu

khng nh mong i, nhng ging khoan su u tin ny karota thu c b
ti liu kh hon chnh bao gm tt c cc ng cong, k c karota kh, bo m
vic minh gii nh lng nh gi cc c im cha. Mt khc, t cc nghin
cu vt l - thch hc, phn tch mu bc u xc nh c thnh phn
khong vt to ch yu ca lt ct su, c im phn b ca st v cc loi st,
cc loi rng ca , thnh phn mui ca nc va, gradien nhit ca lt
ct. iu quan trng na l chng ta bc u tch ly c nhng kinh nghim
qu v tin hnh cng tc karota khoan su vi nhng thit b mi chuyn dng
75
(nhng khng chu

nhit trong iu kin
mi trng o c
gradien a nhit cao
ca lt ct a cht min
vng H Ni).
Cui nm 1972, i
a vt l ging khoan
ca Lin on a cht
36 c thnh lp trn
c s 2 t karota ca
on khoan 36S v
on khoan 36K.
C nhn a vt l on
Thm lm i trng v k
s Phm Th Cu t on 36 chuyn v lm i ph. i ng ti Ph Tng,
x Phong Chu, huyn ng Hng, tnh Thi Bnh. Cui nm 1973, Phm Th
Cu c iu v Lin on 36 (sau ny l Cng ty Du kh I) thnh lp Nhm
karota ca Phng K thut1, k s Phm Ngc Din c c lm i ph.
o karota ging khoan su
Trm karota kh c bin ch 4 k s v 4 k thut vin trung cp lm vic theo

ca v t c nh ging khoan ghi lin tc tng hm lng kh v ly mu kh
phn tch cc thnh phn.
Lc lng k thut karota kh c tp trung thnh 1 t do k s T Nguyn
Nhn v Hong Anh Qun ph trch. Trm karota kh ca Lin X v Rumani
thi khng c nhng thit b ghi cc thng s v trng thi k thut ging nh
cc trm kh ca phng Ty. Hi karota kh c nhp 1 trm ca Php nhng
do khng ng b vi b phn u cp ca my khoan Lin X nn khng s
dng c.
Trm mn c bin ch 1 trm trng l k s V Chn n, 7 k thut vin
trung cp v cng nhn bn mn. Trm c nhim v tin hnh cng tc bn mn
m va nhng tp cha theo kt qu minh gii ti liu karota tng hp v karota
kh, bn mn ly mu thnh ging khoan xc nh thnh phn thch hc
1. Nhm karota thuc Phng K thut Cng ty Du kh I c thnh lp t u nm 1974 c 4 k s, do
k s Phm Th Cu ph trch. Nhm ny chu trch nhim phn tch nh lng ti liu a vt l
ging khoan, nghin cu tng hp cc c tnh cha v tham gia cc bo co a cht ging khoan.
76

cha v n mn cu kt cn khoan bng phng php n rung tho cn v
bn ct cn.
T sa cha do k s Nguyn Thiu Ph ph trch chu trch nhim sa cha,
chun chnh tt c cc my. T chuyn do k s Nguyn Vn Thanh lm t
trng chu trch nhim th nghim cc my mi nhp v, cc my c h thng
iu khin chun chnh phc tp hi nh karota siu m, cm ng, phng x
pht xung v cc my chu nhit cao.
Khi k thut vn phng c 2 t: (1) T kim tra cht lng v can ti liu do
k s H Xun Dc ph trch. Hi cc ng cong karota c ghi trn giy
nh nn khi s dng phi can thnh nhiu b trn giy chuyn dng ca karota.
(2) T minh gii tng hp, do k s L Tin Nghinh lm t trng, c nhim v:
gii thch nhanh ti ging khoan ngay sau khi kt thc o karota c kt qu
sm nht tin hnh cc cng vic tip theo nh th va bng phng php KI,
bm trm xi mng.
Nm 1974, c 4 chuyn gia Lin X do Chnh k s Demianovski ph trch;

cui nm 1976 c thm 1 k s my l Tolia v 1 chuyn gia v ti cp v bn mn.
Cc chuyn gia nhit tnh hng dn v cng vi cc k thut vin Vit Nam
thnh cng khi o karota trong mi trng nhit cao trn 4C/100 m, nh vy
nhit y ging ngng hoc vt ngng hot ng mt s thit b o
(150-160C).
Kt qu nghin cu cha bng a vt l ging khoan:
Nghin cu mu trong phng th nghim xc nh c cha ct kt c
rng ch yu l gia ht v rng trong ht, rng nt n hu nh khng gp.
lm c s cho vic minh gii ti liu a vt l ging khoan, sau lc o hng
lot cc thng s rng, bo ho nc v thm mu li, thit lp c
cc quan h gia tham s rng Pn v rng Kn (Pn = a/Knm), quan h gia
tham s bo ho PH v bo ho nc Kb (PH = b/Kbn) v quan h gia
thm Knp v rng Kn.
Trn c s phn tch nh tnh v nh lng ti liu a vt l ging khoan tng
hp vi ti liu nghin cu thch hc, cc c im vt l thch hc ca cc phn
v a tng c nh gi nh sau:
- ip nh Cao - Thy Anh: pht hin khoan 104 v 204 bao gm cc lp
mng xen k bt kt, argillite v ct kt cht xt nhiu xi mng carbonat c in
tr thp 4-8 ohmm v in trng t nhin (PS) phn d km.
- ip Phong Chu: ct kt v st xen k c cu to khi, in tr cao 30-40
ohmm, ng cong PS phn d km do khong ho nc va thp 7-15 g/l,
rng thp 7-8%, nhit va t 100-150oC.
77

- ip Ph C I: ch yu l ct bt phn lp mng, in tr sut thp t 4-6
ohmm, d thng PS trung bnh vi khong nc va t 20-25 g/l, rng
cha thay i t 10-15%, v nhit va khong 100oC.
- ip Ph C II: ct st xen k dng khi, phn di c tp than mng. in tr
bin i trong phm vi ln, cc tp cha c st thay i trong phm vi 10-15%,
rng t 13-15%, nhit khong 95oC. c im cc ng cong a vt l
dng khi tng i ging Phong Chu.
- ip Ph C III: ct bt phn lp mng dng gn sng, khng c than, in
tr thp 5-6 ohmm, PS phn d tt, khong ca nc va 20-25 g/l, rng
12-15%, nhit va 85oC.
- ip Tin Hng I: ct st lc a, nhiu tp than dy mang tnh khu vc, ct
dng thu knh, c trng a vt l dng khi. Cc va cha c st t 0-20%,
rng trung bnh 18%, khong nc va khong 30 g/l, bin PS ln t
80-100 mV, d thng m PS cho php phn nh tt va cha, nhit va trung
bnh khong 80oC.
- ip Tin Hng II: ct ht th, c trng ng cong a vt l dng khi, nc va
c vi tp than v cc tp st mng, in tr thp khong 3 ohmm, st cha t
10-20%, rng trung bnh 20%, bin PS nh TH I khong 80 mV, khong
nc va t 15-25 g/l, nhit va 60-70oC.
- ip Tin Hng III: ct ht th b ri, in tr trong khong 15-20 ohmm,
khong nc va t 5-7 g/l, d thng PS km, rng ct trung bnh 23%, nhit
va 50-60oC.
- Cc ip thuc Pliocen - T in tr rt thp khong vi ohmm, ngoi tr tp
cui kt trong ip Vnh Bo vi in tr trn chc ohmm, PS phn d rt km.
c) o karota a chn (a chn ging khoan)

ng dng u tin ca karota a chn min vng H Ni vo cc nm
1963-1965 c thc hin bi Macsiutova, H c Hoi, Trng Minh trong cc
ging khoan cu to u tin GK-1 Khoi Chu, GK-2 Ph C, GK-3 Vnh Bo,
GK-4 Tin Hng,; t nm 1966 c theo di v thc hin bi Vn Lu
(t GK-5 Kin Xng, GK-6 Tin Hi, GK-8 Gia Lc, GK-19 Gia Lng, GK-22
Hng Yn) v tip n trn cc ging khoan su 1.600-3.200 m cho ti 5.000 m
do Nguyn ng Liu, Bi Th Kim Thnh, Ng Sch Trng thc hin.
Trong quan st karota a chn (CK) my thu (geophone) c t trong ging
khoan, im n t trn mt t, trong tng gc hay nc ngm (hoc trong
cc l khoan nng 5-7 m), vi 2,6-5,2 kg thuc n TNT. My thu sng c di
chuyn t y ging khoan ln trn theo tng khong cch 15-20 m sau mi ln
78

n. Sau khi thu n ta c mt biu thi gian sng n ph thuc vo chiu su,
dng tnh vn tc sng truyn trong t dc theo lng ging khoan. Ghi
sng bng trm my SS-24P (CC-24) trn giy nh.
Quan st Biu a chn ngc (MOG) cng tng t nh karota a chn,
song v tr im n v im thu o v tr nhau: im n t trong lng ging
khoan cn my thu t trn mt t. Ngun n trong karota a chn dng l loi
thuc mn TNT ca Lin X thng thng dng vi khi lng 2,6-5,2 kg c
t trong l khoan n, khoan bng my bm nc MP-600 hoc MP-800 vi
su n mn thng chn l 5-7 m, hoc n trong cc sng ngi c su khong
5-7 m. Thng chn 2 v tr n c lp, bi n gn cch l khoan 100-150 m,
bi n xa cch l khoan 200-300 m. Cc bi n ny, vi khong cch gia cc l
khoan n cch nhau 3-5 m, lun c t v pha cm ca cc ranh gii phn x
di su nhm trnh n mc ti a nh hng ca sng khc x.
Quan st trong phng php tuyn a chn thng ng (VSP), v nguyn tc
khng khc nhiu so vi quan st karota a chn, duy ch khc l ghi sng
bng cp a chn nhiu knh, ch ghi sng bng tn s rng v hon ton
ging nh quan st a chn trn mt, cc ng ghi a chn thu c u c
th thc hin cc php lc di tn s, lc ngc, nhm nhn c bc tranh
sng quan st trn ton khong su t my thu (geophone) trong l khoan,
bao gm c cc phn x c ch hnh thnh t cc ranh gii nm su hn su
khoan cui cng.
Tp hp cc kt qu nhn c t cc ng cong thi gian - su qua karota
a chn v trng vn tc nhn c t quan st trn mt, chng ta c th thnh
lp cc mt ct vn tc hay khi (cube) vn tc ca vng nghin cu, c s thc
hin chuyn i cc mt ct v bn trong min thi gian sang min su.
Trm a chn c s dng u tin o karota a chn trong cc nm

1962-1971 l Trm my loi SS-24P (CC-24), ch ghi c tn hiu sng a
chn trn bng giy nh, th h n in t. V sau c thay th bng loi Trm
ghi t trung gian SS-24-61M (CC-24-61M) (tn hiu ghi vo bng t v xem li
trn bng giy, hai Trm my POISK 1-24 MOV-OV ( 1-24 -):
tn hiu ghi ng thi vo bng t v bng giy nh, th h n in t c nh
chn mm), sau li c thay th bng hai Trm SMOV-24 (CMOB-24) (tn
hiu ghi ng thi vo bng t v bng giy nh, th h n bn dn tranzito)
ca Lin X. My thu trong l khoan l loi ring chu nhit. Trong mt vi ging
khoan do my thu chu nhit b hng nn k s H c Hoi ch o Xng C
kh ca on 36K thit k loi my o t to chu nhit, bng cch a my thu
a chn trn mt vo bn trong v ng c cch ly nhit cao. Tuy nhin kh
nng chu nhit v chng r b hn ch nn tn hiu nhn c khi my o su
79
nm trong ging khoan su hn 800-900 m tr nn rt yu, my thu t ch to

khng c kh nng o trong cc ging khoan su trn 1.200 m (nh ti GK-22
Hng Yn).
S dng Trm SS-24P ch o c karota a chn ging khoan nng. Nm
1971, chng ta nhp t Lin X Trm o karota a chn POISK 1-24 SK o
cc ging khoan su t 1.600-5.000 m.
Trm t trn xe t GAZ-69. Thit b th xung ging khoan l b u o gm
6 Zn () chu nhit v p sut cao c u ni tip bng mt ng
dy cp (p dng nguyn l bng tn s rng). Mi ln n mn s thu c 6 knh
tn hiu t 6 su khc nhau ca ging khoan c ghi ng thi vo bng t
v bng giy nh. Trm POISK 1-24 SK c s dng o ln u tin vo qu
IV-1971 ti ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100) Tin Hng - Thi Bnh do V
Ngc Thch lm Trm trng v Hong Vn Hanh m nhim sa cha ng
my. Sau li tip tc i o karota a chn ti ging khoan cu to Ch vng
trng An Chu tnh Bc Giang v mt s ging khoan su khc.
Karota a chn o c ti 52 ging khoan cu to v tm kim, thm d

min vng H Ni v vng trng An Chu.
Tin s Vn Lu k li: ... H nm 1966, ln u tin ti c k s Trng
Minh hng dn theo di o karota a chn ti GK-14 Tin Lng, vng trng
thuc lo ni ting. Ti c giao trc tip c cc thi gian n u tin trn
bng n sau khi ra nh cn t nguyn, v chm im trn giy k milimet
th thi gian quan st - su. N trong l khoan mi ln to ra ct nc tung
ln cao 8-10 m mang theo bn nc, t loi. Ln o GK-5 Kin Xng
nm bn sng, chng ti thc hin gy n trong nc. Thi y cha c quy nh
ngt ngho v vic bo v c sng, sui. Mi ln chun b u bng thuyn con,
a mn vo v tr n nh, dng so tre kim tra su v v tr t mn. Ln y,
sau khi n mn v o c xong c cht rt nhiu, anh em cng nhn ri dy bi
li ra vt c, nhiu con nng ti 1,5 kg. Ti v mi ngi c ba cm no vi
c vt c. Vo thi gian ba cm c c v ung ru qu (hay quc li) l
rt him.
C ln do u ni gy n mt thi mn va a n y l khoan th xung n
c kch n v c 4 cng nhn mn u ng nga v 4 pha xa l khoan n.
Tht h va!.
3.4. o c trc a
Nhim v o trc a lun gn lin vi cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh.
Nhng nm 1962-1965, cng tc trc a gp nhiu kh khn, t chc mi trin
80
khai theo dng chuyn phc v cng tc a vt l. Cng vic phi trin khai
din rng m cc ti liu c s nh bn cp quc gia khng y . Bn do
ngi Php thnh lp qu c, c h ta khc vi ta quc gia ca Cc o
c v Bn Nh nc. Bn a hnh t l 1/100.000 v 1/50.000 do Cc Bn
B Tng tham mu Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam chnh l chuyn sang li
chiu Gauss v h cao khi tnh t im Hn Du - Hi Phng c ly lm
c s s dng.
Vi s gip ca chuyn gia Lin X, nhm cn b k thut u tin gm c:
Vn Hnh, Nguyn Hu Th, L Ngc Tn cng vi mt s cn b, cng nhn
t chc thc hin nhim v o c trc a phc v cng tc a vt l ca on
36 ng bng sng Hng v vng trng An Chu.
Nhm trc a cho cng tc a chn c: Phm Cng Chnh, Nguyn Th Hot,
Li Minh Tm, Ng Th Anh Th; cho cng tc trng lc c: Trn Lin, Nguyn
nh Long, L Cng Gio; cho cng tc thm d in c: L Lm Hoa, Trn Xun
Nhng; cho cng tc a cht c: Nguyn Vn Ton, Nguyn Trng Chinh.
Trong nhng nm 1970-1975, do yu cu m rng v pht trin cng tc du kh,
t chc trc a c sp xp li. Phng Trc a - Ho ca Lin on 361,
c thnh lp, k s Nguyn Ngc Hp lm Trng phng, Phm Cng Chnh
lm Ph phng. Lc lng cn b k thut c tng cng thm cc k s trc
a: Nguyn Hu, L Vit Khi, Trn Quc Vinh, Nguyn c Uy, Nguyn Trng
Chinh, Nguyn Quang Thng.
Trong thi gian ny s cn b k thut trc a c n 80 ngi; ng vai tr
nng ct trong vic thc hin nhim v o c trc a du kh trn ton min
Bc Vit Nam.
Kho st a vt l trong nhng nm 1962-1964 a ra c nhng khi

nim u tin kh r rng v phn vng cu trc su ca tam gic chu th sng
Hng vi cc thnh phn cu - kin to bc hai gm hai ra nng Ty Nam v
ng Bc, di nng Khoi Chu - Tin Hi v di trng ng Quan; cc t gy
phn chia chng cng c xc nh kh r.
di Khoi Chu - Tin Hi, a chn phn x tm c nhiu cu to
kh r vi ln t hng chc ti c trm kilmt vung t Ty Bc n ng
Nam nh cc cu to Khoi Chu, Ph C, Tin Hng (Thi Bnh), v pha ng
Nam c tch thnh hai di cu to Kin Xng - Tin Hi, phn cch bng lm
Phng Ngi.
1. T cui nm 1973, sau khi Lin on 36 chuyn v th x Thi Bnh, Phng Trc a - Ha vi phn
ln nhn lc c chuyn v on a vt l 36F.
81
Lc u, min vng
H Ni c phn chia
ra ba i bao gm i
Ty Nam (Nam nh),
i Trung tm (Khoi
Chu - Tin Hi), i
Ty Bc (n Thi - Qunh
Ci). Gia chng l cc
t gy c th hin rt
r trn ti liu a chn
phn x, c t tn l
t gy sng L, Vnh
Ninh, sng Chy. Kt
qu ca a chn khc
x vo nhng nm 1966- S kin to min vng H Ni (K.M. Sevotianov, 1977)
1969, ln u tin
cp n t gy Vnh Ninh l cc t gy nghch v iu ny rt quan trng i
vi nghin cu c a l kin to sau ny.
3.5. a tng - trm tch

T lu vn a tng trm tch Kainozoi (Kz) v c hn (Mz, Pz) min Bc
Vit Nam c nhiu nh a cht quan tm nghin cu (S.K. Kitovani, 1961;
A.E. Dovjicov, 1964;...). Tuy nhin, n nm 1963-1964, khi c cc ti liu ging
khoan du kh min vng H Ni, a tng trm tch Kainozoi c nghin cu
chi tit hn.
Trn c s kt qu cc ging khoan cu to u tin 1, 2, 3, 4, 14, 15,
A.E. Kamenheski v Nguyn Ngc C nghin cu c im a tng v thch
hc ca khu vc. Theo cc tc gi trn, min vng H Ni c hai tng kin trc c
bn gm mng c tui trc Tam v lp ph trm tch Tam gm Paleogen Neogen - Pliocen - T.
Mng trc Tam kh a dng, c tui trn 65 triu nm, l ra cc i ra,
phn thnh nhiu i thnh h - cu trc khc nhau. y cc granit-gneis
tui tin Cambri (GK-15 Nam nh), c th c c amphibol, phin v thch
anh to thnh mng ca lp ph trm tch Neogen bn trn. V pha Bc, ng
v Nam ca min vng H Ni, mng c th chm su v b ph bi c hn
Neogen. Trn Cambri - Ordovit l c tui Devon sm rt ph bin min
Bc Vit Nam. Trn tng ny c Eifel lc nguyn. Tip bn trn na c tng
vi tui Carbon (GK-14 Tin Lng, Hi Phng).
82

Trong trm tch Tam d kin c tng Paleogen v Neogen (GK-3, Vnh Bo).
Cc tc gi cho bit chiu dy lp ph trm tch t n 4.500 m khu vc trung
tm, vng ra v trn cc vm nng gim i kh nhiu. Cc ging khoan su
khoan cc tng t : t 0-99 m bt gp ct, alevrolit, st (tng Kin Xng), sau
gp ct, sn cui dy 68 m (tng Hi Dng) c tui T. Trm tch Neogen
c cc h tng Vnh Bo dy 268 m, Tin Hng dy 251-790 m, Ph C, Phan
Lng, Ph Th. Ranh gii gia Neogen v Paleogen cha r rng.
Sau nm 1975, khi c nhiu ti liu a cht - a vt l, khoan su th a

tng trm tch Kainozoi c nghin cu rt t m.
Trm tch Paleogen trung tm min vng H Ni thnh to bi trm tch Eocen
(h tng Ph Tin) gm ct kt, cui kt, vn th mu , chiu dy thay i
100-700 m n hng nghn mt; trm tch Oligocen (h tng nh Cao), ch yu
l ct kt, bt kt, st phin, c cc lp st mn mu en, thnh to trong mi
trng m h, sng ngi, c kh nng sinh du, thng phn b chiu su
2.000-3.000 m.
Trm tch Neogen bao gm Miocen v Pliocen. Cc trm tch Miocen chia thnh
3 h tng: Phong Chu (Miocen di), Ph C (Miocen gia) v Tin Hng
(Miocen trn). Trm tch Miocen ph bin xen k cc lp ct kt ht mn, ct
bt kt cha du vt than hoc nhng lp vi mng, thnh to trong mi
trng bin ven b, chu th, bin nng. Trm tch Miocen gia pht trin rng
khp min vng H Ni, gm ct kt, st bt kt, than v c ni c carbonat, mi
trng bin xen k vi chu th. Trm tch Miocen trn c mt trong hu ht cc
ging khoan min vng H Ni, thnh phn ch yu phn trn l ct kt ht
th v sn si kt, st kt, bt kt, xen k cc lp than vi mc gim dn.
Trm tch Pliocen - T gm cc h tng Vnh Bo (Pliocen), Hi Dng, Kin
Xng (Q), pht trin n nh v rng khp min vng H Ni, dy ln ra pha
bin, gm thnh phn ch yu l ct - sn - si gn kt xen k cc lp st mu
xm. Kt qu xy dng c ct a tng chun ca min vng H Ni.
3.6. Nghin cu a ha
a) Biu hin du kh
T nm 1969, on 36 (sau l Lin on 36) tin hnh kho st 5 vng c
im l kh: o G (huyn Xun Thu, tnh Nam nh), Trc Ninh (tnh Ninh
Bnh), Cc en (huyn Kim Bi, tnh Ho Bnh), M c (tnh H ng, nay
l H Ni) v V Hi (huyn V Th, tnh Thi Bnh). Lu lng kh trung bnh
l 3,6 m3/ngy m, ti Giao Thu t 28 m3/ngy m. Thnh phn kh gm
83
mtan 74-94%, nit 4,7-22%, CO2 1,6-2,5%; c c thnh phn kh nng

C2-4. V vy, lc by gi kh ny c gi l kh mtan - nit.
phn ng Nam min vng H Ni c cc biu hin kh trn mt rt mnh
v phn b rng ri dc ven bin Nam nh v Thi Bnh.
C th phn ra ba nhm kh:
Nhm kh Cn Nm: ly mu ti 15 im l kh ti phn nghing vm Bc cu
to Kin Xng C (x Tn Tin).
Nhm kh Giao Thin: ly mu trn 20 im l kh trn b tri sng Hng, pha
Nam trng Phng Ngi.
Nhm kh Nam Hng nm b tri sng Hng trn phn trung tm v cnh Bc
trng Phng Ngi.
Phn ven bin vnh Bc B cng pht hin kh.

Trong thi gian ny vic phn tch kh c tin hnh bng my phn tch kh
BTM, phn tch nh tnh bng my sc k kh XT-2M.
Theo nghin cu ca Golovenok v ng Ngc Bch, kh c trng l mtan c
hm lng nit tng ln v kh carbonic va phi. Cc tc gi cho rng kh ny c
th i ln t cc tng trm tch di su, da trn c s cc s liu sau:
1) vng c kh, khng thy du hiu thnh to than bn r rt.
2) Cng biu hin kh chng t khng th l sn phm phn hy hoc bin
cht ca vt cht hu c trong trm tch hin i.
3) Cc vt l kh trng vi cc ra ca cu to Kin Xng C v phn np lm
Phng Ngi.
min vng H Ni, cc du hiu du kh c pht hin cc ging

khoan, trong cc va kh c gi tr cng nghip gp ging khoan 61 trn
cu to Tin Hi C.
Biu hin kh trong ct a tng cc ging khoan nh sau:
- Tng Kin Xng v Hi Dng: trong cc ging khoan u pht hin d thng
kh mtan.
- Tng Tin Hng: trong cc ph tng TH3, TH2, TH1 hm lng kh mtan cao
v c kh nng 2, 4, 6.
- Tng Ph C: PC4, PC5 hm lng kh mtan thp, ngc li trong PC2 v PC3
hm lng kh mtan v kh nng C6 tng cao hu ht cc ging.
84

- Tng Phong Chu: trong ph tng Phong Chu 5 hm lng mtan thp, song
trong Phong Chu 4, 3 hm lng mtan cao, t 24,6-32 ml/l (GK-101).
Kt qu kho st cho thy s biu hin kh trong cc ph tng trm tch khc
nhau, phn nh cc iu kin cu - kin to rt phc tp v vn a ho trm
tch Neogen cn tip tc nghin cu chi tit v su hn.
Cui nm 1971 u nm 1972, ng Ngc Bch v cc chuyn gia Lin X
V.A. Stroganov, A.I. Smelov nghin cu v v bn phn b kh trn cc cu
to Kin Xng A, B, C.
Nm 1972-1973, k s Hong Vn Son nghin cu p dng phng php
ton hc xc sut thng k chnh l kt qu phn tch kh. Kt qu xy dng
c s phn b kh cho vng cu to Tin Hi A, B, C, to iu kin cho vic
nghin cu phn b kh min vng H Ni tt hn.
b) c trng a ha trm tch Neogen
Mt khi lng ln gm 600 mu ly t cc ging khoan (2, 3, 8, 14, 12, 16, 18,
20,...) c phn tch nghin cu c trng a ho cho phn trn ca lt ct
Neogen (trong cc tng Vnh Bo, Tin Hng, Ph C) v mt s mu t cc va
l gc Mesozoi, Paleozoi ra Ty Bc v ng Nam min vng H Ni phc
v cho vic nghin cu phn di lt ct a cht.
nh gi hm lng bitum trong cc mu, cc nh nghin cu tin hnh
tch cc bitum A+B v nghin cu trong nh sng ca tia t ngoi. rt bitum
t ra ngi ta s dng cloroforme, cn benzoin. Phn tch nh tnh theo
phng php ca Flosovskaia.
Nghin cu vt cht hu c trong mt ct a tng, hm lng thay i trong
khong 0,003-0,034 v tng ln trong st 0,06 (hm lng cao nht). Cc phn
tch a ha cho thy hm lng vt cht cha bitum, carbon hu c trong mt
ct Neogen ni chung ging vi hm lng phng (s Klero-1%). Hm lng vt
cht hu c 1,2-1,86%.
Nm 1973, khi nghin cu ging khoan thng s s 1 (GK-100) B.M. Poluctovich
v Nguyn Ngc C kt lun rng hm lng vt cht hu c trong tng ph trm
tch trung bnh t 0,52%, mt s on t n 1,2-2,6%.
85
S liu a ha c so snh vi cc s liu a cht khc tng hp. Kt

qu cho php kt lun l gi tr ln nht ca bitum trong , c trng l tng
Ph C.
c) a cht thu vn
Trong nhng nm 1967-1968, cc nh khoa hc tin hnh quan st thy a
cht v lp n nghin cu thy a cht, thy ha ca nc ngm, lu lng
ca dng nc vo ging khoan, quan st mc thy tnh mt s ging khoan,
min vng H Ni. Ngoi ra, tin hnh nghin cu cc ging khoan vng
Quang Hanh - Qung Ninh (on 37 - Tng cc a cht), v nc cc ngun
t nhin ti ra ng Bc, Ty Nam min vng, v.v..
Phn tch iu kin thy a cht cc tc gi chia ra thnh ba vng thy
a cht:
- Vng thy a cht Ty Nam k cn ra i Ninh Bnh, gm vi phn lp
v khi tui Carbon, mt phn b dolomit ha, nhiu k nt, cast. Mc cha
nc rt giu.
- Vng thy a cht Trung tm c nghin cu cc ging khoan dc di
cu to Kin Xng - Tin Hi, gm 7 phc h cha nc v chn nc tng i
trong mt ct Neogen. Phc h cha nc v chn nc tng i xen k theo
mt ct v phc h cha nc T.
- Vng thy a cht ng Bc c nghin cu cc ging khoan GK 6, 8,
14. Phn tch mu nc ly cc ging khoan ny cho php phn mt ct thy a
cht i ny ra mt lot cc phc h cha nc v chn nc tng i.
3.7. Tim nng du kh min vng H Ni

Theo cc ch tiu v cu to, min vng H Ni c xp vo loi c trin vng
du kh. Nhng phn ln din tch ca n b chm su di vnh Bc B nn hn
ch kh nng vn dng ton din cc ch tiu khu vc nh gi trin vng nh
cc iu kin thnh to, di c v tch t. Cc iu kin thu a cht khu vc ny
cha c xc nh c thuc h thng h hay kn.
- Np li Khoi Chu - Tin Hi l i c nh gi c kh nng tch t kh
ch yu. Trong lt ct a cht, cc phn c trin vng nht nm trong khong
300-400 m v 3.200-3.500 m.
86
- trng ng Quan c cc i tch t pha ng Bc v Ty Nam, cc cu

to cc b trong trng. Tng kh lin quan n than cc khong 300-400 m
n 1.300-1.500 m; du kh cc khong 1.300-1.500 m n 3.200-3.500 m.
Vic pht hin m kh Tin Hi C nm 1975 vi tr lng kh ti ch c
nh gi s b lc by gi l hn 35 t m3, du mc v cng quan trng trong lch
s 15 nm tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc Vit Nam. V sau, tr lng thu
hi c xc minh l 1,3 t m3(tng ng 1,3 triu tn du th)... Tuy tr lng
khng ln nhng vic khai thc kh t v condensat (kh ngng t) phc v
c lc cho cng nghip in, cng nghip a phng ca tnh Thi Bnh.
Thng 4-1972, B a cht Lin X c on chuyn gia cng vi Tng cc a
cht Vit Nam phi hp nghin cu tng hp v c kt lun v trin vng du kh
ca min vng H Ni v vng trng An Chu trong giai on ny.
on chuyn gia Lin X gm: K.K. Makarov (Trng on), K.M. Sevostianov,
M.V. Shnerson, B.M. Polukhonovich, I.V. Shmeliov, Volosin v chuyn gia c vn
ti Vit Nam A.B. Kamenheski. V Pha Vit Nam, c Phan Minh Bch, H c
Hoi, Nguyn Quang Hp, Nguyn Giao v nhiu ngi khc cng tham gia.
V cu trc a cht, kt lun cho rng min vng H Ni l min vng Kainozoi
kiu chng gi ph bin ng Nam , c kch thc 85 km x 160 km. Chiu
dy trm tch Kainozoi t trn 5,5 km vng trung tm v gim r rt v pha ra
ng Bc, Ty Bc, Ty Nam cn li my chc mt. C s chuyn tip cc trm
tch cha than phn gia lt ct a cht vi thnh phn ch yu l ct st (trm
tch bin) sang trm tch ch yu l si ct vn th (proluvi-aluvi).
Phn nghing hng tm Ty Bc ca min vng H Ni nm chng ln cc
cu trc c tui khc nhau. Tng mng ng Bc l thnh to vi Permi Carbon, ph ln trn cu trc un np tui Caledoni mun. pha Ty Bc,
trm tch ph trc tip ln cc khi nng dng a ly sng Chy v sng Hng,
c cu thnh bi Proterozoi - Ackeozoi. Ty Nam, tng trm tch khng
dy qu 1.000 m, ph trc tip trn cc cu trc un np Mesozoi Bc Vit Nam Hi Nam. Tng mng b chm su dn t Ty Bc n ng Nam.
Vic phn chia trn bnh cng theo cc i cc di v u c phn ln
cc chuyn gia lc thng nht v:
- Hai h thng t gy thun ln sng L, sng Chy (chnh l h sng Hng sng Chy) l nhng gii hn chnh ca min vng H Ni v ng Bc v Ty Nam,
87
v chng l nhng t gy ln hot ng trc - trong Kainozoi (v mt phn cho

n ngy nay).
- phn st ln cha y trm tch Kainozoi gia hai t gy trn, trong thi
k Kainozoi, trc trung tm ln chm lc u c th lch v Ty Nam dc theo i
Khoi Chu - Tin Hi, sau cui Miocen, i ny c nng ln mnh m
so vi trng Qunh Ci - ng Quan dc theo t gy Vnh Ninh (khng loi
tr t gy ny c th hnh thnh cng lc vi dao ng ln chm chung trong
Kainozoi) bin ca h t gy ny nhiu ni l 400-600 m v ch ln nht c
th c 1.000 m. Tnh cht chm nghch ca t gy Vnh Ninh cng khng nh
v s tch gin ca min vng H Ni ban u, v nhiu pha nn p v sau cui
Miocen, chnh nhng kiu hot ng kin to ny to nn nhiu t gy dc
(theo phng Ty Bc - ng Nam; hu ht cc t gy ny thc cht l nhng h
thng gm nhiu t gy nh hn vi cc vng ph hy) v nhiu t gy ngang
chia ct. Chnh v vy cc cu to hon chnh vi ln nh d kin ban u (vi
ln c th ti 50-100 km2 v bin ti hn 100 m vi hnh dng oval kh
hon chnh!) khng c thc, chng nh hn nhiu hoc l thuc nhiu dng cu
to khc nhau nh dng cu kin to, ni nh, thch hc trm tch Do ,
ln ca cc dng by du kh khp kn nu c l nh hn nhiu do cc phay chia
ct (kch thc ca chng ch trn di 5-10 km2 vi 10-15m chiu cao). V sau
khi cc cng tc a chn phn x tng t m kho st ti nhng t l 1/50.000
ch yu i Khoi Chu - Tin Hi th iu ny cng tr nn r hn (i vi cc
cu to Kin Xng A, B, C v Tin Hi A, B, C).
- Min vng H Ni cn ko di v m rng vi mng chm su v pha bin.
T trin vng du kh cng tng ln theo hng ng Nam ra bin v min
vng H Ni c xem nh mt nghing hng tm v ch l mt phn cu trc
ca b trm tch Kainozoi ln hn nm ngoi bin. rng ca min vng H
Ni thy c trn t lin cng ch khong 25-30 km pha Bc tng ln n
45-50 km v pha Nam.
Tng hp nhng ti liu trn, nhn nh chung min vng H Ni c th xem
nh mt khu vc c trin vng v kh l ch yu, cn v du th vi mc t hn.
3.8. Hng ra bin

Vi kt qu nghin cu a cht du kh ng bng sng Hng, cc nh a
cht - a vt l nhn nh rng theo hng ra bin th trin vng du kh tt hn
trong t lin.
88
Nm 1967, Tng cc a cht c mt on thc tp sinh i Lin X gm

61 ngi, trong c 4 ngi i thc tp v thm d du kh l: L Quang Trung
thc tp Chnh a cht du kh bin, Nguyn Tn Kch - Chnh a vt l in
bin, Nguyn Cng Binh - Chnh a chn bin v Nguyn Vn Thnh - Chnh
Trng lc thnh tu. Nhm thc tp ny n thnh ph Ghlendjich ngy 12-51968, thc tp ti Phn vin pha Nam ca Vin Nghin cu a cht - a vt l
du kh bin ton Lin bang Xvit ng ti Riga, Ltvia.
ng L Quang Trung k li: ... Sau ba nm thc tp, thng 5-1971 nhm thc tp
v nc, c phn v Lin on 36. T thng 7-1971 n thng 9-1972, chng
ti c giao xy dng phng n thnh lp on 36E tin hnh kho st, tm
kim, thm d vng nc nng vnh Bc B. ng thi, ti i nhiu ln ra Hi
Phng lm vic vi U ban nhn dn thnh ph Hi Phng xin a im t
tr s on 36E, lm vic vi Vin Hi dng hc, Hi Phng lp k hoch
phi hp thu tu kho st y bin ca Vin lm cc tuyn a vt l, vng nc
nng t Hi Phng vo Thanh Ho, c y ban nhn dn thnh ph Hi Phng
v Vin Hi dng hc ng h. Phng n thnh lp on 36E mi hon thnh
th nm 1972 chin tranh ph hoi ln th hai ca M din ra, ton b Lin on
36 s tn v x Ngc Chc, on o, i Quc huyn Ph C, tnh Hng Yn,
nn khng thc hin c. L Quang Trung v lm Ph phng a cht Lin
on 36, Nguyn Tn Kch v lm on ph on Thm d in (36), Nguyn
Vn Thnh lm on ph on Thm d trng lc (36T), Nguyn Cng Binh
v lm i trng a chn on Thm d a chn (36F). Nm 1973, khi tch
on a vt l, on 36C ra khi Lin on 36, Lin on 36 chuyn v Thi
Bnh, on 36B cng c thnh lp, tin thn ca Vin Du kh sau ny. Chng
ti ln lt chuyn vo Nam lm du kh, nhng tt c u chuyn sang cng tc
khc, tr ng Nguyn Cng Binh lm chuyn mn cho n lc v hu.
Ma h nm 1968, on 36 c on i kho st vng ven bin vnh Bc B

thuc cc tnh: Nam nh, Thi Bnh. on gm cc k s, k thut vin a
vt l v trc a, c nhim v kho st cc iu kin a l, vt l bin, khu
vc cc o: Cn en, Cn Lu, Cn Thng, Cn Th lp phng n thm
d a vt l.
ng Trng Minh nh li: ... Do thiu kinh ph v phng tin tu thuyn, on
phi i theo cc thuyn nh c, lm vic sinh hot ba cng vi ng dn. Ban
ngy chng ti tham gia ko li bt c kt hp kho st o c chiu su bin,
theo di quy lut v cng sng gi v thu triu, chnh v li bn cc o.
Bit c mc ch cng vic ca chng ti l kho st thm d du kh, ngi
dn vng bin Thi Thy, tnh Thi Bnh rt phn khi v ht sc nhit tnh
gip . Khi chun b chuyn i bin, b con khuyn chng ti khng nn em
89

theo nhiu th, ch cn go mui, mt s gia v, rau thm, bp du, vi b o
qun cc v... ru quc li! Qu thc lm vic trn bin hng tun m khng
cn g thm ngoi nhng th mang theo. B li nhng ngy nng gt v nc
bin mn cht lm cho ai ny u en sm th cc ba n trn thuyn tht xm,
c n nhng con c ngon ti nht va mi bt c, thi th cc mn c
nu, c nng v c bit l mn gi c. Tht th v, bui ti ngh li trn thuyn
hoc gh vo b o gn nhm nhi chn ru vi c nng, ri ng li
trn bi ct vi trng sao, gi mt ri v ting sng r rm. Nhng cu chuyn k
ca b con i bin tht hp dn v phong tc tp qun v cch lm n sinh sng
ca ng dn vng bin. Qua chng ti thu thp c nhiu t liu cn thit
v bin nh thi tit, sng gi, thu triu... m khng tm thy c trong sch
v. Chuyn k rng c tn Cn en v nhng ngi nh c ci trn sut ngy
nng gi lm da en sm; Cn Lu l ting ni li ch sinh hot m tm cua ca
ng dn vng ny. Cn cc tn: Cn Th, Cn Thng l cc o hnh thnh trn
a u ca Ba Lt ca sng Hng, trc y c cc cy thng v phi lao mc.
Cng c cu chuyn bun nh l cch hn 50 nm, trong mt m sng thn
cao hn 10 m nhn chm my x ven bin huyn Thi Thy, tnh Thi Bnh
nh ca tri dt tan nt, nhiu ngi cht v mt tch, ngy nay c khu vc ny
c mt ngy tang chung.
t kho st ny cho chng ti rt nhiu t liu qu gi vch ra c
phng n a a vt l tin ra bin, khi u cho vic thm d du kh vng
bin pha Bc nc ta....
Trn c s kho st ven bin

cc tnh: Thi Bnh, H Nam
Ninh, k s Nguyn Cng Binh
cng tp th k thut a chn
on 36F lp phng n thm
d a chn vng o G, Cn
Th, Cn Thng. Thc cht y
l mt cuc th nghim dng my
a chn trn b o c vng
ven bin.
Vng Cn en - o G
Vic thu n a chn trn cc o ct khng n gin nh trn t lin; cn thu

n di nc th kh phc tp. Lc by gi ta cha c cc bi dy thu a chn
y nc (bay cable) hay bi dy a chn in p (streamer). Hc c kinh
nghim t my thu a chn trn phao tre khi lm a chn trn sng rch, nay
t my thu trn phao bng g nh, trn mi phao t mt nhm 3 my thu sng.
Nhm th mc k cng lm mi hon thnh c hng trm chic phao, ni di
90

n 600 m. Trm my t trn can, bi dy phao c can ko l tng on
dc theo tuyn kho st. Cng vic nh v cng c nhiu kh khn trn vng
bin nng, phi dng phng php giao hi bng my kinh v (thodolite) xc
nh ta v ng cc tng im n.
chun b thi cng a chn binnng khu vc o G, Cn Th, Cn

Thng, u nm 1975, on a vt l thnh lp on kho st thc a do on
trng Ng Mnh Khi lm Trng on, c chuyn gia Lin X Murzin, k s
Nguyn Cng Binh, Ph phng T chc Bi Vn Khit, Th k cng on L
Vn Cng, i trng L Ngc Thnh v i ph Bi Danh Lim cng mt s cn
b k thut v cng nhn i V i bng 2 thuyn gn my.
ng L Ngc Thnh nh li: Hm 2 chic thuyn mi i qua ca sng Ba Lt
khong 200-300 m th gp sng to bin nng lm gy bnh li ca c 2 thuyn.
Do sng to gi ln nn v tuyn in cng khng lin lc c gia 2 thuyn vi
nhau. Cc phi ng du 200 lt trn thuyn x y, mt s ngi trn thuyn say
ma, mi ngi trn c 2 thuyn u phi nhy xung bin ko dy neo gi
thuyn. Cuc vt ln vi sng nc ko di sut t 11 gi tra n 6 gi chiu
mi n c ca sng v thu thuyn nh c ko thuyn ngc sng vo ni
ng qun. Chuyn gia Murzin ni: Ti tng i vng bin Caxpin v cc
nc trn th gii, tt c 7 ln nhng cha ln no gp nguy him v khng
khip nh ln ny.... C mt ln, nhthng lanh em i V va ra lm vic
thnhnc tin bo cn bo s 8 p n, khng kp tr tay, ph trm my v
bi dy a chn b sng nh dt vo vng bin x Giao Long, huyn Xun Thu,
tnh Nam nh, cn tu y b sng nh vo Cn Th. Anh em trn tu bm vo
cc phao cu sinh, sut ngy m hm tri ni trn bin v dt vo vng ca
sng Ho, Thi Bnh, may mn c thuyn dn cu thot....
Vic thu n a chn cha t yu cu, cc t sng phn x c ghi c nhng

b nhiu do sng bin qu ln lm lu m bc tranh sng, cht lng ti liu rt xu
kh phn tch c. Tuy kt qu th nghim khng t nh mong mun, nhng
cho thy tinh thn t lc rt cao trong thi k s khai, quyt tm a cng tc
thm d du kh ra pha bin. Qua y cng rt ra c nhiu kinh nghim
trin khai cng tc tip theo, khng nh rng y cn s dng cng ngh tin
tin ph hp hn cho mi trng bin. Trn c s , on 36F chun b mt
phng n mi cho cng tc thm d a chn vng bin nng. l vic thnh
lp i tu a vt l bin u tin ca Vit Nam mang tn Bnh Minh cng vic
p dng cng ngh a vt l bin nh bi dy thu a chn in p (streamer),
sng hi (airgun), nh v v tuyn (seledis)... Cc cng vic ny c trin khai
t nm 1978 vi s tr gip ca Lin X.
91
T nm 1974, phng n th nghim sn xut kho st trng lc Cn en,

o G thuc vng ven bin Thi Bnh, Nam H, t l 1/50.000, do Nguyn Vn
Thnh, Phan Quang Quyt v L Vit Khi thc hin, nhm phc v cho vic xc
nh v tr ging khoan tm kim du kh su 5.000 m khu vc ny.
Sau khi c cc s liu a vt l vng nc nng ng bng sng Hng, Lin
on a cht 36 trin khai cng tc khoan vng o ven bin... Lin on ph
Phan Minh Bch ph trch on kho st xc nh v tr ging khoan su tm
kim s 110 vng Cn en. Trong on c 5 chuyn gia Lin X do Trng
on V.D. Skorduli ph trch.
ng Trng Minh k li: ... on kho st xut pht t cn c Xun Thu, i
trn chic can ln. Sau mt vng kho st quanh o Cn en vi chiu di
khong 10 km, chiu ngang 500-700 m, chng ti phi ln o kho st. Do
can khng cp b c nn chng ti cng on chuyn gia i bng xung
my, cn ca n ch u o. i c mt lc th xung my b hng my, sa
mi khng c, chuyn gia Scorduli nhy xung bin ko thuyn, chng ti
cng lm theo. ch gn hai gi ng h chng ti mi vo c b o, nh
ko xung ln bi ct. Gn hai gi chng ti i b t v tr t ging khoan gia
o n u o ca Ba Lt. n ni gn ti, khng thy can u, ch n
ti hn cng chng thy tm hi. Rt tic khng c b m lin lc, bng mi
cch h hon, bt my la cng khng c ai n chng ti. on nh quay tr
li ngh tm ti chic lu bt ca my ngi cng nhn bo v trn o. C ngy
ln li thm mt v i, ti hi anh em cng nhn xem c g n khng th c
tr li l ch c t go v mui thi. Kh ngh qu, khng bit cc chuyn gia Lin
X c n c khng, song nhng nm sng v hc tp Lin X ti hiu ngi
Nga gin d v chu gian kh c. Ti mn xoong ni nu cho trng v mi
cc bn dng ba ch n sng mai. Tht khng ng cc bn n rt ngon lnh
nh n mm v ngi ng mt gic n sng hm sau. Khi tr li im hn
chng ti rt mng r thy chic can ang ch. Trn tu anh Bch v on tm
kim cng ht i vui mng h reo n chng ti. Anh Bch k li rng m qua
l mt m sng gi lo lng ca nhng ngi tc trc trn can, c m can
i lng sc nhiu ln quanh o m khng tm thy chng ti, inh ninh l
mt tch. Anh Phan Minh Bch cp bo v Lin on, Lin on bo co v Tng
cc a cht H Ni, B Cng an v s kin ny. B i bin phng c lnh
bng mi cch tm kim on chng ti, xc nh c phi do ch bt cc, hoc
nu cht th phi tm c xc. Chng ti u c ng s vic nghim trng
n th! V qua y mi thy s quan tm ln n s nghip du kh, bo v con
ngi, c bit i vi chuyn gia Lin X n gip chng ta trong vic tm kim
du kh trn bin Vit Nam....
92
trin khai cng tc thm d du kh bin, ngy 24-3-1973 Tng cc a

cht quyt nh thnh lp on 36Z trc thuc Lin on 361. Song do chin
tranh ph hoi, on 36Z khng hot ng c.
4. Tm kim du kh vng trng An Chu

4.1. on a cht 36C
tin hnh tm kim, thm d du kh vng trng An Chu, vi s hp tc
ca U ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc, ngy 3-10-1967, Tng cc a cht
thnh lp on nghin cu a cht khu vc trc thuc on 36, ly tn hiu l
on 36C2, vi: Nhim v ch yu l nghin cu cu to a cht c lin quan
n cu to du m v kh t bng phng php a cht, a ha Da trn
kt qu nghin cu v kt hp vi ti liu ca cc b mn: vt l a cht, khoan
cu to ca on 36 v cc n v nghin cu, lp bn ca Tng cc a cht
m xut phng hng v thm d du kh tip tc hon thnh vic tm kim,
thm d mt cch hp l, tit kim Trong giai on trc mt v bn cu to
a cht vng trng An Chu v trin vng du kh ca n.
Ra i trong thi gian c chin tranh, tr s ban u ca on 36C ng ti
an Hi, huyn Lc Nam, tnh Bc Giang sau di v thn Kinh Dng, x Hip
Ct, huyn Nam Sch, tnh Hi Dng; v sau v ng ti x Dnh K, huyn
Lng Giang, tnh Bc Giang (nm 1969).
Cc on trng: Phan Minh Bch (1967-1968), Nguyn Mc (1968-1969),
Nguyn Quang Hp (1970-1974); cc on ph ph trch: Phng Vn Hc
(1974-1976), Vn Hn (1976-1980); cc on ph: Nguyn Hu, Nguyn
Ngc Anh, Trn Vn Bch, Chu Thn, on Thnh
ng Vn Hn nh li: Nm 1972, t kho st a cht ca on 36C ang
lm vic x Phc Thng, Lc Ngn, mt my bay M b b i ta bn ri, tn li
my bay nhy d va chm t th b ngay anh Trn Thanh ng - mt trung cp
a cht trong t - m cht, nhm dn qun a phng cng xng ln tm hn
v gii i ngay. Anh ng ch kp ly dao ct mt on dy d lm k nim!
Cng trong nm 1972, hi trng on 36C xm Hc, x Dnh K, huyn Lng
Giang (Bc Giang) b trng tn la ca my bay M, mi nh bay ht, nn nh b
o su! Nguyn nhn l v in i ca on 36C t cch hi trng khong
10 m, nhn vin in i ang tc nghip Sng Thng (mt hiu on 36C)
1. Quyt nh s 52/Q-TC.
2. Quyt nh s 374/TCC.
93

gi sng Hng (mt hiu Lin on 36) th b my bay M bt c tn hiu nn
phng tn la. Ngi v my c an ton. V v cng may mn l ngy hm
, cuc hp xt thi ua ca on 36C ng l hp ti hi trng ny li c
chuyn ln lng Ghp, x Thi o, huyn Lng Giang.
B my ca on 36C gm cc t nghip v, k thut v cc i nghin cu,

sn xut. Ngoi cc b phn nghip v, on c cc t k thut.
T Kin to c Ng Thng San v cc chuyn vin ca U ban Khoa hc v K
thut Nh nc.
T Cu to c Nguyn Quang Hp, Vn c Chng, Vn Hn, L Cng
Hng, Lu Hi Thng, Trn Vn Kim, Hong Ngc Phng, Hong c Hp,
Nguyn Ch Thnh.
T Trm tch - a tng c on Thin Tch, Nguyn Huy Mc, Phm Th Hin,
Nguyn An Bnh, Phm Huy Tin, m Tn, Phm Xun Kim, Nguyn Xun
Bc, Trn Vn Thnh, Ng Xun Vinh,
T Tn kin to c Phm Th Thn, Tuyt, Phng Ngc nh.
T a cht - Thy vn: L Dng K, V Ngc Diu, Vn Hng.
4.2. Nghin cu a cht

Kt qu nghin cu cu trc a cht v trin vng du m, kh thin nhin ca
S.K. Kitovani (S.K. Kitovani v nnk, 1961) nh gi trng An Chu thuc vng
trin vng th hai sau min vng H Ni.
T nm 1963, on 36 c mt nhm gm Nguyn Quang Hp (trng
nhm), Nguyn c Lc v L Vn Chn tin hnh kho st tng hp cc tuyn
ton khu vc min Bc nh gi nhng nhn nh ca Kitovani trong c
trng An Chu.
Ng Thng San (nm 1963) da trn s phn tch lch s kin to vng ng
Bc Vit Nam nu 2 tng c kh nng du kh l:
- Tng cha du C sinh gia v trn, trin vng nht l bi t Bc Sn.
- Tng cha du Trung sinh, trin vng nht l vng trng An Chu, ch yu
l ra Ty Bc ca vng.
kin ny c I.A. Rezanov (nm 1964), Iu.M. Pusharovski (nm 1965)
ng h.
94
Cn b a cht du kh cng chuyn gia Lin X

kho st thc a vng trng An Chu (nm 1967)
T nm 1966, cc nh a cht thuc y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc

(Ng Thng San, Nguyn Huy Mc, H Chn, Nguyn An Bnh, Nguyn Th
Thn, Vn c Chng, m Tn) tin hnh kho st vng trng An Chu.
Bo co kt qu (1966-1967) c trnh by ti Tng cc a cht. Tip sau, U
ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh nc cng Tng cc a cht (on 36C) phi
hp nghin cu trin vng du kh vng ny.
Tp th on 36C hon thnh bo co Cu trc a cht v trin vng cha
du trng An Chu (1967-1970) do Ng Thng San ch bin, i n kt lun
vng trng An Chu c trin vng v du kh, ng thi ch ra nhng cu to c
kh nng nht.
Thng 4-1972, on chuyn vin ca B a cht Lin X do Makarov dn
u, sau 3 ngy kho st vng trng An Chu kt lun: vng trng An Chu
khng c trin vng du m v kh t v:
- Vng trng An Chu c cu trc a mng, do khng th t vn tm
kim du kh c.
95
- Mc nn cht ca ln do lm mt kh nng cha du kh.

- Mc bin cht cao, mang tnh khu vc do khng duy tr cc tng
sn phm.
- Cc cu to thuc trng An Chu khng khp kn.
Lin quan n vng trng An Chu cn c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v a
cht, a vt l
Cui nm 1974 u nm 1975, on 9 chuyn gia Trung Quc do Trng Ch
Sinh lm trng on n kho st vng trng An Chu. Qua 6 thng lm
vic v nghin cu ti liu thn trng i n kt lun: v xa xi m ni trng
An Chu c trin vng du kh.
Tp th tc gi Vn Hn (ch bin), Nguyn Xun Bc, V Ngc Diu,
Hong c Hp, Vn Hng, Nguyn Vn Lc, Ng Xun Vinh hon
thnh bo co Tng kt cng tc nghin cu a cht du kh trng An Chu
(nm 1976). Bo co ny khai thc hu ht cc ti liu hin c on 36C. Vic
phn tch ti liu thng nht tng kt v a tng, cu - kin to v h thng
du kh (t hp sinh - cha - chn), nghin cu su thm v phn tch ti liu
a cht thy vn vng trng An Chu. c bit l tng hp c mc bin
i th sinh ca cc trong vng. Mt khc, cng xem xt k v iu kin
l kh cha c khng nh. Tp th tc gi ngh tm kim du kh bng
cng trnh khoan v a vt l theo th t t ra Nam (Dng Hu) vo trung tm
(Lng M) v cui cng l ra Ty Bc (N M). Bo co cng hon chnh cc
chuyn cn thit nh gi trin vng du kh khu vc.
4.3. Thm d a vt l
Trong nhng nm 1968-1970, da trn c s trc lng trng lc 1/500.000
ton min Bc Vit Nam, Nguyn Hip, Nguyn Vn Thy, Nguyn Trng Hip,
Nguyn c Th, lp phng n thm d trng lc cho vng trng An Chu,
nhm gii quyt cc nhim v:
- Nghin cu c tnh trng trng,
- Nghin cu cu trc cc tng trm tch
- Pht hin cc cu to trong trm tch v nhng ph hu kin to, nghin cu
m rng i Duyn Hi, b than Hn Gai.
Trin khai o trng lc t l 1/200.000 (cc im cch nhau khong 2 km)
vng trng An Chu. y l vng rng ni, ng xe chy c rt t, thng l
96
ng lm nghip (khai thc g v trng rng) nn i b l ch yu (trung bnh

20-30 km/ngy). Bin ch ca on 36T phi b sung (nm 1968-76 ngi, nm
1969-115 ngi, nm 1970-103 ngi).
Ngoi nhng kh khn gian kh ca cnh tro o, li sui, tip t nh cc
vng khc, li thm phc tp khi lm cc khu vc c b i v cng nhn Trung
Quc sang gip bo v mt s cng trnh, sa ng s. Tnh hnh mu thun
Lin X - Trung Quc lc by gi lm Trung Quc theo di rt st khi thy ta o
trc a, trng lc gn bin gii (nht l khi c chuyn gia Lin X i cng).
Mt t trc a do Nguyn S Lan lm t trng ch bc qua con sui (v ven b
sui trn t ca ta cy qu rm rp, khng i c) b lnh bin phng Trung
Quc bt ngay. H xt hi rt k v phi qua con ng ngoi giao gia hai chnh
ph, anh em mi c tr v nc!
ng Nguyn Hip k li: ... Kh nh th nhng cng c lc rt vui. Mt hm
trn ng 13 B, xe trng lc ang chy th thy mt m ng b con ngi dn
tc ang ng trn mt b vc, ho ra c mt con tru b ln xung vc cht.
H bn cho anh em 2 ng mt gnh tht tru v cho thm mt con ngh (v h
khng n tht tru v con ngh s cht v khng c tru m). Tt nhin anh em
khng nhn con ngh, v ti hm khi xe r vo ng o ti Tn Sn c
mt ba bp-tt tht tru (do anh Hp - tng l u bp cho chuyn gia-nu
nng) v c c ru B huyt tr phong (do anh em tn c ch ca hng hp
tc x bn cho).
Ln u tin Vit Nam, vic tnh hiu chnh nh hng a hnh ln gi tr

trng lc bng my tnh in t Minsk-22 ca U ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh
nc do Nguyn Cao thc hin.
Tham gia x l, phn tch ti liu cn c Nguyn Quc Trung, Phm Khc
Lng, ngoi ra cn c Trn Cnh (U ban Khoa hc k thut Nh nc) nghin
cu tnh cht mt t ; cng nh c s gip ca chuyn gia Lin X
A.M. Gmar. Tng chi ca n ny l 336.716,7 ng.
Kt qu nghin cu cho thy:
- V cu trc a cht, vng trng An Chu c hnh thnh trong thi k Mesozoi,
chng gi mt phn ph ln nn Nam Trung Hoa, phn khc ph ln phn ko
di Caledonit Katazia. Yu t ch yu ca vng trng An Chu l np vng trung
tm b lp y trm tch Trias T3 v b chia ct bi h thng t gy ngang dc
Ty Bc - ng Nam v ng Bc - Ty Nam. y trm tch carbonat c tui
Carbon - Permi v lc nguyn tui Devon l trn mt. D thng dng trng
lc phn nh t Paleozoi l ra theo dy Ch Linh - Kinh Mn.
- Vng trng An Chu c th phn thnh 6 i cu to, ngn cch nhau bi cc
t gy su dc. Pht hin mt s cu to c ng phng thay i t ng
97

Bc sang Ty Bc. V mt cu trc su, vng trng An Chu c phn thnh
hai phn Nam - Bc ngn cch nhau bi t gy chy di t Sn Dng qua
Thi Nguyn, Kp, Lc Nam n Mng Ci v cn tip tc ko di trn lnh th
Trung Quc.
Trong nhng nm 1967-1968, on 36 th nghim thm d bng

dng in mt chiu vng trng An Chu, trn cc tuyn Lng Sn - nh
Lp, Bc Giang - Tri Mt, An Chu - Honh B ct qua Dng Hu v tuyn
Vi - Kp H.
Trn c s , Nguyn Thnh, Phm Th Cu, ng Cng Long, L Lm Hoa
vi s c vn ca chuyn gia Lin X Pornhiaghin Marat lp cc phng n
thm d in cu to t l 1/200.000 cho vng trng An Chu nhm gii quyt
cc nhim v:
- Nghin cu quy lut bin thin dng in telua.
- Tin hnh th nghim cc phng php o su in (VEZ), o su lng cc
(PZ), dng telua (TT), o su t - telua (MTZ), o tuyn t - telua (MTP) trn
cc tuyn Lng Sn - nh Lp, Bc Giang - Tri Mt, An Chu - Honh B ct
qua Dng Hu v tuyn Vi - Kp H.
- Nghin cu cu trc a cht, pht hin cc yu t cu kin to ln, cu to bc III
trong vng.
Tng kt cc cng tc thm d in cu to vng trng An Chu c Phm Th
Cu v Vaxilia Ivanovich... (nm 1971) v Trn Ngc Ton (nm 1974) thc hin.
Cc tc gi kt lun:
- Vic dng mt t hp cc phng php dng in mt chiu c th nghin
cu cc tng dn in t T (Q) n Devon (D) v cc tng cch in thuc
Carbon - Permi. Vi cc phng php dng t nhin MTT, MTZ, MTP, do nh
hng ca a hnh, thi tit phc tp, cu to nh, ch nn s dng nghin cu
i th.
- V kt qu a cht cho thy: theo tuyn Tin Yn - Lng Sn, mt in ta tui
Carbon - Permi ( carbonat) t su 1,3-1,5 km chm dn v pha Bc n
su 4-6 km vng nh Lp, sau li nng ln su 1-1,5 km v n ng
Nam Lng Sn ch cn 700-800 m. Mt mng kt tinh Paleozoi di cng lp li
a hnh y, chiu su vng nh Lp c th t n 6-8 km, nng ln vng
ra 1-2 km. C th tng dn in nm gia mng PZ v Carbon - rt dy. Ti vng
Ch c tn ti cu to li khng i xng.
Trong nhng nm 1971-1972, on 36F trin khai chng trnh th nghim
98
phng php a chn phn x vng trng An Chu. C nhn a vt l Nguyn

Thnh c giao ch o i a chn thc hin mt chng trnh th nghim
cu to Ch, nhm tm hiu kh nng p dng phng php a chn phn x
cho vng trng An Chu. iu kin th nghim y gp qu nhiu kh khn,
c bit l vng rng ni, a hnh phn ct rt phc tp. Do chng trnh th
nghim ch mi nghin cu bc tranh sng v cc iu kin thu pht sng, thc
hin c 25% khi lng ra.
Kt qu th nghim cho thy c cc tng phn x cc khong thi gian t=0,2;
0,28-0,31; 0,36-0,8 giy, tng ng vi cc su: 540, 740, 950, 1.400 m. Quan
st c vi phn x trn 1 giy nhng khng lin kt c. Cc chuyn gia a
chn cho rng c th p dng thm d a chn phn x vng trng An Chu,
tuy nhin s phi gp nhiu kh khn v gi thnh rt t.
Trn c s kt qu phn tch, tng hp cc s liu a vt l (trng lc, in)

v a cht vng ra, nm 1971, on 36C lp Bn cu to vng trng An
Chu t l 1/200.000.
Ti cc cu to N M, Ch, Dng Hu d kin khoan 3 ging khoan tm
kim nhng ch thc hin 2 ging khoan:
- GK 301 cu to Ch
(nm 1970) ti x An Sn,
Lc Ngn, Bc Giang, su
1.200 m.
- GK 601 cu to Dng
Hu thuc lng ng, x
Thng Long, Sn ng, H
Bc, su 650 m.
Lt ct trm tch hai
ging khoan ny khng
thun li cho sinh - cha chn du kh.
Bn cu to vng trng An Chu 1/200.000
- GK 401 t ti N M,
huyn Lc Bnh, Lng Sn.
lm xong ng vo v tr ging khoan nhng khng thc hin. Cn c lt
ct trm tch l trn mt th y khng c iu kin thun li cho sinh - cha chn du kh.
99
Ngoi ra vng trng An Chu, L Cng Hng cn ch o khoan 12 ging

khoan nng vi chiu su 150 m/ging.
Sau 8 nm (1967-1976) nghin cu vng trng An Chu cha tm thy biu
hin du kh no, vic nh gi trin vng du kh ti y vn cn nhiu kin
khc nhau (mc d ti b trm tch Shiwan Dashan - Trung Quc, c cu trc a
cht gn tng t nh vng trng An Chu, c nhng pht hin du kh c
trong mng Paleozoi ln trm tch lp ph Mesozoi). Sau nm 1975, Tng cc Du
kh Vit Nam tp trung cng tc tm kim, thm d min vng H Ni v thm
lc a Vit Nam, nn tm dng cng tc tm kim, thm d vng trng An Chu.
Vn u t cho tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc (1962-1975)
Tng cc a cht xy dng h thng cc nh mc kinh t - k thut cho
cc cng tc o v bn a cht, khoan, a vt l, trc a v phn tch mu
th nghim. y l cn c xy dng n gi, duyt d ton v thanh ton khi
lng cng tc hng nm. Lin on a cht 36 xy dng cc b nh mc ni b
lm cn c lp k hoch v giao khon cng vic cho cc n v.
Trch ghi chp ca ng Vn Hn (nm 1975)
100

Do h thng lu tr v kinh t - ti chnh trong thi gian ny cha c tt,
tt c cc ti liu chnh thc v u t cho cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh
khng c lu tr y . Tuy nhin trong s sch ca c quan qun l vn
cn ghi li cc con s rt c bn ca thi k . ng Vn Hn, nguyn l k
s a cht on a cht 36C, c mt thi gian lm on trng on a cht
36C, sau c c lm cn b qun l du kh VP3 Vn phng Chnh ph,
cung cp con s vn u t cho cng tc nghin cu a cht, tm kim, thm
d du kh (ti liu do Tng cc a cht bo co Ph Th tng Mi).
Tng vn u t trong 14 nm (1962-1975) ly trn l: 102.295.000 ng, trong
tm kim, thm d 67.547.000 ng (khoan chim 51.162.000 ng, cc cng
tc a vt l 16.385.000 ng), s cn li l chi ph nghip v, chuyn gia, o to,
xy dng, thit b ph tng v cc cng tc dch v khc l 34.748.000 ng. S
tin trn thuc vn u t c bn cho tm kim - thm d du kh, c phn chia ra
vn thm d, thit b, s nghip - xy dng c bn, chuyn gia... Tuy nhin con s
ny chc chn cha phn nh ng gi tr tht ca sn phm, bi v trong thi k
ny vic hch ton kinh t theo gi bao cp ni b ca Nh nc, cn gi thit
b v chuyn gia th tnh theo quy nh ca cc hp ng vin tr ca nc bn.
Theo t gi hi oi thi by gi l: 1 rp chuyn nhng = 2 USD = 1,98 VN,
th vn u t trn c quy ra l 103.328.000 USD.
Do s liu lu tr cn thiu, cch tnh chuyn i cha tht chun xc, nn con
s vn u t trn y ch mang tnh tham kho c khi nim v mc u
t ban u cho cng tc thm d du kh min Bc Vit Nam trong giai on
1961-1975. Tuy nhin nu so snh vi s tin 60-80 triu USD m mi cng ty
nc ngoi chi ph cho thm d du kh trn cc l c trng thu vnh Bc
B (Total-103,107; Shell-112, 114, 116; BP-117, 118, 119), th s tin u t cho
tm kim, thm d min Bc l khng ln (Ph lc I.02).
5. Nghin cu s dng kh nng v cc d n lc ha du

5.1. Nghin cu s dng kh tng nng ti Giao Thy - Nam nh
T nhng nm 1970-1971, vng Xun Thy, tnh Nam nh; Kin Xng,
Tin Hi tnh Thi Bnh c l kh thin nhin phun ln t cc ao h. Nhn dn
a phng t pht khai thc kh bng th cng, vi vt liu th s, dng
nu n, t gch, nung vi. Mt s trng hp b ha hon. Chnh quyn a
phng phn nh v xin kin ch o ca Trung ng.
Nm 1971-1972, B trng T Quang Bu, gio s Nguyn nh T cng ng
Nguyn ng Hi v cn b Ban Du kh i thm mt s v tr c biu hin kh
mtan tng nng phun ln ti x Giao An, Giao Thy thuc tnh Nam nh.
101
B trng T Quang Bu ngh Ban Du kh nn t chc nghin cu khai

thc s dng cho cng nghip nh, cng nh hng dn b con nng dn k thut
khai thc v s dng mt cch an ton.
Thng 5 nm 1972, T trng T kh Nguyn Khi dn u mt nhm k s v
k thut vin xung huyn Giao Thy - Nam nh.
Trong hon cnh chin tranh, cn b i cng tc t H Ni xung Giao Thy phi
i tu m ti Nam nh ri i bng xe khch xung Giao Thy. Ngi nhiu
m xe t, phi xp hng, chen ln mua v, i khi cng khng i c. K s
Nguyn Khi hc Lin X v, ngi cao ln, to bo ng gi vai chuyn gia Lin
X, s ra hng trng ting Nga, khng ai hiu; k s Nguyn Quc S ng vai
cn b phin dch i theo, vo lin h trc tip vi ph trch bn xe mi khng
phi xp hng v kp chuyn i trong ngy.
K s Nguyn Nm dn u nhm c kh th nghim khai thc s dng kh lm
cht t. Trong hon cnh nng thn thi chin, khng c vt liu v dng c,
cc anh cng dn lng o ging, dng cy tre vt nhn lm cn khoan, khoan
su ti khong 7 n 10 m th gp kh phun ln. H thng thu gom kh th s,
ng dn bng ng na ni vi nhau bng xm xe p, c lon sa lm chp bp,
van g hoc n gin dng hn gch ln ng cao su ngt kh. Vic thit k
l t 1m3 nung vi, nung gch v nu cm ln cho tri chn nui ca hp
tc x cng th s. Mi ging kh ch c tui th c 1 n 2 tun l l ht kh.
K s Trn Nh Tr, inh Ngc T th nghim dng kh sn xut mui than cho
nhu cu ch bin cao su ca Nh my Cao su Sao Vng H Ni. Nhm t thit
k l t mui than theo phng php th cng, dung tch khong 1m3, hp tc
vi Nh my S Lng Yn ch to cc vi t bng s trong mi trng ym
kh. Nh my Cao su Sao Vng hp tc phn tch thnh phn cht lng mui
than, ch th v th nghim sn phm cao su. Trong giai on cui nm 19721973, th nghim c 5 kg sn phm mui than v th nghim thnh cng
sn phm cao su t cht lng yu cu Nh my Cao su Sao Vng (H Ni).
Gia nm 1973, cng vic th nghim ti hin trng kt thc, T kh bo co

kt qu cho U ban Hnh chnh huyn Giao Thy. Trong nm 1973 do lng kh
tng nng khng n nh v lu lng v p sut nn vic th nghim tm dng.
5.2. Cc d n lc ha du
Tng cc Ha cht d bo nhu cu tiu th xng du, phn m, si tng hp,
cht do ca min Bc, cn khi lng du th ch bin tng ng l 1,5 triu
tn nm 1975; 4,5 triu tn nm 1980 v 7,5 triu tn nm 1985. Quy m thch hp
ca nh my ch bin du m u tin ca nc ta s l 3-4,5 triu tn/nm.
102
Trong hon cnh my bay M tng cng nm bom, nh ph min Bc, nht
l chin dch nm bom H Ni cui nm 1972, cn b Ban Du kh phi lm vic
cc a phng s tn ( H Ty, v nh Bng, T Sn - Bc Ninh).
ng B Vn T k li: ... Nhng ln i v H Ni hp, phi cn gi trnh cc
t nm bom. Khi c lnh t xut v hp, p xe mang ti liu v gp. C ln ti
t H Ty v H Ni, va ti Cu Din, bom n ch cch hn trm mt, ngi v
xe p ch kp ng ra v ng. My bay qua, li tip tc dt xe vt qua h bom,
t ngn ngang v xc tru b cn mu me do b mnh bom git cht. Ln t
nh Bng v H Ni, va i qua Nh my Xe la Gia Lm, th bom nh vo
nh my, nu chm vi pht th cng mt s ngi v xe (cn ngang ) b
hi bom ht xung ao nc ven ng.
Ngy 8-5-1973, Tng cc Ha cht trnh Th tng Chnh ph T trnh v

phng hng xy dng cc nh my ch bin du m v ha du, nu nhu cu
du th ch bin nm 1975 l 1,5 triu tn, nm 1985 l 7,5 triu tn: Ti nm
1985 min Bc s xy dng 2 nh my lc ho du, mt nh my hp tc vi Trung
Quc c cng sut 3 triu tn/nm vi a im d kin Cu L (Bc Giang) v
mt nh my c cng sut 4,5 triu tn/nm hp tc vi Lin X v cc nc khc
vi a im d kin Ni nh (Ninh Bnh). Tng u t khong 790,8 triu
USD v chi ph ngoi t hng nm nhp du th v xc tc ha phm cng ph
tng thay th khong 195,5 triu USD.
- D n Nh my lc du bng vin tr ca Trung Quc
Ngy 5-12-1971, ti Bc Kinh, i din Chnh ph Vit Nam v Trung Quc
k Ngh nh th v hp tc kinh t gia hai nc. Trong Ngh nh th ny
c vic Trung Quc s vin tr cho Vit Nam xy dng mt nh my lc du, mt
kho trung chuyn du th, mt ng ng dn du v mt bn cng phc v nh
my lc du.
Ngy 29-12-1971, Ph Th tng ch th cho Tng cc Ha cht nghin cu
phng n xy dng nh my lc du 1,5 triu tn/nm do Trung Quc vin tr.
Trong nm 1972 v u nm 1973, Tng cc Ha cht ch o Ban Du m
v Kh t phi hp vi V K hoch v Cc Xy dng c bn nghin cu cc
phng n ca d n Nh my ch bin du m do Trung Quc vin tr v quy
hoch pht trin cng nghip ch bin du v ha du min Bc ti nm 1985.
T ngy 13 n ngy 30-4-1973, on cng tc ca B Nhin liu ha cht
Trung Quc do Cc trng Vng Lm Thu dn u sang Vit Nam trao i vi
103
on cng tc nh my lc du ca Tng cc Ha cht sang Trung Quc m phn,

n thm m du i Khnh (thng 12-1973)
Tng cc Ha cht v cc cng trnh do Trung Quc gip Vit Nam, trong c
Nh my lc du. Hai bn trao i s b v Nh my lc du: quy m ban u
t 1-1,5 triu tn/nm, du th i Khnh (Trung Quc) c vn chuyn bng
ng bin, v a im pha Vit Nam gii thiu 3 ni: Cu L (Bc Giang), Ni
nh (Ninh Bnh), Biu Nghi (Qung Ninh) v hai bn s c on chuyn gia lm
vic c th vo cui nm 1973.
T ngy 19-12-1973 n ngy 18-2-1974, ti Bc Kinh, on Vit Nam (i
din ca Tng cc Ho cht, B Giao thng vn ti, B Ngoi thng v U
ban K hoch Nh nc) m phn vi B Nhin liu ha cht Trung Quc,
k c bin bn thng nht nhng ni dung chnh ca nh my lc du do
Trung Quc vin tr cho Vit Nam theo tinh thn Ngh nh th k ngy
5-12-1971.
Qu trnh m phn th hin quan im ca hai bn: Pha Vit Nam mong mun
Trung Quc gip u t nh my lc du 1,5 triu tn/nm, m rng ln 3 triu
tn/nm, ch bin su ngay t u v pht trin ha du cng sm cng tt. Pha
Trung Quc ch u t nh my lc du ti a 1,5 triu tn/nm, ch bin nng
sau tng bc pht trin ch bin su. Cn ha du cha cp cho ti khi
cng ngh ha du ca Trung Quc pht trin hon thin. Cuc m phn c lc
104

b tc, tng chng khng tha thun c. Cui cng on Vit Nam phi
xut mt phng n dung ha, hai bn u chp nhn v k kt c bin bn
m phn ngy 18-2-1974 ti Bc Kinh.
Ngay sau khi on cng tc t Trung Quc v nc, Tng cc Ha cht t

chc cng cc b, ngnh lin quan xc tin vic kho st thm cc a im cho
nh my lc du v cng du.
Ma h nm 1974, B Chnh tr hp Sn, nghe cc ngnh trnh by cc
k hoch pht trin kinh t, chun b cho k hoch 5 nm 1976-1980. Tng cc
Ho cht bo co cc phng n xy dng 2 nh my lc ha du d kin hp tc
vi Trung Quc v Lin X cng cc nc x hi ch ngha khc. Tng B th L
Dun khng hi lng v nh my 1,5 triu tn/nm do Trung Quc vin tr v
a im Cn Sn (v khng ng nh Th tng Chu n Lai ha vi Tng
B th s xy dng nh my c cng sut ln hn v c c ha du) v mun nh
my hp tc vi Lin X phi lm ngay cng sut ln, hin i.
Tng B th L Dun ti Hi ngh Quy hoch du kh Sn (ma h nm 1974)
105
Ngy 17-6-1974, Ph Th
tng Phan Trng Tu ch tr
cuc hp ti Vn phng Ph
Th tng v a im nh
my lc du do Trung Quc
gip Vit Nam xy dng.
u nm 1975, on
chuyn gia Trung Quc do
Cc trng Vng Bnh
Thn dn u sang Vit Nam
lm vic vi Tng cc Ha
cht cng cc b lin quan
ca Vit Nam v kho st
a im nh my lc du v
cng du. on Trung Quc
ngh chn a im cng
Hn Bum v nh my
Cn Sn.
on chuyn gia ca Tng cc Ha cht Vit Nam

v Trung Quc kho st a im xy dng
nh my lc du (nm 1975)
Ngy 28-2-1975, Ph Th tng Mi ch tr cuc hp, cho kin ch o

khng chp nhn a im ti Cn Sn v ngh Trung Quc chp nhn phng
n nh my lc du Ni nh v cng du Bin Sn (Nghi Sn).
D n nh my lc du 1,5 triu tn/nm do Trung Quc vin tr khng tin
trin g thm. n nm 1977, khi Trung Quc tuyn b ct vin tr cho Vit Nam
th d n ny dng hn.
- Cc nh hng khc
Ngay sau khi gii phng min Nam, ngy 30-4-1975, Tng cc Ha cht c nhiu
on cn b trong c mt s cn b ca Ban Du kh vo tip qun Si Gn.
Thng 7-1975, on cng tc ca Vit Nam gm ng Nguyn C Thch, B
trng B Ngoi giao Chnh ph Cch mng lm thi Cng ha min Nam Vit
Nam Nguyn Th Bnh v Ph Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc Nguyn
Vn Bin sang thm Mhic. on gp Tng thng Mhic, cc b v Cng
ty Du la Quc gia PEMEX, thm gin khoan du ngoi vnh Mexic, thm nh
my lc du v tha thun c s gip ca Mhic cho cng tc du kh ca
Vit Nam.
106
Sau khi kt thc chuyn cng tc ti Mhic, ng Nguyn Vn Bin cng k s

B Vn T bay v Pari gp i s V Vn Sung tip xc vi hng Elf Aquitaine,
khi u cho vic m phn hp tc du kh gia Vit Nam v cc cng ty du la
ca Php.
Trong thi gian on Pari, i s qun Vit Nam gii thiu mt s Vit kiu
hot ng trong Hi Vit kiu yu nc, c trnh v kinh nghim trong ngh
du kh, tip xc, trao i v nhng thng tin v tng pht trin cc lnh vc
chuyn mn.
Cc tin s v k s nh Nguyn Quang Tin lm hng Technip, Nguyn
Huy Hit lm hng Foster Wheeler, ng V Qung lm Vin Du la
Php, Hunh Hu Nghip, Nguyn Vn Trng c nhng gp v ti
liu tham kho qu gi. Sau ny Hi Vit kiu yu nc t chc thnh mt
t chuyn gia du kh tip tc ng gp cho s pht trin ngnh du kh
Vit Nam.
B trng B Ngoi giao Chnh ph Cch mng lm thi Cng ha min Nam Vit Nam
Nguyn Th Bnh, Ph Ch nhim U ban K hoch Nh nc Nguyn Vn Bin
thm c s du kh ca Mhic (nm 1975)
107
6. Cung ng xng du v ng ng xng du phc v chin u

6.1. Chng ct th du
Du vt du m v du Vit Nam c pht hin t kh lu. Ngi ta
bit nhiu n du ng Ho tnh Qung Ninh v Si Lng - Mng La, tnh
Sn La.
Trong giai on 1959-1960, on chuyn gia k hoch ca Lin X v Trung
Quc sang gip Vit Nam chun b k hoch 5 nm ln th nht 1961-1965 c
xut vic khai thc du ng Ho.
Trong thi gian ,
Tng cc Hu cn ca
B Quc phng giao
nhim v cho Trung t
- Trng phng Xng
du Phan T Quang
ch tr tin hnh
n thit k dy chuyn
chng ct th du
ng Ho.
Hng chc tn
du c khai thc v
chuyn v c s ca
Tng cc Hu cn
H Ni.
Ch tch H Ch Minh thm c s chng ct th du ca

Tng cc Hu cn, Trung t Phan T Quang hng dn
Dy chuyn chng ct th du bao gm l chng ct t bng than, thp

chng ct bng ba thng phi xng du ni li, bm ht v h thng ng cng ngh.
T du chng ct c xng, du diesel, v du mazut. Tng cc Hu cn
t chc chy th du diesel do Phng Xng du ch th t du, s dng xe
Tatra chy xung quanh H Ni. Vic th nghim thnh cng, xc nh cht lng
nhin liu chng ct t du ng Ho l tt. Tin vui c bo co ln B Chnh
tr v Ch tch H Ch Minh. Ngi n thm c s th nghim v trong k
hp Quc hi, tuyn dng khen ngi Trung t Phan T Quang v Phng
Xng du - Tng cc Hu cn.
108
6.2. Cung ng xng du

Khi Php rt khi min Bc, xng du cc c s kho tng xng du nh
Nh Du Khm Thin khng cn, S Du Thng L (Hi Phng) vn do ch t
bn qun l, mun mua phi dng tin ng Dng. Ngy 29-7-1955, Ch tch
U ban Qun chnh thnh ph Hi Phng Mi k lnh trng dng S Du
l mt du mc quan trng cho s ra i ngnh xng du Vit Nam. Do S Du
Thng L b ph hoi, khng th dng ngay c, cn phi sa cha, Chnh
ph giao B Thng nghip, trc tip l Tng cng ty Bch ha khn trng tip
qun, khi phc cc c s xng du c, nhanh chng cung cp xng du phc v
cho khi phc kinh t, tng bc phc v i sng nhn dn. Bn cnh nhp du
ca Trung Quc qua ca khu Bng Tng, gi y cn tip nhn bng ng
thu Hi Phng va nhanh va kinh t hn.
Nm 1955, khng k s xng du qun i nhp, Tng cng ty Bch ho
nhp 1.492 tn, trong c c du ho ti ca khu Bng Tng. Ngy 3-10-1955
tu ch du Lin X mang tn Drogopic cp cng Hi Phng, ch 3.685,388 tn
du ho nhp kho Thng L. Ba ngy sau tu mang tn Mtxcva cp cng du
Thng L, trc tip bm xng vo bn, b va c tu sa.
nhanh chng hnh thnh ngnh cung ng xng du thng nht trn ton
min Bc, ngy 12-01-1956, Th trng B Thng nghip ng Vit Chu k
Ngh nh s 09/BTN-N.KB thnh lp Tng cng ty Xng du m, t Tr s
u tin ca Tng cng ty ti s 5 ng Nam B (nay l ng L Dun). Sau khi
chuyn nhiu ni, nm 1961 Tr s chuyn v s 1 Khm Thin - khu Nh Du ca
Cng ty Shell trc y. Tng Cng ty c nhiu cn b i hc trng k thut
xng du trong v ngoi nc. c s gip ca cc chuyn gia Lin X, Trung
Quc, i ng ngnh xng du pht trin, c nhiu sng kin ci tin k thut, hp
l ha sn xut, ch bin c du phanh bng nguyn liu thu du trong nc,
pha ch c mt s du nhn AK10 (52.977 kg), AK15 (166.107 kg), du truyn
ng (248.448 kg) v cc du loi khc (141.496 kg). Tng cng ty dng hng trm
xe chuyn dng, hoc s dng cc phng tin vn chuyn khc nh tu ho, x lan,
thuyn, k c xe th s vn chuyn xng du trn khp min Bc.
Mt vi s liu v xut nhp khu xng du: Nm 1958, nhp 28.641 tn, xut kho
34.680 tn. Nm 1959, nhp 66.300 tn, xut kho 56.230 tn. Nm 1960, nhp
84.732 tn, xut kho 73.101 tn. Nm 1961, nhp 71.633 tn, xut kho 77.293
tn. Nm 1962, nhp 95.000 tn, xut kho 91.690 tn. Nm 1963, nhp 106.639
tn, xut kho 102.975 tn. Nm 1964, nhp 165.498 tn, xut kho 130.750 tn1.
1. Xem: 50 nm Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam (1956-2006), Nxb. Chnh tr quc gia, H Ni, 2006.
109

Xng du cung cp theo k hoch c duyt, khng c bun bn th trng.
Ring du ho c bn cho cc h gia nh theo ch tem phiu. Cn b cng
nhn vin lm vic cc ni khng c in c c quan pht du ho thp
sng. Gi du ho l 0,40 ng/lt (so vi gi go l 0,40-0,49 ng/kg).
Thng 4 nm 1960, Tng cng ty Xng du m t mt n v thuc B Thng

nghip chuyn v trc thuc Tng cc Vt t v i tn thnh Cc Xng du m,
ri Cc Xng du ha cht, sau l Cc Nhin liu ha cht.
Di Cc l cc Chi cc, trc thuc cc Chi cc l cc Trm. Cho n trc
khi M tin hnh cuc chin tranh ph hoi min Bc, hu ht cc a phng
u c trm xng du, k c nhng tnh min ni xa xi nh Cao Bng, Lo Cai,
Sn La, Lai Chu.
Kho c Giang (H Ni) l kho trung tm, va c nhim v tip nhn xng
du t Hi Phng, Lng Sn v, va c nhim v chuyn xng du ti cc kho
Thi Nguyn, Vnh Phc, Bc Giang, Nam nh, Thanh Ha v vng Ty Bc.
Ra i mi c mt thi gian ngn, Chi cc Xng du Thanh Ha lnh
nhn trch nhim nhp v trung chuyn mt khi lng khng l, vi 24 kho ln
nh, khng k cc kho phuy, cc xitc v vagng du l, vo thi im nm 1968,
ring Thanh Ho lng cha ti 15.000 m3.
Ngoi kho ln Nam nh, cn c 3.000 b chn ri rc khp cc a bn H
Nam, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh, Thi Bnh, trong nhiu nht l dc ng 10
i V Bn, ng 21 i Ph L v tp trung cc kho ng Giao, Non Nc, Ba
Sao, Tn .
Cng vi s hnh thnh cc kho, cc h thng cung ng, ln u tin trong
lch s Vit Nam, mt h thng ng ng dn xng du c xy dng (B12,
T70, T72).
By gi hu ht cc tu VS, tu Gii phng, tu T lc ca ngnh ng bin
Vit Nam phc v vn chuyn xng du1.
Trong nhng nm chng chin tranh ph hoi:
Khng dng li vic nm bom c tnh cht hy dit cc kho du ln, my
bay M cn lng sc ti tng bi xng, phuy xng s tn mi trn vng ni xa xi
Lo Cai, Yn Bi, Lng Sn v min Ty Khu IV. Trong nhng nm 1964, 1965,
1. Xem: 50 nm Tng cng ty Xng du Vit Nam (1956-2006), Sd.
110
1967, 1968 v 1972 dng nh khng c mt ngy no l my bay M li khng

nm bom xung cc c s xng du, c ngy chng tn cng hng trm ln.
khu vc Hi Phng, Qung Ninh chng bn vo bt c chic tu, thuyn no trn
sng, trn bin nghi l c ch xng du.
S bom m M nm xung cc c s xng du trong nhng nm leo thang bn
ph min Bc l rt ln. Kho du Bn Thy b nh ngay trong trn m u cuc
oanh kch min Bc (12 gi tra ngy 5-8-1964). Kho nh Hng (Thanh Ha)
mi ch a vo hot ng c t ngy th ngy 4-8-1965 b bn ph. Trong
ngy 29-6-1966, chng cng mt lc di bom t chy c hai kho du ln min
Bc l c Giang (H Ni) v Thng L (Hi Phng) gy ra nhng m chy ln.
Tr s Tng cng ty s 1 - Khm Thin (H Ni) b trng bom B.52 gia m
26-12-1972.
6.3. ng ng xng du phc v chin u

Trong cuc khng chin chng M, cu nc, mt trong nhng k tch ca
Qun i ta l trong gn 7 nm (t thng 7-1968 n thng 1-1975) xy dng
thnh cng tuyn ng xng du t bin gii Vit - Trung vo ti B Gia Mp thuc
tnh Bnh Phc (ng Nam B), c chiu di hn 5.000 km v hng chc vn tn
kho ri di theo dc tuyn ng.
Cho n nay, c my h thng dn du c coi l di nht th gii l: Canaa
- M, t ging du Anbeta (Canaa) n thnh ph Buffalo (M) di 2.850 km;
Transiberie ca Nga i t Tnimaji n Irkoutsk di 3.700 km. H thng Trans African Pipeline i t Arab Saudi ti Cameroun di 3.560 km. H thng Alaska
i t vnh Prudnoe n cng Valdeg di 1.280 km.
ng ng xng du ra i
Vo nhng nm 1967-1968, M lin tip tht bi trn cc chin trng buc
phi tuyn b ngng nm bom trn min Bc t v tuyn 20 tr ra. Nhng chng
li tp trung khng qun, hi qun nh ph cc trc giao thng t Vinh tr vo,
dng thy li phong ta cc cng Bn Thy - Sng Gianh - Long i. Bn Thy,
Nam n, Linh Cm tr thnh tam gic la b nh ph ngy m hng ngn
chn nhng cung hng giao thng huyt mch chi vin chin trng. Ngoi ra
cc trng im Trung Bn ( Lng), Chu L (Hng Sn), Ng ba ng Lc,
Sng Gianh - Long i cng b nh ph c lit. Cc kho cha ln li b nh lin
tc, xe ch xng l nhng mc tiu trng tm nh ph; xng du trn tuyn 559
hu nh cn kit, c lc ch xe cu thng ch thng binh mi c cp xng.
111

Thc hin Ngh quyt 15 kho II ca
Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Lao
ng Vit Nam (thng 1-1959), thng
5-1959 Binh on Trng Sn (on
559) Qun i nhn dn Vit Nam c
thnh lp trin khai cng tc cng
binh, hu cn, y t, b binh v phng
khng nhm t chc tuyn giao lin vn
ti qun s trn tuyn 559 chi vin cho
min Nam.
S cc cng trnh ng ng xng du
Trong khi chin trng ngy

cng m rng, cc trang b xe c
kh ti ngy mt tng cng, nhu
cu xng du ngy mt i hi
s lng ln. Xng du chi vin
chin trng ch yu ch bng
thng phuy v xe t. Xe ch xng
du trn ng vo 559 l mc
tiu sn lng s mt ca khng
qun ch. m no xe ch xng
du cng b thit hi.
Vic vn chuyn xng du bng t ng di th va d b nh ph, va rt

tn km, s xng du tiu th cho bn thn chic xe chim ti 1/3 s xng du
ch trn xe, tnh trng thiu thng phuy cha xng l thng xuyn. Dng ba l,
ti nha ch c th l bin php cp bch nht thi. Sau cc binh trm ngh
thay bng can nha.
Trong hi k v con ng huyn thoi ca trung t Ngc Ngn - sau ny l
V trng V Lao ng tin lng Tng cc Du kh ghi: u nm 1968, vic
vn chuyn xng du chi vin cho on 559 tht s b tc. on 559 c hai ngn
xe ch s dng c mt na, c lc ch xng cho 20% xe hot ng. D ta
vn dng rt nhiu bin php nh cho xng du vo thng phuy, ti nilong
th tri theo sng sui, nhng khng c hiu qu, dc ng b tn tht qu
nhiu. Lc ny ch tp trung nh ph t Tn p, Hng Kh n Khe Ve, Ty
Qung Bnh. on ng ny v cng him tr. Bn ni cao, bn vc su hng
trm mt. Tri ma Trng Sn ly li, c khi hng tun l xe khng qua c.
Binh trm 14 do trung t Nguyn m lm Binh trm trng, vn xut thn
cn b phng xng du, Tng cc Hu cn ngh cch dng cy l khot mt
ni vo nhau to dng chy vt qua on xm Trng, khong vi trm mt,
112

nhng khng thnh cng v dng xng khng c p xut y, hn na gp nng
ng b nt v, xng chy ra ngoi. B qu, Binh trm trng Nguyn m dng
lnh gi xng. Xng c ng trong bi ng 20 lt, thm ch thiu bi ng phi
ng xng vo bao nilong, vo ng l gi qua trng im. Trn ng gi
xng cc chin s b rp lng, trc da do b bng xng, mt s b thng do bom
bi, bom l ch th xung ngn chn cc li mn hnh qun
Chin trng ngy cng pht trin th cch vn chuyn th s ngy cng t ra
bt cp. Tnh trng thiu xng ngy cng gy nhiu kh khn cho chin trng,
nht l t sau cuc Tng tin cng tt Mu Thn. Tnh hnh bc bch dn ti
tng: phi tm mt con ng khc vn chuyn xng du lin tc, thng
xuyn v an ton hn, c hiu qu hn.
ng trc tnh hnh cp bch trn, vic suy ngh tm ra phng php vn
chuyn xng du vo chi vin cho chin trng l iu day dt ngy m ca Nh
nc, Qun y Trung ng v trc ht l Tng cc Hu cn.
Theo ghi chp ca ng Ngc Ngn v trung t Trn Xanh - sau ny l Ph
Vin trng ph trch Vin Du kh Vit Nam th nm 1967, trong chuyn i
cng tc ti Lin X, on xin vin tr do Ph Th tng L Thanh Ngh dn u
pht hin Lin X trang b cho cc cp qun on b ng ng d chin
phc v cc chin dch. B ng ng c chiu di 100 km v c trang b
10 bm cao p PNY c sc y 10 n 12 km ng ng bng. Tin ny nhanh
chng c tng inh c Thin bit nn ng lin t vn xin vin tr cp
tc. c Ph Th tng Chnh ph Mi kim Trng ban chi vin chin
trng v B trng Quc phng V Nguyn Gip ng , k hoch xin Lin X
vin tr ng ng vn chuyn xng du nhanh chng c thc hin. Lin X
ng trc mt vin tr cho 02 b ng ng km theo 20 my bm PNY v
mt s xe chuyn dng. ng di 6 m, hai u c khp ni, ng knh 100 mm,
nng 40 kg c th mang vc d dng.
Trong thi k Chin tranh th gii th hai, Lin X s dng nhng ng
ng d chin tip nhin liu cho cc tp on qun. Nhng nhng ng
ng cng khng di qu vi chc kilmet, li c khng qun, xe tng, pho
binh ym tr chng li s nh ph ca i phng. Lin X khng c kinh
nghim lm nhng ng ng di hng ngn kilmet trong iu kin chin
tranh c lit. Trung Quc lc cng hon ton khng tng tng c rng
c th lm c mt ng ng nh th Vit Nam. Nhng theo yu cu ca
Vit Nam, cc nc bn sn sng gip . Lin X khng nhng vin tr cho Vit
Nam xng du, m theo yu cu ca Vit Nam cn sn xut v cung cp cho Vit
113

Nam nhiu b ng thp d chin, mi b lp di 100 km km theo l 10 chic
my bm cao p. l c s vt cht u tin ca h thng ng ng xng du
Trng Sn. Lin X cng c sang hai chuyn gia c kinh nghim v vic lp t
h thng ng ng ny. Nhng khi ti H Ni, do khng qun M nh ph
qu c lit, Nh nc Vit Nam khng cho cc chuyn gia Lin X i vo vng
Cn Soong (Cn Soong l dch t ting Anh ch Panhandle do ngi M dng
t tn vng t t pha Nam v tuyn 20 ca min Bc, t Thanh Ha tr vo,
ni tp trung nh ph ca khng qun M). Nh vy, cn b k thut v chin
s Vit Nam phi t lo lp t ng ng.
Thng 3-1968, Cc Xng du - B Quc phng c thnh lp, thng t

Phan T Quang c ch nh lm Quyn Cc trng, i t Nguyn Ch Thnh
lm chnh y.
Ngy 12-4-1968, Tng cc Hu cn ra quyt nh thnh lp n v mang tn
Cng trng Thy li O1 (do tnh cht ng ng xng du ging ng ng dn
nc ti rung, ch khc nc y l xng). Ban u cng trng ch c 34 cn
b chin s, trong s a s l sinh vin i hc Bch khoa va tt nghip, mt
s k thut vin ca gang thp Thi Nguyn. Thiu t Mai Trng Phc ging vin
Hc vin hu cn v lm on trng v b ch huy gm c cc ng Trn Xanh,
ng Th Hi, Nguyn Sng, Ngc Ngn, Phan Ninh,... Thiu t Trn Xanh
ph trch kho st tuyn ng 559 (sang Lo)1.
i t Phan T Quang - nguyn Ph Cc trng Cc Xng du k li: Lc
cn b k thut khng hc ngh ng ng, ch c mt s cn b i hc Lin
X v v mt s sinh vin tt nghip i hc Bch khoa. H cha h c thao
tc v k thut xy dng ng
ng... Ti phi suy ngh l cng
mt lc phi s dng nhiu loi
cn b k thut: k s thy li, k
s in, k s ch to my, k s
my n, th hn... th mi ch to
c my bm xng du v ni
tuyn ng ng t Lng Sn n
Sng B.
Chuyn ng ng ti ni lp t
n ngy 29-4-1968,
Cng trng thy li O1
c iu v khu vc Ngh
1. Trn Xanh: Mt thi l lnh xng du, Nxb. Qun i Nhn dn, H Ni, 2008.
114
An v mang tn Cng trng 18 vi nhim v chuyn trch xy dng h thng

ng dn xng du u tin y.
Tuyn ng c u tin thi cng l on t Trung Bn huyn Lng Ngh An, qua sng Lam v Nga Lc, huyn Can Lc - H Tnh di 42 km mang
mt danh l X42. ng Phan T Quang trc tip ch o Ban ch huy Cng trng
18 thi cng tuyn ng ny trong thi gian 41 ngy. Kh khn u tin l k thut
ko ng qua sng Lam. Sng rng, nc chy sit, tuyn ng vt sng nng hng
trm tn. u thng 7 khi cng, khong ngy 15-8 hon thnh. ng dp 19-8
dng xng t Trung Bn c bm thng vo kho Nga Lc, H Tnh. Tip
theo, di s ch o ca tng inh c Thin, tuyn ng ko di ra hai u
pha Nam (theo ng 12 vt qua dy Trng Sn vt qua bin gii Vit - Lo
xung h Lo vng Lm Bm, hu c ca Binh on 559) c thi cng mt
cch nhanh chng.
Ngy mng mt u nm K Du (nm 1969), dng xng t Ngh An chy
thng sang H Lo. Vic dng ng d chin bm xng vt nh Trng Sn
thnh cng khin Trung Quc v Lin X v cng khm phc. Trung Quc c
i tng V Nguyn Gip th st thi cng
115
Cnh vt sng bng tay
Vt ni
on chuyn gia qun s vo tn Ty Trng Sn quan st v quyt nh cp tc

sn xut ng ng d chin v ng hn cho Vit Nam.
Kh khn ln nht lc ny l thiu nghim trng bm cao p. Khng phi Ci
kh b ci khn m ngc li ci kh lm ny sinh ch quyt tm v c sng
to. Ch nhim Tng cc Hu cn inh c Thin ch o tho bm ca Lin
X, c nhng k s, cng nhn gii ngh c kh ch to, o v tng chi tit, nht
l bung bm v cnh qut a v nh my ch to th. Thiu tng Ph Ch
nhim Tng cc Hu cn Trn i Ngha theo di, gip gp kin v trc
tip chng kin vic chy th chic bm u tin Cu Din (H Ni). Cc nh
my c kh Duyn Hi, Hi Dng, Trn Hng o c giao nhim v tham gia
ch to hng trm chic bm p ng cho tuyn ng ko di.
T thnh cng u tin ca on ng X42, Ch nhim Tng cc Hu cn ch
trng ly on th nghim ny lm trung im ko di ra hai u. Mt u
vn ra pha Bc, ni thng n vng khng c chin s to ngun xng n
nh u vo. Mt u tip tc vn vo pha Nam bo m cho tuyn vn ti
chin lc. T h thng ng dn lin tip c ni di thm, hng Bc ra n
tn bin gii Vit - Trung, hng Nam vo tn chin trng.
ng ng pha Nam c hai ng
Tuyn Ty Trng Sn t Ngh An vt qua bin gii Vit - Lo, xuyn qua
Trung Lo n Kavt, di 350 km. on vt o M D cao hng nghn mt,
116
phi tho bm ra khnh vc ln ni. C cch 100 m n 200 m phi t mt

bm y tip nhau. ng ngy 9-3-1969 xng c vn hnh thng sut t
Vinh n Kavt. Trong nm 1969, tuyn ng ng Ty Trng Sn ny tip tc
vn su vo pha Nam, ti H Lo, qua Ty Nguyn vo n min ng Nam B.
Cng vi vic xy dng tuyn Ty Trng Sn, u nm 1969 tuyn ng ng
Trng Sn cng c xy dng nhm ginh th ch ng vn chuyn trong c
hai ma ma nng. Tuyn pha ng khi u t Cm Ly (L Ninh, Qung Bnh)
theo ng 10 vo Bn Hi i Ba Lng, Qung Tr - A Li, Ty Tha Thin
n Ply Khp thuc a phn tnh Kon Tum. on ng vt o Bn c
cao gn 1.000 m.
Trong lch s vn chuyn bng ng ng ca th gii, hnh nh cha c ni
no ngi ta xy lp ng ng dn du qua cc cao nh th. Sau khi lp t
ng ng xong, th bm nhiu ln, xng du khng qua c. Cui cng,
b i xng du ngh ra mt gii php: t nhiu trm bm y kiu PNU35/70
bm dn ln theo tng cp. Cui cng bng bin php , xng du c
bm qua o cao, khng b v ng.
Tnh n nm 1972, hai on ng ng ng v Ty Trng Sn c chiu

di ti 700 km, vi khi lng kho d tr xng du l 12.800 m3.
ng ng pha Bc cng c hai ng
T nm 1970, tn dng thi gian ngng nm bom ca M, Tng cc Hu
cn quyt nh lm mt on ng a xng trc tip t H Ni vo ti Ngh
An. Lc ny ng ng d chin do Lin X vin tr c s dng ht cho cc
tuyn ng ng v Ty Trng Sn ri, nn Vit Nam phi t s dng nhng
ng ng c nh xy dng on ng ny. T gia nm 1970, ng ng
bt u c thi cng v n cui nm 1971 th hon thnh. Nh vy xng du
t tng kho d tr ln nht ca min Bc Vit Nam t ti Nhn Vc, pha Nam
H Ni, c a trc tip qua Khu IV, vo c hai tuyn ng ng v Ty
Trng Sn.
n ma xun nm 1972, M oanh tc tr li min Bc, phong ta ca bin
Hi Phng, ngun xng a t Cng Hi Phng v b tc nghn. Nh nc quyt
nh lm mt ng ng ni t Bi Chy (Hn Gai) v Hi Dng, ri t Hi
Dng v Nhn Vc. Nh vy cc tu ch du ca Lin X vnh H Long c
th trc tip chuyn du theo ng ng vo tn Trng Sn.
117
Khng qun M li tip tc oanh tc cc tuyn ng st min Bc v

phong ta tt c cc cng bin ca Vit Nam, k c cc cng Cm Ph, Hn
Gai, Ca Hi thuc Qung Ninh... Do tu thy ch du cng khng th
vo cc cng k trn. ng st cng khng th dng loi toa P (Petrol)
vn chuyn xng du c na. Cc kho xng du ca min Bc cn kit dn.
Ngun d tr cn rt mng. Chnh ph quyt nh lm thm mt ng ng
dn xng du t Lng Sn v Nhn Vc tip nhn xng du theo ng
b, t bin gii Trung Quc v qua H Ni v vo ti Trng Sn. Nh
khi tu Lin X khng th trc tip vo cng ca Vit Nam m phi cp cng
Phng Thnh ca Trung Quc, xng du c chuyn t y v bin gii Vit
Nam. Th tng Chnh ph giao cho tt c cc tnh c ng ng i qua
nh Lng Sn, H Bc, Hi Hng, Bc Thi, huy ng ton b s nhn lc
cn thit. Cc b nh C kh v Luyn kim, Vt t, Ti chnh, Kin trc... phi
gii quyt tt c cc nhu cu v ti chnh cho cng trnh. Kt qu l n ngy
25-9-1972, ch sau na thng, ton b cng trnh hon thnh vi chiu di
368 km, c 4 ng ng song song, c th ng thi bm c xng v diesel.
Tuyn ng ny c mt hiu l T72. l cha k vo cui nm 1972, h
thng ng ng c mt danh T72B t Mng Ci qua Hi Dng c ni
vo h thng kho chnh ti Nhn Vc.
Sau khi Hip nh Pari c k kt, vn t ra l phi trin khai gp lc
lng pha Nam chun b cho cuc tng tin cng. ng ng xng du t
c ng v Ty Trng Sn c ko di v gp nhau ti ng ba bin gii
Ply Khc. T ng ng c lp t qua nhng nh ni cao hng nghn
mt, vt qua A Li, Bn, ti B Lt, thuc Ty Tha Thin ri i vo Bn
Ging, Ty Qung Nam, vo n tn Khm c. n Kon Tum ng ng i
tip vo ti ng Nam B, m trm cui cng l trm B Gia Mp1.
Nh vy qua by nm, t 34 cn b, chin s ban u nhanh chng hnh
thnh mt binh on hng mnh. n nm 1975, b i xng du pht trin
thnh 9 trung on ng ng, 2 trung on cng trnh, 1 trung on thng
tin, 2 nh my c kh, 3 tiu on xe chuyn dng, 114 trm bm, hn 100 kho
xng du, c sc cha trn 300.000 m3, nhiu on ng c ti 4 ng chy song
song, bo m cng mt lc chuyn nhiu loi xng du. Theo Tng kt Chin
tranh Cch mng Vit Nam 1945-1975 th trong giai on 1968-1975, min Bc
chi vin cho min Nam 5,5 triu m3 xng du, gp phn quyt nh cho thng
1. Theo ng Phong: 5 ng mn H Ch Minh, Nxb. Tri thc, H Ni, 2008.
118
Tip nhn xng du B.12 Qung Ninh v tip nhn xng du t ng ng
li ca Chin dch Tng tin cng Ma xun 1975 gii phng hon ton min
Nam, thng nht T quc, vi s hy sinh to ln ca cc cn b chin s, ca nhn
dn cc tnh c ng ng i qua, v s ng gp hiu qu ca cc nc anh em
(Lin X gip ta 8 b ng ng, Trung Quc - hn 40 b ng d chin v 5
b ng hn, Tip Khc - hn 100 xe ch ng chuyn dng).
Ngnh xng du qun i c Nh nc phong tng danh hiu Anh hng
trong cuc chin tranh gii phng dn tc. i tng V Nguyn Gip vit: Khng
c ng ng xng du th khng th c nh ln, mt lc huy ng 5 qun on
v hng chc vn xe, pho tham gia chin dch m xng du c cung cp y ,
kp thi. y thc s l chin cng ca nhng con ngi dng cm, sng to, y ti
ngh ca Qun i Nhn dn Vit Nam.
7. Nghin cu khoa hc v o to nhn lc

7.1. T chc nghin cu khoa hc
- Phng th nghim ha
Vo cui nm 1966 u nm 1967, vi s gip ca chuyn gia Lin X
119
A.I. Gorenlicov, Phng th nghim ha on 36 c thnh lp v mt s ch

tiu phc v nghin cu tm kim du kh c chuyn gia Lin X hng dn
phn tch.
S cn b c iu v t Phng Th nghim ha ca Tng cc a cht l
Quang Ton, Nguyn Vn Hong, L Vn Din v mt s nhn vin phng th
nghim ly t hc sinh ph thng. n u nhng nm 1969-1970, Phng c
b sung cc c nhn ha i hc Tng hp H Ni: Hong Vn Thm, Lng
Vn Thnh, Trn Th Sang, Nguyn Th Thun, Nguyn Th Nho, Nguyn c
Hunh, Phm Hng Vn, Nguyn Vn n, L Nh Tiu
Phng Th nghim ca on 36 c s tn thn Bnh Kiu, huyn Khoi

Chu, Hng Yn, trong ngi nh cp 4, tng xy gch qut vi, bn gh s si
nhng vn c mt s dng c, thit b ti thiu nh cn vi phn tch, l nung
in, bp in, t sy, cc dng c thy tinh m hu ht u phi nhp t Trung
Quc v Lin X my pht in chy du diesel v nc sch l khng th thiu.
Vi c gng ca lnh o on 36 cng s hng dn ca chuyn gia Lin X, cc
k s ha, k thut vin trung cp v nhn vin phng th nghim, phn tch
c mt s ch tiu phc v cng tc nghin cu. Cc mu nc, mu li khoan
hay cc mu a cht, a ha thu thp c trong cc t kho st, c gi cho
Phng phn tch xc nh cc ch s, nh Bitum A, Bitum C, Br, Iod, NH3 hm
lng phenol v mt s ch tiu khc.
ng Quang Ton k li: ... Ri my bay M nh ph c lit, phng th
nghim li phi s tn, thit b th nghim li trn xe ci tin ko i n
ch mi nh 1 nh kho trm bm Tin Qun huyn Kim ng. Phng th
nghim li c lp t, hp ng s dng in ca trm bm v cng vic li
c tip tc. Vui nht l chuyn gia Lin X vn n lm vic bnh thng,
v ng t khng n tn ni nn t ch chuyn gia phi dng b sng
pha bn kia, khi xe n th bm vi hi ci, bn ny nghe thy, nhn thy xe
th cho thuyn sang n, phng th nghim phi mua mt ci thuyn ch
chuyn gia. C l khi chuyn gia ny v nc k li cho bn b, gia nh
bn Lin X nghe cng phi ngc nhin v c l h khng tin ni, li mt cu
chuyn l y na!...
... B mn Ha cng t chc thnh mt phng nh cc phng k thut khc
trong on 36, cng c trng, ph phng nhng Trng phng Ha l anh
Hong Thnh chuyn mn v a cht, Ph phng l anh Quang Ton mi l
chuyn mn v ha phn tch.
120
- on 36B
on nghin cu chuyn a cht du kh 36B c Tng cc a cht
thnh lp ngy 24-3-19731 trn c s hp nht cc phng: Phng Tng hp, Phng
Th nghim v Th vin thuc Lin on 36.
Rt t ngi bit ti sao li t tn l on 36B. B chnh l vit tt ca Bin. Ti
iu 1 ca Quyt nh ghi r: Nay thnh lp on nghin cu tm kim du m
v kh t vng bin, ly s hiu l on 36B, trc thuc Lin on 36. Do
nhng nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan, nhim v ny khng trin khai
c, on 36B tp trung vo cng tc nghin cu, phn tch v tng hp cc ti
liu a cht - a vt l, cng nh phn tch cc loi mu , nc v kh ca cc
T Thch hc, C sinh, C l, St-Silicat, Sc k kh, a ha, Phn tch nc
on trng u tin ca on 36B l Nguyn Ngc Sm, cc on ph l
Nguyn Giao, Lng Trng ng, sau ny b sung mt s k s ha nc ngoi
v trong c Trng nh Hi ph trch lnh vc phn tch du th.
Cc b mn phn tch c dn dn b sung cc thit b hin i hn phc

v cho cng tc nghin cu th nghim.
Thng 9-1973, on 36B tch khi Lin on a cht 36 thnh u mi trc
thuc Tng cc a cht.
- Nghin cu khoa hc
Trong giai on 1961-1975, Vit Nam cha c mt t chc nghin cu khoa
hc du kh hon chnh, nhng cng tc ny cng c thc hin trong chng
trnh nghin cu a cht c bn v iu tra ti nguyn khong sn. V vy cc
vn nghin cu c thc hin trong cc on, i a cht thuc Tng cc
a cht Vit Nam, cc t nghin cu thuc y ban Khoa hc v K thut Nh
nc hoc ca cc trng i hc. ti nghin cu l nhng phng n iu
tra a cht, t vic lp bn a cht xc nh nhng vng, nhng thnh to
c kh nng cha du kh n cc ni dung a cht du kh cng cc cng ngh
lin quan. Cc tc gi c ch nh theo s phn cng hnh chnh. Tp th tc
gi son tho k hoch thc hin di tn gi l phng n nghin cu, bao gm
mc tiu, nhim v, c s khoa hc, cc kt qu c, cc vic lm s trin khai
theo mt k hoch v thi biu nh trc. Phng n c bo v trc mt hi
ng k thut c lp ra theo s ch nh ca lnh o, hi ng ny s t gii
tn sau khi hon thnh nhim v. Phng n c duyt ca hi ng c trnh
ln cc cp v sau khi c lnh o ph chun th c trin khai thc hin. Kt
1. Quyt nh s 52/Q-TC.
121
qu cui cng c vit di dng mt bo co tng kt. Nu thi gian thc hin
phng n di th cn c nhng bo co trung gian, mang tnh s kt cho mt
giai on thc hin phng n. Bo co tng kt c trnh by trc mt hi
ng do th trng c quan ch tr v mt hi ng cp cao hn do th trng c
quan giao nhim v ch nh. Trong thi k ny thng thng ch tch hi ng
l cc nh qun l. Cc hi ng ny sau khi hon thnh nhim v cng t gii
tn. Quy trnh ni trn cng gn ging vi quy trnh qun l cc ti nghin cu
khoa hc. Theo cch nhn nhn nh trn th cc bo co a cht - a vt l hin
c trong cc lu tr ca Nh nc, ca ngnh u l nhng cng trnh khoa hc
ch khng ch l kt qu ca hot ng sn xut.
Cc bo co tng hp thng c tin hnh ti Phng K thut a cht v
Phng a vt l (mi phng c t 7 n 10 cn b) hoc T K thut tng hp
(32 cn b) ca Lin on 36. Tr T K thut tng hp (nhng nm 1971-1975)
lm chc nng ca mt n v nghin cu, hai Phng K thut a cht v a vt
l lm c hai chc nng, va qun l, iu hnh sn xut va nghin cu.
Trng phng K thut a cht l ng Nguyn Giao, Trng phng K thut
a vt l l ng H c Hoi v T trng T K thut tng hp l ng Trn
Ngc Ton.
cc n v thnh vin ca Lin on th cc phng hoc t k thut lm c

hai chc nng va qun l sn xut va trc tip nghin cu, vi s gip ca
nhiu chuyn gia a cht Lin X c trnh cao, sang nc ta hp tc cng cc
k s Vit Nam nghin cu cc chuyn ngnh khc nhau ca a cht ni chung
v ca a cht du kh ni ring.
Kt qu nghin cu ca cc n v ni trn c lu tr ti Tng cc a cht,
Tp on Du kh Quc gia Vit Nam hoc Vin Du kh Vit Nam.
Hn mi nm nghin cu du kh min Bc, kt qu c ghi nhn trong
bn kt lun vo nm 1975 ca Trng on chuyn gia Lin X Krimov Fedorovic
nh sau:
- Nghin cu su bng cc phng php a chn thng thng kh thc hin
c v tnh cht a vt l ca mi trng rt phc tp. Hp l hn c l s dng
phng php a chn im su chung tip tc nghin cu cc a tng su
v nghin cu chi tit cc cu to. Tip tc dng phng php in nghin cu
b dy trm tch, cc vt nhn, v nhu cnh t gy su trng ng Quan,
phng php trng lc nghin cu vng ra.
122
- Tin hnh tip cng tc nghin cu khoa hc v thch hc, c sinh, thy
ng lc, a tng, cu kin to, cc by phi cu to, chn phng php karota ph
hp vi iu kin thc t, chn ging khoan chun chun my karota, m rng
nghin cu tnh cht sinh, cha, chn du kh, nghin cu cng ngh khoan (ch
khoan, dung dch, ha phm v.v.), nghin cu kinh t, nh mc v thnh lp
mng li v tuyn qun l iu hnh cng tc thm d, khoan.
Nh vy cc chuyn gia Lin X vn tip tc theo hng tm kim, thm d
du kh min vng H Ni v cng i mi t duy v quan im a cht
v cng ngh cng nh chun b tin tin ra thm lc a. Trong cng tc
nghin cu khoa hc bt u ch n lnh vc kinh t, qun l nhng cha
c nim g v bo v mi trng.
Cc nghin cu l thuyt v ng dng cng ngh rt him v khng c mt
h thng ch o chung m ch do tng c nhn ngi lm cng tc khoa hc t
t ra. Nhng sng kin, ci tin k thut ng ghi nhn l vic chuyn ha trm
ghi sng a chn phn x thnh trm ghi sng khc x (Trng Minh, Bi Xun
Toi), ci tin my ng b bng ghi d liu thc a trong trm thm d in
(Bi Xun Toi, Nguyn Thnh, ng Cng Long, Phm Th Cu) cng cc ci
tin nh khc trong cng tc x l, minh gii d liu trng lc, a chn, in
telua, karota, trc a ca nhiu ngi khc.
Ngoi ra cn c cc nghin cu c lin quan v du kh ca cc nh khoa hc
thuc cc trng i hc cng nh cc n v khoa hc khc.
Trong cc nm 1960-1975, cc cng trnh nghin cu v du kh Vit Nam
c cng b trn cc phng tin thng tin khoa hc quc t hu nh khng
c g. iu ng qu l trong iu kin v cng kh khn, cn b k thut Lin
on a cht 36 trong thi k ny vit c rt nhiu bi bo c gi tr c
v kt qu tm kim, thm d v v phng php k thut, cng ngh trong a
cht, a vt l, trc a, khoan, phn tch ha, c sinh, v.v.. Vit bo co khoa hc
thng mt rt nhiu thi gian v l mt sng to tr tu, h lm vic ch v lng
say m ngh nghip v mong mun c trao i thng tin gia nhng ngi lm
cng tc nghin cu trong nc vi nhau. Vic trao i thng tin k thut cng
nh thng tin du kh ca Vit Nam vi nc ngoi cha c t ra v nhng
quy ch v quan im c phn kht khe trong giai on lch s ny.
Cc bi bo ni trn hu ht c cng b trn Ni san a cht Du kh, mt
sn phm thng tin ca Lin on a cht 36 v l nim t ho ca tp th cn
b k thut ngnh Du kh.
123
Trang ba Ni san a cht Du kh ca

Lin on 36 (u nm 1972)
Ban Bin tp gm Lin on trng V Bt

lm Ch nhim, cc u vin l: Phan Minh
Bch, Nguyn Ngc C, Lng Trng ng,
Nguyn Giao, H c Hoi, Nguyn Hip,
Nguyn Quang Hp, Nguyn Hu, Phan
Huy Quynh, Trn Ngc Ton, Phm Vn
Thng, Lm Quang Thip (i hc Tng
hp H Ni), Phm Nng V (i hc M a cht H Ni). S u tin ra mt vo u
nm 1972. Ba Ni san do Phan Huy Quynh
v Phm Vn Thng ng tc gi. Nh ng
Ton miu t: Phn na trn trang ba c
hnh 3 thp khoan b tr xa dn di nhng
ng my to thnh mt khng gian m
rng v th mng y tnh lc quan. Phn
na di, trn nn mu xanh l cy, mu ca
hy vng, l mt lt ct trm tch ngh thut
ha, vi cc lp nm ngang, xin cho, bt
chnh hp, t gy, th hin tnh phc tp
a cht ca mi trng, cch iu ging
hnh c th ca mt c gi duyn dng, iu
, nhn qua thy tnh yu i, lng mn
ca nhng con ngi trong ngnh Du kh.
Kinh ph cho Ni san c Lin on cp 2.000 ng/nm, tng ng

khong 400 USD (theo giao dch ti chnh i ngoi nm 1972). S tin ny
thng khng dng n v khng phi tr lng, ph cp hay nhun bt. Bi in
roneo trn giy ni sm mu, hnh v trn giy nn.
Cc bi c ng trong Ni san c mt ph hot ng rt rng, t nghin cu
l thuyt, nghin cu ng dng, kt qu hot ng tm kim, thm d, sng kin
sng ch n qun l v thng tin du kh nc ngoi, ni dung phong ph nh
cc tp ch khoa hc thc th trong lc nhiu ngnh khc cha lm c nh vy.
Sau khi min Nam c gii phng, vo cui nm 1975 Tng cng ty Du m
quc gia Mhic (PEMEX) c mt on chuyn gia sang tm hiu tnh hnh du
kh ca Vit Nam chun b cho vic hp tc. on gm: ng Javier Moneses,
nh a cht, trng on; ng Luisa Marigal, a vt l; b Luiciano Flores, cng
ngh du m, v ng Juan Medina chuyn gia khoan. V Pha Vit Nam c cc ng
Nguyn Giao v Trn Ngc Ton cng i thc a vng chu th sng Cu Long
t ngy 1-1-1976 v lm vic vi on n cui thng 1-1976.
124

Mt s kin ca on nh sau:
- bn trng ng Nai, trn lp ph trm tch vi, lc nguyn ca Paleozoi
Thng c hnh thnh mt bn trng tui ch yu l Trias, Jura, v Creta.
Trm tch Trias bt u bng lp st bin khi cha Amonit, phn xut Riolit,
trn l st xen k vi cha Amonit. Cc trm tch ny chuyn tip t t sang
Nori, ven ra c cc bt chnh hp. Trn na l Jura. Trm tch Permi trn cha
vi trng c nhiu khe nt, quan st thy H Tin. Hy vng chu th sng
Cu Long c 2 tng Mesozoi v Tam c trm tch cha du kh. Mng macma
v bin cht rt su. Quan h gia bn ng Nai v Mkng khng r.
- Nn thnh lp cc i a cht nghin cu thch hc - a tng t Paleozoi n
Tam trn tng vng lp bn c a l, xc nh th t khu vc tm kim
thm d. Sau lm a vt l bng cc thit b hin i (my ghi s, trm x l
in t..) v chn v tr t ging khoan.
- trng Sng Hng, da vo thng tin khoan su gii thch li kt qu a vt
l. Khng tp trung khoan su qu dy nh Giao Thy.
- Cn c chng trnh o to cn b kt hp gia o to trong nc v
ngoi nc.
- Mhic c kh nng gip Vit Nam trong lnh vc du kh. Nhng yu cu
ca pha Vit Nam, on s bo co ln Tng thng v Chnh ph Mhic l
ngi tr li. Chng ti sn sng lm cho Chnh ph Mhic thy r nhu cu
ca cc bn.
Kt thc nm 1975, mt khng kh khoa hc si ni trong hot ng du kh

tip ni vi nim phn khi chm dt chin tranh, t nc thng nht. Kh
nng hp tc quc t cng c m ra, vi tinh thn thn thin, hu ngh ca
cc nc bn b nh Lin X (x hi ch ngha) v Mhic (th gii th ba). Tuy
nhin, tnh hnh kinh t - x hi - an ninh trong nc cn nhiu kh khn, tnh
hnh th gii v khu vc phc tp nn hot ng du kh cha hi iu kin
pht trin thun li.
7.2. o to nhn lc du kh
i ng cn b k thut du kh Vit Nam c o to chnh quy cc trng
i hc ni ting ca Lin X nh i hc Thm d a cht Mtxcva mang tn
Ordjonikidze MGRI, i hc Cng nghip du kh Mtxcva mang tn Vin s
I. M. Gubkin - ngi pht minh ra l thuyt v ngun gc hu c ca du m.
Cc trng i hc: Du kh Bacu - Adcbaigian, Du kh Bucart - Rumani v
cc trng i hc ca cc nc Hunggari, Anbani, Cng ha Dn ch c, Tip
125
Khc, Trung Quc, Ba Lan, Php cng nh cc trng i hc trong nc (i

hc Tng hp H Ni, i hc Bch khoa H Ni) cng o to nhiu cn b k
thut ch cht cho ngnh Du kh.
Lp cn b k thut cao cp u tin v on 36 c cc k s a vt l H c
Hoi, Trng Minh, Phan Minh Bch tt nghip Trng MGRI; cc k s a
cht du kh Nguyn Quang Hp, Nguyn Ngc C, cc k s khoan Trng
Thin, ng Ca, inh Vn Danh tt nghip Trng i hc Gubkin, k
s khoan Phan Vn Ngn tt nghip Trng M Lningrt; cc c nhn vt l
Nguyn Ngc Khnh, Nguyn Hip, c nhn a vt l Nguyn Tn Kch, Nguyn
Thnh, on Thm, ng Cng Long, Trng nh Qu, Nguyn Tr Lin,
Phan Quang Quyt, on Thm, c nhn ton Nguyn Cao, Nguyn Cng
S, Nguyn Khc ng, Nguyn V Sn tt nghip Trng i hc Tng hp
H Ni. Cc k s Tng Mi, Trn Ngc Ton, Ng Mnh Khi tt nghip
Trng i hc Du kh Bucart - Rumani. Cc k s a cht L Trng Cn, L
Vn Chn, Nguyn Giao, Nguyn c Lc, k s v tuyn in Bi Xun Toi
tt nghip Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni. K s Phm Th Cu tt nghip
Trng i hc M - a cht Bc Kinh.
Lc lng cn b k thut s cp trng lc u tin l Nguyn Quc Trng,
Phm Ngc Cc, Nguyn Thanh Xun, Hong Vn Li, Nng Huy Nhi, Nguyn
Ngc Ton, Bi Duy To, Trn Nghim, Hong Khnh Ho, trung cp trng
lc c Phm Liu, Nguyn Hu Chuyn; trung cp a chn c Trn Cnh,
Nguyn c Tun, Nguyn Vn Bnh, Bi Vn Khit; k thut bn mn Nguyn
Xun Thanh, Phm nh Phng sau l k thut tnh ton; k thut tnh ton gm
c: V Long, Nguyn Th Mai, Nguyn Th Bch Ngc, Nguyn Th Bch Th. T
nm 1970, cc cn b ny c tip tc o to ln bc i hc, tr thnh cc c
nhn - k s a vt l.
T nm 1965, i ng k thut vin trung cp c b sung thm kh ng
nh k thut trc a Ng Anh Chnh, cc k thut a chn nh L Hu
Liu, Hong Vn Sch, L Ngc Thnh, Ng Th Loan, T Th Nh, Nguyn
Th Tnh, Nguyn Th Mai, V Th n, Nguyn Th Hi, Trn Th Sm; Cc
tnh ton vin c V Th Tm, V Th Dim, V Th c, Li Th Hi, Hong
Vn Cu, V Th Hin. Cc k thut vin s cp gm c Phm Quang Chin,
Nguyn Quang Hng, Nguyn Ch Thnh, Ng Vn Kim, Nguyn Th Nhi,
Hong Vn Dng, Phan Th Oanh.
Mt i ng ng o cn b trung cp thm d in, trc a c o to
trong nc c L ng Giai, Lng Xun Thnh, Bi Duy To, inh Vn B,
Nguyn Vn Tng, Nguyn Vn Snh, L Xun Thnh, L Ngc Thng, Tng
Xun Trng, L Cng inh, tt nghip trung cp k thut a vt l trng
Trung cp a cht ca Tng cc a cht. Cn b s cp, ho , tnh ton vin
c L Xun Hnh, ng Vn Sinh, Trn Th Xun Vui, on Th Vui, Hong Th
Lan, Nguyn Xun Din, Nguyn Th Nh, Nguyn Th Thy, L Th Lin, Nguyn
126

Th Cn, Chu Th Loan, Trn Xun Nhng, Cao Th Hng Vit, V Th Xuyn,
V Th Thanh Thu, Mai Th Lan, Nguyn Th Giao, L Th M
Sau ny nhiu ngi trong s cn b k thut trung cp c o to tip ti

Trng i hc Tng hp H Ni thnh c nhn a vt l. Lc lng ny gp
phn quan trng nng cao cht lng chuyn mn trong thm d a vt l.
Tt c cn b ny qua qu trnh cng tc thc t u trng thnh vt bc, t
nhiu thnh tu chuyn mn xut sc, nh Phan Th Hng Qu, Nguyn Th Thi,
V Th L, V Ngc Chuc, Nguyn Hu Tr, Nguyn Th Hng, Nguyn Bch
Yn, Phm Quang Minh v nhiu ngi khc
Trong cc nm tip theo, nhiu cn b tt nghip cc trng i hc Tng hp

H Ni, i hc Bch khoa H Ni, i hc M - a cht H Ni, i hc Du
m Bacu thuc Lin X c tng cng.
l cc k s Nguyn Bnh Ti, Hong Trung Lp, Trn Duy Lun,
Nguyn Vn Hng, V Vn Mo, Nguyn Vn Quyt, Cc k s in t c
Nguyn c Ha, Nguyn Xun Triu, Hong Vn Hanh.
Mt b phn khc tuy s lng khng ng nhng cn nhc n l s cn b

thuc Tng cc Hu cn - B Quc phng.
Tiu biu nh Trn Xanh, Nguyn nh Ha, v.v., c o to chng trnh
i hc Hc vin Hu cn - Vn ti Hng qun Xvit Lningrt v Hc vin
Cng trnh hu cn Qun Gii phng nhn dn Trung Quc Trng Khnh v
chuyn ngnh ng ng - b cha xng du.
l nhng cn b ch cht ca Hc vin Xng du Qun i, c nhiu chin

cng trong s nghip gii phng dn tc v sau nm 1975 cng ng gp nhiu
cho s pht trin ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
o to sau i hc v du kh trong thi gian ny Tng cc a cht cha
c quan tm nhiu.
Ch c 3 ngi tt nghip ph tin s Lin X l Nguyn Giao - a cht, Trng
Thin - khoan v Trng Minh - a vt l. S cn li u do cc c quan khc
gi i o to (Rumani: Trn Ngc Ton - a vt l; Lin X: Nguyn ng Hi xy dng cng trnh bin, Trn Mnh Tr - lc du, Trng Bin - khoan). Sau
mt s cn b ging dy Trng i hc M - a cht H Ni (Phm Huy
Tin, L Xun Ln, Phan Trung in) cng nh nhng sinh vin tt nghip
127

Trng i hc Du m Bacu nm 1972-1973 c chn lm nghin cu sinh
Lin X. y l th h ng nht tt nghip ph tin s chuyn ngnh du kh
sau nm 1974.
Bn cnh hnh thc o to, thc tp mang tnh s phm truyn thng nh k
trn y, xut hin mt hnh thc o to thc t ti nc ngoi rt hiu qu. T
nm 1968, theo hip nh song phng lin chnh ph, nhng on thc tp sinh
ng b gm k s, trung cp, cng nhn mt chuyn ngnh du kh c c i
thc tp ti cc c s sn xut Lin x, Rumani. T nm 1972, thm mt loi
hnh thc tp thc t 2 nm dnh cho mt s k s mi tt nghip c la chn.
Nm 1972-1974, on thc tp sinh hn hp gm 17 k s ln u tin c
c sang Angiri - mt nc theo c ch kinh t th trng. Vi s nhit tnh v
thn thin ca Chnh ph Angiri i vi Vit Nam, SONATRACH (Cng ty Du
kh Quc gia Angiri) c ch o to mi iu kin thun li gip cho on
thc tp sinh hon thnh nhim v. V vy, on c c hi tip cn, tm hiu cc
vn p ng yu cu ca lnh o Tng cc a cht v Tng cc Ha cht v
tm hiu c cu t chc v hot ng ca ngnh du kh.
Tng cc a cht 10 ngi: Ng Mnh Khi, Nguyn nh Khung, Nguyn Tr
Lin, Trn Khc Tn, Trn V Chu, Nguyn Vn S, L Vn Doanh, Nguyn c
Hunh, Quang Ton, Lng Vn Thnh; Tng cc Ha cht 5 ngi: Vn
H, L Hu Lp, V Trng c, L Quang Vinh, Lng Thanh Chc; trng i
hc M - a cht 2 ngi: Nguyn Quang Hinh, Nguyn Ph.
Do khng b hn ch bi cc quy nh ngt ngho v bo mt, v chuyn mn,

cc thnh vin on thc tp c b tr lm vic ti cc c s sn xut theo
yu cu. Mi ngi c tip cn nhiu thit b hin i, nhiu t liu k thut,
thng mi, hiu c quan h hp ng, cc hnh thc hp ng kinh t - dch
v gia SONATRACH vi cc cng ty a quc gia, hiu c cch thc t chc
v vn hnh mt cng ty du kh quc gia.
Cng thi gian cn c 2 on thc tp sinh du kh Trung Quc, bao gm
cc chuyn ngnh nh a cht du kh, xy lp gin khoan, cng nhn vn hnh
khoan, bm trm xi mng, th hn cao p, kim tra khuyt tt cn ng, phn tch
du th hnh thc thc tp c hc l thuyt, nhng ch yu l thc tp tay ngh.
Nhng thc tp sinh ca hai on trn sau khi v nc ng gp rt nhiu
cng sc v kin thc cng nh tay ngh cho cc hot ng du kh Lin
on 36 cng nh Tng cc Du kh
128
Chnh hnh thc o to ny t kt qu cao, gip nng cao tm hiu bit

v k nng lm vic ca cn b k thut du kh cc loi ln rt nhiu. S thc tp
sinh v lc ha du cng rt ng, k c cng nhn c n hng trm ngi, hu
nh tt c cc nc x hi ch ngha. Tuy nhin, y li l khu o to lng ph
nht v khng c mc tiu s dng v khng c ai lm vic ng chuyn mn sau
khi c o to.
Trong hot ng du kh, mt i ng quan trng v ng o nht chnh l
cng nhn v k thut vin s cp. Cc trng cng nhn k thut thuc Tng
cc a cht v B Cng nghip l ni cung cp lc lng ny. Ring on 36
c Trng K thut nghip v t ti lng Tuyn Qun, x Cc Kh, huyn Kim
ng, tnh Hng Yn (ph trch trng l ng Hoa, gio vin khoan c ng Nh
v ng Hong Hu Nghim). Thng 10-1973, Lin on a cht 36 thnh lp
Trng o to cng nhn v s cp k thut ti Tn Cu - Kim ng - Hng
Yn. Chng trnh hc gm rt nhiu ngnh ngh, ng nht l cng nhn c kh,
khoan, trc a, a cht, a vt l, ha phn tch, v.v.. Do mt bng vn ha chung
ca x hi trong giai on ny cha pht trin nn phn ln hc vin c tuyn
o to cng nhn thng mi tt nghip cp I (Tiu hc) hoc cp II (Trung
hc c s). Hnh thc o to hiu qu nht l km cp hc ngh, thi gian hc t
1 n 2 nm. Nh s kho tay, thng minh v cn c, chu kh nn vi kin thc
rt t i ban u, sau mt thi gian lm vic thc t, trnh tay ngh ca hc vin
c nng dn ln mt cch nhanh chng, p ng ngy cng cao cc yu cu rt
phc tp v kht khe ca ngnh, c cc chuyn gia nh gi cao. Ring Trng
Tn Cu, ngoi cc loi cng nhn ni trn cn o to c s cp ngoi ng
phc v chuyn gia Lin X, nhn vin y t, nh my, nu n, cng l mt
hin tng c bit ng ghi nh cho mt thi k lch s.
II. HOT NG DU KH ca php vng tm chim v ca vit nam cng

ha MIN NAM
Trong nhng nm 1945-1954, vng Php tm chim, hot ng a cht v
khai thc m gim nhiu.
T nm 1951, S a cht ng Dng sp nhp vo Trung tm Nghin cu
Khoa hc v K thut (CRST - Centre National de Recherches Scientifiques et
Techniques). Nm 1954, sau khi min Bc c gii phng, ngi Php tip tc
mt s hot ng ca S a cht ng dng c Si Gn. Hot ng a cht
khng c g nhiu, ngoi vic mt s nh a cht Php nh J. Fromaget, E. Saurin,
129
H. Fontaine, cng b mt s cng trnh nghin cu trc y Lng Sn, Hi

Phng v mt s hn o, ng k l nm 1952 ti bn Bn a cht ng
Dng t l 1/2.000.000 do J. Fromaget v E. Saurin thnh lp (Bn a cht
ng Dng ca J. Fromaget ti bn nm 1952)1.
V khai thc, Php ch cn khai thc than Hn Gai, sn lng nm 1953 ch
cn 887.000 tn (trc chin tranh l 2.615.000 tn).
Nhn chung, cho n nm 1954 nhng ti liu v a cht v khong sn ca
Php ng Dng vn c gi tr khoa hc v thc tin c s dng nhiu
sau ny.
Ngy 19-12-1954, Php k hip nh trao quyn hnh chnh, chnh tr cho Ng
nh Dim. c s hu thun ca M, ngy 23-10-1955 Ng nh Dim t chc
trng cu dn , ph trut Bo i v ln lm Tng thng. M gip chnh
quyn Dim tng cng qun i, tng vin tr (t nm 1953 n nm 1961:
2.117 triu USD, trong c 572 triu USD cho qun s). Mi nm min Nam
nhp 2 triu tn du cho xe, my thy, trong khong mt na chy cc nh
my in. T nm 1957 n 1961, hng nm phi chi t 15,310 triu n 17,517
triu USD nhp du ha2.
Nm 1960, phong tro ng khi lan rng khp min Nam. Do tnh hnh
chnh tr v an ninh khng n nh nn hot ng iu tra a cht min Nam
rt hn ch. S a cht c t chc theo Ngh nh s 356-BKT/HC/N ngy
25-6-1957 trc thuc B Kinh t. Mt b phn ca Bo tng a cht ng
Dng c chuyn t H Ni vo Si Gn nm 1954, tr thnh Bo tng ca
S a cht thuc Vit Nam Cng ha, m ca khng thng xuyn cho khch
tham quan.
Mt s nh a cht ngi Php nh E. Saurin, H. Fontaine v mt s nh
a cht Vit Nam nh T Trn Tn, Nguyn Lan T, Hong Th Thn, Trn Kim
Thch, Nguyn An C hoc chnh l cc nghin cu trc y, hoc nghin
cu v kin to, c sinh, a tng, cc sui nc nng, vi, than, ct cha titan,
st mt s vng trn t lin v mt s hn o (k c qun o Hong Sa).
1. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam: Th mc a cht Vit Nam, H Ni, nm 1998; n phm
ca S a cht Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin, B Kinh t; Extrait du Bulletin de la Soct des tudes
Indochinoises. Nouvelle srie-Tome XLVII-No3.1973.
2. ng Phong: Lch s kinh t Vit Nam 1945-2000, Tp II:1955-1975, Nxb. Khoa hc x hi, H Ni,
2002, tr.757, 902.
130
ng k nht l nm 1956 xut bn T in a tng ng Dng ca E. Saurin,

nm 1971 ti bn ln th ba Bn a cht ng Dng t l 1/2.000.000 do
H. Fontaine hiu chnh1.
Trong thi k 1954-1961, khng c bt k kho st a cht du kh no c
tin hnh min Nam Vit Nam.
1. o lut Du ha 011/70 v Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn

1.1. o lut Du ha
K t nm 1967, trong nim hy vng c du kh thm lc a do kho st a
vt l mang li, H Mnh Trung v V Anh Tun, Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin
thuc B Kinh t c giao nhim v son tho Lut Du ha. Lut ch yu
da trn c s kinh nghim ca Iran. Ni dung chnh ca Lut l Hp ng c
nhng theo cc cng ty du phi tr cho Vit Nam Cng ha hai khon thu
l nhng t 12,5% (royalty = tin thu t) v thu li tc 45-55% s lng du
sn xut. Thi gian tm kim l 5 nm c th gia hn thm 5 nm. Thi gian sn
xut l 30 nm, c th gia hn thm 10 nm.
Ngy 1-12-1970, chnh quyn Vit Nam Cng ha ban hnh o lut Du ha
s 011/70, n nh vic tm kim, khai thc du m cng iu kin thu kha v
hi oi c lin quan.
o lut ny gm 6 chng vi 66 iu, quy nh v vic thm d v khai thc
du m thuc lnh th Vit Nam Cng ha trong t lin v trn thm lc a.
Quyn c nhng tm kim do Th tng ban hnh. Cc cng ty xin cp quyn
c nhng phi ng trc mt s tin l 500 USD hoc 137.000 ng tin Si
Gn, s tin ny l tin ng k ch k. Din tch c nhng tm kim c chia
thnh tng nhng a (l), mi nhng a khng qu 20.000 km2, mi cng ty
khng c cp qu 5 l (tc 100.000 km2). Thi hn quyn c nhng tm kim
thay i ty theo tng trng hp v ko di t 5 n 15 nm. Quyn c nhng
khai thc cp cho mi nhng a rng khng qu 5.000 km2 vi thi hn khng
qu 40 nm.
Thng 6-1971, B Kinh t Vit Nam Cng ha cng b nh cp quyn c
nhng tm kim v thm d du m ti thm lc a min Nam v quy nh cho
1. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam. Th mc a cht Vit Nam, H Ni, 1998; n phm ca
S a cht Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin, B Kinh t; Extrait du Bulletin de la Soct des tudes
Indochinoises. Nouvelle srie-Tome XLVII-No3.1973.
131
u thu c nhng theo Ngh nh s 249/BKT/VP/UBQGDH ngy 9-6-1971.

Vng ny nm trong thm lc a Nam Vit Nam theo mt ng khp kn gm
33 im gii hn bi: v tuyn 5o20-11o Bc; kinh tuyn 101o27-110o ng, c
chia thnh 60 l nh v mt min cha phn, tm gi l l ln hn, tc c thy
61 l c a ra u thu. Thm lc a Nam Vit Nam rng khong 300.000
km2. Ti liu lm c s u thu ny l kt qu o a vt l t 2 ca Cng ty Ray
Geophysical Mandrel nm 1970 thm lc a Nam Vit Nam (kt hp gia a
chn, trng lc v t), c s bo tr v ti chnh ca T hp 11 cng ty du m
quc t thng qua y ban Phi hp su tm khong sn ca ECAFE v B Pht
trin trn bin ca Chnh ph Anh.
1.2. y ban Quc gia Du ha

u nm 1971, khi o lut Du ha bt u c hiu lc, y ban Quc gia
Du ha c thnh lp theo Sc lnh s 003-SL/KT ngy 7-1-1971 ca Th tng
Vit Nam Cng ha Trn Thin Khim.
Ch tch l Tng trng Kinh t Phm Kim Ngc, sau 1974 l Tng trng
Thng mi v K ngh Nguyn c Cng; i t L Mng Chi (B Quc
phng); v cc Tng th k ca cc B T php, Ni v, Ngoi giao, Ti chnh;
v 3 t nhn l k s u Ngc H, k s inh Quang Chiu, lut s Vng Vn
Bc, v.v.. B phn phc v U ban Quc gia Du ha l mt Vn phng c 6 nhn
vin gm Gim c Trn Vn Khi, Ph Gim c V Anh Tun, chuyn vin a
cht Nguyn Vn Vnh, k s du kh Ph L Sn v hai nhn vin hnh chnh V
Vn S v Nguyn Th Trc.
Vn phng c nhim v chun b tt c cc cng vic cn thit cho cng tc

u thu cp quyn c nhng. Cc cng vic ch yu gm hai phn: hnh chnh
v k thut. Phn hnh chnh c nhim v dch o lut Du ha sang ting
Anh, vi s tr gip ca Sesto Vecchi (Cng ty Lut quc t) v lut s Tng Th
Thnh Trai, gip cc chuyn gia Iran, Anh nghin cu v t vn xy dng hp
ng c nhng v cc vn kin lin quan n th tc gi thu. Phn k thut
c nhim v nghin cu Lut Bin, xc nh ranh gii thm lc a v lp bn
phn l. Mi kt qu nghin cu ca Vn phng bo co U ban Quc gia Du
ha trnh ln Chnh ph.
1.3. Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn

Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn c thnh lp vo thng 6-1974 (ngay sau
t u thu th hai), trc thuc B Thng mi v K ngh, trc mt gm c
5 b phn: Cuc Du ha (Nguyn Vn Vnh), Nha K hoch hun luyn (Ph L
132
Sn), Cuc Khong sn (Phm Vit Bng), Trung tm Nghin cu a cht (Trn
Hunh Anh) v Nha Hnh chnh v K ton (Nguyn Huy Cm). Nhim v ca
Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn khng ch pht trin ngnh du kh m cn
qun l ngnh a cht v thm d khong sn.
Tr s ca Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn t ti Vn phng ca Nha Ti
nguyn thin nhin (c) ti s 2 Nguyn Bnh Khim. Ton b Vn phng U
ban Quc gia Du ha cng chuyn v a im ny. S lng nhn vin tng ln
nhiu hn v sau mt thi gian ngi nh s 2 Nguyn Bnh Khim cng tr nn
cht chi.
Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin cng lm c kh nhiu cng vic tuy nhn s
khng ng v thit b cn thiu thn. Ngoi vic xut bn cun sch Vit Nam
a cht Kho lc ghi li nhng nghin cu a cht v kho c hc, cn pht
hin mt s khong sn nh kim loi en ilmenite, titanium cc bi bin min
Trung, bauxit Ty Nguyn, mlpen, v.v.. Tuy nhin, cng vic ch dng li
ch cha t chc c vic nh gi tr lng v tnh n vic khai thc, mt
phn cha c nh u t vo lnh vc ny, mt khc cng v tnh hnh chin cuc.
Do vy, Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin tr thnh mt b phn ca Tng cuc Du
ha v Khong sn.
Khi cc cng ty du khoan ging, cc k s ca Tng cuc Du ha v Khong

sn u thay phin nhau ra gin khoan hc hi, theo di cng vic ca cc trm
a cht - a vt l, t khoan trn gin. Cc kt qu khoan, a vt l u c
chuyn v Tng cuc nghin cu cng vi chuyn vin cc cng ty du Si
Gn. Vic ra gin khoan l mt hnh thc hun luyn ti ch. Tuy nhin, trong
chn thng hot ng t thng 6-1974 n thng 3-1975, Tng cuc Du ha v
Khong sn cha lm c g nhiu.
2. Hot ng thm d du kh
2.1. Nghin cu a cht - a vt l
Nm 1966, theo ngh ca y ban Kinh t chu ca Lin hp quc
(ECAFE), cc nc trong khu vc thnh lp y ban iu phi chng trnh iu
tra khong sn ngoi khi chu (CCOP) (thng 10-2001 i tn l y ban iu
phi cc chng trnh khoa hc a cht ng v ng Nam chu ) nhm h
tr cc nc trong khu vc trin khai thm d v tm kim ti nguyn khong sn
ngoi khi.
133
Nm 1967, c quan Hi dng hc M tin hnh kho st ton b thm lc a

Nam Vit Nam bng t hng khng (t l 1/250.000, tit din 10 gamma). Tip
theo, cc nm 1967-1968 Cng ty Alping Geophysical Corporation cng trin
khai nghin cu vng ny.
Nm 1968, khng qun M tin hnh o t hng khng phn pha Nam
ca Vit Nam Cng ha, ch yu l vng ng bng sng Cu Long v phn
bin nng ven b. Cng trong nm ny, nhiu cng ty ca Anh tin hnh thm
d a chn s b bin ng v vnh Thi Lan. Kt qu pht hin mt tng
trm tch dy khong 3-4 km c cu trc cu - kin to kh thun li cho vic
cha du.
Nm 1969, Naval Oceanographic Office tin hnh kho st a chn Bin
ng v vnh Thi Lan vi mng li tuyn c chiu di hn 16.000 km. Cng ty
Ray Geophysical Mandrel tin hnh o a vt l vng thm lc a min
Nam v vng pha Nam Bin ng vi tng s vo khong 3.482 km tuyn.
Kt qu cc kho st ny c ng trn tp ch ca CCOP, hp dn cc
cng ty du quc t quan tm n tim nng du kh thm lc a Nam Vit
Nam. Mt s nc trong vng ng Nam , nh Brunei, Malaixia, Innxia tip
cn vng Bin ng i din vi Vit Nam, pht hin v khai thc du t lu.
Do vy, mt nhm cng ty du quc t hp tc thu Cng ty Ray Geophysical
Mandrel thc hin chng trnh kho st a chn, t v trng lc tng i chi
tit hn trn thm lc a Vit Nam. Khong 8.400 km tuyn a vt l c
kho st trong 2 nm 1969 v 1970 theo mng li 30 km x 40 km.
u nm 1970, Cng ty Mandrel tin hnh o t hai pha Nam Bin
ng v dc theo b bin min Nam vi khi lng 8.639 km tuyn a vt l,
bo m mng li tuyn 30 km x 50 km kt hp gia cc phng php a chn,
trng lc v t. Tng khi lng nghin cu a vt l thc l 9.935 km tuyn.
Cc tuyn a vt l khu vc ca Cng ty Mandrel cng nh cc cng ty khc
cho php lp cc s ng thi t l 1/500.000, cho thy cc tng phn x,
chiu dy ti thiu ca lp trm tch ni ny c th hn 2 km. Qua c th xc
nh c mt s n v cu trc nh i nng Khorat, i nng Cn Sn, 3 bn
trm tch: Si Gn - Bruny (sau l b Nam Cn Sn), Mkng (sau l b Cu
Long) v vnh Thi Lan (sau l b Malay - Th Chu) u c trin vng cha du
rt cao1.
1. Cc Bo co ca ECAFE/CCOP.
134
2.2. Chun b gi thu

Vo thp k 60 ca th k XX, du kh th gii c nhng chuyn bin quan
trng. Nm 1960, T chc cc nc xut khu du m (OPEC) c thnh lp.
Mt s nc trong OPEC bt u p dng mt vi kiu hp ng khc vi c
nhng: hp ng phn chia sn phm - PSC (Iran, Innxia), hp ng dch v
(Iran, Vnzula) v hp ng ng iu hnh - JOC (Angiri, 1969). Ti cc hp
ng phn chia sn phm v dch v nh Iran, Innxia v Vnzula, cng ty
du tr thnh nh thu chu trch nhim sn xut v c chia t l du sn xut
40/60, 25/75, v.v., vi nc ch quyn hoc c nc ch quyn tr ph dch v
bng du. Vnzula, hp ng dch v c Cng ty Du kh Vnzula (CVP)
p dng k t nm 1968. Iran nm 1966, Cng ty Du ca Php l ERAP nhn
lm dch v tm v sn xut du cho Cng ty Du quc gia ca Iran (NIOC)
nhn tin cng bng s du do hai bn tho thun. Thc ra, sau mt thi gian
di p dng hp ng c nhng, cc nc ny tch lu c kinh nghim
v mnh v k thut v ti chnh, nn thnh lp Cng ty Du kh quc gia
Pertamina Innxia, NIOC Iran, CVP Vnzula, v.v.. c bit, Mhic l
nc phn ng mnh nht v tin b nht bng vic quc hu ho cng nghip
du m vi s thnh lp Cng ty Du quc gia PEMEX. Ni chung, qua cc hp
ng ny, ch quyn m du thuc v nc c du ch khng cn thuc v cng
ty du nh trong hp ng c nhng1.
Cui nm 1970, Cng ty Conoco (M), tip xc vi B Kinh t Vit Nam
Cng ha tm hiu v hp ng c nhng. Hai k s V Anh Tun (Nha Ti
nguyn thin nhin) v Trn Vn Khi (lc by gi l Trng phng u t, B
Kinh t) c giao nhim v lm vic vi Conoco tm hiu v cng nghip du
kh. Conoco xut nn cp nhng l c nhng ln vic khai thc c ti
u, khng nn quan h vi cc cng ty khng l nh Shell v Esso v cc cng ty
ny c th ch gi ch v ang bn rn vi nhng m du nhng ni khc, v
khng nn ch trng vo s Hoa hng Ch k v ngun li chnh l du kh nn
phi buc cc cng ty du u t y nhanh vic tm kim v khai thc. Conoco
ch mong mun c thng lng vi Chnh quyn Vit Nam Cng ha xin
cp mt l ln t nht l 10.000 km2, m khng cn phi qua u thu. Sau ny,
Conoco khng d thu.
Ngay sau khi thnh lp Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn, Vn phng Tng
cuc mi cc chuyn gia v php lut v k thut ca Iran gip son tho bn
1. Fuad Rouhani, A history of O.P.E.C, 1971.
135
Hp ng c nhng mu cng cc vn kin v gi thu, sau mi mt lut

gia ngi Anh chuyn ngnh du m tham kho thm kin. o lut Du
ha khng quy nh phi c u thu. Nhng cc chuyn gia t vn gp l nn
t chc nhng cuc gi thu rng ri, khng nn thng lng song phng.
Cc vn kin gi thu gm thng bo nh tin hnh tm kim v khai thc du
thm lc a, th mi, bn vn lc v hp ng mu. Trong cung
(Offer) d thu, cc cng ty phi nu ra nng lc, k hoch, kinh nghim, kh
nng k thut, kh nng ti chnh cho vic tm du, s Hoa hng Ch k v
nh khc ca h nh vic o to cng nhn vin Vit Nam trong ngnh cng
nghip ny, v.v1.
ng Nguyn Vn Vnh nguyn l Gim c Cuc Du ha ca Tng cuc Du
ha v Khong sn k li: C su ngi ca Vn phng cng nhau chia s mi
cng vic cn phi lm, dch bn hp ng c nhng gc ting Anh sang ting
Vit. kp trnh U ban Quc gia Du ha cu xt cho vic chun b u thu,
c nhm cng nhau thc hm thc khuya, nht l trong giai on thc hin in
roneo 2 bn hp ng c nhng mu bng ting Vit v ting Anh. Ngoi ci
my roneo v giy c B Kinh t cp, nhng vt t vn phng khc nh ci
c l, kp Acco v nhng th lt vt khc, Vn phng phi i lng mua ch
tri ni bn hng ph thi ca M. B Trc nh my, chng ti cha li tng
trang stencil n m mt trong nh sng yu t ca Vn phng vo ban m,
quay roneo trn giy trng c 21 cm x 33 cm, in ba, c l ri kp ng thnh
tp dy khong 1 cm. Cc hp ng c nhng mu ny cng vi cc vn kin
khc s c trao cho cc cng ty tham kho trc khi d thu. Ton b cc vn
bn ny c Vn phng hon tt trong vng 6 thng v c U ban Quc
gia Du ha chp nhn.
Sau ny, khi kt qu u thu c cng b vo thng 7-1973, Vn phng tin

hnh in hp ng c nhng chnh thc chun b vic k kt vi cc cng ty
du vo thng 8-1973. Vic in n hp ng c giao cho nh in SAIGON, song
Vn phng li phi hng ngy c mt ti nh in trn ng Trn Quc Ton hin
nay, theo di, n c, sa li mort, kim tra s trang trc khi ng tp.
Trong t 1 cp quyn c nhng, 32 bn hp ng chnh (16 bn ting Anh v
16 bn ting Vit) cho 8 l trng thu c ng ba da vi 4 mu khc nhau cho
bn cng ty trng thu: xanh nht (Mobil), xanh bin (Sunningdale), (Esso) v
nu (Pecten). Cc bn chnh ny c dng k kt v mi bn gi 2 bn. Mt
s bn ph vi ba giy trng dy c ch theo 4 mu ni trn c in thm s
dng khi cn v lu tr.
1. Trn Vn Khi: Du ha Vit Nam 1970-1975, Nhng ngy cn nh, 2002.
136
- Ranh gii thm lc a, nhng tranh chp

Sau khi cng vi lut s Vng Vn Bc (U vin U ban Quc gia Du ha)
v Gim c Trn Vn Khi d Hi tho v php lut du ha do ECAFE t chc
Bng Cc nm 1971, Nguyn Vn Vnh c Vn phng giao nhim v nghin
cu tp ti liu ECAFE ny v bn ranh gii tm thi thm lc a min
Nam ch yu pha ng trong khu vc t Phan Thit ra n khu vc bin c
su 200 m v t kinh tuyn 1100 xung pha Nam v vng qua vnh Thi Lan.
Min Trung c thm lc a hp d kin s c kho st v phn l sau ny.
ng c s dng xy dng ranh gii thm lc a vo thi im l ng
chnh gia tnh t t lin hoc hi o ca mi nc trong vng Bin ng. Cc
o chnh c s dng lm ng c s l Ph Qu, Cn Sn, Hn Khoai, Th
Chu, o Hi tc (Pirates) v Ph Quc1.
Chnh s bt ng quan im v hi o c chp nhn hay khng gia cc
nc to ra 2 vng tranh chp gia Vit Nam vi Innxia, Malaixia. Ti
thi im ny, Innxia v Malaixia n nh ng ranh gii thm lc a
Bin ng ri, cn pha Ty, Thi Lan v Campuchia cha chnh thc cng
b ranh gii.
Ranh gii thm lc a gia Vit Nam v Innxia, c nhng phn ln vo
nhau to ra mt vng tranh chp rng nht, khong 25.000 km2. ng chnh
gia ca Vit Nam l ng cch u gia o Cn Sn (ch cch b bin khong
70 km) v b bin Kalimantan. Innxia chn ng chnh gia ca o Natuna
(cch b bin ca h 150 km) v b bin Vit Nam. Khng bn no chp nhn o
ca i phng lm ng c s.
Gia Vit Nam v Malaixia, vng tranh chp rng khong 15.000 km2 nhng
khng qu cng thng v ng c s v nhng hn o pha Ty Malaixia nh
Trengganu tng i kh gn b bin ca h.
Nm 1972, Vit Nam v Campuchia c mt cuc hp s b v thm lc a
gia hai c quan du m ti Phnm Pnh. Campuchia khng ng ng ranh
gii ca Vit Nam ly o Ph Quc v mt s o nh lm ng c s v h vn
xem Ph Quc l mt phn lnh th ca h. Nguyn Vn Vnh thuyt trnh v
ng ranh gii ny vi pha Campuchia. Cui cng hai bn ng khng a ra
gii php no m ch nhm mc ch tm hiu quan im ca nhau trc khi tin
n mt phin hp cp cao hn. t nhin vo thng 8-1974, d cha chnh thc
1. CCOP/ECAFE, ti liu hi tho v Php l Du ha ti Bng Cc, Thi Lan.
137
cng b ng ranh gii,

Chnh quyn Campuchia vn
cho php t hp Elf - Esso
mang tu khoan du Glomar
IV vo khoan bn trong ranh
gii thm lc a Vit Nam
v pha Ty Nam o Ph
Quc, Vit Nam Cng ha
phn khng v yu cu
Chnh quyn Campuchia cho
ngng ngay hot ng khoan
bn trong ranh gii thm
lc a Vit Nam cng b.
Vo gia thng 9-1974, tu
Glomar IV nh neo ri
khi v tr khoan.
Trn Vn Khi (tri) v Nguyn Vn Vnh

d Hi tho Php l Du ha ti Thi Lan (nm 1971)
Cha c mt cuc hp chnh thc no v thm lc a Vit Nam gia Vit

Nam v Thi Lan, ngoi tr vn hi phn nh c.
Theo thng l php l quc t, mt gii php n ha c th p dng vng
tranh chp l hai nc s cng nhau bn bc gii quyt t l phn chia ty theo
tnh hnh hp tc v v tr m du .
- Phn l
Trong ranh gii cng b, tng din tch thm lc a Nam Vit Nam khong
420.000 km2 bao gm c nhng vng tranh chp vi Innxia, Malaixia, Thi Lan
v Campuchia. U ban Quc gia Du ha ngh rng to hp dn cho giai
on gi thu t u tin ny (nm 1973), nn phn l theo nguyn tc vung
c 7.000-8.000 km2 c hai vng pha ng v Ty, t Phan Thit xung C Mau
vng sang vnh Thi Lan. Tng cng khong hn 40 l. Cc l khng vung vn
vng bin c th ln hay nh hn tu theo a im v ranh gii thm lc a tranh
chp. Nu gi thu thnh cng v din bin tm du tr nn lc quan hn, cc l
trong t gi thu k tip s thu nh li. Trong t gi thu th hai (nm 1974),
din tch l gim xung cn khong hn 4.000 km2, gn 2/3 din tch ban u.
Nu c thm t gi thu khc, din tch c th thu nh tng ng hn na1.
1. Ti thi im ny, Bin Bc nc Anh, din tch ca l cp cho cc cng ty du ch vo khong
500 Km2.
138
- Gi thu t 1
Su thng sau khi o lut Du ha c ban hnh, B Kinh t cng b
nh cp quyn c nhng tm kim v khai thc du ha thm lc a. Ngh
nh s 249 ngy 9-6-1971 mi cng ty du np bn tr li vn lc vo ngy
15-8-1971. n cui ngy ny, Vn phng nhn c 18 bn tr li, trong c
15 cng ty nc ngoi v 3 cng ty trong nc. Cc h s c trnh ln U ban
Quc gia Du ha xt duyt. Mt vn cn c quan tm l liu trong s cc
h s ny, c nhng cng ty no c nh u thu trng mt vi l mua i
bn li khng? Hu nh vo lc , h s tr li ca cc cng ty trong nc u
khng p ng tiu chun cn c ca mt cng ty du tht s. Mt vn t
nh khng d a ra quyt nh loi b hay khng loi b. Cc yu t cu xt bao
gm: (1) Khon chi ph dnh cho vic thm d, khoan ging; (2) Thi gian bt
u thm d, khoan ging v sn xut; (3) Ngun ti chnh ca cng ty km theo
bn xc nhn ca ngn hng; (4) Kinh nghim chuyn mn k thut v ang hot
ng nhng ni no; (5) xut quyn li khc dnh cho Vit Nam trong c
Hoa hng Ch k, ngn khon o to v cng nghip du kh
Cc l c nhng t 1, nm 1973
139
Vic nghin cu nh gi cc h s cng kt thc, nhng y ban Quc gia

Du ha cha th cng b kt lun cng ty no t yu cu hay khng t v cha
nhn c ch th tin hnh gi thu. V nh vy, Vn phng/U ban Quc gia
Du ha ch bit ch i v tip tc lm nhng cng vic thng nht, chun b
cho nhng chng trnh sp ti1.
Mi n gn 2 nm sau, bng Ngh nh s 133 ngy 24-3-1973, B Kinh t
li cng b cp quyn c nhng tm kim v khai thc du. Hn cui cng
np bn tr li vn lc l ngy 24-4-1973. Vn phng nhn thm 19 h
s, tng cng c 37 bn tr li cho c 2 t. Sau khi nghin cu h s, U ban
Quc gia Du ha loi b 10 h s khng t yu cu, trong c mt h s
gi mo chng th. Thng 5-1973, B Kinh t mi cc cng ty du tham d mt
phin hp nhn h s d thu cng nh hp ng mu, cung (Offer),
v gii p nhng thc mc v cc vn kin v h s d thu. Cc cng ty c
khong gn 2 thng chun b np h s ng thu. Hn cht np h s l 18
gi ngy 2-7-19732.
ng Nguyn Vn Vnh ghi li: Ch mi ri ngy 2-7-1973 cng n. Ngay t
u gi sng, c su nhn vin trong Vn phng n mc t chnh. Mi ngi vui
v ch n cc cng ty du, mi th sn sng, khun du, thi khn dng
nim phong cc bao th cung m cc cng ty s mang n np. 8 gi, 9
gi, 11 gi. Sut bui sng, khng mt ai n np cung. Cc cng chc
trong B ra vo hi thm tnh hnh, Vn phng ch bit lc u,... 12 gi, gi bnh
m kp tht cng nhau va n va ch. Bui chiu, 2 gi ri 3 gi
ng Ph L Sn v ti cng ra pha cng B Kinh t. H c thay i nh
khng? C s kin chnh tr, qun s g quan trng ang xy ra khng? Vo lc 4
gi chiu, mt chic t l chy vo cng. V lut s i din ca Esso bc ra, ti
hng dn ngay ln Vn phng. Sau vi li cho hi x giao, ng ta trao cho ng
Khi mt phong b dn kn, dy cm. ng Khi k ngay trn ln dn pha sau
bao th ri mi ng y cng k. Ngay sau ti nim phong m bo rng h s
ca h c tuyt i gi kn cho n khi m ra cng mt lc trc s hin din
ca tt c cc cng ty v i din ca h vo sng ngy mai...
... Sng ngy 3-7-1973, ti phng khnh tit B Kinh t, trc s chng kin ca
tha pht li, tham tn thng mi cc nc i din cc cng ty d thu, U ban
Quc gia Du ha m nim phong 18 bao th k tn vo tng trang ca
cung. Sau phin hp, Vn phng xem xt cc cung v ghi cc s liu. Tuy c
n 18 bao th, nhng cc cung ch chn 8 l trong s 18 l a ra u thu.
Theo tiu ch thng thu ra t u, Esso thng 1 l vi Hoa hng Ch k 5
1, 2. Trn Vn Khi: Du ha Vit Nam 1970-1975, Nhng ngy cn nh, 2002.
140

triu USD. Mobil Oil vi 2,5 triu USD trng 2 l gn Vng Tu v Phan Thit
v Shell Oil vi 9 triu USD trng 3 l. Sunningdale (Canaa) gp may chn 2 l
pha Nam mi C Mau khng ai cnh tranh v thng thu d s Hoa hng Ch
k thp rt nhiu so vi cc cng ty kia. Tng cng 8 l ny mang li s Hoa
hng Ch k l 16.600.000 USD. S tin ny s c cc cng ty chuyn cho Vit
Nam Cng ha trong vng 30 ngy sau khi chnh thc k hp ng v nhn c
Sc lnh cp quyn c nhng.
Ngy k hp ng c nh vo 21-8-1973 vi 3 cng ty: Esso, Mobil Oil v

Sunningdale. Ring Cng ty Shell Oil ngh xin k 1 tun sau . L do l Shell
Oil mun lin doanh vi Cng ty Cities Services tng kh nng ti chnh cn
thit cho vic khoan du. T hp Shell v Cities ang lm th tc ng k vi tn
mi l Pecten Vit Nam (Pecten l tn khoa hc ca s ip - shell).
Hai bui l k kt c t chc ti phng khnh tit ca B Kinh t, trc s
chng kin ca i din cc cng ty du, i din cc c quan chnh ph v quan
chc ngoi giao cc nc. V pha Vit Nam, ng Phm Kim Ngc, B trng
Kinh t ng thi l Ch tch U ban Quc gia Du ha lm i din k tn cng
vi ng inh Quang Chiu, y vin cao nin ca U ban Quc gia Du ha k
nhn chng. V pha cng ty du, mt i din k chnh thc v mt ngi k
nhn chng. Cc bn phi k vo tng trang ca Hp ng c nhng.
Theo Hp ng c nhng, cc cng ty c 5 nm v c th gia hn thm 5

nm tm kim nhng phi khoan tm du trong vng 2 nm. Cng ty phi
np cho U ban Quc gia Du ha mt tn dng th bt kh hon ca mt ngn
hng quc t uy tn vi s tin cam kt s dng trong vic tm kim v khoan
du (Pecten 3 l tng cng 20 triu USD, Mobil 2 l vi 15 triu USD, Esso 12
triu USD). Trong thi gian tm kim, cng ty c php giao tr cho Vit Nam
tng phn ca l, mi ln khng qu 500 km2 gim thu nhng t. Nu tm
thy du, thi hn khai thc l 30 nm c gia hn 10 nm. Cc cng ty phi
thng bo k hoch khoan ging tm du ca h v dnh ngn khon cho o
to l 300.000 USD mi nm, k t khi bt u khoan ging cho n lc sn
xut, nhm tin n s dng lao ng Vit Nam gm 90% cng nhn v 60%
nhn vin ch huy.
Ngay t khi cc cng ty bt u hot ng, lao ng Vit Nam c tuyn
chn lm vic ti vn phng cng ty hoc ln gin khoan va hc va lm, mi
ngy 3 ca. Cc k s v chuyn vin a cht Vit Nam cng thay phin nhau lm
vic vi cc b phn khoan, trm a cht - a vt l Schlumberger, v.v., ngay trn
141
gin khoan. tng xy dng mt trng o to v du kh Vit Nam ca ng

Ph L Sn ra i, tuy nhin cha kp bin thnh hin thc.
- Gi thu t 2
Thng 2-1974, B Thng mi v K ngh cng b nh cp quyn c
nhng t 2, vi 33 l, din tch mi l khong 4.000 km2 bn trong thm lc
a khng c tranh chp. Khong 50 h s mi thu c gi n cc cng ty vi
nhng iu kin tng i kht khe hn t 1, bao gm c vic cam kt phi chp
nhn Vit Nam c th thay i cc iu khon v iu kin hp ng, k c vic
iu chnh cc thu sut trong tng lai v mc tham gia u t ca Vit Nam.
Thng 3-1974, B Thng mi v K ngh cho bit trong s cc cng ty tr li
vn lc, c khong 34 cng ty d thu c cng nhn c kh nng tham
d u thu, gm 22 cng ty M, 5 cng ty Canaa, 2 cng ty xtrylia, 2 cng
ty Php, 1 cng ty Anh, 1 cng ty Nauy v 1 cng ty Nht Bn. Trong s c 18
cng ty d thu t 1. Cc cung cho bit s Hoa hng Ch k khong
34,4 triu USD.
Mt s ln cc cng ty lin kt li thnh t hp d thu. C tt c 10 t hp
d thu nhng ch c 9 h s l iu kin. T hp Sunningdale vi 4 cng ty
b loi. Cc t hp trng thu trn 9 l gm cc T hp Pecten v Broken Hill
(xtrylia): 1 l; Mobil v Kaiyo Oil (Nht Bn): 2 l; Union Texas v Skelly Oil: 1
l; Marathon, Sun v Amerada Hess: 1 l; Canadian Oil and Gas v Conzinc Rio
Tinto (xtrylia): 4 l. T hp trng thu 4 l ny cui cng li b cuc, khin s
Hoa hng Ch k gim xung cn 29,1 triu USD. Mt cht d oan kh khi hi
ca ngi phng Ty l T hp Mobil trng 2 l s 12 v 13 nhng yu cu i
li thnh 12A v 12B. Union Texas d kin s dng 12 triu USD trong 5 nm tm
du, Marathon 8,5 triu USD.
Cui nm 1973 u nm 1974, bn cng ty trng thu t 1 a cc cng
ty a vt l vo tin hnh kho st chi tit v a chn, trng trng v t trng
trn cc l ca h nghin cu cu trc a cht, tm cc cu to v xc nh
nhng a im s khoan. Trc , vo thng 9-1973 theo yu cu ca Cng ty
a vt l, Vit Nam Cng ha h tr mt tu thy ln phng ma ma
bo a chuyn vin cng ty ny n cc o Cn Sn, Ph Qu (Hn Thu), Hn
Khoai v mt s o nh khc gip h tm v tr thun tin t thit b nh v,
tu a vt l, tu dch v tip vn hot ng v di chuyn gin khoan n ng v
tr. Ba trm nh v c t ti Vng Tu, Hn Khoai v Cn Sn.
142
Cc l c nhng trong u thu t 2

ng Vnh k li: Chuyn du kho ny cng l mt dp cho ti cng cc chuyn
vin a cht Nha Ti nguyn thin nhin v nh a cht Henry Fontaine i theo
nghin cu thm v a cht ca cc hn o cha c dp t chn ti ny. iu
k th m n nay ti mi cht nh li l Cn Sn c Phonolite, mt loi nham
thch p ng cho n c o ca Vit Nam....
Sau khi c kt qu kho st chi tit, cc cng ty thng bo k hoch khoan ca

h s c tin hnh sm hn d kin. Pecten khi cng khoan vo thng 8-1974,
Mobil Oil vo thng 9-1974, Esso thng 12-1974 v Sunningdale thng 3-1975.
Khong 4 thng sau khi k hp ng, Cng ty du Mobil Oil chnh thc thng
bo c Kaiyo Oil Nht Bn tham gia hp tc v sau li c thm SNPA Php
(Soct Nationale des Ptroles dAquitaine). Cc khon vn d kin b ra cho mi
l trong 5 nm khoan tm du cao nht l ca Esso vi 12 triu USD, Pecten vi
6-8 triu USD/l v Mobil vi 7,5 triu USD/l.
143
2.3. Khoan tm kim du kh

Vo nhng nm 1973-1974, cc cng ty du la Mobil, Pecten, Esso Union
Texas, Marathon v Sunningdale sau khi trng thu cc hp ng c nhng,
tin hnh kho st a vt l tm kim trong cc l 03, 04, 05, 06, 09, 10, 11, 12, 15,
16, 20, 28 v 29 vi khi lng 49.960 km tuyn. Trn c s ti liu a vt l c
c, cc cng ty ni trn tin hnh phn tch, lin kt, phn chia cc ranh gii
a chn v xy dng c mt s bn ng thi t l 1/100.000 cho cc l
ring bit v t l 1/50.000 cho mt s cu to c trin vng du kh nh Bch H,
i Bng, i Hng, Ma, v.v..
Ngay sau khi pht hin mt s cu trc a cht thun li khoan, cc cng ty
du n Vn phng y ban quc gia Du ha tham kho kin v vic t tn
cc ging khoan. y cng l iu lm cho Vn phng phi suy ngh gip h t
tn cc ging khoan. t tn theo anh hng Vit Nam? Khng xong, s my ngi
y mang ting l ging khng tm ra du! Trn th gii thng ly tn a phng
t tn m du. Tn tnh hoc thnh ph? Ti sao li thnh ph ny m khng
l thnh ph khc, bn trng bn khinh. xtrylia ly tn cc con c ca x h.
Nhng Vit Nam c n 4 cng ty, lm th no phn bit c khi gi tn ging
th bit n l ca ai ri. Vn phng cho ba cng ty khoan u tin ly tn con th
hoc cy tri, hoa l. Pecten chn tn hoa hay tri cy ty l, Mobil chn th rng,
Esso chn loi chim.
ng Vnh k li: ng Peter Gelpke, Tng Gim c Mobil n Vn phng cho
bit Mobil nh t tn ging ca h l s 3 (sau l l 05) l Big Bear. Lc y ti
ang c mt nn bn gi vi ng Khi nn chuyn sang tn Vit Nam l
i Hng. Tm li tn ging ca Cng ty Pecten l cy ci vi Hng, Da, Ma,
ca Esso l chim chc vi i Bng, ca Mobil l th rng nh Bch H, i
Hng. Sunningdale cha khoan trong nm nay nn cha chn tn ging. C nn
cho h chn qu khng?
Da vo kt qu tng hp ti liu kho st a vt l khu vc v kho st t m,

cui nm 1974 u nm 1975, Cng ty Pecten tin hnh khoan 4 ging (Hng1X, Da-1X, Da-2X v Ma-1X) v Cng ty Mobil khoan 2 ging Bch H-1X v
i Hng-1X.
Ging khoan Hng-1X c khoan trn cu to Hng (l 12) gp mng
trc Tam su 1.609 m. Trong tp trm tch Miocen di nm bt chnh
hp trn mng trc Tam c mt tp ct kt c biu hin du kh. Cng tc
th va cho thy rng du gp trong ging Hng-1X thuc loi tn d, khng c
tr lng khai thc cng nghip.
144
Ging khoan Da-1X c khoan trn cu to Da (l 12) gp mng trc

Tam su 4.049 m sau khi khoan qua 3.200 m. Kt qu th va cho lu
lng 1.514 thng du v 164.000 m3 kh/ngy m. Th va ln 2 su
3.146 m cho 715 thng condensat v 334.000 m3 kh/ngy m. Cng ty Pecten
kt lun rng ging khoan Da-1X l ging c du kh cng nghip.
Ging khoan Da-2X c Pecten khoan vi mc ch xc nh ranh gii du
nc ca cu to Da nhng phi b d su 3.625 m.
Trn l 04, Cng ty Pecten khoan trn cu to Ma ging Ma-1X. Trong qu
trnh khoan gp nhiu lp ct kt c biu hin du kh su khong 2.8953.124 m. Song do c d thng p sut cao nn cng tc th va khng c tin
hnh. Ging khoan Ma-1X kt thc su 3.353 m v c xem l ging khoan
c biu hin du kh.
Thng 9-1974, trn l 09 ti cu to Bch H, Cng ty Mobil khoan ging
Bch H-1X. Kt qu th va ln th nht su 2.828 m cho 430 thng v
5.660 m3 kh/ngy m. Th va ln th hai ti su 2.750 m cho 2.419 thng
v 24.350 m3 kh/ngy m. Ging khoan Bch H-1X kt thc su 3.062 m, l
ging khoan u tin tm thy du kh c gi tr thng mi b trm tch Cu Long.
Ging khoan i Hng-1X c khoan trn 1 05 vi su d kin l 3.871 m;
nhng ch kp khoan ti su 1.819 m th phi dng do min Nam Vit Nam c
gii phng vo ngy 30-4-1975.
Kt qu ca 6 ging khoan trn khng nh s tn ti du kh ca cc b
trm tch khu vc thm lc a pha Nam. Mc d c mt khi lng ti liu ln
nh vy nhng cho n nm 1975 vn cha c mt bo co tng hp chung cho
ton vng, k c cc vn nh gii thch a cht cc ti liu t, trng lc cng
nh nh gi trin vng du kh mc khc nhau. Ngoi ra c nhiu cng ty
du nc ngoi u thu cho nn vic minh gii ti liu da trn cc quan im
khc nhau, vic chn cc ranh gii phn x khc nhau cng gy kh khn cho
cng tc tng hp ti liu ton vng.
Sau khi pht hin du ging Bch H u nm 1975, da theo kho st t
trng ni trn, Cng ty a vt l Geophysical Services Inc. (GSI) ngh cho
php h tin hnh kho st chi tit vng ng bng sng Cu Long (v ging Bch
H nm trong phn ko di ra bin ca b trm tch ny). GSI ngh s chu mi
chi ph kho st. Sau khi hon tt, cc d liu kho st s a ra bn cho cc cng
ty d thu, tin li s chia 50/50. Cng trong giai on ny, Cng ty Robina Oil
145
ng mun a ngay gin khoan n tm du m khng cn qua giai on kho

st a vt l. Cc ngh ny u khng c chp nhn.
- Pecten Vit Nam
Vo thng 8-1974, Pecten u tin mang gin Ocean Prospector na chm
(semi-submersible) vo l 08 (sau l l 12) khoan ging Hng-1X.
Ging u tin ny c mt giai thoi kh vui. Theo quy c t tn, Hng l tn
ging, s 1 l ging th nht, ch X ngha l thm d (vit tt ca t Exploration).
Khng bit tn ging c gy hiu lm hay bo gii c hiu lm m gi l ging
Hoa Hng 9 (theo ch s La m IX l 9) va thm ln mang li may mn (9 nt).
Vn phng thy bo ch gi nh vy cng th v nn khng mun ci chnh.
Vy m mi khoan u tin ny li thiu cht may mn! Th nht, khoan khng
ng ngy d kin. Thi tit vo ma ny Bin ng thng c ging bo, bin
ng. Gin khoan n v tr khng ng hn, li gp kh khn neo gin xung
y bin. Do vy thay v bt u h ng khoan xung bin ngy 12-8-1974 th
phi i hai, ba ngy sau. Th hai, khong 2 tun l sau , khi xung n su
1.770 m d kin, mi khoan pht hin c du vt du ln ln trong mnh vn
tri ln. Bo ch loan tin vui trng du. Nhng sau l ni bun khi nghe
Pecten thng bo Hng-1X l ging kh, quyt nh trm ging v s chuyn
gin khoan n a im khc khoan tip. Ging c xem l kh v khng
cha du nhiu sn xut. Bo ch loan nhiu tin v Hoa Hng 9 khng
may mn. Tuy l tin bun nhng min c du vt du th vn cn may mn v
hy vng. C du vt du c ngha l c lp trm tch sinh v cha du. Hng-1X
kh v nhng chuyn ng kin to t gy lm mt i lp chn v y du
i ni khc.
Ngy 2-9-1974, ging Da-1X bt u khoan. K hoch d kin su 4.500

m. Ngy 5-9 khoan n khong 1.200 m. Ngy 12-9 khoan n khong 1.600 m.
Ngy 19-9 t 3.000 m khoan su, nhng vt du bt u xut hin trong dung
dch khoan, mn khoan v c nghin cu ngay ti phng th nghim trn
gin. Cng xung su, khoan cng chm, li thm thi tit xu, cn khoan b gy
phi ngng khoan gii quyt s c. Ngy 10-10 khoan n gn 4.000 m,
ch cn khong 500 m na l n mc tiu. Da-1X chm ch mt tun sau .
Pecten thng bo ang tin hnh th nghim 2 va cha du v s c kt qu
s b trong vi ngy ti. C hai va cho thy kh thin nhin khong hn 480.000
m3, du th khong hn 2.200 thng/ngy. V y l ging thm d, nn Da-1X
c trm li ch thi im thun li cho khai thc. Theo Pecten, lu lng
ni trn cha ln c th khai thc thng mi ti thi im . Bo ch li
loan tin Da 9 (IX) c tr lng 1 t thng v c th khai thc trong 30 nm (?!).
146
Ngy 6-11, Ocean Prospector c di n a im khoan mi l Ma-1X l

06 (sau l l 04). Ging khoan n su khong 3.600 m. Cc d kin cho thy
c du vt du, nhng khng th va nh Da-1X v cng c trm li.
Cui thng 2-1975, Ocean Prospector li quay tr v cu to Da khoan
ging Da-2X, cch Da-1X khong 2 km. Ging Da-2X l ging thm lng c
su d kin khong 4.300 m, vi mc ch xc nh din tch, hnh dng v cc
chi tit k thut khc nhm chun b khai thc thng mi. Ngy 10-3 n su
hn 1.800 m th thy c vt du. Cha khoan xong th gin khoan phi nh neo
vo gia thng 4-1975, trc ngy min Nam Vit Nam c gii phng.
- Mobil Oil
u nm 1975, tu khoan Glomar IV, sau khi ri khi khu vc tranh chp gia
Vit Nam Cng ha v Campuchia, c t hp Mobil - Kaiyo iu n l 04
(sau l l 09) khoan ging Bch H-1X, c su d kin khong 3.000 m.
n ngy 20-1-1975 khoan c khong 2.000 m. n su quy nh, vo
ngy 11-2-1975, t hp Mobil - Kaiyo v SNPA th 2 va su khong 3.000 m
lu lng trong vng 3 gi l 430 thng/ngy v 5.600 m3 kh ng hnh. Ngy
19-2-1975, t hp Mobil, thng bo th va th hai, lu lng c 2.400 thng/
ngy, du thuc loi nh t lu hunh cng vi gn 25.500 m3 kh ng hnh/
ngy. T hp cho bit s khoan th nghim nh gi thm bit kch thc m
v tr lng chun b khai thc thng mi. Theo d kin ca Mobil, h s cn
3 nm thc hin cc quy trnh khai thc bao gm vic ln k hoch, xy dng
gin khai thc, khoan ging sn xut v s bt u sn xut thng mi vo cui
nm 1977.
Ngy 12-3-1975, Mobil
cho bit di tu khoan
Glomar IV n l 03 (sau
l l 05) khoan ging
i Hng-1X c su
gn 4.000 m. Thi gian
khoan d kin 2,5 thng.
Cng nh Da-2X, i
Hng-1X cha khoan xong
th khong 1 tun l trc
ngy 30-4, tu khoan phi
nh neo quay v Xingapo.
t du th nghim sn xut ging khoan Bch H-1X

(ngy 11-2-1975)
147
- Esso cha tm thu c gin khoan no khoan ging i Bng-1X vo

thng 12-1974 nh k hoch thng bo.
- Sunningdale, cha khoan ging no m ch tin hnh nghin cu a vt l
chi tit v a cht cng trnh y bin vo thng 11-1974 chun b a gin t
nng (jack-up) v d kin s khoan vo thng 3-1975.
Nh vy, ti vng thm lc a Nam Vit Nam, ch trong vng na nm k t
thng 8-1974 n thng 3-1975, c 6 ging khoan, trong c 2 ging cha
khoan xong, nhng 3 ging thm d xc nhn mt ging c vt du (Hng1X), mt ging pht hin du c kh nng thng mi (Da-1X) v mt ging c
du thng mi (Bch H-1X). Nh vy, t l thnh cng khoan tm du thm
lc a Nam Vit Nam tng i cao so vi t l thnh cng l 1-10 m cc cng
ty du m th gii thng nhc ti trong thi gian ny.
- Trin vng du kh ngoi khi min Nam Vit Nam
Theo cc bo Si Gn lc , H Mnh Trung cho rng c nhiu trin vng v
thm d a chn xc minh c nhiu tng trm tch dy.
Tri li, gio s Trn Kim Thch, Ch nhim Khoa a cht, i hc Si Gn
li cho l khng c kh nng c du, v min Nam, phn ln l macma v bin
cht, trm tch ch c dip thch cha than c kh nng v kh, cc trm tch
cn li khng c ngun gc bin1.
Trong ln tip xc vi ng Trn Ngc Ton ngy 5-5-1975 ti i hc Si Gn,
gio s Trn Kim Thch cho bit kin trn mang tnh cht chnh tr ch khng
phi l kin khoa hc.
Mt kt lun nghim tc hn c tm thy trong s ti liu b li ti sn bay

Tn Sn Nht sau ngy 30-4-1975, khng thy tn tc gi, di u Evaluation
of oil possibilities in offshore Vietnam (nh gi kh nng du m thm lc a
Vit Nam), trong nu ln 2 nhm yu t thun li v khng thun li:
- Thun li
+ Cc bn trm tch dy tng t nh cc nc trong vng ng Nam .
+ Cc cu to c xc nh bng cc phng php a vt l.
+ Du hiu du tm thy trong ging khoan u tin Hng-1X.
1. Trn Kim Thch: Du ha min Nam Vit Nam, Nxb. La Thing, Si Gn, 1972.
148
+ Du v kh thu c trong kt qu th va trong ging khoan th hai ca

Pecten (Da-1X). Phn di: lu lng 1.514 thng du (240 m3) v 5,8 triu feet
khi (164.256 m3) kh/ngy. Phn trn: lu lng 11,8 triu feet khi (334.176 m3)
kh v 715 thng (114 m3) du/ngy.
+ Du hiu du cng c ghi nhn trong ging khoan ca Mobil.
- Khng thun li
+ Phn ln cc tch t du trong cc bn trng ngoi khi ng Nam c th
khng t gi tr thng mi. Cc m du, kh ngoi bin ng Nam c kch
thc b.
+ Phn ln cc by c cu trc phc tp. Vic gii thch v phn gii s liu
a chn kh khn.
+ Biu hin du ch mi tm thy trong cc cu to hp dn. Nguyn nhn cha
c bit.
+ Kch thc cc tch t nh v kh nng cng sut khai thc ca cc tng
tng i ngho. Khoan thm lng c th s cung cp kt lun r hn. Phn ln
cc tp cha u cha kh. Gi tr kh li l vn khi chng nm 200 dm ngoi
khi. Du c im ng c cao (khong 95oF) nn vic vn chuyn kh khn.
su nc bin (trn 300 ft~91 m) v chi ph vt liu leo thang gy ra gi thnh chi
ph pht trin m d on c th cao. S tham gia ca pha Vit Nam v kh nng
thay i Lut Thu ca M cng l m my trong bc tranh kinh t.
+ Cc s liu th va thiu. ngha/gi tr cc s liu ny cha c bit.
3. Cc d n ch bin du kh
3.1. D n lc du ca cc Cng ty Esso, Shell, Caltex
Ngy 1-4-1959, Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha yu cu cc hng Shell v Esso
nghin cu kha cnh kinh t ca vic xy dng nh my lc du ti Vit Nam.
Nm 1960, Esso-Shell ngh thnh lp mt cng ty lc du, ng thi Summit,
Phillips Petroleum v Sterling Petroleum cng ngh thnh lp mt cng ty lc
du khc.
Nm 1961, Vit Nam Cng ha thng lng vi 2 nhm: Esso-ShellL v
Summit - Phillips (Sterling rt lui).
149
Nm 1962, khng t c tha thun vi nhm Summit - Phillips, tip tc

thng lng vi nhm Esso-Shell.
Ngy 4-4-1962, B trng Kinh t Vit Nam Cng ha k mt tha thun
vi cc hng du Esso v Shell thnh lp mt cng ty lc du xy dng mt
nh my lc du cng sut 22.000 thng/ngy (khong 1,1 triu tn/nm), vi
vn u t c tnh khong 16 triu USD. Nm 1962-1963, Chnh ph Vit Nam
Cng ha v cc cng ty cn nhc 3 a im xy dng nh my lc du l Nha
Trang, Vng Tu v Cam Ranh. Cu - Nha Trang c chn lm a im xy
dng nh my lc du v c nc su cho cng tip nhn tu du 86.000 DWT v
thun li hn c v iu kin h tng, an ninh. Vng Tu thun li v th trng,
t ai, nhng bn cp tu hi xa v an ninh khng bo m; Cam Ranh h tng
km, nc khng su1.
Vit Nam Cng ha cho php d n c s dng khong 115 ha t ti
Cu - Nha Trang xy dng nh my lc du.
Ngy 30-4-1964, Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam c thnh lp, vi s vn ban
u 200.000 ng (tin min Nam), chia lm 20 c phn, bao gm:
- C phn A: Vit Nam Cng ha 4 c phn, SOFIDIV 1 c phn;
- C phn B: Esso, Shell, Caltex 15 c phn;
- Cc bn giao cho Esso qun tr d n.
n cui nm 1965, d n cha tin trin c, c quan MACV (The U.S.
military Assistance Command, Vietnam) nh B Quc phng can thip xin tm
s dng khu t Cu cho nhu cu qun s. Ngy 21-9-1965, Cng ty Lc du
Vit Nam bn giao khu t cho MACV tm s dng.
Ngy 15-10-1965, B Kinh t yu cu Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam xem xt vic
di chuyn a im nh my lc du ti vnh Cam Ranh. Nm 1968, v tr m
Cng ty Lc du la chn Cam Ranh li khng c MACV chp thun, v nm
trong khu vc qun s.
1. Cng vn 538-PT/VP/LB/M ngy 18-7-1962 ca Vn phng Ph Tng thng Vit Nam Cng ha, T
trnh s 860-PT/VP/LB/M ngy 19-11-1962 ca Ph Tng thng Nguyn Ngc Th v chn la a
im thit lp nh my lc du; T trnh gi Th tng Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha ca Nha Tng
Gim c K hoch Ph Th tng nm 1964 v vic Cng ty Lc du (Bn sao Trung tm Lu tr
Quc gia II).
150
Ngy 3-6-1969, Vit Nam Cng ha chnh thc yu cu Cng ty Lc du Vit

Nam cho bit lp trng ca cc hng Esso, Shell, Caltex v nu trong vng ba
thng khng c k hoch c th thc hin d n th Chnh ph s t tin
hnh. Ngy 3-7-1969, cc cng ty du la khng nh vic thc hin tha thun
k ngy 4-4-1962 v ngh Chnh ph gii ta v chuyn nhng chnh thc
khu t ti Cu - Nha Trang, bo m an ninh v cho nng cng sut Nh my
Lc du ln 30.000 thng/ngy (khong 1,5 triu tn/nm). Ngy 20-2-1970, B
Kinh t triu tp cuc hp lin b gii quyt cc ngh ca Cng ty Lc du
Vit Nam, nhng sau , mt s vn cha th gii quyt dt im v d n vn
khng c trin khai.
Ngy 24-9-1973, Hi ng Ni cc Vit Nam Cng ha ng cho nghin cu
gii php gii tn Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam1.
3.2. xut ca Cng ty Oceanic Exploration

Trong khi d n ca Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam cha c trin khai th
nm 1967 B Kinh t ku gi 11 cng ty nc ngoi (Idenmitsu Kosan Co.,
Ltd,. Teikoku OIC Co., Ltd. Ishii Iron Workss Co., Ltd. Asahi Bussan Co. Nippon
Kikatsuyu KK, Gulf Oil Corp., Sumit Industrial Co., Philips Petroleum Co., ENI,
National Iranian Oil Co., Kuwait National Petroleum Co.) u t trong lnh vc
lc du. Hu ht cc cng ty t chi hoc khng tr li, ch c hng Summit
Industrial Co., c xut nhng sau khng xc tin.
Ngy 17-2-1970, Cng ty Oceanic Exploration Co., ngh xy dng nh my
lc du vi cng sut 50.000-60.000 thng/ngy (khong 2,5-3 triu tn/nm) v
ha s np bo co kh thi. Nhng sau d n cng khng tin trin c2.
3.3. D n lc du ca Cng ty International Associates Inc.

Ngy 15-3-1968, Ch tch Cng ty International Associates Inc. (M) xin u
t mt nh my lc du Vit Nam. Tng thng Vit Nam Cng ha yu cu cng
ty thc hin d n cng sm cng tt3.
1. Cng vn 02/8/KHPTQG/CTGT/M ngy 4-10-1973 ca Tng trng B K hoch v Pht trin quc
gia Vit Nam Cng ha v vic nghin cu gii php gii tn Cng ty Lc du Vit Nam (Trung tm
Lu tr Quc gia II).
2. Phc trnh v cc d n lc du ti Vit Nam ngy 15-7-1970 ca Th trng B Kinh t Vit Nam
Cng ha Phm Vn Dng (Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia II).
3. General Report on Vietnam Oil Refinery. Ted Hartley Bishop, President of Southeastern International
Associates. Sept. 27, 1972 (Trung tm Lu tr Quc gia II).
151
Ngy 19-2-1970, B Kinh t cp giy php u t cho Cng ty International

Associated Inc. (sau ny i thnh Southeastern International Associates).
Ngy 18-12-1970, International Associated Inc. trnh B Kinh t Bo co tin
kh thi.
Ngy 18-11-1971, cc cng ty ca Nht Bn (Marubeni - Lida Comp. Ltd,.
Sumitomo Shoji Kaisha Ltd. Toyo Menka Kaisha Ltd. Japan Gasoline Co., Ltd.)
k tha thun vi International Associated Inc. cc cng vic chun b hp tc
xy dng nh my lc du Cam Ranh vi cng sut 170.000-190.000 thng/
ngy (8,5-9 triu tn/nm) v bao tiu mt phn sn phm ca nh my
(FO, naphtha).
Ngy 22-11-1971, Ch tch hng Arabian Oil Company Ltd. c th chnh thc
cam kt vi Ch tch Cng ty International Associated Inc. cung cp du th
Khafji cho Nh my Lc du Vit Nam vi khi lng 90.000 thng/ngy (4,5
triu tn/nm) thi hn 10 nm v cho vay 30 triu USD.
Thng 7-1972, Southeastern International Associates Inc. (S.I.A.I) trnh B
Kinh t Bo co kh thi ca d n. Trong thng 8 v thng 9-1972 c nhng cuc
trao i gia B Kinh t v nh u t lm r cc ni dung d n v S.I.A.I khng
nh cc nh u t M nm 80% v cc nh u t Vit Nam nm 20% c phn
ban u ca nh my; sau 10 nm pha Vit Nam s nm c phn a s.
D n Nh my Lc du ny c nhng im chnh sau y:
- Cng sut nh my 70.000-85.000 thng/ngy (3,5-4,25 triu tn/nm), c d
phng m rng gp i trong tng lai.
- a im xy dng Cam Ranh. C thm 2 v tr na gn Cam Ranh cn
nhc l Ba Ngi v Cam Lm.
- Du th l Arabian Light v Khafji.
- Sn phm gm cc loi xng, du ha, DO, LPG, FO, naphtha, gas oil.
- Cng du c th tip nhn tu du ti trng ti 200.000 DWT, 110.000 DWT
cho du th v sn phm xut khu v tu nh hn cho sn phm ni a.
- Tng vn u t d tnh khong 95 triu USD.
- Thi gian xy dng khong 30 thng.
Ngy 13-8-1973, Ph Ch tch Cng ty S.I.A.I c T cam kt np Hoa hng

Ch k 3 triu USD cho Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha c cp giy php
chnh thc cho d n Nh my Lc du Cam Ranh
152
Cng ngy, Cng ty cng gi th cho Tng thng Vit Nam Cng ha xin
c chp thun d n thit lp nh my lc du ti Cam Ranh ca Cng ty
Southeastern International Associated Inc.
Thng 10-1973, Ph t c bit v k hoch quc gia trnh Tng thng v
ni dung d tho Tha c v Nh my Lc du (Refinery Agreement) gia
International Associates Company Ltd. vi Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha. Do
quan im hai bn cn khc nhau kh xa v tnh hnh chin s min Nam, d
n ny cng khng thc hin c.
3.4. D n nh my lc du ca Cng ty LTV Aerospace Corp.

Ngy 20-2-1972, Gim c quan h quc t ca Cng ty LTV Aerospace Corp.
gi th cho cc B trng B K hoch v Pht trin quc gia, B Kinh t, B Ti
chnh ngh Chnh ph Vit Nam Cng ha cho Cng ty u t mt nh my
lc du, vi cc iu kin tng t nh Chnh ph Hong gia Thi Lan p dng
cho mt doanh nhn ngoi quc thnh lp mt cng ty lc du nm 1961. D n
lc du Thi Lan thnh cng v mang li hiu qu cho c hai bn. Cng ty sn
sng m phn thc hin d n Vit Nam.
Ngy 27-2-1973, B trng B K hoch v Pht trin quc gia trnh Th
tng Vit Nam Cng ha d n ni trn. Ngy 22-3-1973, y ban Kinh t Ti
chnh hp, Th tng kt lun d n do LTV Aerospace Corp. xut cha c
g hp dn lm, B K hoch v Pht trin quc gia cn tm hiu thm c tht s
nghim chnh hay khng? Sau d n khng tin trin g thm.
Ngoi cc d n xy dng nh my lc du ni trn, cn c cc d n xy dng
nh my sn xut phn bn t than, nhng u khng trin khai c.
4. Nghin cu khoa hc v o to
Trong thi gian 1954-1975, min Nam mt s t chc quc t v cc cng ty
du kh nc ngoi cng c cc hot ng nghin cu du kh, quy m nh, tnh
h thng thp nhng tnh thc dng c ch trng.
Nm 1969, da trn ti liu t hng khng do S Hi dng M o nm
1967, H Mnh Trung trnh by Kho lc cu trc ng bng sng Cu
Long v tho lun v vn du m (Esquisse structural du delta du Mekong.
Discussion du problme ptrolier - Archive Gologique du Vietnam, Saigon,
no.12, pp. 195-211) ti Hi ngh Khoa hc du m quc t vo nm . B. P. Dash,
153
K.O. Ahmed, P. Hubral ng bi Nghin cu a chn vng Poulo Pajang, ngoi

khi Ty Nam Vit Nam (Seismic investigation in the region of Poulo Pajang,
offshore from southwest Vietnam) trn CCOP Tech. bull.vol.3 nm 1970 (CCOPThe Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast
Asia), Bosum W. E., Kind E.G., H Mnh Trung cng b ti liu Gii thch bn
t hng khng vng tam gic chu Cu Long (Interpretation of the aeromagnetic
map covering the Mekong delta) trn CCOP Tech.bull. vol.4 nm 1971 cng nh
nm 1973 Cng ty Robertson Research International Limited (Anh) cng Cng
ty Beicip (Vin Du m Php - IFP) l ng tc gi ca bo co a cht v
cc cu to trin vng hydrocarbon ngoi khi Vit Nam (The geology and
hydrocarbon prospects of offshore Vietnam). Cc cng trnh trn cho bit ngoi
khi khu vc o Th Chu, chiu dy trm tch Mesozoi c th t n 3-4 km;
bn Cn Th, C Mau dy 3-5 km; cc trm tch Lias, Trias v c th tr hn
cng vi vi Permi c th c gi tr trong cng tc tm kim du kh; i nng
Cn Sn gm granit tui Creta mun; mng nm di bn Mkng v Si
Gn - Bruny cha phyllit v cc loi khc c bin cht thp hn thuc tui
Creta - Eocen; xm nhp granit i Khorat - Semitau v Cn Sn c cng tui
Creta - Eocen; phn ng Bc bn Mkng v Si Gn - Bruny l nhng i nng
c khong cch rt gn nhau v cc khi t gy, cc cu to nm di dc lc
a, chng c quan h cht ch vi cc t gy pht trin rng ri trong bn trng
Trung Hoa (China basin); tui cc trm tch nm trong bn trng Mkng v Si
Gn - Bruny mt phn c xc nh bi ging khoan Bch H-IX ca Mobil
vi chiu su t n 9.929 ft (3.026 m), ct qua Miocen di - Oligocen; cc
nghin cu trn t lin vng a ho Ty Bc Borneo v bn Si Gn - Bruny
cho thy cc trm tch nm trn cc Paleocen un np mnh c th c tui
Miocen. Ti cu to Bch H xc nh cc mt a chn phn x tng ng vi
y Pliocen, nc tng (Red Beds), bt chnh hp Miocen di, cc mt bt
chnh hp trong Miocen di - Oligocen v mng m hc.
min Nam Vit Nam cho n nm 1973 khng c hot ng o to chuyn
ngnh du kh. Mt s ngi c o to ti i hc K thut Du m Texas nh
Ph L Sn, Nguyn Vn Vnh, v.v..
Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn l mt c quan cng lp t tr nn lng
bng ca cng nhn vin tng i cao v l mt ngnh mi nhiu tim nng
nn p ng c nguyn vng v tng lai ca gii tr, do thu ht chng
nhng cc sinh vin tt nghip cc ngnh khoa hc, k thut v qun tr kinh
doanh trong nc m c nc ngoi. Nha K hoch hun luyn c giao trch
154
nhim tuyn thm nhn vin cc cp. T cc trng i hc Si Gn, cc k s

a cht T Trn Dng, Nguyn Anh Tun, Chu Thnh Thin, Trn Ton, Nguyn
Ngc Tr; c nhn ha hc L Ngc Tuyn, kin trc s Nguyn Hu nh, ha s
Nguyn Tn Cng, v.v., cng nh t cc trng i hc nc ngoi: lut s tin
s Nguyn Ngc Bch hc Trng i hc Harvard, thc s cng ngh Nguyn
Tn, thc s du ha Nguyn Bo Ngc, c nhn du ha Nguyn Bch Quang, cc
c nhn qun tr kinh doanh Nguyn Danh Hi, V ng Khai, c nhn c kh
Nguyn Hu Mu, thc s c kh Thi Vn Thnh, v.v., ln lt v lm vic Tng
cuc Du ha v Khong sn.
Khi cc cng ty du bt u khoan thm d, cc k s ca Tng cuc Du ha
v Khong sn u thay phin nhau ra gin khoan hc hi, theo di cng vic
ca cc trm a cht - a vt l, t khoan trn gin. Cc kt qu khoan, a vt
l u c chuyn v Tng cuc nghin cu cng vi chuyn vin cc cng ty
du Si Gn. Vic ra gin khoan l mt hnh thc hun luyn ti ch. Tuy nhin,
trong chn thng hot ng t thng 6-1974 n thng 3-1975, Tng cuc Du
ha v Khong sn cha lm c g nhiu.
155
Kt lun
c s liu cho thy ngi Vit cng nh cc dn tc khc trn th gii,

sm bit khai thc, ch bin v s dng ti nguyn thin nhin t cc loi
n cc loi qung kim loi (vng, bc, ng, thic, thu ngn) v than.
Song do iu kin t nhin, nc ta rt him cc xut l du m v kh thin

nhin, nn ch khi c giao lu vi phng Ty, ngi Vit mi tip xc mt dng
nhin liu mi l du ha. V khi thc dn Php hon thnh vic xm chim Vit
Nam, cc nh a cht Php mi bt u n vn du kh Vit Nam sau
khi pht hin mt s im l du kh. Thc s h cng cha lm c g nhiu,
ngay Fromaget, tuy c mt s nhn nh tng qut nht, nhng cng mi ch
l nhng gi nh ht sc s b v kh nng du kh ng Dng.
Ch sau khi Vit Nam ginh c c lp, nht l sau khi min Bc c hon
ton gii phng, cc nh lnh o Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha sm quyt tm
xc tin vic thm d ti nguyn khong sn, trong c du kh cho d ti liu
v cc thng tin c c qu ngho nn so vi cc loi khong sn khc. Trong
bi cnh trong nc v th gii lc by gi, vic Chnh ph Vit Nam ngh cc
nc x hi ch ngha, ch yu l Lin X, c chuyn gia c kinh nghim gip
Vit Nam va nghin cu kho st, nh gi trin vng du kh, va o to cn
b cho Vit Nam l mt ch trng ht sc ng n, mt tm nhn chin lc
ca ng v Chnh ph. iu ht sc quan trng l cc chuyn gia gip Vit
Nam xut c mt k hoch tng th, tng bc c th trin khai tm kim
thm d du kh, vi s tr gip to ln ca Lin X.
Ngy 27-11-1961, on thm d du la (on 36 du la) c thnh lp, l
du mc lch s m u mt thi k hot ng du kh c t chc Vit Nam Dn
156
Kt lun
ch Cng ha (sau ny, ngy 27-11 c nh nc cng nhn l Ngy truyn

thng Du kh Vit Nam).
Ngy 3-9-1975, Tng cc Du m v Kh t Vit Nam c thnh lp, m ra
mt giai on mi trong tin trnh pht trin cng nghip du, kh, ngy 3-9 c
cng nhn l Ngy thnh lp ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
Hai mc thi gian trn i vo lch s ca mt giai on hnh thnh v t
nn mng cho giai on pht trin cng nghip du kh Vit Nam.
V hot ng tm kim thm d du kh
Sau khi c thnh lp, on 36, sau ny l Lin on a cht 36, p dng
cc cng ngh tin tin v ng b ca th gii vo cng tc tm kim, thm d
du kh min Bc Vit Nam.
Trong thm d a vt l min vng H Ni v vng trng An Chu s
dng mt h cc phng php trng lc, a chn phn x - khc x, in cu to,
a vt l ging khoan. Ring thm d trng lc m rng kho st trn ton
min Bc Vit Nam. min vng H Ni nghin cu c lt ct a cht
su trn 3.500 m, thnh lp cc bn cu to vi cc t l khc nhau, t i th
1/500.000, khu vc 1/200.000 v 1/100.000 n chi tit 1/25.000 v 1/10.000. Kt
qu thm d a vt l cung cp cc s liu rt quan trng, t c s cho cng
tc khoan tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc.
Trong cng tc khoan c cc dng khoan v bn n chiu su 150-160 m,
khoan cu to n chiu su 1.200 m, khoan thng s v tm kim su n 2.4004.253 m. Cng tc khoan khng nh kt qu thm d a vt l, chnh xc ho
cu trc a cht min vng H Ni, pht hin cc vt du v va kh trong trm
tch Neogen.
Ngy 18-3-1975, pht hin m kh Tin Hi. vi tr lng ti ch n 1,3 t
m , l s kin ni bt ca 15 nm tm kim, thm d du kh min Bc Vit Nam.
3
Ngoi ra y cn pht hin nhiu va than, phn b rt rng v c tr lng

n hai trm t tn, m nc khong Tin Hi. Cc ti liu ny rt quan trng cho
pht trin cng nghip than, b sung ngun nng lng cho t nc trong tng
lai v cung cp mt ngun nc ung tinh khit di do vi cht lng cao.
Cng tc th nghim, nghin cu khoa hc - k thut v cng ngh kp thi
tng kt cc kt qu sn xut, c kt thnh cc cng trnh khoa hc ri quay
li nh hng cho cng tc tm kim, thm d.
157
Nghin cu tng hp ti liu a cht - a vt l, khoan cho mt bc tranh

kh r rng v cu - kin to, a tng - trm tch, c im a ho ca trm tch
Tam min vng H Ni. vng trng An Chu mc nghin cu cn thp hn.
Min vng H Ni c nh gi c trin vng v kh l ch yu tuy khng
ln, cn v du th vi mc cn t hn.
Vng trng An Chu cn c cc kin khc nhau v trin vng v khng
trin vng.
Nhng nh gi trn y c bn l ng n v c gi tr cho sau ny. l
kt qu ca bao nhiu cng sc v tr tu, k c hy sinh tnh mnh ca i ng cn
b, cng nhn Vit Nam v chuyn gia Lin X, trong iu kin kh khn, gian
kh v nh hng ca cuc chin tranh ph hoi ca quc M i vi min
Bc Vit Nam.
T nhng ngy u chp chng, kin thc v kinh nghim cn nhiu hn
ch, nhng vi s gip tn tnh ca chuyn gia Lin X, i ng cn b, k
s v cng nhn k thut lm cng tc thm d du kh Vit Nam nm bt v
p dng c sng to cc cng ngh tin tin th gii vo thc tin Vit Nam;
o to c mt lp cn b khoa hc - k thut du kh c trnh cao v kinh
nghim thc t phong ph, mt i ng cng nhn lnh ngh.
C th ni min vng H Ni l ni m u ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam, l
trng hc o to i ng nhng ngi lm cng tc du kh, chun b cho
nhng bc pht trin mnh m sau ny ca ngnh Du kh Vit Nam.
Trong giai on ny min Nam, hot ng thm d du kh c mun hn
(1970-1975), nhng s ra i ca Lut Du ha (nm 1970), U ban Quc gia Du
ha (nm 1971) v Tng cuc Du ha v Khong sn (nm 1974) thc y
cng vic tm kim, thm d du kh min Nam.
Nh vn u t v cng ngh nc ngoi, cng tc tm kim, thm d du kh
c trin khai thm lc a min Nam. xc nh 3 b trm tch ch yu:
Si Gn - Bruny (B Nam Cn Sn), Mkng (B Cu Long) v vnh Thi Lan
(B Malay - Th Chu) c xc nh. Vic pht hin du kh trong cc ging
khoan cc B Cu Long v Nam Cn Sn l cn c sau ngy thng nht t
nc, ng v Nh nc Vit Nam quyt tm xy dng v pht trin ngnh Du
kh Vit Nam.
158
Kt lun
V ch bin, vn chuyn v phn phi du kh

T nhng nm 1959-1960, chng ta c mt s th nghim chng ct du
ng Ho, chng ct condensat m kh Tin Hi, s dng kh nng Thi Bnh.
Cc cng vic ny ch l s tp dt v ch bin du kh.
Cc d n v lc du v ha du c min Bc v min Nam v nhiu l do
khc nhau, khng trin khai c.
H thng vn chuyn, phn phi xng du c xy dng v pht trin,
nht l h thng ng ng dn xng du trn ng H Ch Minh huyn thoi,
gp phn to ln cho s nghip gii phng min Nam.
Mt s kinh nghim thc tin
Qua thc t hot ng du kh ca Vit Nam trong giai on 1961-1975 c th
rt ra mt s kinh nghim sau:
(1) Trong thm d a vt l p dng tng i ng b cc phng php
trng lc, a chn, in, a vt l ging khoan; khc phc nhng nhc im
ca tng phng php ring r, cung cp ti liu cho vic tng hp nghin cu a
cht. Tuy c nhiu c gng nghin cu khoa hc, ci tin k thut, nhng kh
nng ca cc phng php ny khng lm r c lt ct a cht su hn 3.5004.000 m, khng pht hin c mng, do cng cha nh gi c chnh xc
chiu dy trm Tam. l do bn cht km phn d ca mi trng a cht
tng su min vng H Ni. Sau ny, hy vng tn ti ny c th c khc phc
bng cch ng dng cc cng ngh mi, hin i hn.
(2) Cc ging khoan cu to u tin cho thy vi chiu su 650-1.200 m khng
th xuyn qua tng trm tch dy trn 3.000 m m a vt l pht hin. Nn
khoan cu to l khng hp l v khng c hiu qu tt cho vic thm d du
kh vng c cu - kin to phc tp nh min vng H Ni, gy nhiu lng ph.
Cn tin hnh khoan su thng s - tm kim khi c kt qu thm d a vt l.
Cng tc khoan cn mt s vn cha khc phc c nh t trng dung dch
cao i vi cc tng c trin vng cha kh, bm trm xi mng khng tt lm nh
hng n cng tc th va, hn ch pht hin cc tng sn phm.
(3) Cc d n ch bin du kh c hnh thnh cng lc vi cc hot ng
tm kim du kh. Nhiu chng trnh v d n lc ha du c nghin cu
rt cng phu nhng cha c trin khai thc hin; mt i ng cn b khoa
hc - k thut c o to cn bn nhng cha c s dng theo chuyn
159
mn. V trong giai on ny, nc ta cha c cc iu kin thun li v chnh

tr, kinh t - x hi trin khai cng tc lc ha du.
Tri qua 15 nm tm kim, thm d min vng H Ni, vi khi lng to ln
v nghin cu a cht - a vt l - khoan m ch pht hin c mt m kh nh
vi tr lng khim tn 1,3 t m3 kh th hiu qu kinh t l thp. Song phi tha
nhn mt yu t khch quan l cu trc v mi trng a cht min vng H Ni
rt phc tp, khng c cc iu kin thun li cho vic thnh to v tch t cc m
du kh va hoc ln. M kh Tin Hi C tuy c tr lng nh nhng c ng
gp to ln cho sn xut in v cng nghip ca tnh Thi Bnh, mt tnh thun
nng. l cha tnh n gi tr ca ngun nc khong Tin Hi v nht l
pht hin ti nguyn than v cng ln min vng H Ni.
Ci qu nht l hnh thnh mt i ng cn b, chuyn gia c o to
ng b v khoa hc - cng ngh v qun l; mt lc lng cng nhn lnh ngh,
lm nng ct cho hot ng du kh trong cc giai on tip theo.
160

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Hi ng Bin son1

Trn Ngc Cnh

L Minh Hng (thng trc), Phan Th Ha

Nguyn Ha, Phan T Quang,

Ban bin tp1

Nguyn ng Liu (thng trc), Nguyn Hip

o Mnh Chung, V Thnh Huyn

C vn bin son Gio s ng Phong

1. Theo Quyt nh s 419/Q-DKVN ngy 19-2-2009 ca Tp on Du kh Vit Nam v thnh lp

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

gay t cui nhng nm 50 ca th k XX, xy dng v pht trin ngnh

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Nhm c kt nhng thnh tu t c trong 50 nm qua, gn gi nhng gi

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

ut na th k xy dng v pht trin, ngnh Du kh Vit Nam tr thnh

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

Lch s nganh Dau kh Viet Nam

m 2007, khi Tp on Du kh Vit Nam phi hp vi Nh xut bn

Thc hin nim mong mi , ng thi nhn thy tm quan trng ca b

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ti k nim 50 nm Ngy Truyn thng ngnh Du kh Vit Nam (27-11-1961

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i khi hnh dung li chng ng 50 nm xy dng v pht trin ca

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ngh v o to ngun nhn lc c pht trin. V cn bn, ngnh Du kh Vit

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y trch nhim ca Tng Th k Hi Khoa hc Lch s Vit Nam Dng Trung

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Tc gi Nguyn Hip, Phan Huy Quynh

Phan Minh Bch

Trng Minh, H c Hoi

ng Ca, inh Vn Danh, Nguyn Giao,

Nguyn ng Hi, Vn Hn,

Trn Ngc Ton, L Quang Trung,

Nguyn Ngc Hp, Nguyn Tn Kch,

ng Phong, Ph L Sn, Nguyn Ch Thnh,

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I. Du m v sn phm du vi x hi Vit Nam

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chu u, ngi dn pht hin

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triu thng/ngy (khong

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Nm 1895, H Ni c in pht ra t Nh my n B H, lc u c 300 bng n

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